Sự hòa nhập của hai thế thệ trong một gia đình người việt đang sinh sống tại tiệp khắc

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION GRADUATION PAPER THE INTEGRATION OF TWO GENERATIONS IN A VIETNAMESE FAMILY LIVING IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC Supervisor: Phan Vân Quyên Student: Phạm Thị Phương Anh Course: QH2012.F1.E15 HANOI, 2016 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHĨA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP SỰ HỊA NHẬP CỦA HAI THẾ THỆ TRONG MỘT GIA ĐÌNH NGƯỜI VIỆT ĐANG SINH SỐNG TẠI TIỆP KHẮC Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Phan Vân Quyên Sinh viên: Phạm Thị Phương Anh Khóa: QH2012.F1.E15 HÀ NỘI, 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acceptance page ii Acknowledgements iii Abstract iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .1 Rationale for the study Aims and objectives 3 Research questions Significance of the study .3 Scope of the study Method of the study Design of the study .4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Immigration Culture shock a/ Definition b/ Coping with Culture Shock c/ Importance of Culture Shock for the adaptation process Cultural adaptation 10 a/ Definition 10 b/ Stages of cultural adaptation process: 11 c/ Adaptation Strategies 13 Factors affecting cultural adaptation process 16 Related studies on adaptation 17 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 19 Research Question 19 Research methods .19 a/ Qualitative Research and Case study 19 b/ Data collection instrument 20 c/ Methods of data analysis 24 Selection of Subjects 24 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS 27 First generation’s adaptation 27 Second generation’s adaptation .34 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS .41 Conclusion 41 5.2 Limits of the research .44 5.3 Recommendations for future research .44 REFERENCES 45 i ACCEPTANCE PAGE I hereby state that I: (Pham Thi Phuong Anh, class 12E15), being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in English translation and interpreting accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Signature Date ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I place on record my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs Phan Van Quyen for her dedication, and valuable guidance extended to me Had it not been for her help and encouragement, I might not have enough patience to accomplish my dissertation She gave me a lot of helpful advices, more importantly her encouragement is the biggest motivation for me to finish this research paper Secondly, I sincerely thank the Vietnamese family living in the Czech Republic for agreeing to participate in the interview for this research Without them, this study could not finish I take this opportunity to express my thanks to Mai, Nga, Trang, Phuc, Tran Lan, Quynh, Oanh, Minh, Dinh Lan, Hoang, sister Huong and many of my other friends, who gave me their excellent ideas and support no matter how busy they were when I was implementing the dissertation I would like to thank all of the respondents who spent their precious time and efforts on participating in the survey Their responses are of great importance to the completion of the research I also extended my appreciation to my family, for their continuous support Although they not have any knowledge and understanding on Intercultural Communication, their support has helped me a lot in completing the dissertation iii ABSTRACT This study was set out to examine the adaptation strategies of two different generations in a Vietnamese family living in the Czech Republic In order to comply with the objective, a theoretical framework was adopted to measure four types of adaptation process To be more specific, in order to gather necessary data for the research, different documents about adaptation process were collected for observation, and four semi- structured interviews were hold to collect the audience‟s data The results from analysis revealed that „integration‟ was the strategy chosen by both two generations in the Vietnamese family There are many factors including individual influences and contextual influences which may affect the adaptation process and the selection of adaptation strategies of immigrants Moreover, the successful adaptation of the first generation can also lead to the success of the second generation This paper can be improved by inviting more participants to the research The more audiences participate in the survey, the more various the collected data gets Then, there might appear changes in the selection of the host society iv `CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter will provide overall information concerning the context of the research, the reasons for research, what goal it pursues, contributions it may make after accomplishment, and the scope of the research Rationale for the study There is a movement of people to live in a foreign country, which is also called “immigration” Millions of people all over the world immigrate to pursue different goals Some people have dreams to become rich or to have good salary for secure future Some others want to escape from wars, famines or natural disasters Many of them need a better education for their children Indeed, there are dozens of reasons for a person to migrate from their home country Vietnam‟s history has witnessed many great migration waves from Vietnam to different countries with such a large number of migrants Currently, there are about more than million of Vietnamese immigrants living in nearly 90 countries and territories around the world, which are mainly in 21 countries of some regions such as: North America, Northwestern Europe, Russia, Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia and Australasia Vietnamese immigrants in developed Western countries account for the largest number, about 4/5 of the total number of Vietnamese immigrant worldwide Among those countries, the number of Vietnamese immigrating to Czech Republic is quite large (about 83 000 people in 2011) According to statistics by Jiřička (2011), the community of Vietnamese immigrants in Czech Republic is the third largest ethnic minority in Europe, after Slovaks and Romanies The number of Vietnam immigrants in the Czech Republic increases rapidly until 1989 when the Socialist Regime in this country collapsed The first generation of Vietnamese immigrants there mostly does business in small shops, the next generation which is born in the Czech Republic is well- known for very good academic performance The information above together with the fact that there are more and more Vietnamese people migrate urges me to investigate on the issue of Vietnamese migration into foreign countries And by the reason that Czech Republic is on the top of Immigration destinations of the Vietnamese, the case study of this research will be taken from a Vietnamese family living in Czech Republic so that it may be concerned by as many Vietnamese immigrants or Vietnamese people who have intension to migrate as possible Commonly, migrants will have to suffer from feelings of confusion and uncertainty when they come into contact with a new culture that is vastly different from their own Those feelings can be described as „culture shock‟ Culture shock happens in many life‟s aspects such as climate, food, language, dress, social roles, values or rules of behavior Each individual communicating with a different culture will have to struggle to overcome this problem in order to adapt to their new environment Due to differences in personality, educational level and awareness, different people will have different culture shock troubles and different strategies to deal with them, which can be divided into main types called „assimilation, integration, separation and marginalization‟ Among these methods, „integration‟ can be regarded as the most useful and popular way for people to adapt well to a new culture because it considers both original culture and new society value as important factors However, the other strategies also have their own advantages and still work for many people Indeed, this research on the immigrants‟ adaptation process is aimed at accommodating people who are struggling with culture shock or who are looking for detailed information about adaptation process some useful data Lastly, by integrating into a new culture, people can conserve their own identity while developing a good relationship with new culture at the same time However, the integration process doesn‟t happen equally with everyone Life always changes with a variety of aspects such as age, gender, psychology, work, social support, and so on which subsequently involves the variation in cultural adaptation process Apparently, even father and son in a family still can apply different means of adaptation For that reason, this study will not only focus on the first generation of Vietnamese immigrants who left Vietnam to live in the Czech Republic, but also investigate the second generation_ the Vietnamese children who were born in that country with a view of a more comprehensive and exhaustive research Aims and objectives This research is conducted to investigate a specific case of a Vietnamese family living in the Czech Republic with the aim to contribute to the wealth of knowledge about Intercultural Communication The results of this research can be used as a particular example for theories of Intercultural Communication in general and for Adaptation Process in particular Research questions: - How have the two generations in a Vietnamese family living in the Czech Republic adapted to the host society? Significance of the study Due to globalization, the need for knowledge of Intercultural Communication as well as Adaptation has been highly demanded After answering the research question above, this research is supposed to explore the difficulties, strategies and current adaptation status of four people from two different generations in a Vietnamese family living in the Czech Republic One of the benefits this work can brings is to become a reference for other Vietnamese who intend to come to live permanently in a foreign country Moreover, this study is expected to provide some useful information for researchers who are studying Intercultural Communication issues Scope of the study Due to time constraints and the limited knowledge and experience of the researcher, this study will focus on two generations of one Vietnamese family living in the Czech Republic To be more specific, they are: a father and a mother, who immigrated from Vietnam to Czech since they were young; a daughter and a son, who were born and raised in Czech Method of the study Descriptive method is used as the main method for this study It can bring detailed descriptions of specific situations using interviews, observations and document reviews More importantly, this method can produce more in-depth, comprehension information about the research subject, and a wide understanding of the entire situation Design of the study The paper is organized into five chapters which are respectively named: Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Findings & Discussions and Conclusion Firstly, the Introduction Chapter presents the overview of this study including rationale, the aims and objectives, the research questions, the significance, the scope, the method and the design of this work Secondly, the Literature Review Chapter provides definitions of key terms together with a critical analysis of theoretical literature and related studies Thirdly, the Methodology Chapter reveals how the research is conducted and a detailed description of participants, data collection and analysis instruments Fourthly, the Findings and Discussions Chapter analyzes the collected data, discuss the findings and propose answers to the research questions while the relationship with Czech culture is developed contemporarily, and integration is the main adaptation strategies of this family‟s first generation Second generation’s adaptation Compared with the first generation, the second generation does not have many big problems with cultural differences The fact that their parents always try to educate them and emphasize the traditional values of Vietnam does not seem to influence much their integration process Czech is where they was born and grew up so they can adapt easily to its society; however, thanks to their parents‟ efforts to reserve Vietnamese norms and values, the second generation also keeps a firm relationship with Vietnamese culture which is clearly expressed in many aspects such as language, relationships, food, clothes, entertainments, and self-satisfaction 2.1 Language Language was the first topic that the researcher gave to the son and the daughter Not surprisingly, they both could write and speak the Czech language very well thanks to the Czech education at school Tu answered honestly that he could use competently both Vietnamese and Czech language but Czech was his preferred language that he used more frequently and fluently His sister was different from him, she considered two languages equally and used them as much as each other These children not only spoke Czech fluently but also communicate so well with native people The words like “normal”, “no difficulty”, “simple” were repeated a lot during the conversation between the interviewer and two immigrant children about communication issue However, Tu and Trang shared a common that they both could speak Vietnamese language very fluently even though these children learnt Vietnamese language not because of their interest and wishes 34 “ I am not sure whether or not i like Vietnamese language but I think that I have to learn Vietnamese because it’s my mother tongue I realize that I need to know more Vietnamese vocabularies to write better and to be able to talk with my parents, grandparents and relatives in Vietnam or even to bargain the prices down while shopping in Vietnam.”, said the daughter The brother shared the same reason for learning Vietnamese language as his sister‟s which also followed their parents‟ teachings about remaining cultural roots “It’s necessary to learn Vietnamese language to talk to parents, keep in touch with relatives and learn about Vietnam If I had kids, I would definitely teach them my ancestor’s language.” (Son) Furthermore, the interview between the researcher and two immigrant children was conducted by Vietnamese language but they both understood almost everything and easily answered all the questions It became the most authentic proof for their ability to speak Vietnamese Therefore, the second generation of this family was able to use both Vietnamese language and Czech language and to flexibly switch between them 2.2 Relationships On the issue of making new friends, they both feel “equally easy” and “no difference between Vietnamese and Czech friends” These children seemed to belong to the group of people who had no problem or difficulty to deal with intercultural communication Being unable to compare between Vietnamese friends and Czech friends, the son still had some beauty standards for his girlfriend at the moment 35 “I see no big difference between them and I am close with both Vietnamese and Czech But my best friend, the closest one is the Czech I had dates with girls from both two countries and things went better with Czech ladies I am also more attached to the blonde; they are really beautiful with that wavy blond hair drooping on their shoulders I don’t mean that Vietnamese girls are not nice; they are gorgeous with the straight black hair and it suits them very well The issue is just my interest.”(Son) On this issue, the brother may have more criteria than his sister who appeared to be more open while not setting out any requirement for her man “I have lots of Vietnamese and Czech close friends Making friends with them is not a trouble with me I think it’s equally easy to talk with both Vietnamese and Czech people [ ] My boyfriend now is Vietnamese”.(Daughter) 2.3 Holidays/ Festivals The relation between the second generation of this family and Vietnamese culture was also proved by how well they know about traditional holidays/ festivals in Vietnam, and these people obviously knew a lot about Tet “I like Tet very much I like everything about it such as receiving lucky money, eating Chung cake_ I love Chung cake[ ] I know many things about Tet, my favorite food is Chung cake which is made from beans, pork and rice; besides adults often go to flower market to buy Peach blossom and Apricot blossom to decorate the houses, …”.excitedly said by the son Regarding traditional custom in Tet, participants mentioned Ao Dai with many compliments “I know Ao Dai is the traditional custom of Vietnam and I think it’s 36 very beautiful My girlfriend is a Czech but I so like to see her wearing Ao Dai”, said the son It was undeniable that despite his girlfriend‟s nationality, he still trended towards Vietnam‟s identity which leaded to his desire that his girlfriend should also know about his cultural tradition Sharing the same interest with him, the daughter remembered Tet as an occasion containing both traditional values and fun activities such as family gathering, singing and dancing, making Chung cake, wearingc Ao Dai and receiving lucky money Although she said that she was quite in favor of traditional clothes and sometimes wore it in social events, Ao Dai was not her most preferred dress “I like both Ao Dai and Western dress, but I often choose the second one for almost all important events If I had to choose between two types of custom to be the gift for me, I think I would prefer a Western dress, it’s still a little prettier” (Daughter) Thanks to the efforts to preserve the original value by the first generation, the second generation also felt interested in this traditional holiday and somehow appreciated their home country‟s value Generally, despite lack of fully understand of Tet‟s meaning, these children could still aware of the important cultural values associated with this holiday 2.4 Entertainments Being different from the first generation, the second generation preferred Western entertainment programs The son said that he rarely listened to music but he often watched American movies and Czech TV channels On the other hand, his sister was quite excited with the entertainment programs “I like US music When I was a little girl, I used to listen to Xuan Mai’s songs* but now I don’t Though, if there is any (*)Xuan Mai is a famous Vietnamese singer 37 interesting Vietnamese song at the moment, maybe I will still hear it[…] I often watch American movies, sometimes I also watch Vietnam movies with my parents but I think they are quite boring.”(Daughter) It is clear that the second generation tends to be more westernized in terms of entertainment than the first generation However, their efforts to maintain the relationship with Vietnam culture are undeniable Even though watching Vietnam movies cannot entertain them as well as western ones, they still to watch them with their parents 2.5 Food and Table manner When being asked about favorite food, all participants preferred Vietnamese food “I am in favor of both kinds of food but I think that Vietnamese food is tastier I like Pho, Bun Cha and Vietnamese boiled rice I can even cook some simple Vietnamese dishes for my family when I have free time Using chopsticks is only a piece of cake with me.” (Daughter) The son also confirmed that Vietnamese food was much more delicious than other kinds of food, and his favorite list of food seemed to be endless with rolls, Pho, blood pudding, sauteed spinach and many other Vietnamese dishes “I love Vietnamese food and I enjoy using chopsticks I have to use folks and knifes at school in order to eat Western dishes but I still use chopsticks more frequently.” (Son) Indeed, these people both prefer Vietnamese food, even though they use knives and folks to eat Western food frequently at school The reason stems from the first generation‟s preservation efforts The mother often cooks Vietnamese dishes for 38 their meals so that her children are familiar with Vietnamese food and Vietnamese table manner from early ages By that reason, they can eat different kinds of Vietnamese food and use chopsticks without any difficulty 2.6 Identity After series of particular questions, Tu and Trang were asked to identify their own identity When the requirement was first given, all the participants chose both Vietnamese and Czech nationalities However, on the second time when they were asked to choose between “a Vietnamese living in Czech” and “a VietnameseCzech”, their answers were different from each other‟s “I decide to be a Vietnamese- Czech I have never thought whether I feel proud to be a Czech or not but I am sure that I am very proud to have the Vietnamese blood.” (Son) “I realize that I am a Vietnamese living in Czech I want to keep living in Czech and have my own family here In the future when I have kids, I will teach them everything I know about Vietnam’s culture, language, and food recipes When I meet foreign friends, I feel proud and excited to tell them about Vietnam However, if they ask about bad habit of Vietnamese, I feel embarrassed as if they were talking about me” (Daughter) Apparently, there were two things proved clearly after these truly confessions which were their ethnic pride together with their intimate relationship with homeland 2.7 Satisfaction The very last question for the second generation was similar to one for the first generation, which was “If you had a chance to change your past Would you want 39 to change your Vietnamese nationality or you want your parents to immigrate to other country?” The answers received quite differed from their parents‟ While the first generation wished to travel back to time and stay in Vietnam, the second generation did not want to change anything Both two children confirmed that they were satisfied with their mixed identities including Vietnamese root and Czech culture In short, the second generation of this Vietnamese family has no problems the host society They are completely satisfied with their lives in Czech as well as their Vietnam origin While the first generation always reminds them that they are Vietnamese, the second generation keeps two cultures balanced in their lives much better Moreover, their affirmation to teach their future kids about the culture of Vietnam proves that they not only satisfy with their lives in Czech but also feel very proud of their Vietnam origin Generally, the second generation of this Vietnamese family has a successful integration into the Czech society 40 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS The research examined the adaptation strategies of two different generations in a Vietnamese family living in the Czech Republic to deal with the difficulties during their adaptation processes A qualitative approach was selected to conduct in this study Four members of the chosen family were asked to take part in a semi- structure interview to share their lives in Czech The discussions were recorded and transcribed, then analyzed and conceptualized The outcomes presented “integration” as the strategy both two generations chose to adapt with the host society in various aspects of life Conclusion First of all, the adaptation process of the first generation in this family is different from the theory in the book “indicators of immigrants Integration 2015” which claims that people who live longer in the host country will adapt to the environment better In this case, even though the father went to Czech one year earlier than the mother, they still have the same level of integration there The explanation by Harvey (1997), and many other researchers can be the answer for this because they claim that women have more advantages to help them learn to communicate more quickly than men while communication is a vehicle for learning a new culture He also supposes that women‟s characteristics allow them to establish and maintain relationships in the host country faster than man Therefore, even though the mother has less time living in Czech than the father, she still can have the similar level of adaptation as her husband because the time distance is not too far and she is also able to adapt in a shorter time than her husband Secondly, as mentioned in the Literature Review Chapter, adopting suitable strategies which can allow newcomers to achieve a successful adaptation to the host country‟s culture as well as its society is very important Moreover, individuals at high levels of cultural adaptation often show greater psychological well-being such as happiness, self-esteem and life satisfaction In this case, the 41 high level of their adaptation is proved by their feeling of satisfaction which is clearly stated in the findings section Besides, Berry and his coworkers (2006) also suggest that integration is the most preferred method which produces the best results in the immigrant's adaptation during acculturation By that reason, the strategy chosen by the first generation is integration which is also the most suitable strategy for them In addition to this, their method to overcome some difficulties when they first went to Czech coincides with suggested solution to cope with culture shock by Levine and Adelman (1993) The social relationship with native people or other newcomers‟ building up is accomplished by the first generation through their actions to try to communicate and talk to people in Czech by the host language as much as possible Apparently, the suitable action to cope with culture shock will lead to the right adaptation strategies Thirdly, the influences of individual and contextual factors are evidenced by this study One of the factors of differences in the use of four strategies mentioned by Berry (2006) is the level of education The parents in this family are all welleducated people, which helps them with the knowledge and awareness of the intercultural communication issue Furthermore, as what Berry (1997) emphasizes, “social supports, local residents‟ attitudes and helps, expatriates‟ relationship with neighbors and colleagues and work load or stress at work” are contextual factors affecting the adaptation process of the first generation They receive from the government stable job, housing assistance and short- term culture and language course These factors help them a lot in stabilizing and adapting to the host culture Thanks to the successful adaptation of the first generation, the second generation has a lot of advantages to integrate well into the Czech‟s society Due to the culture preservation, the parents in this case teaches their children about Vietnamese culture through Vietnamese language, food and table manner, traditional clothes, festivals and holidays On the other hand, they also let their kids know about Czech culture very early by sending them to the Czech school to play and learn with native people 42 In fact, the integration into the host country of the second generation is even better than the first generation in this case This result is also predicted by Martin and Nakayama (2010) in the second chapter that the second generation immigrants who are younger may adapt to the new society more easily because they are less fixed in their ideas, beliefs, and identities Another explanation for this data is also stated in the book “Indicators of Immigrant Integration 2015” which emphasizes their advantages to be raised and educated in the host country and more similar to native citizens than the first generation Generally, the first generation in this case can overcome the difficulties due to the cultural differences, and integrate successfully into the host society Their integration process is presented in aspects including language, relationships, entertainments, holidays, food and satisfaction Although they always remind themselves about their Vietnam origin, at the moment, they can mostly solve the intercultural problems and adapt well to the Czech‟ culture The success of their integration due to their favorable starting point with high-educated levels and lots of advantages from Government‟s policies which helps them to stabilize jobs and accommodation Furthermore, their positive attitude towards intercultural problems has a great influence on the choice of adaptation strategies In this case, their purpose does not base on battling against but working with society Consequently, integration is the adaptation strategy of the first generation in this Vietnamese family because they strongly determine to adapt to the host society while all the original identity is still conserved Following the first generation, the second generation in this family also has no trouble with adaptation Thanks to the first generation‟ efforts to preserve Vietnamese norms and values, they still don‟t forget their roots even though they are born and educated by the host culture at school like native Czech kids The strategy of integration that they choose helps them to keep both culture balanced in their lives 43 Limitations of the study Due to time constraint and the limited capability of the researcher, she only conducted the research on one Vietnamese family living in Vietnam Therefore, the result of this particular research can barely be extended to members of other Vietnamese families living in Czech As a result, it is impossible to compare the differences in cultural adaptation between different families Also, the study would bring out more comprehensive knowledge if the researcher could managed to get more diversity in participants‟ background occupation, age groups, as well as purpose of coming to Czech Hence, the finding of this study is not comprehensive and cannot be generalized to the population of Vietnamese living in Czech Recommendations for future research Further researches are highly recommended in order to fully develop the topic of adaptation process This paper can be improved by inviting more participants to the research The more audiences participate in the survey, the more various the collected data gets “The adaptation process of two Vietnamese generations living in the Czech Republic” can be one example for this Then, there might appear changes in the selection of the host society from the Czech Republic to America or the Western areas or even Southern countries Moreover, “the cultural shock and adaptation process of two different Vietnamese generations when migrating to 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TRONG MỘT GIA ĐÌNH NGƯỜI VIỆT ĐANG SINH SỐNG TẠI TIỆP KHẮC Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Phan Vân Quyên Sinh viên: Phạm Thị Phương Anh Khóa: QH2012.F1.E15 HÀ NỘI, 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acceptance page