GIÁO ÁN CHUYÊN ĐỀ

WHOM: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, làm tân ngữ của mệnh đềc. quan hệ.[r]

Buổi - Bài :

INTRODUCTION

GIỚI THIỆU VỀ NỘI DUNG, PHƯƠNG PHÁP HỌC TẬP BÔN MÔN

PHẦN I PHONETICS – STRESS – TRỌNG ÂM Buổi - Bài RULES TO MARK STRESS – QUI TẮC ĐÁNH TRỌNG ÂM

I. Definitions:

1 Phoneme: The smallest part of sound (vowel and consonant sounds) Âm tố - thành phần nhỏ

nhất âm (gồm nguyên âm phụ âm)

2 Syllable: The sound made when one or clusters of phoneme are articulated Âm tiết – tiếng phát

ra nhiều âm tố phát âm

3 Stress: The degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound ort a word is pronounced. Độ lớn hay thống trị âm âm tiết chùm âm từ (có từ hai âm tiết trở lên) được đọc, nói hay phát âm.

II. Rules to mark stress: 1 Di-syllable words:

a Usually on the second syllable if it is a verb whose second syllable doesn’t contain the vowel

sounds of /ә/, /I/, and /әu/, on the first syllable of the other words (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ động từ - trừ âm tiết thứ chứa nguyên âm /ә/, /I/, /әu/, rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất từ loại lại) As: mother, ready, color, palace, student, teacher, tonight, afraid,

people, money, enjoy, paper, begin, provide, summer, abroad, noisy, success, enter,…

b Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes (đối với từ có mang tiền

tố, hậu tố, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết gốc) As: become, react, foretell, unpleasant, begin,

failure, threaten, daily, treatment, ruler, unknown, builder, lately, quickly,…

c Be careful with words with different word-class (đối với từ mà thân có nhiều chức năng

từ vựng ta áp dụng qui tắc a) As

Verb Other words Verb Other words Verb Other words

rebel rebel record record conflict conflict

progress progress export export permit permit

suspect suspect conduct conduct

PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH

1 Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group.

1 A paper B tonight C lecture D story

2 A money B army C afraid D people

3 A enjoy B daughter C provide D decide

4 A begin B pastime C finish D summer

5 A abroad B noisy C hundred D quiet

6 A passion B aspect C medium D success

7 A exist B evolve C enjoy D enter

8 A doctor B modern C corner D Chinese

9 A complain B machine C music D instead

10 A writer B baker C builder D career

11 A provide B adopt C happen D inspire

12 A result B region C river D robot

13 A constant B basic C irate D obvious

14 A become B carry C appoint D invent

15 A engine B battle C career D rabies

Exercise 1/30

1 We couldn’t have managed without my father’s money

2 I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back  Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back

3 It was Walter Raleigh who introduced potatoes and tobacco into England  The English owe the introduction of potatoes and tobacco to WR

4 “If my members agree to that, I’ll be very surprised,” said the union delegate

 The union delegate observed that he would be very surprised if his members agreed While I strongly disapprove of your behavior, I will help you this time

Despite my strong disapproval of your behavior, I will help you this time I’m sorry I missed Professor Baker’s lecture

 I’m sorry not to have heard/attended Pro Baker’s lecture

7 We may not be able to give the concert  The concert may have to be cancelled. I was not surprised to hear that Harry had failed his driving test

It came as no surprise to me that Harry had failed his driving test

- KẾT THÚC BUỔI -Buổi - Bài

RULES TO MARK STRESS – QUI TẮC ĐÁNH TRỌNG ÂM 2 Words with more than two syllable:

a Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thư ba kể từ âm tiết

cuối): As family, cinema, regular, singular, international, satisfactory, recognize, demonstrate,

qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy, responsibility…

b Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ic”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”,

“ial”, “ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “ion”(đối với từ có tận liệt kê, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết liền trước tận – thứ kể từ âm tiết cuối) As: physician,

experience, expedient, parental, essential, habitual, courageous, delicious, familiar,… (Except for: Television)

c Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “oo”, “esque” (đối với từ có tận cùng

như liệt kê, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết chứa tận này) As: Portuguese,

refugee, employee, engineer, volunteer, adequate, picturesque, cigarette,… PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH

1 Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group.

1 A interesting B surprising C amusing D successful

2 A understand B engineer C benefit D Vietnamese

3 A applicant B uniform C yesterday D employment

4 A dangerous B parachute C popular D magazine

5 A beautifully B intelligent C redundancy D discovery

6 A comfortable B employment C important D surprising

7 A variety B irrational C industrial D characterize

8 A colorful B equality C dictionary D vegetable

9 A elegant B regional C musical D important

10 A difference B suburban C internet D character

11 A beautiful B effective C favorite D popular

12 A attraction B government C borrowing D visit

13 A difficulty B individual C population D unemployment

14 A biology B redundancy C interviewer D comparative

15 A conversation B isolation C traditional D situation

Notes: - Trên thực tế khơng có qui tắc bất biến cho việc xác định vị trí trọng âm từ.

- Việc xác định trọng âm cần thực cách phát âm, dựa nhiều vào kinh nghiệm

- Những tập cung cấp tập có tần suất sử dụng lớn để soạn đề thi

2 Exercise 2/30

2 We’d better leave them a note, because it’s possible they’ll arrive later (case) We’d better leave them a note in case they arrive later

3 Before he came here he worked for Mr Smiths (previous)

Before the came here, his previous boss/employer was Mr Smiths.

4 He speaks German extremely well (command) He has an excellent command of German 5 His criticisms are quite unfair (justification) There is no justification for his criticisms I can’t understand why they are reluctant to sign the contract (baffled)

I am baffled by their reluctance to sign the contract

7 I always find chess problems like that quite impossible (defeat) Chess problems like that (always) defeat me!

8 This must be kept secret (know) You mustn’t let anyone (else) know (this) I can’t afford a new dress, that old blue one will have to (make)

 I can’t afford a new dress I’ll (have) to make with that old blue one

Buổi - Bài

PRONUNCIATION – ĐỌC PHIÊN ÂM - (ÔN TẬP)

A NHỮNG QUI TẮC CƠ BẢN VỀ CÁCH PHÁT ÂM

Để phát âm tiếng Anh tương đối chuẩn, nhà chuyên môn nghĩ hệ thống ký hiệu phiên âm, để người đọc dựa vào mà đọc cho dễ Phiên âm quốc tế hiệp hội Phiên âm Quốc Tế đặt gọi tắt

I P A Bộ Giáo Dục Việt Nam dùng cách thức sách giáo khoa.

B BỘ KÝ HIỆU PHIÊN ÂM QUỐC TẾ I NGUYÊN ÂM (VOWELS)

[i] âm có từ sit, hit [i:] âm có từ seat, leave [e] âm có từ bed, get

[ỉ] âm có từ map, have, bank, back [a:] âm có từ far, car, star

[ɔ] âm có từ not, hot

[ɔ:] âm có từ floor, four [ʊ] âm có từ put

[ʊ:] âm có từ blue [ʌ] âm có từ but, cup [/∂/] âm có từ again, obey [ɜ:/ ∂:] âm có từ fur

Ghi chú: Dấu [:] ký hiệu cho ta biết từ phải đọc kéo dài

Dấu [:] đặt sau nguyên âm ngun âm phải đọc kéo dài

II NGUYÊN ÂM ĐÔI (DIPH THONGS)

[ei ] âm có từ : lake, play, place. [ai ] âm có từ : five, hi, high

[ɔi] âm có từ : boy

[aʊ ] âm có từ : now, how

[∂ʊ ] âm có từ : nose, so

[i∂] âm có từ : near, hear

[e∂] âm có từ : hair, pair [u∂] âm có từ : sure, poor

III NGUYÊN ÂM BA (TRIPTHONGS)

[ai∂] âm có từ : fire, hire [au∂] âm có từ : flour, sour

[ei∂] âm có từ : player.

IV PHỤ ÂM (CONSONANTS)

[ŋ]: âm có từ : long, song

[ð]: âm có từ : this, that, then

[q]: âm có từ : thanks, think

[∫]: âm có từ : should, sure

[t∫]: âm có từ : change, chin

[d∂]: âm có từ : just

[r]: âm có từ : red, read

[l]: âm có từ : well, leader

[h]: âm có từ : hat, hot

[t]: âm có từ : tea, take

[k]: âm có từ : cat, car.

[∂]: âm có từ : usual.

[z]: âm có từ : zero

[g]: âm có từ : game, get

[ju:]: âm có từ : tube, huge. [s ]: âm có từ : sorry, sing

Chú ý: Những ký hiệu [w] [ju:] không coi phụ âm mà coi bán nguyên âm.

Có cách viết âm u: [u] [ʊ]

Exercise 3/30

1 I only recognized him when he came into the light  Not until he came into the light did I recognize him

 There is(absolutely) no truth in that rumor about the politician and the construction contract One runner was too exhausted to complete the last lap of the race

 One runner was so exhausted (that) he couldn’t/was unable to complete the last lap of the race My mother was the most warm-hearted person I’ve ever known

 I’ve never known a more warm-hearted person than my mother (was) They never made us anything we didn’t want to

 We were never made to anything we didn’t want to

6 The only thing that prevented the passing of the bill was the death of the Prime Minister Had it not been for the death of the PM the bill would have been passed/got through 7 It is quite pointless to complain There’s no point in complaining

- KẾT THÚC BUỔI

-Buổi - Bài CÁCH PHÁT ÂM CỦA MỘT SỐ NGUYÊN ÂM VÀ PHỤ ÂM

1 Nguyên âm “A”

1.1: A đọc [æ] Trong từ âm tiết, tận hay nhiều phụ âm.

Examples: Lad [læd]: trai Dam [dæm]: đập nước

Fan [fæn]: quạt Map [mæp]: đồ

* Trong âm tiết mang trọng âm từ nhiều âm tiết đứng trước PÂ

Examples: Candle [`kændl]: nến Captain [`kæpt∂n]: đại uý,

Calculate [`kỉkjuleit] : tính Unhappy [ʌn`hỉpi]: bất hạnh

1.2: A đọc [ei] Trong từ âm tiết có tận là: A+ PÂ+ E

Examples: Bate [beit] : giảm bớt Cane [kein] : gậy

Late [leit] : muộn Fate [feit] : số phận

* Trong tận ATE động từ

Examples: To intimate [`intimeit] : cho hay To deliberate [`dilibreit]: tính kỹ

* Trong âm tiết trước tận -ION -IAN

Examples: Nation [‘nei∫∂n]: quốc gia Translation [træns`lei∫∂n] : dịch

Preparation [prep∂`rei∫∂n] : chuẩn bị Asian [`ei∫∂n] : Người châu

* Ngoại lệ: Companion [k∂m`pænj∂n] : bạn đồng hành Italian [i`tælj∂n] : Người Italia

Librarian [lai`bre∂ri∂n] : thủ thư Vegetarian [ved∂i`te∂ri∂n] : Người ăn chay

1.3: A đoc [ɔ:] Trong từ âm tiết tận “LL”

Examples: All [ɔ:ll] : tất Call [kɔ:ll] : goi điện

Tall [tɔ:ll] : cao lớn Small [smɔ:ll]: nhỏ nhắn

1.4: A đọc [ɔ] (Ngoại lệ: way [wei] : đường Waste [weist] : lãng phí)

* Trong âm tiết có trọng âm từ , từ âm tiết bắt đầu W.

Examples: Was [wɔz] : to be Want [wɔnt] : muốn

Wash [wɔ∫] : tắm rửa Watch [wɔt∫] : xem

1.5: A đọc [a:] Tận R R+ PÂ âm tiết từ A trước R+ PÂ

Examples: Bar [ba:] : chấn song Far [fa:] : xa xôi

Star [sta:] : ngơi Barn [ba:n] :vựa thóc

Harm [ha:m] : tổn hại Charm [t∫a:m]: quyến dũ

Departure [di`pa:t∫∂] : khởi hành Half [ha:f] : nửa

1.6: A đọc [e∂] Trong số từ có tận ARE (* Ngoại lệ: are [a:])

Examples: Bare [be∂] : trơ trụi Care [ke∂] : cẩn then

Dare [de∂] : dám Fare [fe∂] : tiền vé

1.7:A đọc [i] Trong tận - ATE tính từ

Examples: Itimate [`intimit]: mật thiết Animate [`ænimit]: linh hoạt, sống động

Delicate [`delikit]: tế nhị, mỏng mảnh * Trong tận - AGE danh từ âm tiết.

Examples: Village [`vilid∂]: làng quê Cottage [`kɔtid∂] : nhà tranh

Shortage [`∫ɔ:tid∂]: tình trạng thiếu hụt Damage [`dæmid∂] : thiệt hại

Courage [`kʌrid∂]: lòng can đảm Luggage [`lʌgid∂] : hành lý

1.8: A đọc [∂] Trong âm tiết khơng có trọng âm.

Examples: Aain [∂`gein] : lại, lần Balance [`bæl∂ns] :sự thăng

Explanation [ekspl∂`nei∫∂n]: giảI thích Capacity [k∂`pỉs∂ti] : lực

2 Cách đọc nguyên âm “E”

2.1: E đọc [e] (Ngoaị lệ: Her [h∂:] : cô Term [t∂:m] : học kỳ)

* Những từ âm tiết tận hay nhiều PÂ(trừ R).Hoặc âm tiết có trọng âm từ

Examples: Bed [bed] : giường Get [get] : lấy, tóm

Met [met] : gặp gỡ Them [ðem] : họ

Debt [det] : nợ Send [send] : gửi

Member [`memb∂] :thành viên November [no`vemb∂]: tháng 11

2.2: E đọc [i:] Khi đứng liền trước tận PÂ+ E từ be, she, he, me

Examples: Cede [si:d] : nhượng Scene [si:n] : phong cảnh

Complete [k∂mpli:t] : hoàn toàn Benzene [ben`zi:n] : chất benzen

2.3: E đọc [i] Trong tiền tố BE, DE, RE

Examples: Begin [bi`gin]: bắt đầu Become [bi`kʌm] : trở thành

Decide [di`said] : định Return [ri`t∂:n] : trở

Remind [ri`maid] : gợi nhớ Reorganize [ri`ɔ:g∂naiz] : tổ chức lại

2.3: E đọc [∂]

Examples: Silent [`sail∂nt]: yên lặng Open [`oup∂n] : mở

Chicken [t∫ik∂n]: thịt gà Generous [`d∂en∂r∂s] : hào hiệp

Exercise 4/30

1 You can’t possibly expect me to have supper ready by o’clock (question) There is no question of supper being ready by o’clock

2 It is my opinion that there is no advantage in further discussion (see) As far as I can see, there is no advantage in further discussion

3 Please excuse Jane’s poor typing She’s only been learning for a month (allowances) Please make allowances for Jane’s poor typing; she’s only been learning for a month There is no way that young man can achieve success in this test (bound)

That young man is bound to fail in this test

5 Although the dog appeared harmless, it was, in fact, quite dangerous (contrary) Contrary to (its) (harmless) appearance, the dog was in fact quite dangerous

6 If Smith hadn’t broken his leg, he would have played football for England (represented) If Smith hadn’t broken his leg, he would have represented England

7 This hotel is inaccessible in winter (possible)

It’s not possible to get to/to reach this hotel in winter As far as I know he is still working in Bristol (knowledge)

To (the best of) my knowledge, he is still working in Bristol

KẾT THÚC BUỔI

-Buổi - Bài PRONUNCIATION – ĐỌC PHIÊN ÂM - (ÔN TẬP) 3 Cách đọc “AI”

3.1: AI đọc [ei] * Khi AI đứng trước PÂ trừ R

Examples: Mail [meil] : thư từ Sail [seil] : bơi thuyền

Wait [weit] : chờ đợi Said [seid] : say

3.2: AI đọc [e∂]: * Khi đứng trước R

Examples: Air [e∂] : khơng khí Fair [fe∂] : bình đẳng

Hair [he∂] : tóc Pair [pe∂] : cặp đơi Chair [t∫e∂] : ghế tựa

4 Cách đọc “AU”

4.1: AU đọc [ɔ:] * Trong hầu hết từ chứa AU

Examples: Fault [fɔ:lt] : lỗi lầm Launch [lɔ:nt∫] : hạ thuỷ

Audience [`ɔ:di∂ns]: khán giả Daughter [`dɔ:t∂] : gái

4.2: AU đọc [a:] Trong số từ mà ta phải ghi nhớ

Examples: Aunt [a:nt] : cơ, dì thím mợ Laugh [la:f] : cười

5 Cách đọc “AW” * Tất từ chứa AW thường đọc [ɔ:]

Examples: law [lɔ:] : luật pháp Draw [drɔ:] : kéo, lơi, vẽ

Crawl [krɔ:l] : bị, bị lê Dawn [dɔ:n] : bình minh

6 Cách đọc “AY” AY thường đọc [ei] hầu hết từ chứa AY

Examples: Clay [klei] : đất sét Day [dei] : ngày Play [plei] : chơi, kịch

Tray [trei] : khay Stay [stei] : lại Pay [pei] : trả

* Ngoại lệ cần ghi nhớ: Quay [ki:] : bến cảng

Mayor [me∂] : thị trưởng Papaya [p∂`pai∂] : đu đủ

7 Cách đọc “EA”

7.1: EA đọc [e] Trong từ : Head [hed] : đầu, đầu não

Bread [bred] : bánh mì Breath [breq] : thở

Breakfast [`brekf∂st]: bữa ăn sáng Steady [`stedi]: vững chắc, đều

Jealous [`d∂el∂s] : ghen tuông Measure [`meʒ∂] : đo lường

Leather [`leðә] :da thuộc Pleasure [`pleʒә]: niềm vui, niềm vinh hạnh

7.2: EA đọc [i:] Trong từ như: East [i:st] : phương đông

Easy [i:zi] : dễ dàng Heat [hi:t] : sức nóng

Beam [bi:m] : tia sáng Dream [dri:m] : giấc mơ

Breathe [bri:ð] : thở, thổi nhẹ Creature [`kri:t∫ә]: tạo vật, người

7.3: EA đọc [ә:] Trong từ như: Learn [lә:n] : học

Earth [ә:q] : trái đất Heard [hә:d] : khứ hear

Earn [ә:n] : kiếm sống Pearl [pә:l] : viên ngọc

7.4: EA đọc [eә] Trong từ như: Bear [beә] : gấu

Pear [peә] : lê Tear [teә] : xé rách

Wear [weә] : mặc Swear [sweә] : thề

7.5: EA đọc [iә] Trong từ như: Tear [tiә]: nước mắt

Clear [kliә] : rõ ràng Beard [biә:d] :râu

7.6: EA đọc [ei] Trong từ như: Great [greit]: vĩ đại, to lớn

Break [breik] : làm vỡ Steak [steik] : lát mỏng

Exercise 5/30

1 The workers only called off the strike after a new pay offer  Only after a new pay offer did the workers call off the strike He was sentenced to six months in prison for his part in the robbery

He received a sentence of six months for his part in the robbery You can eat as much as you like for 5$ at the new lunch-bar

There is no limit/restriction to how much you eat at the new lunch-bar

4 She wore a hearing-aid, even though she could hear the phone ring perfectly well She wasn’t so deaf/hard of hearing that she couldn’t hear the phone

5 You will never meet anyone more generous than Mrs Jones

Mrs Jones is the most generous person you will/could ever meet/ (be likely) to meet My parents let me go abroad alone for the first time last year

 If he hadn’t been so incompetent they wouldn’t have been captured I’m certainly not going to give you any more money

 I have no intention of giving you any more money

KẾT THÚC BUỔI

-Buổi - Bài PRONUNCIATION – ĐỌC PHIÊN ÂM - (ÔN TẬP) 8 Cách đọc “EE”

8.1: EE đọc [i:] Trong từ như: see [si:]: trông, they

Free [fri:] : tự Heel [hi:l] : gót

Cheese [t∫i:z] : phó mát Agree [ә`gri:] : đồng ý

8.2: EE đọc [iә] Khi EE đứng trước tận R từ.

Examples: Beer [biә] : bia rượu Cheer [t∫iә] : vui vẻ

Deer [diә] : nai Career [kә`riә] : nghề nghiệp

9 Cách đọc “EI”

9.1: EI đọc [i:] Trong từ như: Ceiling [`si:lih] : trần nhà

Deceive [disi:v]: lừa đảo Receipt [ri`si:t] : giấy biên lai

9.2: EI đọc [ei] Trong từ như:

Eight [eit] : số Weight [weit] : trọng lượng

Freight [freit] : hàng hoá tàu Neighbour [`neibә]: hàng xóm

* Trong từ như: Other [`aiðә]: cáI hay cáI Height [hait] : chiều cao

9.3: EI đọc [eә] Trong từ như::

Heir [eә] : người thừa kế Their [ðeә] : họ

9.4: EI đọc [e] Trong từ như::

Leisure [`leʒә] : nhàn rỗi Heifer [`hefә]: bò nái tơ

10 Cách đọc “EX”

10.1: EX đọc “eks” Khi EX âm tiết mang trọng âm:

Examples: exercise [`eksәsaiz] : tập Excellent [`eksәlәnt]: tuyệt hảo

10.2: EX đọc “iks”

* Khi EX âm tiết không mang trọng âm, đứng trước PÂ:

Examples: Explain [iks`plein]: giảI thích Experience [iks`piәriәns] : kinh nghiệm

Experiment [iks`perimәnt]: thí nghiệm Expensive [iks`pensiv] : đắt đỏ

10.3: EX đọc “igz” EX âm tiết không mang trọng âm, đứng trước nguyên âm âm H câm

Examples: Examine [ig`zæmin]: sát hạch, kiểm tra Existence [ig`zistәns]: hữu

Exhibit [ig`zibit] : trưng bày, triển lãm Exhausted [ig`zɔ:stid] : kiệt sức

11 Cách đọc “EY”

11.1: EY đọc “ei” Trong từ như:

They [ðei] : họ Prey [prei] :cầu nguyện

Grey [grei] : xám Obey [¶`bei] : lời

11.2: EY đọc “i:” Trong từ như: Money [`mLni:] : tiền

Storey [`stɔri:] : tầng, lầu Key [ki:] : chìa khố

Exercise 6/30

1 I don’t think there will be any applicants for this post (likelihood) There is little/no likelihood that there will be applicants for this post It was difficult for Susan to believe the good news (hardly)

Susan could hardly believe the good news

3 You must make allowances for his inexperience (account)

You must take his experience into account/ You must take account of his experience This contract is not binding until we both sign it (bound)

Neither (one) of us is bound by this contract until we both sign it He wasn’t to blame for the accident (fault)

 The accident was not his fault

You should /do not assume (that) he will help you

KẾT THÚC BUỔI

-Buổi - Bài PHẦN II TENSES – ÔN TẬP VỀ NGỮ PHÁP I. The simple present tense:

1 The form

(+) S + V (-) S + don’t/ doesn’t + V (?) Do/ Does + S + V?

2 The usage: - To denote actions that happened repeatedly (She never comes late) - To denote long lasting events.(We live in Concord street)

- To denote a true fact (The earth moves around the Sun)

3 The recognition: - now/ nowadays/ today/ this summer/… - always/ usually/ often/ sometimes/ occasionally/… - the proof of constant truth

4 Notes: - To denote a plan/ prediction/ timetables/… (The train leaves at 9.00)

- The division of “be”, “have”, “can, may, must”,…

II The present progressive tense:

1 The form:

(+) S + am/ are/ is + V-ING (-) S + am/ are/ is + not + V-ING (?) Am/ Are/ Is + S + V-ING?

2 The usage: - To denote happening actions at the time of speaking (She is teaching Maths)

- To denote the intention/ prediction/ plan/…(She is coming soon)

3 The recognition: - now/ right now/ at present/ at this time/ at this moment/…

- follow a command, request,…

4 Notes: - The ING-forms ( getting, running, having, writing, dying, lying,…)

- The omission of the verbs of awareness or sensation as: be/ see/ hear/ understand/ know/ like/ want/ glance/ feel/ think/ smell/ love/ hate/ realize/ seem/ remember/ forget/…( use the simple present instead )

III The present perfect tense:

1 The form:

(+) S + have/ has + P.P (P2) (-) S + haven’t/ hasn’t + P.P (P2) (?) Have/ Has + S + P.P (P2) 2 The usage: - To denote actions that happened in the past but having results, relating, or still

happening at present (We have lived here since 1990)

- To denote actions that happened right before the time of speaking, using “just” (She has just come from New York)

- To denote unfulfilled actions with “yet” (He hasn’t come yet)

- To denote past actions; no certain time expression, using “already” (We have already seen that film) The recognition: - just = recently = lately - ever/ never (comments)

- already/ yet/ since/ for/ so far/ until now/ up to now (present)

Notes: - Past participles: (regular verbs adding “ed”./ irregular verbs “learn by heart”)

- The differences between the present perfect and the simple past tense.

- The present perfect progressive is used to denote past actions “happening”, or “will happen The

tense is often related to the verbs: live/ learn/ wait/ work/ study/…

→“S + have/ has + been + V-ING” IV The simple past tense:

1 The form: (pV = the past form of verbs)

(+) S + Pv (-) S + didn’t + V (?) Did + S + V?

2 The usage: - To denote a finished past action (We went to the park together) - To report past events, past habits, or long lasting action in the past (She did all the work yesterday./ We used to sit next to each other.)

3 The recognition: - last week/ month/ year/… - yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/…

4. Notes: - The past form of the verbs: ( regular “V-ED”/ irregular (2nd column in the irregular verbs

list)) - “ED” pronunciation /id/; /t/; /d/

V The past progressive tense:

(+) S + was/ were + V-ING (-) S + was/ were + not + V-ING (?) Was/ Were + S + V-ING?

2 The usage: - To denote past happening actions (She was watching T.V at 8.00 last night)

- To denote past interrupting actions (She was watching T.V when I came)

3 The recognition: - at 8.00 last night/ at that time/ at that moment/…

- time clause with “when”, “while = as”.

Notes: - actions that alternatively happened, use the simple past only (When I heard a knock at the door, I came to open it When I opened the door, I saw my mum.)- this is a timed action. VI The past perfect tense:

1. The form:

(+) S + had + P.P (P2) (-) S + (hadn’t) + P.P (P2) (?) Had + S + P.P (P2)?

2. The usage: - To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain point

of time or another past event (the past of the past tense) e.g: She had sold all the baskets

before 9.00 yesterday She had sold all the baskets when we came there yesterday. 3. The recognition: - when-clause/ after/ before/ already/ since/ for/…

- The past perfect progressive “S + had been + V-ING” VII The simple future tense:

The form:

(+) S + will/ shall + V (-) S + will/ shall + V (?) Will/ Shall + S + V?

- “shall” is restrictedly used only for I/We with the formal senses - The negative forms “will not = won’t”, “shall not = shan’t”

The usage: - To denote future actions (They will build more hospitals)

- To denote future plan/ idea/ timetable/…(The car will start in-time)

The recognition: - someday, tomorrow,…/ - next week/ month/ year/

Notes: “shan’t” is not used in conditional sentences./ “shall” is used as a suggestion/ invitation/…. Exercise 7/30

1 Our hotel booking hasn’t been confirmed

 We haven’t received confirmation of/about our hotel booking (yet) The sales man told me that my new car would be delivered next Wednesday

 According to the salesman my new car would/will be delivered next Wednesday The Yeti has very rarely been seen at this altitude

 There have been very few sightings of the Yeti at this altitude It’s not certain that Jones will get the job

 It is open to question (as to) whether Jones will get the job

5 Everyone started complaining the moment the announcement was made

 No sooner had the announcement been made than everyone started complaining 6 As I get older, I want to travel less  The older I get the less I want to travel. A house in that district will cost you at least 100,000$

 You won’t be able to buy/get a house in that district for less than/under $100.000 Alan worked too hard at the office, and this led to his illness

 Alan’s illness was caused by/ due to/the result of his working too hard at the office

KẾT THÚC BUỔI

-Buổi - Bài PHẦN II TENSES – ÔN TẬP VỀ NGỮ PHÁP VIII Various forms of the future tenses:

1 The future progressive tense:

1.1 The form:

(+) S + will be + V-ING (-) S + won’t be + V-ING (?) Will + S + be + V-ING?

1.2 The usage: - To denote timetables/ intentions/ plans/… using “at”

e.g: She will be watching T.V at 8.00 tonight.

We will be staying at REX hotel at 5.00 next Sunday’s morning.

Eg She will be sitting at the gate when we come tomorrow.

2 The future perfect tense:

2.1 The form:

(+) S + will have + P.P (P2) (-) S + won’t have + P.P (P2) (?) Will + S + have + P.P?

2.2 The usage: - To denote planned actions with “by”, “by the time”, “by then”

e.g: She will have finished the course by the next Friday/ by then.

- To show a future schedule-finished action e.g: The bridge will have been used by the next Autumn. 3 Other forms:

a The simple present tense: To denote a timetable, or a plan…

e.g: A: When does he leave? B: He leaves tonight b The present progressive: To denote an intention.

e.g: A: When are you leaving? B: I am leaving this afternoon. c The “be + going to inf” form: To denote an intention or a near future action, an

arrangement

e.g: She is going to celebrate her 34th birthday They are going to get married. NOTES: CHÚ Ý THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES

Main clause Subordinate clause

Simple present tense

- simple present tense./ - present perfect tense

- present progressive tense./ - simple future tense

- “be going to V” form./ - simple past tense (certain point of past time)

Simple past tense

- simple past tense./ - past progressive tense

- past perfect tense./ - “would + V” form

- “be going to + V” past form./ - simple present tense (showing the truth)

Present perfect tense Simple present tense

Past perfect tense Simple past tense

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Main clause Adverbial clauses (of time)

Present tenses Present tenses When/ whenever/ as/ while/ before/ after/ as soon as/…

Past tenses Past tenses When/ while/ as/ till/ until/ just as/ since/…

Future tenses Present tenses No sooner than/ hardly…when/ as long as/…

Exercise 8/30

1 Mr Bill managed to repair the garage roof only because his neighbor helped him (without) Without the help of his neighbor, Mr Bill would/could not/never have repaired the garage roof. 2 Nobody is infallible (mistakes)

We all make mistakes/ Everyone makes mistakes/Everyone can make mistakes.

3 The last Olympic Games were held in Seoul (took) The last Olympic Games took place in Seoul. 4 He talked about nothing except the weather (sole)

His sale topic/subject of conversation was the weather. In the end, I felt I had been right to leave the club (regrets)

 I had no regrets about/on/over leaving the club in the end 6 It is stupid of you to refuse Richard’s offer of a loan (idiot)

You are an idiot to refuse Richard’s offer of a loan. 7 The company has decided to replace this model (intention)

It’s the company’s intention to replace this model.

8 In the next few years we’ll probably hear a lot more about environmental pollution (likely) We’re likely to hear a lot more about environmental pollution in the next few years.

KẾT THÚC BUỔI

not only _, but also = not only , but _ as well

Hoặc: Subject + not only + verb + but also + verb

L

u ý : sau but also/ sau not only.

Eg He is not only handsome but also talented./ Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin

tinh từ tinh từ danh từ danh từ

He writes not only correctly but also neatly./ Maria excels not only in mathematics but also in science Adv adv ngừ giới từ ngừ giới từ

Paul Anka not only plays the piano but also composes music động từ động từ

b As well as

subject + verb + as well as + verb

Eg Robert is talented as well as handsome./ Beth plays the guitar as well as the violin

tinh từ tinh từ danh từ danh từ

He writes correctly as well as neatly / Marta excels in mathematics as well as in science Adv adv ngừ giới từ ngừ iới từ

Paul Anka plays the piano as well as composes music

động từ động từ c Both and

Eg Robert is both talented and handsome./ Beth plays both the guitar and the violin

tinh từ tinh từ danh từ danh từ

He writes both correctly and neatly./ Marta excels both in mathematics and in science

Adv adv ngừ giới từ ngừ giới từ

Paul Anka both plays the piano and composes music

động từ động từ

2 The norminal clause: Mệnh đề danh từ (tương ứng danh từ, làm S, C, O câu) a That – clauses: Theo sau động từ có ý giải thích với that, đảo lên đầu câu làm chủ ngữ.

Eg The reason she left was that she dissatisfied with her work

= That she dissatisfied with her work was the reason she left

b Wh – clauses: Đây hình thái mệnh đề danh từ phổ biến, thường theo sau ngoại động từ, ngoại

động từ đa, đặc biệt cấu trúc câu gián tiếp

Eg He didn’t know what to first They told them how to deal with the problem

Ha asked where he was going She wanted to know what time the next train arrived

c Whether/ if – clauses: Dùng với cấu trúc câu hỏi nghi vấn câu gián tiếp.

Eg She asked if I could answer the phone They wanted to know whether the train was any late

Exercise 9/30

1 Keeping calm is the secret of passing your driving test

 As long as you (can) keep/stay calm, you will/should/ought to pass your driving test Immediately after his appointment to the post, the new editor fell ill

No sooner had he been/was he appointed to the post than the new editor fell ill The protest has been so vociferous that the committee has had to reconsider

 There has been such a vociferous protest that the committee has had to reconsider You think that fat people are always jolly but you are wrong

 Contrary to your belief/opinion, fat people are not always jolly My boss works better when he’s pressed for time

 The less time my boss has, the better he works The patient recovered more rapidly than expected

 The patient made a more rapid/a quicker/faster recovery than expected There isn’t a pair of thermal socks left in the shop, Madam

 We are completely (sold) out of thermal socks, Madam

8 Their chances of success are small  It is not very) likely (that) they will succeed.

-Buổi 10 - Bài PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE – CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH 1 The phrases of purpose: to V/ so as to V/ in order to V dạng phủ định

S + verb + to/ so as/ in order (not) + to verb = To/ so as/ in order (not) + to verb, S + verb

Eg To be better at English, he attended an evening class = He attended an evening class to be better at

English In order to be better at English, he attended an extra-class

He attended an extra-class so as to be better at English

2 The clause of purpose with “so/ therefore”

S + V, so S + V hay S + V, therefore S + V

Eg It rained so heavily, so we cancelled the trip

He learned hard, therefore he got better and better grades

REWRITE SENTENCES

1 “ Why don’t you put better lock on the door, Barbara”? said John

=> John suggested

2 Although his both legs were broken, he managed to get out of the car before it exploded

=> Despite his

3 I haven’t eaten this kind of food before

=> This is the first

4 The architect has drawn plans for an extension to the house

=> Plans

5 It isn’t necessary for you to finish by Saturday

=> You

6 “ How many survivors are there?”, asked the journalist

=> The journalist wanted to know

7 It was such rotten meat that it had to be thrown away

=> The meat was

8 It is essential that Professor Van Helsing is met at the airport

=> Professor Van Helsing

9 You can’t visit the USA unless you have a visa

=> If you

10 “ Can I borrow your typewriter, Janet”? asked Peter

=> Peter asked if

11 She started working as a secretary five years ago

=> She has

12 She knows a lot more about it than I

=> I don’t know

13 My French friend finds driving on the left difficult

=> My French friend isn’t

14 They think the owner of the house is abroad

=> The owner

15 We didn’t go on holiday because we did not have enough money

=> If we

16 The children couldn’t go swimming because the sea was rough

=> The sea was too

17 The mechanic serviced my car last week

=> I

18 I’m always nervous when I travel by air

=> Travelling

19 He couldn’t afford to buy the car,

=> The car

20 “Why don’t you put your luggage under the seat?” he asked

21 Although he had a good salary, he was unhappy in his job

=> In spite of

22 I’m sorry I missed your birthday party => I wish 23 They haven’t cleaned the streets this week

=> The streets

24 Apples are usually cheaper than oranges

=> Apple are not 25 I advice you to put your money in the bank

=> You’d

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 10

-Buổi 11 + 12 - Bài PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION – NHƯỢNG BỘ 1 Phrases of concession with: despite / in spite of

Despite/ In spite of + danh từ/ ngữ danh từ

Eg Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades

2 Clauses of concession with: although, even though, though

Although/ Though/ Even though S + V, S + V = S + V although/ though/ even though S + V

Eg Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has a bad grades Eg He promised to call me, but till now I haven’t received any call from him, though

In spite of the bad weather, we are going to have a picnic

The child ate the cookie even though his mother had told him not to Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic

The committee voted to ratify the amendment despite the objections Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep

She attended the class although she did not feel alert

3 Clauses of concession with: despite/ in spite of the fact that

Despite/ In spite of + the fact that S + V S + V =S + V despite/ in spite of + the fact that S + V Note: In spite of the fact that the weather is bad, we are going to have a picnic.

The child ate the cookie despite the fact that his mother had told him not to

Exercise 10/30

1 Their problems are all self-inflicted (making) Their problems are all of their own making. 2 The travel agent was able to offer a 50% reduction on holidays to the Costa Brava (half)

The travel agent was able to offer half-price holidays to the Costa Brava. If you take that job, you’ll have to get up at a.m every morning (mean)

 Taking that job will mean (that) you’ll have to get up at 6a.m every morning. 4 The only thing they could was to look for a new flat (alternative)

They had no alternative but to look for a new flat. 5 His last letter to me was written three years ago (heard)

I haven’t heard from him for years/I last heard from him years ago. 6 If only one could rely on what she says (pity)

It’s a pity (that) one/we cannot rely on what she says.

7 An open fire can’t be compared to central heating (comparison) There is no comparison between an open fire and central heating. 8 I remember very few things about my childhood (scarcely)

I can scarcely remember anything /a thing about my childhood.

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 12

I CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN CƠ BẢN – MAIN FORMS: (gồm loại)

1 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 1: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1- REAL CONDITION)

a form: If S – V(hiện tại), S will V = S will V if S – V(hiện tại)

b usage: - kết mệnh đề kết xảy hay tương lai

- gọi câu điều kiện có thực

c examples: - If it stays nice, we will go out = We will go out if it stays nice d notes: Unless = If not

- If you don’t study harder, you will fail the exam = Unless you study harder, you will fail the exam. - He will fail the exam unless he is more industrious = He will fail the exam if he isn’t more industrious

2 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 2: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 2- UNREAL PRESENT CONDITION)

a form: If S – V(quá khứ/ riêng với to be = were với chủ ngữ), S would V

b usage: - kết mệnh đề kết xảy điều kiện mđ đk giả định - gọi câu điều kiện thực

c examples: - If it were nice, we would go out = In fact, it is not nice so we don’t go out anymore d notes: đảo were lên đầu thay cho if

-If I were ten years younger, I would marry her = Were I ten years younger, I would marry her.

3 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 3: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 3- UNREAL PAST CONDITION)

a form: If S had P.P, S would have P.P

b usage: - kết mệnh đề kết xảy khứ điều kiện mđ đk giả định - gọi câu điều kiện khơng có thực q khứ

c examples: - If it hadn’t been for your help, we would not have overcome those problems = In fact, we overcame those problems, thanks to your help

d notes: đảo had lên đầu thay cho if

-If I had been there, I would have helped her = Had I been there, I would have helped her.

BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH

1. If I a lot of money now, I a new car

A have/will buy B have / would buy C had/ will buy D had/ would buy

2. If I you, I that

A am/ will B were/would C were/ will D had been/ would

3. If I were offered the job, I think I it

A take B will take C would take D would have taken

4. I would be very surprised if he

A refuses B refused C had refused D would refuse

5. Many people would be out of work if that factory down

A closes B had closed C closed D would close

6. If she sold her car, she much money

A gets B would get C will get D would have got

7. They would be disappointed if we

A hadn’t come B wouldn’t come C don’t come D didn’t come

8. Would John be angry if I his bicycle without asking?

A take B took C had taken D would take

9. She terrible upset if I lost this ring

A will be B would be C were D had been

10. If someone in here with a gun, I would be very frightened

A would walk B walks C had walked D walked

11. What would happen if you to work tomorrow?

A don’t go B didn’t go C won’t go D wouldn’t go

12. We‘ll get wet if we out

A go B did go C went D had gone

13. If I go shopping, I some food

14. If I find it, I you

A will tell B would tell C had told D told

15. What would you if you a million dollars?

A would win B win C had won D won

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 13

-Buổi 14- Bài CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN – CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1 Dùng “or else”/ “otherwise”/ “or”

Examples: - Cut your hair, or they won’t let you in (= If you don’t cut your hair, they won’t let you in,

hoặc Unless you cut your hair, they won’t let you in)

- Cut your hair, otherwise they won’t let you in (= If you don’t cut your hair, they won’t let

you in, Unless you cut your hair, they won’t let you in)

2 Special uses of “if” clauses – Một số cách sử dụng mệnh đề “If” If you will /would.

Eg If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here

I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me

If you could + verb in simple form.

Eg If you could fill in this form If you could open your books

If + S + will / would

Eg If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him

If + S + will

Eg If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaiting you

If + S +should.

Eg If you shouldn’t know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number

If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me

Eg Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me

Should it be cloudy and gray, the ground hog will supposedly wander around for food - a sign that spring is near

3 Special conditions:

even if + negative verb

You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready

Whether or not + positive verb

He likes watching TV whether or not the show is god

unless + positive verb = if not

If you don’t start at once, you will be late = You will be late unless you start at once

But for that + unreal condition

Her father pays her fees, but for that she wouldn’t be here ( but she is here)

present would V

My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time

past would have V-ed

otherwise + conditional sentence

Her father pays her fees, otherwise she couldn’t be here

present would V

I used a computer, otherwise it would have taken longer

past would have V-ed

Provided/ providing (that)

You can camp here provided (that) you leave no mess

Suppose/ supposing ? = what if ?

Suppose the plane is late? = what will happen if the plane is late?

What if I’m-

If only + simple present / will V = hope that s will v

If only he comes in time / If only he will head your advice

If only + simple past/ past perfect = wish that

If only he didn’t smoke (but he doesn’t) If only she had come in time (but she didn’t)

if only + would verb - khi, mong sao 4 Mixed conditions: Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp đăc biệt.

a For a true action: Với khả thực tế, câu mệnh lệnh.

Eg If she comes, call me (= Maybe she is coming or she has promised to come)

If the weather stays fine, we can arrive on time (= The weather is now fine and there’s no sign of the bad changes)

b For a suggestion: Với lời đề nghị, khuyên răn.

Eg If she comes, you should call me (= I suggest calling me when she comes)

You’d better cancel the project if it is possible (= It’s best for you to cancel the project)

c For a present subjunction but past unfulfilled result Với giả định mà kết xảy

ra khứ Điều giả định

Eg If I were you, I would have agreed with him yesterday (The action hadn’t been done in the past but

the subjunction is at present Mãi cậu được, thực tế nên khơng cần chuyển điều kiện q khứ hồn thành)

c For a past subjunction but present unfulfilled result Với giả định khứ mà kết xảy

ra tai Điều giả định coi khứ khứ, kết phi lý

Eg If I had been there last time, I would agree to lend him the money (The action hasn’t been

done up to now, this is only my regret Sự tiếc nuối nghe bạn thuật lại vụ việc giả định tơi rơi vào hồn cảnh q khứ, kết khơng xảy trước

Give the correct form of verbs in these sentences

1 If Jonathan met his uncle yesterday, he (know) the truth about his parents Supposed that there (be) no money, how would people live?

3 He will be playing in the garden with his friends now if he (finish) _his work His parents (not be) disappointed if he had passed the entrance examination I (buy) a new house if I have much money next year

6 Providing that he didn't tell lie, many friends (believe) in him

7 Linda will go to visit Vietnam next year on condition that she (save) now Our life (be) improved unless there were no technological development

9 If you has been learning English for a long time, you (communicate) with the foreigners 10 If Jimmy went to Moscow last week, he (visit) many famous sight-seeings

11 Unless he was not working at midnight yesterday, he (sleep) now

12 He prepared for his exam very carefully Otherwise, he (not, pass) that important exam 13 He finished his home assignment If not, the teacher (be) very angry

14 Were he to remember her birthday, she (not, say) goodbye to him 15 Should you work hard, you (not, succeed)

16 I have to inform him the news If not, he (be) very bad-tempered

17 John would have been staying with us this month if he (not, have) a bad quarrel with my younger brother

18 Had she returned home from her business trip, she (visit) me tomorrow

19 The temple would be in better condition now on condition that it (rebuild) _ for many years ago 20 If my father went to Manchester last week, he (visit) Real next week

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 14

-Buổi 15 - Bài PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON – NGUYÊN NHÂN, LÍ DO 1 Because/ because of

- Because

- Because of

because of + danh từ/ cụm danh từ

Notes: Jan was worried because it had started to rain = Jan was worried because of the rain.

Subject verb noun

The students arrived late because there was a traffic jam verb subject

The students arrived late because of the traffic jam

noun phrase

We have to cut down on our driving because there is an oil shortage

verb subject

We have to cut down on our driving because of the oil shortage

noun phrase 2 Special verbs

a have/ get / make

to have sb st = to get sb to st

e.g Mary had John wash the car (John washed the car) Mary got John to wash the car (John washed the car.)

to have / get st done

Eg Mary got the car washed (The car was wash by somebody.)

Mary had the car washed (The car was wash by somebody.) I have the laundry washed (the laundry is washed by someone)

to want / like something done

Eg - What you want done to your motorbike? - I’d like it repaired and cleaned

- I want it repaired and cleaned

to make sb st = to force sb to st

Eg The robber forced the teller to give him the money = The robber made the teller give him the money

to make sb st = to cause st +P2

Eg Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday

The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged

b.

to make sb / st + adjective

Eg Wearing flowers made her more beautiful

to find + sb/ sth + adjective (P1- P2)

Eg I found her quite interesting to talk to My sister found snakes frightening

We found the boy frightened

c Let

let sb st = to allow/ permit sb to st

Eg John let his daughter swim with her friends (John allowed his daughter to swim with her friends.) (John permitted his daughter to swim with her friends.)

The teacher let the students leave class early./ The policeman let the suspect make one phone call Dr Jones is letting the students hand in the papers on Monday

Mrs Binion let her son spend the night with a friend./ We are going to let her write the letter Mr Brown always lets his children watch cartoons on Saturday mornings

d Help

to help sb do/ to st

Eg John helped Mary wash the dishes Jorge helped the old woman with the packages (to) find a taxi The teacher helped Carolina find the research materials

Eg This wonderful drug helps (people to) recover more quickly

Exercise 11/30

1 The rail workers not intend to call off their strike

 The rail workers have no intention of calling off their strike Mrs Scott is proud of her cooking

Mrs Scott prides herself on her cooking/on being a good cook It was the goalkeeper who saved the match for us

 If it hadn’t been for the goalkeeper we could/would have lost the match It wasn’t a bit surprised to hear that Karen had changed her job

It came as no surprise (to me) (to hear) that Karen had changed her job. You can try to get Tim to lend you his car but you won’t succeed

 There’s no point in) (you/your) trying to get Tim to lend you his car/to borrow Tim’s car John didn’t celebrate until he received the offer of promotion in writing

 Not until John (had) received the offer of promotion in writing did he celebrate I don’t really like her, even though I admire her achievements

Much as I admire her achievements, I don’t really like her It’s thought that the accident was caused by human error

 The accident is thought/believed to have been caused by human error

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 15

-Buổi 16 - Bài COMPARISON – SO SÁNH

1 Các cấp so sánh thơng dụng với tính từ trạng từ: (so sánh bằng, hơn, nhất)

1.1 Positive degree: so sánh as + adjs + as

Eg: - She is as tall as my wife - Peter was as hard-working as I was (me).

1.2 Comparative degree: so sánh hơn

1.2.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đơn âm tiết adjs-ER + than

Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na - She was better at English than we were (us)

1.2.2 Multisyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đa âm tiết more + adjs + than

Eg: - She was more hard-working than us - We are more intelligent than him.

1.3 Superlative degree: so sánh nhất

1.3.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đơn âm tiết the adjs-EST

Eg: - Nam is the best in our class - She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met.

1.3.2 Multisyllable- adjectives: với tính từ đa âm tiết the most + adjs

Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group - She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known.

Notes: For adjectives ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases: Adjective Comparativ

e Superlative Adjective Comparative Superlative

clever cleverer the cleverest bad worse the worst

pretty prettier the prettiest far farther/ further the farthest/ furthest

happy happier the happiest little less the least

silly sillier the silliest man / much more the most

good better the best old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest

1.4 Parallel: so sánh song song so sánh thăng tiến

- “The… the”: The older she gets, the wiser she become.

- And: It’s getting darker and darker She has now more and more free time.

- Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bike.

It’s nicer/ better/ more fun to go with someone than to go alone

1.5 Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill Tom and Bill are alike.

1.6 Like/ as: He swims like a fish You look like a ghost Do as I told you. 1.7 Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t a slave). He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact).

2 Practice test:

1 Sarah is at chemistry than Susan

A good B well C better D best

2 I don’t work so hard my father

A so B as C than D more

3 Sam is the student in my class

A tall B most tall C taller D tallest

4 No one in my class is beautiful her

A as/as B more/as C as/than D the/more

5 Going by train isn’t convenient as going by car

A so B as C more D A & B are correct

6 The test is not difficult it was last month

A as / as B so / as C more / as D A & B are correct

7 Peter usually drives Mary

A more fast B fast than C faster than D B & C are correct

8 She cooked than you

A well B more good C better D more well

9 This film is interesting than that film

A most B less C as D so

10 My salary is his salary

A high B more high C higher than D more higher than

11 He works we

A harder B as hard as C harder D so hard as

12 No one in this class is Jimmy

A so tall as B tall than C the tallest D more tall than

13 Apples are usually oranges

A cheap than B more cheap C the cheapest D cheaper than

14 I know him than you

A better B more well C good D the best

15 you are, you concentrate

A Tired/the least hard B The more tired/the harder

C The tireder/the harder D The tired/the harder

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 16

-Buổi 17 - Bài SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES – GIẢ ĐỊNH 1 The use of “as if/ as though”

a. The present sense:

S + verb (simple present) + as if/ as though + S + verb (simple past)

Eg The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer (It is not winter.)

giả định khứ

Angelique walks as though she studied modelling (She didn’t study modelling)

giả định khứ

He acts as though he were rich (He is not rich)

giả định khứ

b The past sense:

S + verb (simple past) + as if/ as though + S + verb (past perfect)

Eg Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize (She didn’t win the grand prize.)

Past simple past perfect

Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost (She didn’t see a ghost.)

Past simple past perfect

He looked as though he had run ten miles (He didn’t run ten miles.)

2 The use of with and hope:

Eg I hope that they will come ( I don’t know if they are coming.)

We hope that they came yesterday ( We don’t know if they came.)

a The future sense: Would / could + verb or were + Ving.

S+ wish + (that) + S* + could/ would/ were + verb/ V-ing

Eg We wish that you could come to the party tonight (You can’t come.)

I wish that you would stop saying that (You probably won’t stop.) She wish that she were coming with us ( She is not coming with us.)

b The present sense:

S + wish + (that) + S* + verb in simple past

Eg I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework ( I don’t have enough time.)

We wish that he were old enough to come with us ( He is not old enough.) They wish that they didn’t have to go to class today ( They have to go to class.)

c The past sense:

S + wish + (that) + S + past perfect/ could have + P2

Eg I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday ( I didn’t wash the clothes yesterday.)

She wish that she could have been there ( She couldn’t be there.)

We wish that we had had more time last night ( We didn’t have more time.)

Notes He wished that he could come to the party next week. khứ giả định khứ tương lai

The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are standing now

khứ giả định khứ to wish somebody something

Eg I wish you a happy birthday

Exercise 12/30

1 Some people say that Tsiolkovsky invented the space rocket (credited) Tsiolkovsky is/has been credited with the invention of the space rocket. 2 I daren’t turn on the TV because the baby might wake up (fear)

I daren’t turn on the TV for fear of waking up the baby. Some people will anything to lose weight (lengths)

 Some people will any/great lengths to lose weight

4 The two theories appear to be completely different (common)

The theories (appear to) have (got) nothing in common/no common ground

5 Several members of the committee said they were worried about the chairman’s proposals (concern) Several members of the committee expressed concern about/at/over the chairman’s proposal 6 The river Volta overflowed last year (burst) The river Volta burst its banks last year

7 He doesn’t appreciate his wife (granted) He takes his wife for granted

8 The number of people out of work has been going down little by little (gradual)  There has been a gradual decrease/decline/fall in the number of people out of work.

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 17

-Buổi 18 - Bài SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES – GIẢ ĐỊNH 1 Một số động từ dùng dạng giả định

To hear

O something

To hear

O doing something

To watch To watch

To see To see

eg I didn’t hear the telephone ring OR I didn’t hear the telephone ringing

advise

command insist prefer request suggest/urge or

S1 + verb + that + S 2+ [verb in simple form]

Eg We urge that he leave now Eg We urge him to leave now

The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately The university requires that all its students take this course The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking./ Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished

We proposed that he take a vacation./ I move that we adjourn until this afternoon b

advised

important mandatorynecessary obligatoryproposed recommendedrequired suggestedimperative urgent

or

It + be + adjective + that + S + [verb in simple form ] ( any tense)

It is necessary that he find the books

It was urgent that she leave at once./ It has been proposed that we change the topic It is important that you remember this question

It has been suggested that he forget the election It was recommended that we wait for the authorities

c

It + be + noun + that + S + [verb in simple form ] ( any tense)

Eg It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking

d Eg God save the queen ! God be with you ! = good bye (khi chia tay nhau)

Curse this frog! Come what may:

Come what may we will stand by you If need be:

If need be we can take another road

If this be proven right, you would be considered innocent

e it is time

It is time (for sb) to st :

Eg It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time) It is time

subject + simple past It is high time

It is about time

Exercise 13/30

1 House prices have risen dramatically this year

 There has been a dramatic increase in (the) house prices this year

2 This affair does not concern you  This affair is no concern/business of yours.

3 You must submit articles for the magazine by June 18th

The final date for you to submit articles for the magazine is June 18th .

4 Although Jimmy was the stronger of the two, his attacker soon overpowered him Despite his(superior) strength Jimmy was (soon) overpowered by his attacker 5 What a surprise to see you here! Fancy seeing you here.

6 I don’t intend to apologize to either of them  I have no intention of apologizing to either of them. It was only when I left home that I realized how much my father meant to me

Not until(after) I (had) left home did I realize how much my father meant to me

8 The only reason the party was a success was that a famous film star attended Had it not been for the

attendance/appearance of a famous film star the party would have been a failure.

-Buổi 19 - Bài PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT – KẾT QUẢ 1 Phrase of result: Thường dùng với “TOO”/ “ENOUGH” theo cấu trúc sau:

S + be (look/ seem/ get/ become/…) + too ADJ (for O) + to V S + V + too ADV (for O) + to V

Eg He is too short to play football./ He ran too slowly to become the winner of the race

S + be + ADJ enough (for O) + to V hay S + V + ADV enough (for O) + to V

Eg She isn’t old enough to drive a car / He spoke English well enough to be an interpreter

2 Clause of result:

S + verb + so that / in order that + S + verb

He studied very hard so that he could pass the test

She is sending the package early so that it will arrive in time for her sister’s birthday Damien is practicing the guitar so that he can play for the dance

I am learning German so that I will be able to speak it when I go to Austria next summer Susan drove to Miami instead of flying so that she could save money

Will you let me know about the party so that I can make plans to attend?

3 Cause and effect:

Subject + verb + so + adj/ adv + that + S + verb

The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record

Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary The soup tastes so good that every one will ask for more

The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him

The students had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class

4 khác

S + verb + so + few/ many + pl N + that + S + verb

Eg The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team

I had so few job offers that it wasn’t difficult to select one

S + verb + so + much/ little + N+ that + S + verb

He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat

S + verb + such + a + adjective + pl N + that S + verb + so + adjective + a + N + that

It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors/ It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors It was such an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down/ It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down

S + verb + such + adjective + N đếm số nhiều/ N không đđ+ that + S+ verb

Eg She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her

danh từ số nhiều

They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one

danh từ số nhiều

Perry has had such bad luck that he’s decided not to gamble

danh từ không đếm

This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it

danh từ không đếm 4 Khác

Eg It has been such a long time since I’ve seen him that I’m not sure if I will remember him

He has so heavy a work load that it is difficult for him to travel Peter has such long fingers that he should play the piano

Professor Sands gives such interesting lectures that his classes are never boring This is such tasty ice cream that I’ll have another helping

1 Gerald never had enough to live on until he married that rich businesswoman (short) Gerald was (always) short of money until/before he married that rich businesswoman William decided that an actor’s life was not for him (cut)

William (decided that he) was not cut out to be an actor

3 The President arranged for me to use his chauffeur-driven car whenever I liked (disposal) The president put/placed his chauffeur-driven car at my disposal

4 My cat has lost its appetite (off) = My cat has gone/is off its food The children made every effort to please their father (best)

The children did/tried their best to please their father His behavior was rather a shock to me (aback)

His behavior took me aback/ I was taken aback by his behavior

7 They decided not to go by boat because they thought they would be seasick (fear) For fear of being/getting seasick they decided not to go by boat.

8 The bank robbers escaped in a stolen car (getaway)

The bank robbers made/effected their getaway in a stolen car.

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 19

-Buổi 20 - Bài 10 RELATIVE CLAUSES – MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ 1 Relative pronouns:

Subject Object Possessive

For persons who whom/who whose

that that

For things which which whose/of which

that that

a WHO: Là đại từ quan hệ người, dùng để thay cho danh từ người, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ

của mệnh đề quan hệ

Eg The man who told you I was out met me in the park

The person who you wanted to see died days ago This is the lady who helped my mom

That’s the one who we need to contact

b WHOM: Là đại từ quan hệ người, dùng để thay cho danh từ người, làm tân ngữ mệnh đề

quan hệ

Eg That’s the one whom we need to contact

The person whom you wanted to see died days ago The one to whom he wanted to talk was out

Mr Ba, from whom we got news, was escaped yesterday

c WHOSE: Là tính từ quan hệ người, dùng để thay cho tính từ sở hữu, kết hợp với danh từ,

làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ mệnh đề quan hệ Eg This is the lady whose son cheated me

The country whose people were struggling against floods announced the situation of disasters yesterday

d WHICH: Là đại từ quan hệ vật, dùng để thay cho danh từ vật, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ của

mệnh đề quan hệ

Eg The book which you liked was sold This is the bike which is my birthday present

The house, which was on fire, was built long ago

e THAT: Là đại từ quan hệ thay thế, dùng để thay cho đại từ quan hệ WHO, WHICH, làm

chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ mệnh đề quan hệ, ngồi cịn sử dụng câu chẻ

Eg The book that you liked was sold This is the bike that I want to buy

The one that told you I was out met me in the park./ The person that you wanted to see died days ago

f WHEN: Là trạng từ quan hệ thời gian, có vai trị mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ thời gian.

The time when we reunite is uncertain

g WHERE: Là trạng từ quan hệ nơi chốn, có vai trị mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ nơi chốn.

Eg This is the house where he lived in his childhood

The place where we play football is a football ground

h WHY: Là trạng từ quan hệ lí do, ngun nhân, có vai trị mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ nguyên

nhân

Eg The reason why she left was unknown

That’s why we are worrying now

Exercise 15/30

1 Alice and Charles did not decide to move to a bigger house until after the birth of their second child Only when A and C (had) had their second child did they decide to move to a bigger house

2 You’re under no obligation to accept their offer

 You can please yourself/yourselves about whether you accept their offer or not Martin may not be very well but he still manages to enjoy life

Martin’s poor health does not stop/prevent him from enjoying life The company presents a gold watch to each of its retiring employees

Each of the company’s retiring employee is represented a gold watch

5 The only thing that kept us out of prison was the way he spoke the local dialect  But for his command of (the) local dialect we would have been jailed/put into jail The Pacific Ocean is on average deeper than the Atlantic

The average depth of the Pacific (Ocean) is greater than that of the Atlantic

7 My father finds maps hard to follow  My father has difficulty/difficulties in following the maps Under no circumstances should you phone the police

 The last thing you should/must/ought to is to phone/phoning the police

- KẾT THÚC BUỔI 20

-Buổi 21 - Bài 10 RELATIVE CLAUSES – MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ 2 Relative clauses:

a Restrictive Relative Clauses: Đây loại mệnh đề cần thiết có mặt để câu có nghĩa, khơng có

câu khơng đảm bảo ngữ nghĩa (Chủ từ chưa xác định)

Eg The man who keeps the library is Mr Green (The man is Mr Green rõ, The man

keeps the library khơng rõ ai)

That is the book that I like best (là mà tơi thích vơ vàn sách)

b Non- Restrictive Relative Clauses: Đây loại mệnh đề khơng cần thiết có mặt mà câu có nghĩa,

nếu khơng có câu đảm bảo ngữ nghĩa tiền ngữ (chủ từ) xác định Loại mệnh đề thường cách mệnh đề dấu phảy, thường có tính từ hay đại từ định hay sở hữu như: this, that, these, those, his, my,…

Eg That man, whom you saw yesterday, is Mr Pike

This is Mrs Jones, who helped me last week./ Mary, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar

3 Reduced clauses:

a Present Participle Phrase: (V-ING phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng ngữ danh động từ

V-ING để thay cho mệnh đề quan hệ động từ mệnh đề thể chủ động

Eg The man who is sitting next to you is Mr Mike = The man sitting next to you is Mr Pike

Do you know the boy who broke the window yesterday? = Do you know the boy breaking ….?

b Past Participle Phrase: (V-ED phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng ngữ tính từ V-ED để

Eg The man who was arrested by the police is Mr Mike = The man arrested by the police is Mr Pike Do you know the boy who was punished by the headmaster yesterday? = Do you know the boy punished by the headmaster yesterday?

c Infinitive Phrase: (to V phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng ngữ động từ to V để thay thế

cho mệnh đề quan hệ trường hợp mệnh đề có chứa từ FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, LAST, ONLY dùng với cấu trúc “for O + to V”, số mệnh đề mang tính ràng buộc nhiệm vụ…

Eg English is an important language which we have to master = English is an important

language to master/ for us to master

He is the only one who know the answer = He is the only one to know thư answer

d Noun Phrase: : (Noun phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một cụm danh từ để thay

thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ mệnh đề mang ngữ danh từ (thường nghề nghiệp)

Eg Mr Ba, who is our new form teacher, is a B.A = Mr Ba, our new form teacher, is a B.A

The man who is a new manager of the office is still young = The man - a new manager of the office - is still very young

Exercise 16/30

1 People don’t want to buy cars with large engines any more (call)  There isn’t much call for cars with large engines

2 Twenty years ago this region produced twice as much coal as it does now (halved)

 Coal production/The coal produced in this region has (been) halved in the last 20 years The prime Minister is unlikely to call an early general election (likelihood)

 There is little likelihood of the PM calling a(n) (early general) election Nobody could possibly believe the story he told us (beyond)

 The story he told us is/was beyond belief

5 The project received the unanimous approval of the committee (favour)  The whole committee was/were in favour of the project

6 Scientists say forests are being destroyed by air pollution (blame)  Scientists blame our pollution for the destruction of the forests His reactions are quite unpredictable (knows)

 One never knows how he is going to/will/may/might react

8 There are several categories of people who not have to pay the new tax (exempt)  There are several categories of people who are exempt from (paying) the new tax.

- KẾT THÚC BUỔI 21

-Buổi 22 - Bài 11 CLEFT SENTENCES – CÂU CHẺ

1 Subject focus: Nhấn mạnh tới chủ ngữ, chủ thể hành động đối tượng đề cập S + V → It be S that/ who V

Eg Nam helped me a lot → It was Nam who helped me a lot

The book tells us a romantic story → It is the book that tells us a romantic story

2 Object focus: Nhấn mạnh tới tân ngữ, chủ thể nhận hay chịu tác động hành động. S + V + O → It be O that/ whom S + V

Eg She bought the dictionary → It was the dictionary that she bought

We saw Mai at the party → It was Mai who we saw at the party

3 Adverbials focus: Nhấn mạnh tới trạng ngữ, đề cập tới thời gian, nơi chốn, cách thức, phương pháp

hành vi

S + V + A → It be A that S + V

Eg We first met in this park → It was in this park that we first met

She left on a rainy day → It was on a rainy day that she left

Exercise 17/30

1 The film star wore dark glasses so that no one would recognize him

2 I am amazed by the mistakes he makes What amazes me is/are the mistakes he makes. We weren’t surprised by his success

 It came as no surprise to us (to hear) (that) he was/had been successful “That’s a lovely new dress, Jean” said her mother

 Jean’s mother complimented Jean on her lovely new dress We couldn’t relax until all the guests had gone home

 Only after/when all the guests had gone home/could we relax/were we able to relax 6 We couldn’t find George anywhere George was nowhere to be found

7 Customs officials are stopping more travelers than usual this week

An increased number of travelers is/are being stopped by customs officials this week She listens more sympathetically than anyone else I know

 She is a more sympathetic listener than anyone else I know

Exercise 18/30

1 The minister’s popularity suffered as a result of the scandal (effect)  The scandal had a bad/negative effect

2 The teachers agreed to introduce the new methods (agreement)

 There was (an) agreement among the teachers to introduce new methods Jenny didn’t feel like going to the party (mood)

 Jenny wasn’t in the mood to go to the party/for (going to) the party The councilor answered every question frankly (frank)

 The councilor gave frank answers to every question It is said that he has been to prison several times (reputed)

 He is reputed to have been (sent) to prison

6 Most stores will accept a credit card instead of cash (alternative)  Most stores will accept a credit card as an alternative to cash Our opinions on the subject are identical (difference)

 There is (absolutely) no difference in/between our opinions on the subject Local residents said they were against the new traffic scheme (disapproval)

 Local residents expressed/voiced then disapproval of the new traffic scheme.

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 22

-Buổi 23 - Bài 12 INDIRECT SPEECH – CÂU TRỰC TIẾP, GIÁN TIẾP 1 definition:

Eg He said “ I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday”

Eg He said he had bought a new motorbike for myself the day before

2 Changes: a tenses

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

simple present simple past

present progressive past progressive

present perfect (progressive) past perfect (progressive)

simple past past perfect

will /shall would / should

can / may could / might

b Others;

this, these that, those

here, over there there, over there

Today that day

Yesterday the day before

the day before yesterday two days before

the day after tomorrow in two days’ time

next + thời gian (week, year ) the following + thời gian (week, year )

last + thời gian (week, year ) the previous + thời gian (week, year )

Time + ago Time + before/ the previous + Time

Eg At breakfast this morning he said “ I will be very busy today”

At breakfast this morning he said he would be very busy today

Eg I’m leaving the day after tomorrow

Jack said he was leaving tomorrow Jack said he was leaving today

3 introductory verbs: bring, build, buy cut, draw, feed, tell

find, get, give

hand, leave, lend, write

make, offer, owe paint, pass, pay

promise, read, sell send, show, teach S + V + Od + for/ to + Oi

S + verb + Oi + Od

Eg Correct : They gave it to us./ Incorrect: They gave us it

4 notes

John gave the essay to his teacher John gave his teacher the essay

The little boy brought some flowers for his grandmother The little boy brought his grandmother some flowers I fixed Maria a drink./ I fixed a drink for Maria

He drew a picture for his mother./ He drew his mother a picture He lent his car to his bother./ He lent his brother his car

We owe several thousand dollars to the bank./ We owe the bank several thousand dollars

Exercise 19/30

1 No one has challenged his authority before

This is the first time that) someone has challenged his authority

2 “If Brian doesn’t train harder, I won’t select him for the team,” said the manager

 The manager threatened not to select Brian (if he didn’t train harder/unless he trained harder) The hurricane blew the roof off the house

 The house had its/the roof blown off by/in/during/because of the hurricane You’ll certainly meet lots of people in your new job

 You are bound/sure/certain to meet lots of people

5 I left without saying goodbye as I didn’t want to disturb the meeting  Rather than disturb the meeting, I left without saying goodbye There aren’t many other books which explain this problem so well

 In few other books would one see this problem so well- explained

7 I dislike it when people criticize me unfairly  I object to people criticizing me unfairly Robert is sorry now that he didn’t accept the job

 Robert now wishes(that) he had taken/accepted the job

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 23

-Buổi 24 - Bài 13 THE PASSIVE VOICE – CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG 1 Công thức chung: be + P2

2 Changes: Eg I gave him a book hay I gave a book to him.

- to be made, to be made of/ This table is made of wood - to be made from/ - to be made out of:

Subject present complement

 A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year

singular subject be past participle

2 The tornado destroyed thirty houses  Thirty houses were destroyed by the tornado

Subject past complement plural subject be past participle

3 The committee is considering several new proposals

Subject present progressive complement

 Several new proposals are being considered by the committee

plural subject auxiliary be past participle

4 The committee was considering several new proposals

Subject past progressive complement

 Several new proposals were being considered by the committee

plural subject auxiliary be past participle

The company has ordered some new equipment

subject present perfect complement

 Some new equipment has been ordered by the company

Singular subject auxiliary be past participle

The company had ordered some new equipment before the strike began

subject past perfect complement

Some new equipment had been ordered by the company before the strike began

Singular subject auxiliary be past participle

The manager should sign these contracts today

Subject modal + verb complement

 These contracts should be signed by the manager today Subject modal be past participle

8 Somebody should have called the president this morning

Subject modal + perfect complement

 The president should have been called this morning

Subject modal have be past participle

Notes: Have/ get / make

To have smb smth = to get smb to smth

Eg Mary had John wash the car (John washed the car.) Mary got John to wash the car To have / get smth done

Eg Mary got the car washed (The car was wash by somebody.) To want / like something done

Eg - What you want done to - What you want done to your motorbike? - I’d like it repaired and cleaned/ I want it repaired and cleaned

To make smb smth = to force smb to smth eg: The robber forced the teller to give him the money

= The robber made the teller give him the money

To make/ to cause O P.P

eg: Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged

To make/ to cause O adj

eg: Wearing flowers made her more beautiful

To find/ to get O Adj/P

P

eg: I found her quite interesting to talk to My sister found snakes frightening

Exercise 20/30

2 The architect’s new design was heavily criticized (criticism)  There was a heavy criticism of the architect’s new design Very little money was raised by the charity appeal (response)

 There was very little response to the charity appeal

4 Ours is the only company allowed to import these chemicals (monopoly)

 Our company has got (the/a) monopoly of/on/over the importation of these chemicals The coach’s tactics were directly responsible for the team’s defeat (consequence)

 The team’s defeat was a/the direct consequence of the coach’s tactics We have no idea where he is (whereabouts)

 We don’t know his whereabouts/His whereabouts is/are unknown to us The policeman acted quickly and averted an accident (prompt)

 The prompt action of the policeman averted an accident This new record is certain to sell a lot of copies (doubt)

 There is no doubt that this new record will sell a lot of copies.

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 24

PHẦN IV SENTENCE ELEMENTS – THÀNH TỐ CỦA CÂU (ÔN TẬP) Buổi 25 - Bài 14 SUBJECT (S): CHỦ NGỮ

1 Definition: Gender to be the action doer or described or mentioned

(là chủ thể hành động hay đối tượng miêu tả).

2 Classification:

a Subject pronouns: (đại từ nhân xưng chủ ngữ)

First Person Second Person Third Person

Singular form I You He, She, It

Plural form We You They

Eg He went abroad to study medicine They were killed in an accident.

b Nouns, or noun phrases: eg Love is a stage of feeling and can’t be recognized by senses. Gain and loss go together.

c Gerunds: eg Fishing is his favourite pastime Getting good marks is not always difficult. Clauses: eg What we really wish is to be at the cinema All she can say is that he is a liar

Exercise 21/30

1 I am having a lot of trouble now because I host my passport last week

 If I hadn’t lost my passport last week, I wouldn’t have been having so much trouble now When the police caught him, he was climbing over the garden wall

The police caught him (as he was) climbing over the garden wall It’s sad, but unemployment is unlikely to go down this year

Sad though/as it is, unemployment is unlikely to go down this year It is believed that the man escaped in a stolen car

The man is believed to have escaped in a stolen car

5 Since we had nothing else to do, we decided to go for a walk  Having nothing else to do, we decided to go for a walk

6 “Nothing will persuade me to sleep in that haunted house,” she said She flatly refused to sleep in that haunted house

7 It wasn’t necessary for them to call for help after all They didn’t have/need to call for help after all

8 You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs Jones  Nowhere will you find a more dedicated worker than Mrs Jones

Exercise 22/30

1 I want to be left alone (disturbed)  I don’t want to be disturbed

3 We’re likely to be a little late, I’m afraid (every)

There’s every likelihood/possibility (that) we’ll be late

4 The Committee said they liked the first proposal best (preference) The committee expressed a preference for the first proposal 5 I really must answer all these letters (get down)

I really must get down to answering all these letters

6 It’s not your fault (blame) Don’t blame yourself/You’re not to blame/ You mustn’t blame yourself 7 People seem to be criticizing the police quite a lot nowadays (criticism)

There’s quite a lot of criticism directed at the police nowadays. 8 In a nutshell, the man’s an idiot (bluntly

Quite bluntly/To put it bluntly/Put bluntly/Putting it bluntly/Bluntly, the man’s an idiot.

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 25

-Buổi 26 - Bài 16 COMPLEMENTS (C): BỔ NGỮ

1 Definition: Element to be described or mentioned usually follows the verb to be or link verbs (là thành tố hoàn thành câu, thường theo sau “to be” link verbs). 2 Classification:

a Nouns, or noun phrases: eg She is a kind hearted lady They became the new employees. b Gerunds: eg Her hobby is singing.

c Verbs: eg My dream is to become a teacher.

d Clauses: eg A full apology is what the boss wants now./ A smile is all he could and what he should do.

Notes: Có loại bổ ngữ; bổ ngữ chủ ngữ (Cs) – She was exhausted – bổ ngữ tân ngữ (Co) –

The long walk made us exhausted

Exercise 23/30

1 She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her

 Hardly had she begun to speak before/when people started interrupting her It was a bit difficult to get into work this morning

Getting into work this morning was a bit difficult

3 We regret to inform you that your application has not been successful

 Much to our regret, we have to/must inform you that your application hasn’t been successful He knows really everything there is to know about whales

 There’s hardly anything he doesn’t know about whales

5 If we can solve the problem soon, it will be better for an concerned

The sooner we (can) solve the problem, the better it will be for all concerned The demand was so great that they had to reprint the book immediately

 So great was the demand that they had to reprint the book immediately I’m absolutely sure that they weren’t playing in this weather

They can’t(possibly) have been playing in this weather “I didn’t steal the car,” he said, “I just borrowed it”

He denied stealing/having stolen the car but admitted borrowing/having borrowed it

Exercise 24/30

1 I’m dying to meet them (wait) I (just) can’t wait to meet them. 2 They lay on the beach the whole week sunbathing (spent)

They spent the whole week lying on the beach sunbathing.

3 I seriously doubt whether this will work (doubts) I have serious doubts as to whether this will work. 4 He’s always found it very difficult to learn English (difficulties) He’s always had difficulties in

learning English.

5 I have no intention of giving up now (intend) I don’t intend to give up now. 6 They’ve always been allowed to what they want (freedom)

7 This is quite a common occurrence (frequently) This (sort of) thing happens/occurs quite frequently. 8 Something told me to say exactly what I thought, but I didn’t (sorely)

I was sorely tenpted to say exactly what I thought.

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 26

-Buổi 27 - Bài 17 OBJECTS (O): TÂN NGỮ

1 Definition: Gender to be described or mentioned usually follows ordinary verbs to show the direct or indirect goals that the verbs aim at (là thành tố hoàn thành câu, thường theo sau động từ thường hướng hay đối tượng động từ)

2 Classification:

a Object pronouns: (đại từ nhân xưng tân ngữ)

First Person Second Person Third Person

Singular form me you him, her, it

Plural form us you them

Eg We met him yesterday She made us a big cake.

b Nouns, or noun phrases: eg She gave me a blank look

We sent endless letters to the manager

c Gerunds: eg The man loved telling funny stories

She was interested in going shopping on Sundays.

d Verbs: eg Jack wished to become an astronaut

Kelvin loves to the crosswords.

e Clauses: eg We know how we should solve the problem

She asked why we didn’t arrive on time.

Notes: Có loại bổ ngữ; bổ ngữ chủ ngữ (Cs) – She was exhausted – bổ ngữ tân ngữ (Co) –

The long walk made us exhausted

Exercise 25/30

1 I only made that terrible mistake because I wasn’t thinking

If I had (only) been thinking, I wouldn’t have made that terrible mistake We had planned to visit grandmother, so we left early in the morning

 We were planning to visit grandmother, so we left early in the morning Someone rang the alarm as soon as the burglars left the building

No sooner had the burglars left the building than someone rang the alarm As television programmes become more popular, they seem to get worse

The more popular TB programmers become, the worse they seem to get

5 “I think the whole idea’s ridiculous,” he said  He dismissed the whole idea as (being) ridiculous. The authorities will prosecute anyone they find trespassing on this land

 Anyone found trespassing on this land will be prosecuted (by the authorities)

7 I prefer going out for a meal to staying at home I’d rather go out for a meal than stay at home. It would have been a super weekend if it hadn’t been for the weather

 But for the weather, it would have been a super weekend

Exercise 26/30

1 I was told the film would be very good (led) I was led to believe the film would be very good. 2 She apologized for having to go so early, and left (apologies)

She made/offered her apologize and left early.

3 You have to register by 1st April at the latest (deadline) The deadline for registration si 1st Apr.

4 The refugees are in serious need of warm clothes (badly) The refugees badly need warm clothes. 5 I was mystified by the whole thing (baffling)  I found the whole thing baffling.

6 You don’t have to buy one if you don’t like it (obligation)  You’re under no obligation to buy one if you don’t like it.

7 If you promise not to laugh, I’ll show you our holiday snaps (long)

8 How you think the present negotiations will turn out? (outcome) What you think the outcome of the present negotiations will be?

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 27

-Buổi 28 - Bài 18 ADVERBIALS (A): TRẠNG NGỮ

1 Definition: Element to be used to denote the stages, manner, methods, or to indicate time, places,

purposes, or others (được dùng để miêu tả trạng thái, cách thức, phương pháp, mức độ, hay dùng để thời gian, nơi chốn, mục đích,… hành động)

2 Classification:

b Adverbs: eg We often go to work by bus

She danced marvelously.

c Adverbials: eg In the past, people used to live in a large family.

Clauses: eg When we came, they were fighting.

Billy tried hard in order that he could pass the exam

Exercise 27/30

1 “You should have waited for us,” the team leader said to John

The team leader criticized John for not waiting/having waited for them 2 It’s possible that he didn’t get my letter  He might not have got my letter.

3 The last time it snowed here was six years ago  It last snowed here six years ago. I only realized what I had missed when they told me about it later

Only when they told me about it later did I realize what I had missed There weren’t nearly as many people there as I had expected

 There were far fewer people there than I had expected

6 When the Minister was asked about the strike, he declined to comment  On being asked about the strike, the Minister declined to comment There was no need for you to have gone to all that trouble

 You didn’t need to go to all that trouble

8 Please don’t say things like that  I wish you wouldn’t say things like that.

Exercise 28/30

1 I’d like you to wait until they bring out a new model (rather)

I’d rather you waited until they bring/brought out a new model

2 We couldn’t find the cat anywhere (nowhere) The cat was nowhere to be found

3 What finally ended the dispute was the fact that the union agreed to go to arbitration (agreement)

What finally ended the dispute was the union’s agreement to go to arbitration

4 He won’t let anyone else touch his records (objects) He objects to anyone else touching

5 The fact that nobody said anything at the time surprised me (what)

What surprised me was (the fact) that nobody said anything at the time

6 The referee first blew the whistle 30 minutes into the game (playing)

They had been playing for 30 minutes when the referee first blew his whistle

7 I admitted it was my fault for burning the toast (blame)

I admitted I was to blame for burning/having burnt the toast

8 It’s becoming extremely expensive to maintain the museum (unkeep)

The upkeep of the museum is becoming extremely expensive

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 28

-PHẦN V PARTS OF SPEECH – BỘ PHẬN NGÔN NGỮ (TỪ VỰNG) Buổi 29 - Bài 19 NOUNS (N): DANH TỪ

1 Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements… (dùng để gọi tên vật, tượng)

2 Functions: (chức năng)

Object (O)(tân ngữ): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes for his birthday party)

Complement (C)(bổ ngữ): Make the complementation (She was a famous singer) Compounds (Co)(danh từ ghép): summer holiday, birthday cakes,…

Possessive cases (Pc)(dạng sở hữu cách): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,…

Noun phrases (Np)(cụm danh từ kết hợp tự do): Free words combination or compounds

3 Plural forms: dạng thức biến đổi số nhiều

3.1 Adding “s” to almost count-nouns: thêm ‘s’ vào sau hầu hết danh từ, đọc /s/ /z/

a table tables a dog dogs an apple apples

a

student students an orange oranges an umbrella umbrellas

a house houses a cat cats an egg eggs

3.2 Adding “es” to the count-nouns that end in “s, ss, sh, ch, o, x” with /iz/ or /z/: thêm ‘es’

a bus buses a potato potatoes a class classes

a dish dishes a box boxes a wish wishes

a watch watches a tomato tomatoe

s a torch torches

3.3. Adding “ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants: them ‘ies’

Singular Plural Singular Plural

a lorry lorries a lady ladies

a story stories a baby babies

3.4. Adding “ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”: đổi ‘f’, ‘fe’ thành ‘ves’

Singular plural Singular Plural

a wife wives a leaf Leaves

a knife knives a loaf Loaves

3.5. Irregular changes: dạng biến đổi bất qui tắc

Singular Plural Singular plural Singular Plural

a man men a louse lice a woman women

a child children a medium medi

a

an ox oxen

a tooth teeth a mouse mice a goose geese

3.6. Collective noun: crew, family, group, team,…(singular or plural form, either singular or plural

verb) danh từ tổ hợp, coi số số nhiều, dùng động từ dạng số nhiều

3.7. Always plural form-nouns: ln tồn hình thức số nhiều

clothes police breeches pants pyjamas

trousers scissors pliers (kìm) binoculars glasses

scales shears (kéo cắt cỏ) arms damages earnings

goods greens (vegetable) outskirts savings pains (trouble, effort)

spirits surroundings stairs valuables athletics

ethics mathematics physics politics

3.8. Unchanged the names of creatures: deer, sheep, calf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon, squid, trout, turbot

(these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs) hình thức số ít, nhiều không đổi

3.9. Plural form but singular verb-noun: news, mumps (bệnh sưng quai hàm), billiards, bowls – hình

thức số nhiều sử dụng số

4 Uncountable nouns: Danh từ không đếm được

4.1 Substances: vật chất

bread beer cloth coffee cream Ice sand wood wine pape

r

dust gin glass gold soap Stone water jam oil tea

4.2 Abstract nouns: danh từ không đếm

advic e

beauty courag e

death experienc e

informatio n

fear help hope horror knowledg e

mercy pity relie

f

4.3. Others: số danh từ khác

baggage camping damage furniture luggage

parking shopping work weather

4.4. Notes: Particular sense of uncountable nouns: số danh từ khơng đếm lại có mạo từ

4.4.1 a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our family) 4.4.2 a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my study)

4.4.3 a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a good knowledge of history) 4.4.4 a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + …(He had a great love for funny stories) 4.4.5 a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that…(It’s a pity that I couldn’t come)

4.4.6 a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions: We have a suspicion / suspicions that

noone will agree to help. 5 Compound nouns: danh từ ghép

5.1 Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; hall-door; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table; traffic light; winter clothes; 5.2 Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; bird-watching; coal-mining; surf-5.3 Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining room; driving license;… 5.4 Free combination: kết hợp tự

- shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college library; gear level;… - city street; corner shop; country lane; …

- summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus; November fog; …

- steel door; stone wall; silk shirt;…/ - coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;… - fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; …/ - football match; beauty contest; pop music;…

6 Suffixes: hậu tố dùng để tạo danh từ.

6.1 er/ or/ ist/ ant/ ee/…: teacher, visitor, terrorist, vegetarian, applicant, employee,…

6.2 ent/ ce/ ion/ ism/ ance/ age/…: government, difference, action, capitalism, assistance, marriage,… 6.3 hood/ dom/ ship/ ness/ iety/…: neighborhood, freedom, friendship, sadness, variety,

6.4 ility/ ing/ al/ our/ y/…: possibility, fishing, refusal, arrival, behavior, difficulty,

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 29

-Buổi 30 - Bài 20 VERBS (V): ĐỘNG TỪ

1 Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of sentences. 2 Classification: phân loại động từ

2.1 Auxiliary verbs: động từ trợ

2.1.1 Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ (These verbs can either be auxiliaries or lexical verbs)

2.1.2 Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ be

going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/(These are sometimes functional verbs)

2.2 Lexical verbs: động từ mang nghĩa

2.2.1 Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is selfish)

2.2.2 Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/ They are helpful) 2.2.3 Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make sentences meaningful without

any complementation e.g She cried (noisily) It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/

cats and dogs)

2.2.4 Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation

a Mono-transitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object (S+V+O). e.g She bought flowers Ann met her fiance’ yesterday.

They gave me a big cake (=They gave a big cake to me)

c Complex transitive verbs: follow the form “S + V + O + Co” e.g He made me angry d Affixations: phụ tố để tạo động từ

3.1 en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to )

e.g danger…….to endanger wide…… to widen rich……… to enrich courage……to encourage length……to lengthen broad …… to broaden

3.2 ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify)

e.g modern……to modernize industrial….to industrialize minimum….to minimize maximum….to maximize capital…… to capitalize natural…… to naturalize 3 Sentence models:

4.1 S + V-intrans They laugh/ The wind is blowing.

4.2 S + V-monotrans + O He did his homework/ Harley carried an umbrella.

4.3 S + V-in/ extensive + Cs He became famous/ They are nearly exhausted.

4.4 S + V-intrans + A He went abroad/ She arrives late.

4.5 S + V-ditrans + O + O She buys me presents/ That brings my father success

4.6 S + V-complex trans + O + C The story made me bored/ You drive me mad.

4.7 S + V-intrans + A + A She went to school early

Exercise 29/30

1 This is the best essay I have ever written

 Never had I written such a good essay/a better essay than this I assumed that she would learn how to take shorthand after this course

 I took it it for granted that she would learn

3 I am terribly sorry; I thought you were a friend of Anna’s  I took you for a friend of Anna’s, I’m sorry

4 Although she was busy, she managed to find the time to proofread for me Busy as/though she was, she

5 I would prefer you to computer science  I’d rather you did computer science

6 He didn’t get his visa until last Monday  It was not until last Monday that he got his visa 7 They continued to say that I was to blame  They persisted in saying that I was to blame Vietnamese coffee is considered to be one of the best in the world

 Vietnamese coffee is regarded as one of the best in the world If you ask me well in advance I’ll be willing to work over time

 Provided you asked me well in advance, I’ll

10 “I never used bad language,” she said  She denied using/having used bad language

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 30

-Buổi 31 - Bài 21 ADJECTIVES (ADJ): TÍNH TỪ 1 Kinds (Classification): phân loại

1.1 Main kinds: phân loại chính

a Demonstrative: this, that, those, these. b Distributive: each, every, either, neither.

c Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers d Interrogative: which, what, whose.

e Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, its, their f Quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,… 1.2 Participles: phân từ

a present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting,…(for objects) b past: ED-form broken, tired, bored,…(for human-beings)

c Notes: Present participles different from gerund e.g He was fishing./ His hobby is fishing. 2 Functions (Position): chức hay vị trí

2.2 Verb-complementation: (bổ nghĩa cho động từ) Follow the certain verbs as be, become, seem appear,

feel, get, grow (become), keep, look (appear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,…

But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb: Eg: - He looks calm (=He himself is calm)

- He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude to the angry crowd) 3 Clauses: mệnh đề danh tính ngữ

3.1 That – clause: It is disappointed that he failed the exam./ It’s better that someone should

tell him.

3.2 find/ think/ believe + that it + adjs + to + V:

I found that it is impossible to start now./ She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay.

3.3 It be + adjs + (of O) + infinitives:

a Character: brave, careless, cowardly (nhút nhát), cruel, generous, good, nice (=kind), mean, rude, selfish

b Sense: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible (nhạy bén), silly, stupid,…

3.4 Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives: Using the above adjectives and: astonishing,

curious,

ridiculous (lố bịch), unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lập dị), pointless, useful, useless, …

- That’s the amazing idea to show - It was an unreasonable result to accept.

3.5 It’s + adjs + infinitives: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good,

important,

necessary, unnecessary, vital (tất yếu),…

3.6 It be + adjs + (for O) + infinitives: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, possible,

important, safe,…

3.7 S + be + adjs + infinitives : - Angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved,

sorry, sad,… ( S + be + glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad/… + to say/ tell/ inform;

Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/…)

- Able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick, reluctant, slow, ready, willing, 3.8 Special cases: cấu trúc đặc biệt

- Due: (time) >The race is due to start in minutes (sắp xảy ra)

- Due to: a result of >The accident was due to his carelessness.(vì, bởi)

- Owing to: because of >owing to his carelessness, we had an accident (bởi vì, bởi)

- Certain/ sure + to V= opinion >He is sure to take legal action (chắc – suy đoán)

- Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion >I am certain that the price will be higher

- Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: He was sure of entering the haunted house.(quyêt tâm)

- Bound + to V= obligation > We were bound to leave.

- Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: She was afraid of being left alone.

- Sorry for/ about + N/G: Tom felt sorry for making so many mistakes.

- Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: I’m sorry to tell you that bad news.

- Anxious about = worried He was anxious about going in the dark alone.

- Anxious for O to V = wish He was anxious for you to go in the dark alone.

- Anxious that + (clause) We are anxious that we couldn’t come.

- Fortunate/ lucky that +(clause) = It’s a good thing…It was lucky that we weren’t late.

- S + be fortunate/ lucky to V She was lucky to have such an interesting book.

- Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps It’s possible that man will live longer.

- Aware/ conscious of N/G We should be aware of protecting our nature.

- Aware/ conscious + that +(clause) She was conscious that she would be late.

4 Suffixes:

4.1 able/ ible/ ish/ ed/ ing/ ful/ less/…: talkable, visible, whitish, bored, amusing, careful,

hopeless,…

4.2 y/ ly/ en/ ese/ ous/ al/ ive/…: wealthy, manly, golden, Chinese, poisonous, logical, effective,

4.3 ade/ ate/ ent/ wide/ ic/ ist/…: adequate, humanate, dependent, worldwide, domestic,

communist,…

4.4 like/ style/ type/…: childlike, Roman-type, German-style,…

4.5 Nationality: a an: American, Venezuelan, German, Mexican, African,… b ese: Chinese, Vietnamese, Portuguese, Sudanese, Lebanese,… c i: Pakistani, Iraqi, Israeli, Yemeni, Saudi,…

d ian: Argentinean, Australian, Brazilian, Italian,… e ish: English, Polish, Turkish, Danish, Finnish,… f others: Czech, French, Dutch, Swiss, Greek, Thai,….

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 31

-Buổi 32 - Bài 22 ADVERBS (ADV) TRẠNG TỪ 1 Kinds (Classification): phân loại

1.1 Adv of manner: bravely/ haP.Pily/ quickly/ well/ …( She sings marvelously/ He worked

very hard)

1.2 Adv of place: by/ down/ near/ here/ there/ … (Here comes the police)

1.3 Adv of time: now/ soon/ still/ today/ yet/…(We are going to Hanoi today/ He will return

soon)

1.4 Adv of frequency: always/ once/ twice/…(We never eat dog-meat/ She once became the

leader)

1.5 Adv of sentence: certainly/ definitely/ luckily/ ( He was certainly the liar.) 1.6 Adv of degree: fairly/ hardly/ rather/ quite/ too/ …( Hardly did we see anything) 1.7 Adv of interrogative: when/ where/ why/… (When did you go?/ Where is she now?) 1.8 Adv of relative: when/ where/ why (He came when we were watching T.V)

2 Same form with adjectives: tính từ trạng từ có chung hình thức

back deep* direct* early enough little straight

far fast hard* high* ill near* well

just* kindly late* left wrong* most* right*

long low much* more* short* till pretty

Note: Adv* can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings. 3 Positions (Functions): vị trí hay chức năng

3.1 Adv of manner: trạng từ thể cách Follow verbs: eg: He danced gracefully.

Before pres or follow objects in “V + pre + O”: eg: He looked at me carefully Follow Subject: eg: He suspiciously tasted the soup.

At the beginning or end: eg: Carefully he checks the suitcase He checks the suitcase

carefully.

3.2 Adv of time: trạng từ thời gian

At the beginning or end of sentences: afterwards/ eventually/ lately/ now/ recently/ at once/

since/ till/

eg: He will returns soon Today we will learn lesson two.

Always at the end: before*/ early/ immediately*/ late (Adv* as conjunctions at the beginning)

eg: He went to the church immediately Immediately, he went to the church Follow verbs or “V + O”: yet/ still eg: He still lives in the suburb of the city. Split: just eg: He has just left the house.

3.3 Adv of place:

3.3.1 At the beginning or end: away/ everywhere/ nowhere/ somewhere/ here /there/

eg: Nowhere could we find him English is spoken everywhere.

3.4.1 always/ continually/ frequently/ often/ once/ twice/ periodically/ repeatedly/ sometimes/ usually eg: She usually walks to school.

3.4.2 Restricted (inversion): hardly ever/ never/ rarely/ scarcely ever/ seldom

eg: Never will she eat this kind of food.

3.5 Inversion cases: trường hợp đảo ngữ

hardly…ever hardly…when in no circumstances neither…nor

never no sooner…than not only not till

nowhere on no account only by only in this way

only then/ when scarcely ever scarcely…when seldom/ so

Notes:

hardly/ rarely/ seldom/ never/ only… + auxiliary + subject + verb

Eg Never have so many people been unemployed as today

(so many people have never been unemployed as today.)

Hardly had he fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-away lands (He had hardly fallen asleep when he dream of far-away lands.)

Rarely have we seen such an effective actor as he has proven (we have rarely seen such an effective actor as he has proven.) Seldom does the class let out early

Only by hard work will we be able to accomplish this great task (We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.)

or

IN/ UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES : In / under no circumstances should you lend him the money ON NO ACCOUNT: Eg On no account must this switch be toughed

SO + ADJ + AUXILIARY + S + V + THAT So difficult did she get a job that she had to stay home for a year So sure of this were the owners that they provided lifeboats for only 950 of its possible 3,500 passengers

ONLY IN THIS WAY : Eg Only in this way could you solve the problem

NAGATIVE, , NOR + AUXILIARY + S + V Eg He didn’t have any money, nor did he know

anybody from whom he could borrow

Exercise 30/30

1 He failed his exam because he missed classes so often (consequence) As a consequence of missing classes so often, he failed his exam

2 Send me a postcard as soon as you arrive (minute)  Send me a postcard the minute you arrive 3 You don’t have to it if you don’t want to (obligation)

You’re under no obligation to it if you don’t want to

4 I tried as hard as I could but I still failed my driving tests (however) However hard I tried, I didn’t pass my driving tests

5 I felt that it had been a big mistake to give up that job (regretted) I regretted ever having given up that job

6 Strangers are not to be let in (account) On no account are strangers to be/must strangers be let in 7 He joined the army as soon as he had finished school (sooner)

No sooner had he finished school than he joined the army

8 If it weren’t for the weather, I would enjoy working here so much (but) But for the weather, I would enjoy working here so much

9 It rained torrentially all day yesterday, which really depressed me (got) The torrential rain all day yesterday really got me down

10 I wrote this book because I want to help students with their writing (view) I wrote this book with a view to helping students with their writing

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 32

EXERCISES (REPORTED SPEECH: STATEMENTS)

1 Nam said “I am told to be at school before o’clock”

2 Thomas said “All the students will have a meeting next week” She said “My parents are very proud of my good marks” The teacher said “All the homework must be done carefully” Her father said to her “You can go to the movie with your friend” She said “I may visit my parents in summer”

7 The teacher said “We can collect old book for the poor students” She said “I don’t buy this book”

9 The boys said “We have to try our best to win the match” 10 Her classmate said “Ha is the most intelligent girl in our class”

EXERCISES (REPORTED SPEECH: YES/NO QUESTIONS)

1 “Do you enjoy reading?” Mike asked Peter “Do you like sports?” Hang asked Nam

3 “Do your sister and brother go to the same school?” She asked Nam “Are there some oranges in the fridge?” She asked her mom

5 “Will it rain tomorrow morning?” He asked his friend “Did you go to Hue three years ago?” Tam asked Peter “Are Tam and Hoa late for class?” Tuan asked Lan She said to me “Can you speak Chinese?”

9 “Will you be here for five days?” Tam asked Thu

10 “Were you reading this book at o’clock last Sunday?” She asked Ba

EXERCISES (REPORTED SPEECH: WH-QUESTIONS)

1 “Where does your father work?” The teacher asked me “How many people are there in your family?” She asked John Tam’s friend asked him “How long will you stay in England?” “What time does the film begin?” She asked her mom

5 The teacher said to Lien “What‘s your hobby?” “How you go to the airport?” His friend asked him “How much does this dress cost?” Ann asked her mother Mary asked David “How often you wash your clothes?”

9 “When will your father leave Vietnam for the USA?” Phong asked Thu 10 “How many books the students need?” The librarian asked my teacher

KẾT THÚC GIAI ĐOẠN HỌC HÈ

TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO CƠ BẢN

1 Bộ Sách Giáo Khoa Tiếng Anh THPT English Vietnamese Dictionary

2 Chuẩn Kiến Thức Kĩ Năng môn Tiếng Anh Giới thiệu đề ôn thi ĐH-CĐ 2013

3 Phân Phối chương trình tiếng Anh THPT 10 Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh Thực Hành

4 A Practical English Grammar 11 Tài liệu Ngữ Âm học – ĐHNN-ĐHQG Hà Nội

5 Tài liệu Ngữ pháp học – ĐHNN-ĐHQG Hà Nội 12 30 Bộ đề ôn thi ĐH-CĐ Vĩnh Bá

6 Bài soạn ôn thi ĐH-CĐ 2007-2014 13 22 Bộ đề ôn thi ĐH-CĐ Hà Bích Hường

7 Các văn hướng dẫn chương trình 14 Các tài liệu khác

Lập Thạch, tháng năm 2014

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