Tiếng anh chuyên ngành kế toán kiểm toán

In this chapter, you will begin your study of accounting by looking at the overall structure of accounting and the basic anatomy of reporting.. B ạn phải nắm được những kh[r]

introduction chapters

chapter

Welcome to the World of Accounting

goals discussion goals achievement fill in the blanks multiple choice

problems check list and key terms GOALS

Your goals for this "welcoming" chapter are to learn about:

 The nature of financial and managerial accounting information  chất thơng tin kế tốn tài kế tốn quản trị  The accounting profession and accounting careers

 Nghề kiểm tốn cơng việc kiểm tốn

 The fundamental accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owners' Equity  Cơng thức kế tốn : Tài sản = Nợ phải trả + Vốn chủ sở hữu

 How transactions impact the fundamental accounting equation

 Những giao dịch ảnh hưởng đến cơng thức kế tốn

 The four core financial statements  báo cáo tài (nòng cốt )

DISCUSSION thảo luận

ACCOUNTING INFORMATION- thơng tin kế tốn

You likely have a general concept of what accountants They capture information about the transactions and events of a business, and summarize that activity in reports that are used by persons interested in the entity But, you likely not realize the complexity of accomplishing this task It involves a talented blending of technical knowledge and measurement artistry that can only be fully appreciated via extensive study of the subject The best analogy is to say that you probably know what a heart surgeon does, but you no doubt appreciate that considerable knowledge and skill is needed to successfully treat a patient If you were studying to be a surgeon, you would likely begin with some basic anatomy class In this chapter, you will begin your study of accounting by looking at the overall structure of accounting and the basic anatomy of reporting

Bạn phải nắm khái niệm chung cơng việc kế tốn Kế tốn phải nắm

động báo cáo sử dụng người quan tâm đến doanh nghiệp Nhưng bạn khó để nhận phức tạp thực công việc Nó liên quan

đến kết hợp khéo léo việc hiểu biết kiến thức chuyên môn nghệ thuật tính tốn mà chỉđược đánh giá đầyđủ thông qua nghiên cứu sâu vấnđề Một lập luận

tốt nói bạn biết phẫu thuật tim tiến hành nào, bạn không khỏi băn khoănđể cân nhắc kỹ kiến thức

cần thiết đểđiều trị cho người bệnh thành công Nếu bạnđang họcđể trở thành nhà phẫu thuật, bạn nên bắt đầu với kiến thức phẫu thuật Trong chương này, bạn

bắtđầu việc nghiên cứu kiến thức kế tốn cách xem xét tồn tảng kế tốn việc phân tích báo cáo

Be advised that a true understanding of accounting does not come easily It only comes with determination and hard work But, if you persevere, you will be surprised at what you discover about accounting Knowledge of accounting is very valuable to business success And, once you conquer the basics, accounting is actually quite an interesting subject

Được biết am hiểuđúngđắn kế toán khơng đến cách dễ dàng Nó chỉđến

khi có tâm làm việc chăm Nhưng bạn kiên trì, bạn ngạc nhiên

cái mà bạn khám phá kế toán Kiến thức kế tốn có giá thành công doanh nghiệp Và bạn chinh phục kiến thức bản, kế toán thực

là môn học thú vị

NEW WORDS – VOCABULARY

Capture /Keptrơ/ : nắmđược, giành được, chiếmđược

Complexity /Kơmplekxity/ : phức tạp

Accomplish /ơkomplish/ hồn thành, đạt tới mục đích Blending / kết hợp , trộn lẫn

Analogy/ ơnenơgy/ lập luận

Surgeon /sơzờn/ bác sĩ phẫu thuật

Determination / tâm

Persevere / pơsivia/ +with, at : bền chí, kiên trì

Conquer /KongKơr/ : (v) chinh phục, chế ngự

leadership decisions Investors hold out hope for profits that may eventually lead to distributions from the business (e.g., "dividends") Creditors are always concerned about the entity's ability to repay its obligations Governmental units need information to tax and regulate Analysts use accounting data to form their opinions on which they base their investment recommendations Employees want to work for successful companies to further their individual careers, and they often have bonuses or options tied to enterprise performance Accounting information about specific entities helps satisfy the needs of all these interested parties

ĐỊNH NGHĨA KẾ TỐN

Có vẻ phù hợp để bắt đầu với định nghĩa thông thường kế toán Kế

toán hàng loạt khái niệm kỹ thuật sử dụng để tính tốn báo cáo thơng tin tài mộtđơn vị kinh tế Đơn vị kinh tế thườngđược xem thực thể

riêng biệt Những thông tin báo cáo cách dễ hiểu nhiều cách khác

đến bên liên quan Những người bao gồm nhà quản lý doanh nghiệp, chủ nợ, đơn vị quản lý, nhà phân tích chí người lao động Bằng cách hay cách khác, người sử dụng thơng tin kế tốn có xu hướng quan tâm đến lợi ích riêng họ

trong doanh nghiệp Nhà quản lý doanh nghiệp cần thơng tin kế tốn đểđưa quyếtđịnh

chỉđạođúng đắn Nhà đầu tư tìm kiếm hi vọng lợi nhuận mà rốt cụcđược phân phối

từ doanh nghiệp (lợi tức) Chủ nợ luôn quan tâm đến khả toán khoản nợ doanh nghiệp Nhà phân tích sử dụng tài liệu kế tốn để

hình thành quan điểm họ vấnđề mà người làm gợi ý cho đầu tư họ Người lao động làm viêc cho công ty thành công để nghiệp cá nhân họ phát triển hơn, họ thường có khoản tiền thưởng lựa chọn

bị ràng buộc công việc doanh nghiệp Thông tin kế toán đơn vị cụ thể

sẽ giúp thoả mãn nhu cầu tất bên có liên quan

The diversity of interested parties leads to a logical division in the discipline of accounting: financial accounting and managerial accounting Financial accounting is concerned with external reporting of information to parties outside the firm In contrast, managerial accounting is primarily concerned with providing information for internal management You may have some trouble seeing why a distinction is needed; after all aren't we just reporting financial facts? Let's look closer at the distinctions

Sựđa dạng bên liên quan dẫnđến phân chia hợp lý lĩnh vực kế toán : kế

tốn tài kế tốn quản trị Kế tốn tài liên quan đến việc báo cáo thơng tin cho đối tượng bên doanh nghiệp; Ngược lại kế toán quản trị chủ yếu liên quan đế việc cung cấp thông tin cho việc quản lý đơn vị Bạn có số băn khoăn phân biệt cần thiết Cuối báo cáo tình hình tài chính? Hãy xem xét cẩn thận phân biệt

used to prepare the reports Without such standardization, reports of different companies could be hard to understand and even harder to compare As a result, there are well organized processes to bring consistency and structure to financial reporting In the United States, a private sector group called the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is primarily responsible for developing the rules that form the foundation of financial reporting With the increase in global trade, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has been steadily gaining prominence as a global accounting rule setter

Kế tốn tài : Xem xét kế tốn tài với mụcđích hướng tới số lớn

nhữngđối tượng bên ngồi., khơng kiểm sốt việc lập báo cáo thực tế có

hộiđể biếtđược chi tiết Khả hiểu có tin cậy báo cáo phụ thuộc trực

tiếp vào chuẩn hoá nguyên tắc tình hình thực tế mà sử dụngđể lập báo cáo Nếu khơng có tiêu chuẩn hố, báo cáo cơng ty khác khó để hiểu

và chí khó để so sánh

Financial reports prepared under the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) promulgated by such standard setting bodies are intended to be general purpose in orientation This means they are not prepared especially for owners, or creditors, or any other particular user group Instead, they are intended to be equally useful for all user groups As such, attempts are made to keep them free from bias (neutral)

MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING: In sharp contrast to financial accounting, managerial accounting information is intended to serve the specific needs of management Business managers are charged with business planning, controlling, and decision making As such, they may desire specialized reports, budgets, product costing data, and other details that are generally not reported on an external basis Further, management may dictate the parameters under which such information is to be accumulated and presented For instance, GAAP may require that certain research costs be deducted immediately in computing a business's externally reported income; on the other hand, management may see these costs as a long-term investment and stipulate that internal decision making be based upon income numbers that exclude such costs This is their prerogative Hopefully, such internal reporting is being done logically and rationally, but it need not follow any particular set of guidelines

A QUALITY INFORMATION SYSTEM: Both financial accounting and managerial accounting depend upon a strong information system to reliably capture and summarize business transaction data Information technology has radically reshaped this mundane part of the practice of accounting during the past 30 years The era of the "green eye-shaded" accountant has been relegated to the annals of history Now, accounting is more of a dynamic, decision-making discipline, rather than a bookkeeping task

earned by employees now, but the amounts will not be known with certainly until many years to come?) About the only way around the problem of utilizing estimation in accounting is to wait until all facts are known with certainty before issuing any reports However, by the time any information could be reported, it would be so stale as to lose its usefulness Thus, in order to timely present information, it is considered to be far better to embrace reasonable estimations in the normal preparation of ongoing financial reports In addition, accounting has not yet advanced to a state of being able to value a business (or a business's assets) As such, many transactions and events are reported based upon the historical cost principle (in contrast to fair value) This principle holds that it is better to maintain accountability over certain financial statement elements at amounts that are objective and verifiable, rather than opening the door to random adjustments for value changes that may not be supportable For example, land is initially recorded in the accounting records at its purchase price That historical cost will not be adjusted even if the fair value is perceived as increasing While this enhances the "reliability" of reported data, it can also pose a limitation on its "relevance."

THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION AND CAREERS

THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION: To decide to be an accountant is no more descriptive than deciding to be a doctor Obviously, there are many specialty areas Many accountants engage in the practice of "public" accounting, which involves providing audit, tax, and consulting services to the general public To engage in the practice of public accounting usually requires one to be licensed as a CPA (Certified Public Accountant) Auditing involves the examination of transactions and systems that underlie an organization's financial reports, with the ultimate goal of providing an independent report on the appropriateness of financial statements Tax services relate to the

XX-XX-XX Retained Earnings 400,000

Common Stock 400,000

To record issuance of a 40% stock dividend (1,000,000 shares X 40% X $1 per share par value)

Additional "temporary" equity accounts might be introduced if the declaration and distribution occurred on different dates, but the final outcome after the distribution was complete would be identical to the result produced above Those details are left for more advanced accounting courses

Before moving on, it may seem odd that accounting rules require different treatments for stock splits, small stock dividends, and large stock dividends There are some conceptual

underpinnings for these differences, but it is primarily related to bookkeeping issues For example, the total par value needs to correspond to the number of shares outstanding To test your understanding, which transaction (split, small stock dividend, or large stock dividend) causes a change in total stockholders' equity? The answer is none of them; each merely rearranges existing equity in some fashion, but none of them change the bottom line total equity balance STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

This statement does fulfill the requirement for a statement of retained earnings and additional equity account information disclosures From the illustration, you can see that the company had several equity transactions during the year, and the retained earnings column roughly

corresponds to a statement of retained earnings In actuality, companies are apt to expand this presentation to include comparative data for multiple years and potentially include information about all other equity accounts (such as the other comprehensive income accounts you learned about in the long-term investments accounting chapter)