Trong tiếng Anh, người ta không thể đặt ra các quy luật về các phép dùng giới từ mang tính cố định cho mỗi giới từ đó - cùng một giới từ, khi đi với từ loại khác nhau thì tạo ra nghĩa [r]
(1)CHUYÊN ĐỀ LUYỆN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT VÀ LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC, CAO ĐẲNG 2009
Môn: TIẾNG ANH
Chuyên đề: PHÂN LOẠI GIỚI TỪ VÀ MỘT SỐ GIỚI TỪ THƯỜNG DÙNG
I MỤC ĐÍCH CHUYÊN ĐỀ
– Có thể nói việc dùng giới từ khơng phải dễ, nước có cách dùng giới từ đặc biệt; ta phải ý đến từ lúc học mơn ngoại ngữ nói chung tiếng Anh nói riêng Trong tiếng Anh, người ta đặt quy luật phép dùng giới từ mang tính cố định cho giới từ - giới từ, với từ loại khác tạo nghĩa khác Vậy nên học thuộc gặp phải học từ lúc ban đầu Chuyên đề cung cấp cho em hiểu biết giới từ số giới từ thông dụng
II KIẾN THỨC CƠ BẢN
1 Định nghĩa
– Giới từ từ dùng để nối danh từ hay đại từ với từ đứng trước
2 Vị trí giới từ
¾ Giới từ thường đặt trước danh từ đại từ Ví dụ: She went to school at the age of six
He usually visits me on Sundays
¾ Giới từ đứng sau động từ (trừ sau “but” “except”) động từ phải để dạng V-ing
Ví dụ: They succeeded in escaping
¾ Trong trường hợp (dùng đại từ quan hệ), giới từ đặt trước đại từ đặt cuối câu:
To whom were you talking to? Who were you talking to?
The people with whom I was travelling The people I was travelling with
¾ Giới từ từ riêng lẻ như: at, after, before, during, until, in, on, to,by, ¾ Giới từ cụm từ như: in spite of, on account of, in front of, for the
sake of…
¾ Chú ý: lược bỏ “to” “for” trước tân ngữ gián tiếp So sánh câu I gave the book to Tom
(2)→ Tân ngữ gián tiếp đặt trước giới từ “to” bị lược bỏ
→ Chúng ta sử dụng cấu trúc với động từ sau: bring, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, pay, promise, send, show, sing, take…
I showed the map to Bill = I showed Bill the map They sent $5 to Mr Smith = They sent Mr Smith $5
→ Tương tự, lược bỏ “for” Cấu trúc sử dụng với động từ sau: build, buy, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, leave, make, order…
I’ll get a drink for you = I’ll get you a drink
I bought a book for James = I bought James a book
3 Phân loại giới từ
¾ Giới từ thời gian: at, on, by, before, in, for, during… Ví dụ:
The train starts at 6.10, so you had better be at the station by 6.00 We arrived on the morning of the sixth
By the end of July, I’ll have read all those books Before signing this contract, he had to consider a lot Most people work from to
Bake it for two hours
¾ Giới từ nơi chốn: in, on, at, above, under, below… Ví dụ:
They arrived in Spain
You can this sort of work at home She put the letter under her pillow We camped beside a lake
¾ Giới từ nguyên nhân: for, from, by, on, of… The streets are lighted by mistakes
Thank you very much for your help He trembled from fear
He died of tuberculosis many years ago ¾ Giới từ mục đích: for, to, at…
What you want the paper for? I’ve sent a letter to you
¾ Giới từ thể cách: by, with, …
We can learn English by listening to the radio She cut the bread with a sharp knife
¾ Giới từ phương tiện: by, in… He goes to school by bus
(3)¾ Giới từ tương quan: by, next to, on, under, below… They live below us
Tom is in front of Mary My house is next to a cinema
4 Nghĩa số giới từ thường dùng
¾ About
– về: This is a story about elephants – khoảng: He is about ten years old ¾ Above
– trên, cao hơn: The plane flew above the clouds – phía trên: There is a heading above each diagram ¾ Across
– từ bên sang bên (qua): We walked across the field – phía bên kia: There is a store across the street
¾ After
– sau, sau khi: after ten o'clock; after lunch – đứng sau: Q comes after P in the alphabet – theo sau: The dog ran after the cat
¾ Against
– chống lại, làm trái: Theft is against the law
– giáp, tiếp xúc, dựa vào: I leaned my bicycle against the wall ¾ Along
– dọc theo: We walked along the road ¾ Among
– giữa, số (một nhóm người): The money was shared among three people ¾ Around
– vòng quanh: We walked around the block
– vây quanh, bao quanh: There is a fence around the garden – khắp: I looked around the house for the keys
– quay sang hướng khác: We turned around and went back home – khoảng: He is around six feet tall
¾ At
– địa điểm cụ thể: at 23 Chestnut Street; at the park – điểm thời gian: at o'clock; at Christmas
– hoàn cảnh: at peace; at war; at rest – hoạt động: at work; at school; at play
(4)– trước khi, trước: before two o'clock; before Christmas – đứng trước: S comes before T in the alphabet
¾ Behind
– đằng sau, phía sau: The little girl hid behind her mother – muộn: I am behind in my work
– nguyên nhân, nguồn gốc: Who was behind that idea? ¾ Below
– bên dưới, thấp hơn: below freezing; below sea level – phía dưới: Footnotes are provided below the text ¾ Beside
– bên cạnh: I sit beside her in class ¾ Between
– Giữa hai điểm không gian: Toronto lies between Montreal and Vancouver
– Giữa hai điểm thời gian: between Christmas and New Year's Day – nhóm hai người: The money was shared between two people ¾ Beyond
– trên: The mountains lie beyond the horizon – vượt quá: That was beyond my expectations ¾ By
– gần: a house by the sea
– vượt qua: He waved as he drove by the house – trước: Try to finish the work by next week
– theo đơn vị đó: cheaper by the dozen; sold by weight – bằng, bởi: travel by plane; written by him
¾ Concerning
– về, liên quan đến: He studies everything concerning trees ¾ Despite
– mặc dù: We walked downtown despite the rain ¾ Down
– xuống phía dưới: The ball rolled down the hill – cuối: He lives down the street
¾ During
– suốt khoảng thời gian: She works during the day
– thời điểm khoảng thời gian: An accident occurred during the night
¾ For
– khoảng thời gian: We walked for two hours – khoảng cách: I walked for five kilometers
(5)– tới đâu đó: She left for New York
– tán thành, ủng hộ: We are for the proposal – so với: The boy is clever for his age ¾ From
– từ nơi đó: We left from Boston; he comes from Mexico
– thời gian đó: from now on; from yesterday until today – từ lượng đó: From 20 to 30 people were present
– nguyên nhân: He suffers from nervousness – nguồn (từ đó): I first heard the story from you ¾ In
– nơi đó: in London; in Europe
– địa điểm: in the room; in the building – vào tháng, năm: That happened in March, in 1992
– khoảng thời gian định: I will return in an hour – bằng: write in pencil; speak in English
– tình trạng, điều kiện: in doubt; in a hurry; in secret – thành viên của…: He is in the orchestra; in the navy – mặc: the boy in the blue shirt
– về, có liên quan đến: lacking in ideas; rich in oil ¾ Into
– vào bên We stepped into the room
– thay đổi tình trạng: The boy changed into a man ¾ Like
– giống: That looks like him – thể: It looks like rain ¾ Of
– vị trí: east of here; the middle of the road – sở hữu: a friend of mine; the sound of music
– phần nhóm: one of us; a member of the team – đo lường: a cup of milk; two meters of snow
¾ On
– (chạm vào nhau): on the table; on the wall
– ngày xác định: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June – đường xác định: on South Street
– về: a book on engineering
– trạng thái tình trạng: on strike; on fire; on holiday – nhờ, bằng: live on a pension; shown on television
¾ Out of
– khỏi: She went out of the room
(6)– chất liệu: The bridge is made out of steel – khỏi: out of control; out of danger ¾ Over
– cao hơn, trên: There are cupboards over the sink – bao phủ: We spread an extra blanket over the bed – qua: I jumped over a puddle
– nhiều hơn: It cost over ten dollars; it took over an hour – khoảng: I saw him several times over the past week – bằng: We made plans over the telephone
¾ With
– với: He came with her; I have my keys with me – có, chứa: Here is a book with a map of the island – bằng, sử dụng: I repaired the shoes with glue – cách thức: with pleasure; with ease; with difficulty – vì: We were paralyzed with fear
¾ Within
(7)III CỦNG CỐ KIẾN THỨC
Bài tập: Điền giới từ thích hợp vào chỗ trống câu sau:
1 He lives Ha Tay
2 He went his friend's house
3 I'm going to stay home this weekend Joanna works the hospital
5 Why don't we go the movies tonight? We stayed the Mieszko Hotel
7 I'll be school later today
8 He's been working three weeks I fell asleep the film
10 We talked an hour 11 Let's meet seven o'clock 12 He was born July 13 I went there 1998
14 She'll be at work Thursday 15 We met Christmas day
16 They drove to Barlinek September 15th 17 We arrived in this country September 18 I love to go shopping Christmas time 19 What you like doing weekends 20 I lived in Holland the 1990s 21 I'll see you a few weeks
22 She wasn't short, she wasn't tall; she was average height 23 What are you going to buy Hania her birthday?
24 The police are looking a tall, black man who was seen standing outside the bank just before the robbery took place
25 The teacher asked the class to the exercise the bottom of page 12 26 As a child I was always ashamed my parents because they were uneducated
27 I was always very good Geography when I was at school 28 We arrived Gorzów at 3.30 in the morning
29 I didn't see you the party on Saturday
30 He saw her as the most attractive woman the world Đáp án:
1 in to at in to in/ at at for during 10 in 11 at 12 in
13 in 14 on 15 on 16 on 17 in 18 at 19 at 20 in
(8)25 at 26 of 27 at 28 at 29 at 30 in
IV BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ
Bài tập: Điền giới từ thích hợp vào chỗ trống:
1 Mr Martin is responsible ……… recruitment
2 I'm sorry but I don't understand the reason ……… the increase ………… price In this company, salaries depend ………… the level of responsibility
4 You have to pay ………… the tickets the day you order them Our new Chairman reminds me ……… my old history teacher
6 Do you think the report could be translated ………… English for the meeting tomorrow?
7 Thank you for offering to help It's very kind ……… you Look ………… the woman ………… the picture Who is she?
9 The manager didn't take part ………… the discussion He didn't want to intervene 10 It's no use taking him to the Louvre He isn't interested ……… art
11 The food in Japan is very different ……… European food
12 I don't agree ……… you ……… my opinion you're wrong 13 John was late for the meeting as usual That's typical ……… him 14 We should invite Pete to the party He's very good ………… telling jokes 15 The car crashed ………… a fence ……… the other side of the road
danh từ hay đại từ v c tân ngữ gián ti c giới từ i động từ sau: bring, give, hand, Hocmai.vn