Ebook Tiếng Anh trong xây dựng: Phần 1 - Vũ Như Cầu

The internal resistance necessary to maintain rotational equilibrium in the plane parallel to the transverse loads is called a bending moment.. The shear rorce is positive wllen it res[r]

VŨ NHƯ CẦU

TiÕng anh x©y dùng ENGLISH OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NHÀ XUẤT BẢN KHOA HỌC VÀ KỸ THUẬT HÀ NỘI 1992

Chiu trách nhiệm xuất bản: GS, PTS TÔ ĐĂNG HẢI

Biên tập: MẠNH CHIẾN

Sửa bài: THÁI HỒNG

Vẽ bìa: HUY TUẤN

Trình bày kỹ thuật: PHẠM THÁI

NHÀ XUẤT BẢN KHOA HỌC VÀ KỸ THUẬT

70 TRẦN HƯNG ĐẠO – HÀ NỘI

In 3000 bản, khổ 13x19cm Nhà in

Số xuất 05/XBKH cục xuất cấp ngày 25 tháng 12 năm 1991

LỜI NÓI ĐẦU 12 học cuối được soạn theo chun đề

xây dựng có tính chất bổ sung để bạn đọc tự nghiên cứu

Tiếng Anh sử dụng rộng rãi ngành khoa học kỹ thuật giới Vì vậy, học tiếng Anh trở thành nhu cầu cấp thiết nước ta,

đặc biệt cán khoa học vocabulary) vỞ cuốềi sách ph xây dựng để ngầườn ti hừọ vc tiựệng cn tra cơ bứu ản (basic Cuốn sau đời mục đích phục vụ cho

cán giảng dạy, sinh viên đại học, kỹ sư, nhà khoa học và người làm công tác phiên dịch lĩnh vực xây dựng

Do trình độ cịn hạn chế tác giả, chắn khơng tránh khỏi sai sót Mong phê bình góp ý bạn đọc

Cuối cùng, tác giả chân thành cảm ơn anh Lê Mạnh Chiến đọc thảo góp ý, cám ơn Ban Từ Điển Nhà xuất Khoa học kỹ thuật tham gia hiệu đính, biên tập thảo tạo điều kiện thuận lợi để sách được xuất

Sách trang bị cho người học vốn từ vựng co trong lĩnh vực xây dựng vốn ngữ pháp để họ có khả đọc hiểu dịch sách tạp chí kỹ thuật hoặc viết báo cáo khoa học tiếng Anh Sách gồm có 24 học soạn theo chuyên đề xây dựng: kiến trúc, kết cấu xây dựng, vật liệu xây dựng, thi công v.v Mỗi học 12 đầu chia thành phần sau:

Hà Nội, ngày tháng năm 1991 Tác giả

1) Nội dung học tiếng Anh (unit) soạn theo chuyên đề xây dựng

2) Phần kiểm tra đọc hiểu (Comprehension) nêu lên các câu hỏi tiếng Anh để người học tự trả lời

3) Phần nghiên cứu vế từ (word study) đề cập đền các quy luật phổ biến cấu tạo từ

4) Phần ngữ pháp (structure study) đề cập đến cấu trúc câu cảnh sử dụng động từở thời khác

A number of isolated forces in mechanics may be composed into a single force termed the resultant (9) The direction and position of the resultant will vary according to the weight (10), and direction of its components, but it,will pass through the centre of gravity of the particular group under consideration In the same way the grouping of a number of elements in a composition tends towards a resultant effect, and this effect will reach its maximum intensity at a point which is the centre of gravity of the composition In order that the composition should be satisfactory, this eentre of gravity should not be awkwardly situated - for example, at the extreme edge of the composition - for the eye demands stability, and stability is best realized in an approximately central position, which is one most favourable to balanced and ordered arrangement (11)

CÁC BÀI CƠ BẢN

UNIT

ARCHITECTURAL COMPOSITION It should be clearly understood that there are no limitations to the number of elements which may go to form a composition, provided that their grouping (l) be so atranged as to furnish a dominant (2) or focal pơint of intenst (3), which point should be the one to which the eye is first attraded and to which it naturally returns after an examination of the various subordinate details of the composition

A knowledge of this principle wiu enable us to compose through a cultivation of the practice (12) of visually weighing one element with another, and subsequently placing them so that they form a nicely balanced picture, with a well placed centre of gravity, and this quite independently of whether the elements are of the same type or are, on the contrary of all sorts of shapes and sizes

This centre of interest (4) or focal point may be an actual solid element, or, more subtly, it may consist of a certain line, area (5), or point which constituted what we will call the centre of gravity of the composition (6) This centre of gravity may actually be a blank space in the composition, on which the eye rests, while at the same tlme it perceives within the angle of vision the elements which have been correctly placed to result in unity (7) The eye grasps, as it were not one object but a balance of objects Such cases occur, however more frequently in pictorial than in architectural composition

Chú thích

(l) grouping phân nhóm (2) domainant (adj) trội, bật (3) focal point of interest điểm tập trung ý (4) centre of interest trung tâm ý (5) area miền, vùng (6)

centre of gravity of the composition trọng tâm bố cục (7)

to result in unity để đưa đến hòa hợp (8) composition of forces tổ hợp lực (9) resultant hợp lực (10) weight độ

lớn (11) balanced and ordered arrangement sự xếp cân

đối có thứ tự (12) cultivation of the practice trau dồi qua thực tế

Hậu tố - an:

Ý nghĩa Thí dụ:

mathematics (tốn học)→mathematician(nhà toán học) I Comprehension:

electric (thuộc vềđiện) → electrician thợđiện, cán

1 On what conđitions are there no limitations to the number of the elements in an architectural composition?

kỹ thuật điện

Hậu tố - er : Ý nghĩa trên, thí dụ:

build (xây dựng) → builder (người xây dựng) What is the dominant or foeal point of interest ?

design (thiết kế) → designer (người thiết kế) What may the focal point consist of ?

Hậu tố - or : Ý nghĩa trên, thí dụ What is the centre of gravity of the composition?

construct (xây dựng) → constructor (người xây dựng) Is the principle of grouping in architectural

composition similar to the principle of composition of forces in mechanics ?

calculate (tính tốn) → calculator (người tính tốn;

máy tính, máy đếm)

6 By what mean are the forces in mechanics

conlposed into the reaultant ? Hậu tố - ion:

Hậu tố thêm vào động từđể cấu thành danh từ Thí dụ:

7 What the direction and position of the resultant depend on ?

construct (v) → construction (sự xây dựng) Where the direction and position of the resultant

pass through ? calculate (v) → calcutation (sự tính tốn)

Exercise 1: How is the resultant effect of grouping at the centre

of gravity of the composition ? a) Cấu thành danh từ bằng cách thêm hậu tố -ion vào từ sau : act, observe, apply, examine, direct, compose, attract, cultivate, constitute

10 Give an example of the bad placed centn of gravity 11 Of course, what does the architect have to in an

architectural composition ?

b) Tìm động từ tương ứng với từ sau: consideration, definition, production, realization, limitation, isolation, situation, subordination

II Word study:

Hậu tố - ist

Hậu tố - ist có thểđược thêm vào danh từđể cấu thành danh từ khác đề chl người chuyên nghiên cứu vấn đề vật thực chức Thí dụ:

Tiền tố in- an-

Các tiền tố dùng đề cấu thành từ có nghĩa ngược lại nghĩa phủđịnh Thí dụ:

complete (đầy đủ) → incomplete (không đầy đủ) science (khoa học) → scientist (nhà khoa học)

connected (liên kết) → unconnected (not connected geology (địa chất học) → geologist (nhà địa chất)

Exercise 3: Exercise 2:

a) Đổi câu sau thành câu hỏi a) Dùng tiền tố in- để cấu thành tính từ có tính chất phủ

định dịch tiếng Việt: The eye grasps only one object

2 Such cases frequently occur in architectural composition

accurate, dependent, effective, frequent, direet, capable b) Dùng tiền tố un- để cấu thành tính từ có tính chất

3 The direction and position of the resultant varies according to the number of its components

phủđịnh dịch tiếng Việt:

able, stable, balance, satibfactory, favourable, usual

4 The resultant effect of grouping reaches its minimum intensity at the centre of gravity of the composition III Structure study: Thời Simple present

Thời Simple present dùng để: b) Đổi câu thành câu phủđịnh a) Mô tả hành động thường hay xảy lặp lại nhiều lần

Thí dụ: IV Translation:

This engineer often designs industrial buildings (người kỹ

sưấy thường hay thiết kế nhà công nghiệp) Exercise 4: a) Dịch câu sau tiếng Việt : b) Mô tả chân lý phổ biến thực tế Thí dụ:

- “It should be clearly understood after an examination of the various subordinnate details of the composition” … (đoạn đầu)

The earth goes round the sun The eye demands etability

c) Mơ tả q trình nói chung Thí dụ:….on which the eye rests, while at the same time it perceives within the angle (unit 1)

- “The eye grasps, as it were, not one object, but a balance of objects"

Cấu trúc thời Simple present Thí dụ động từ perceive

(động từ có quy cách) - “A knowledge of this principle will enable on the contrary, of all sorts of shapes and size" (đoạn cuối) b) Dịch tiếng Anh câu sau:

I/you/we/they He/she/it

perceive

perceives (riêng thứ ba

chú ý thêm chữ s đằng sau) Bkếố cơng trình cục kiến trúc mợt vấn ồê quan trọng thiết Các thành phần bố cục nên bố trí cho tạo

ra trung tâm ý Cấu trúc thời simple present câu hỏi câu phủ

định sau:

3 Người ta gọi trung tâm trọng tâm bố cục

do you/we/they

perceive?

does He/she/it Câu hỏi

I/we/you/they don’t

perceive he/she/it doesn’t

Câu phủđịnh

4 Nguyên tắc bố cục kiến trúc tương tự với nguyên tắc tổ

hợp lực học

It is hard to give a clear definition of the concept "skeleton construction" in words, although darity is important where structural forms are concemed To a large extent, form tends to evade verbal description, it must produce its effect directly The visual impression received by the observer coincides quite closely with what is meant here by skeleton construction (6) This impression is captured in the accompanying sketches Rectangular planes define box-shaped forms, grid-like subdivisions (7) lead the gaze to cellular (8) elements These alone appear to bear any

ralation to the human scale (9) The building is the sum of these individual elements and its internal organisation must evidently remain subordinated to the structural function of the skeleton

6 Một bố cục cân đối không phụ thuộc vào số lượng thành phần, thành phần có thể loại, hình dạng kích thước hay khơng

UNNIT

SKELETON CONSTRUCTION (1)

The modern skeleton structure is the result of the rational use of steel and concrete in building Among its characteristic features are the reduction of all load-carnring members (2) to minimum sizes and a clear division between structural and non-structural elements (3) The skeleton is composed of rigidly connected beams and columns It is a particularly suitable form for multistory building The great strength of modern building materials makes it posssible to build higher and higher, to meet today's ever-increassing demands The pattern of our large cities is being determined by skeleton structures of steel and concrete just as decisively as the pattern (4) of medieval (5) cities was determined by the timber frame Widespread use has made the modern skeleton structure a central theme of contemporary architecture

The bareness of the facades, the size of the building and their severe regularity leave a sense of oppression with anyone who has not yet acquired a feeling for the technological component in modern architecture The catch phrase (10) "glass and steel" used both in admiration and in contempt, stresses the singular material nature of skeleton construction The pattern of the facade is determined not by masonry, brick and wood but by glase, metal and building panels of every kind These form an outer, apace-enclosing skin (1l), which, with no load - carrying function of its own serves merely to fill out or clad (12) the skeleton frame

The facades of skeleton structures reveal two opposing tendencies On the one hand the structural skeleton may be visible from the outside, on the other, it may retain concealed behind a curtain wall (18) Naturally, in a discussion of "structural form" the exposed skeleton is of greater interest The immediate intelligibility of the design favours a visually received understanding of the structure

Chú thích: 11 What leaves a sense of opprebsion with anyone who has not got the notion of the technological component in modern architecture ?

(1) skeleton construction kết cấu khung (2) load-carrying members các thành phần chịu lực (3) structural and non-strcutural clements các cầu kiện chịu lực không chiu lực (4) pattern kiểu mẫu (5) medieval thuộc thời trung cổ (6),

what is meant here by skeleton construction cái có nghĩa kết cầu khung (7) grid - like subdivision sự phân chia nhỏ thành lưới ô vuông (8) cellar có nhièu ngăn nhỏ (9) human scale quy mơ người (10) catch - phrase cụm từ thu hút ý (11) space - enclosing skin vỏ bao quanh không gian (nhà) (12) curtaind che phủ (13) curtain wall

tường ngăn che (14) artistic ground lĩnh vực nghệ thuật (15)

primitiveness tính chất nguyên thủy, cổ xưa

12 What stresses the singular material nature of skeleton construction ?

13 What is the pattern of the facade determlned by ? 14 What is the funtion of glass, metal, and building panels

on the facade ?

15 What are two opposing tenđencies of the facades of skeleton structures ?

16 Why does post-war architectun deserve our particular attention ?

17 What is the architect interested in when speaking of skeleton structures ?

I Compresension:

1 What is the result of the rational use of steel and cơncrete

in building ? II Word study

2 What is the skeleton composed of ? Synonyms

3 What are the advantages of the skeleton strutrure ? Exerclce 1: Thay từ mục (b) từ đồng nghĩa gần đồng nghĩa mục (a)

4 What is the skeleton structure particularly suitable for?

a) frame, bear, load bearing, construction, to be composed of, jointed, girder, pillar, appropriate, to satisfy, it is difficult to, notion, comprehensible, to depend on

5 What is the pattern of large cities being determined by ? What was the pattern of medievđ cities đetennined by ? Why has the modem ekeleton structure been a oentral

theme of contemporary architecture ? b) to consist of, suitable, to be subordinated to, skeleton structure, connected, concept, to meet, carry, structure, column, bearn, it is hard to, intelligible, load carrying Is it hard to give a clear dennition of the concept

"skeleton structure" in words ? Why ?

Word building: What is the visual impression of the observer in front of a

skeleton construction ? Hậu tố - ment Hậu tố cấu, thành danh từ từ

động từ tương ứng Thí dụ: 10 What is the internal organisation of the individual

Chú ý: Đối với động từ không quy cách, Past part không theo quy luật

Exercise 2:

Dùng hậu tố -ment cấu thành danh từ từ động

từ sau : Thí dụ:

Active Passive

The engineer (subject) composes the isolated forces (Object) into a single force

The isolated forces (Object) are (to be S Present) composed (past part) into a single force arrange, equip, move, etablish, improve, state, attach

- Hậu tố -ity: Hậu tố cấu thành danh từ từ tính từ tương ứng Thí dụ:

active → activity, simple → simplicity

Exercise Exercise 3:

Chuyển câu sau sang thể passive (loại bỏ chủ ngữ) a) Dùng hậu tố-ity cấu thành cáe danh từ từ tính từ sau:

1 The architect situates the centre of gravity of the composition at the central position

intense, clear, rigid, intelligible, regular, visible, stable

b) Tìm tính từ tương ứng với danh từ: 2 The observer captures the impression in the accompanying sketches

availability, ability, possibility, durability,

comprehensibility, ductility, The architect arranges the elements of the composition so that they form a nicely balanced picture

III Structure study Thể Passive thời Simple present 4 Engineers widely use skeleton structures in structural design

Khi khơng cần biết hoạc quan tâm đến chù ngữ, ta thay

thểactive thểpassive. Architects reduce the sizes of all load carrying members

in building by using modern skeleton structures

Cấu trúc thể Passive 6 Builders rigidly connect beams and columns to form

skeleton structures

Cấu trúc thể Passive câu hỏi câu phủ định

sau:

Astive (S present)

Subject + Verb (S present) +Object

Passive

Obiect + to be (S present)

+Past participle + Subject (có thể có khơng)

Câu phủđịnh

I am not + Past part

You/we/they are not+Past part He/she/it is not + past part

Câu hỏi Am I + Past part…?

Are you/we/they/ + past part…?

Is he/she/it + past part…?

Passive (Simple Present)

I am + Past participle Past participle = You/we/they are + Past part verb + ed

Thí dụ: - Kích thước toàn thành phần chịu lực giảm bớt

Passive

Electronic computers are often used by scientists - Sự phân chia rành mạch cấu kiện chịu lực cấu kiện không chịu lực

Passive negative:

Electronic computers are not often used by scientists Sự phân chia nhỏ thành lưới ô vuông nét đặc trưng kết cấu khung

Passive interrogate:

Are electronic computers often used by sctentists? Mặt ngơi nhà đại cấu tạo kính, kim loại panen nhà

Exercise 5:

6 Mặc dầu có ý kiến phản đối lĩnh vực nghệ

thuật, kết cấu khung đại xứng đáng ý

đặc biệt tính chất đặc biệt rành mạch dễ hiểu

Chuyển câu Exercise sang : a) Câu phủđịnh (passive) (trừ câu 3) b) Câu hỏi (passive) (trừ câu 3) IV Translation :

Exercise 6: UNIT

a) Dịch câu sau tiếng Việt

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS IN BEAMS

- “It is hard give a clear definition of the concept… The visual impression perceived by the observer coincides quite closely with what is meant here by skeleton construction" (đoạn 2)

Beams are structural members whose primary prupose is to carry transverse load Most beams carry some rather small loads in their axial direction (or perhaps torsional loads) along with transverse loads during their service, but these loads, and especially their effects on the beam, are usually small in comparison with the transverse loads The slender members assumed stable againse lateral buckling (1) The loads considered are resolved into components (2) parallel and perpendicular (transverse) o the longitudinal axis of the beam Only the transverse component and their effects will be considered at this time

- “The bareness of the facades, thesize of the building a feeling for the technological component in modern architecture" (đoạn 3)

- “A number of objections might be made to this we are more interested in exceptional clarity, intelligibility and, perhaps, even primitiveness" (đoạn cuối)

b) Dịch câu sau tiếng Anh:

1 Kết cấu khung đại xem chủ

đề trung tầm kiến trúc đương thời The effects to be evaluated are the internal stress resultans (3), and and subsequently the stresses necessary to preserve equilibrium The internal transverse force on Dầm cột liên kết cứng vơí ớé tạo thành kết

cấu khung

The sense of the ehear force and moment may vary along the length or the beam The sign convention (7) adopted is as follow

any transverse plane or the beam necessary to maintain equilibrium in the transverse direction is called shear force The internal resistance necessary to maintain rotational equilibrium in the plane parallel to the transverse loads is called a bending moment

The shear rorce is positive wllen it results (8) in a clockwise rotation with respect to (9) a point inside the segment in equilibrium (10); it is negative when it creates counterclockwise rotation

It is perhaps advisable at this time to elearly classify the types of beams and the type of reactions before we proceed

to investigate the shear forces and moments The bending moment is positive when it tends to bend the segment concave upwards It is negative when the reverse is true A positive moment creates tension on the bottom nbers of the beam and compression in the top fibers; the opposite is true for the negative moment

Beams are divided into two groups, statically determinate and statically indeterminate When the reactions can be obtained from the equations of equilibrium alone, the structure ts statically determinate When the equations of equilibrium are not sufficient to determine the unknown reactions the structure is said to be statically indeterminate

Chú thích:

(l) lateral blacking sự oằn ngang, uốn dọc, ổn định (2)

resolved into components được phân tích thành thành phần (3)

internal stress resulants các hợp lực ứng suất bên (4) fixed or restrained (gối tựa) ngàm ngàm hạn chế (5) summing

phép tổng (các lực) (6) by taking moment … with respect to the horizontal axis cách lấy mômen trục nằm ngang; (7)

sign convention quy ước dấu (8) results dẫn dến (9) with respect to xung quanh, (10) segment in equilibrium đoạn (dầm) thể cân

There are three general types of supports: pins or hinges which resists translation in all directions but cannot resist rotation; roller, which resists only transtation; fixed or restrained (4), which resists translation in all directions and permits no rotation (fixed) or only a limited rotation

(restrained) I Comprehension:

1 What is the primary function of beams ? The magnitude of the shear force is found by merely

summing (5) the transverse forces on either side of the imaginary plane which contains it; it also has a sense always opposite of the resultant external loads

2 How are the effects of the axial loads in most beams in comparison with the transverse loads ?

3 Give a definition of shear force Give a definition of bending moment The internal bending moment is determined by taking

moments (6) of the extemal forces on either side of plane where the bending momennt is situated with respect to the

horizontal axis (6) in this plane Its sense always opposes the rotational effect of the exterual loads

5 Name two groups of beams Name three types or supports

7 How is determined the magnitude of the shear force? How is deternlined the magnitude of the bending

monents? The sense of the shear force and moment may vary

along the length of the beam The sign convention (7) adopted is as follow

9 When is the shear force positive ?

II Word study Cấu trúc cấu Simple past passive (affirimative, negative, interrogative) tương tự cấu trúc câu Simple present (affirimative, negative, interrogative), khác thay am, is was và are were (xem phần structure study Unit 2)

Synonyms and opposites

Exercise l:

a) Tìm từ phản nghĩa với từ sau: determinate, clockwise, upwards, concave, internal, inside, stable,

negative, tension, bottom Thí dụ:

b) Tìm từ đồng nghìa gần đồng nghĩa với từ

sau: beam, carry, axial, assume, resolve, preserve, translation reverse, length (structure)

Concrete is used (Simple present passive) => concrete was used (Simple past passive)

III Structure study: Buildings are erected (Simple present passive) =>

Thời Simple past Buildings were erected (Simple past passive)

Thời Simple past dùng để mô tả hành động xảy

đã kết thúc khứ vào thời gian xác định Động từ thời Simple past nói chung cấu tạo cách thêm -ed vào động từ nguyên thể Cần ý

động từ không quy cách không tuân theo qui luật nói Thí dụ:

Exercise 2:

Thay động từ dấu ngoặc thời Simple past

1 The pointed arch (to be) an inherent feature of the Gothic style

calculate (infinitive) calculated (Simple past)

2 People of the earliest times (to used stones and branches to build their first man - made shelters

Cấu trúc câu Simple past negative (câu phủđịnh) câu Simple past interrogative (câu hỏi) sau:

3 The use of fine tools (to result) in developping building modern structures

Simple past negative

I/you/we/they/he/she/it did not + verb (infinitive)

Simple past interrogative

Did I/you/we/they/he/she/it + verb (infinitive)…?

4 The middle of the 19th century (to see) deep changes in the entire range of building

5 Cutting stones and timbers (to become) possible with the invention of tools

Thí dụ: Simple past affinmative

The invention of tools permitted (simple past) the

cutting of stones and timbers The Pantheon (to be erected) in Roman times

7 Most of the building of old times (to be based) upon the column and beam method of construction

Simple past negative

The invention of tools did not permit (ifinitive) the

cutting of stones and timbers Bricks (to be utilized) during many centuries

Simple past interrogative

Exercise 3: Trong dầm siêu tĩnh, phương trình cân chưa

đủđể xác định phản lực Chuyển câu Exercise thành:

8 Khớp chuyển dịch phương

nhưng xoay tự a) Câu phủđịnh

b) Câu hỏi

9 Gối tựa ngàm không cho phép xoay chuyển dịch

IV Translation: 10 Lực cắt dương làm cho đoạn xét quay

theo chiều kim đồng hồ Exercise 4:

11 Mômen uốn duơng thớ biên dầm bị nén

a) Dịch câu sau tiếng Việt:

- “Beams are structund members whose… are usually small

in comparsion with the transverse loads" (đoạn đầu) UNIT 4

- “The effeets to be evaluated are the intemal stress resultants, and subbequently the stresses aecessary to preserve equihbrium” (đoạn 2)

THE HINGE

The analynsis of structures into which hinged joints have been inserted is rendered simpler, and even structures which would otherwise be redundant (l) may be brought to a statically determined condition The reason for this simplification is that when a structure contains a hinge, no bending can be produced here The hinge offers no resistance (2) to the applied moment: it is impossible for example, to bend the woodwork of a door by pulling on the door handle

- “There are three general types of supports : or only a limited rotation (restrained)” (đoạn 5)

- “The bending moment is positive when it tends to the opposite is true for the negative moment” (đoạn cuối) b) Dịch tiếng Anh câu sau:

1 Dầm thiết kếđể chủ yếu chiụ tải trọng ngang Bất kỳ tải trọng cd thể phân tích thành

thành phần: a) thành phần song song với trục dọc b)

thành phần vuông góc với trục dọc The moment or turning effect of the applied force ebout the hinge results in movement, and the bending at the hinge is zero because of the absence of resistance If the hinge is rusted solid (3), then it is possible to produce bending in the door, for there is considerable resistance to the bending effect applied

3 Ảnh hưởng tải trọng dọc trục đại phận

đầm thường bé so với tải trọng ngang

4 Lực cắt mợt mặt cắt ngang dầm nội lực phương ngang giữ cho dẩm phương ngang

5 Mômen uốn nội lực cưỡng lại uốn dầm Hinges can be employed in structures in difrerent ways For example, the most direct resistanee which a member can offer a load is by simple tension or compression The introduction of hinges at the ends of members ensures that Trong dầm tĩnh định, phản lực tìm

In large structures of this kind where longitudinal movement due to changes in temperature may be considerable, it is usually necessary for one of the hinges to develop into the more complex roller beanng A simple

pinned connection can resist no bendding, but it can resist a force applied to it in any direction If the structure tends to change in length because of a change in temperature, this attempted movement (11) would be resisted by hinges, and dangerous internal streesee set up In larger structures, therefore, it is usual to replace one of the hinges by a bearing which not only has no resistance to bending, but also moves freely in some required direction, usually horizontally Such a bearing is called roller bearing

these members will cany only tension or compression and can be designed to suit these connditions

Roof trusses (4) are usually designed on the assumption that all members are stressed by direct load only True hinges can sometimes be seen in roof trusses, but they an not so common as they once were when pinned joints were almost invariably used Now with the use of riveted joints, the assumption made in calculation is no longer fully reproduced in the structure but the riveting is usually so light (5) that the error introduced by the assumption of pinned ends is not senous The use of a welded joint results in a much more pronounced "holding" or "fixing" effect (6), and the assumption of free end conditions may then be far from the truth

The introduction of a hinge is also used as a device for the elimination of any ending effect at a selected point in the structure This prelocation (7) of a point of zero bending simplifies an otherwise complex design, such as that of an arch bridge

The insertion of a hinge which eliminates bending moment does not, however, preclude the transmission of shear, and load can be transfered from one beam to another at a hinged point of free support (8) This type of hinge is orten used in multi-span bridges in order to bring the construction to a condition which can be easily analysed Such bridges may consist of double cantilevers (9) carrying suspended spans (10) which transmit the load to the cantilevers through "hinges"

Chú thích:

(l) redundant siêu tĩnh, thừa liên kết (2) offers noresistance

không cưỡng lại (3) rusted solid khối gỉ (4) roof trusses các dàn mái (5) the reveting is usually so light lhat việc tán đinh thường có ảnh hưởng nhẹ đến mức (6) results in a much “fixing” effect đưa đến hiệu “giữ” “ngàm” rõ rệt nhiều (7) prelocation đặt trước (8) free support gối tựa tự (9) double cantilevers hai mút thừa (10)

suspended span nhịp treo, nhịp hẫng (11) attempted movement sự chuyển động có tính chất nguy hiểm

I Comprehension:

1.What is the advantnge of hinged joints ? Give a definition of the hinge

3 What is the effect of introducing hinges at the ends of members ?

4 Can true binge always be found in roof trusses ?

5 Is the assumption of “pinned ends” available for riveted joints? Why ? give reasons

6 Is the assumption of free end conditions available for welded joints ? why ? give reasons

8 Do hinges permit the transmission of shear ? Who hoặc which là những đại từ quan hệ thay cho danh từđứng trước Thí dụ:

9 Hinges are often used in what type of bridge ?

10 Is it dangerous to use two hinges for large beams ?

why ? give reasons The elements forming architectural compoition = the

elemente which form architectural composition 11 What is a roller bearing ?

b) Thay cho danh từ tương đương Thí dụ

II Word stydy: Such activities such as investigating the strength of

material Investigating thay cho the investigation of

Synonyms.

Exerclce l:

c) Bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng sau: load-carrying

member, ever increasing demands, two oppsing tendencies Tìm từđồng nghĩa gần đồng nghĩa với từ

sau : hinged joint, insert, render, turn, result in, considernhle,

ensure, suit, pronounced, preclude, consist of, due to d) Đứng sau giới từ by, of, without, from, in, before, after, v.v Thí dụ :

Word building.

Hậu tố -al Hậu tố thêm vào danh từ để cấu

thành tính từ Thí dụ: practice → practical the transverse forces (unit 3), by = b- The magnitude of the shear force is found ằng cách - Methods by summing

of calculating modern structures Theory → theoretical

Đối với danh từ khoa học kết thúc -ics, tính từ

cũng cấu tạo tương tự Thí dụ : - Concrete must be cured before hardening e) Mơ tả q trình Thí dụ:

mathematics → mathematical

The engineer, in analysing a structure (trong q trình phần tích kết cấu)

Exercise 2:

Cấu thành cáo tính từ từ từ sau: structure, statics, axis, longitude, statistics, picture, architecture, mechanics, rotation

f) Là phận thời Continuous (xem unit 6) g) Sau sốđộng từ avoid, stop (xem unit 7) Exercise 3:

III Structure study:

Thay từ dấu ngoặc bàng dạng thích hợp Dạng verb +ing

1 The elements (which form) an architectural composition would be (unit l)

Dạng từ cộng thêm đuôi - ing dùng trường hợp sau:

2 It may consist of a certain line: area or point (which constitute) the centre (unit l)

a) Danh từ đứng trước động từ cộng thêm - ing Ý nghĩa biểu thị công thức:

4 on either side of the imaginary plane (which contains)

theshear force (unit 8) b) D1 Viịch tiệc đưa vào kếng Anh câu sau: ết cấu ếc liên kết khớp làm cho việc tính

toán đơn giản the insertion of a hinge (which euminates) bending

moment does not (unit 4) 2 Khớp một bộ phận tại đó không tồn tại mô men uốn to replace one of the hinges by a bearing (which moves)

freely in some (unit 4) Một với đầu khớp chịu nén kéo tuý

7 New methods were applied in (calculate) structures

4 Giả thiết đầu khớp có hiệu lực liên kết đinh tán sai số không đáng kể

8 (The erection of) modern buildings needs new methods of construction

5 Khớp dùng rộng rãi cầu nhiều nhịp nhằm loại trừ mô men uốn điểm thtch hợp kết cấu

9 Methods of (design) structures are changing

10 The development of electronic computers plays a great role in (modemize) the calculation of structures

6 Gối di động dầm cho phép dầm di động tự nhiệt độ thay đổi

11 We obtain the components of a single force by (use) the principle of parallelogram

12 This bending moment is found by (take) moments of

the external forced with respect to the point O UNNIT 13 The work of the civil engineer is (the application of)

advanced methods of design, (the determination of) economical sizes of structures (which meet) architectural and structural requirements

MATRIX METHODS IN THE CALCULATION OF STRUCTURES

A number of methods of analysing structures have been suggested with the use of matrix methods Most of those involve rather more numerical work than is required in more elementary methods, but the computing is entirely systematic and can easily be mechanised They appears somewhat cumber some when applied to simple structures, but form a very powerful tool for dealing with complex highly-redundant system (l)

IV Translation: Exercise 4:

a) Dịch tiếng Việt câu sau:

- “The analysis of structures into which to a statically determinate condition” (đoạn đầu)

- “For example, the most direct resistance simple

tension or compression” (đoạn 2) Matrix notation is simply a useful shorthand (2)

invented by mathematicians for discussing problems of linear algebra Almost any method of analysis which treats a structure as (3) a linear elastic system (4) can be written in matrix terms

- “True hinges can sometimes… joints were almost invariably used” (đoạn 3)

The development of the desk calculating machine (5), the automatic digital computer (6) and, more recently, the microcomputer (7) has made possible the solving of large sets of equations

We can devide matrix methods into two categories In the force method redundant forces or moments, are taken as the basic unknowns, and these are obtained by solving the displacement compatibility equations (8) In the displacement method all internal forces and moments are expressed in terms ofjoint displacement and rotations, and the latter are found by solving the equations of joint equiribrium (9) This approach does not involve the concept of redundancy In either case, the appropriate set of equations can be nhtained by đirect means or by the use of strain energy (10) The two approaches are complementary, and in most cases the better method is the one which gives rise to the smaller number of simultaneous equations (11) The second group of methods, however, possess certain advantages when an automatic computer is available, since the actual prooess of setting up the equations is usually easier to mechanise

It is assumed that the structures are subject to concentrated forces and moments applied at their joints, but this involves no real loss of generality If some of the members of a structure are subject to distributed loads, or concentrated loads at points along their length, the loading on the structure can be treated as (12) the sum of: (l) The actual applied loads, together with a system of forces and moments which act at the joints and are such as to prevent any joint displacement or rotation (2) A system of forces and moments which are equal in magnitude to those introduced in (1) but opposite in sign

These are usually termed the equivalent fixed end forces and moments (13) .

Chú thích:

(l) complex highly-redundant system hệ phức tạp có bậc siêu tĩnh cao (2) shorthand tốc ký (3) treats a strutures as xem kết cấu như… (4) linear elastic system hệđàn hồi tuyến tính (5) desk calculating machine máy tính để bàn (6)

automatic digital computer máy tính số tự động (7)

microcomputer máy vi tính (8) displacement compatibility equations phương trình cân nút (10) strain energy

năng lượng biến dạng (11) simultaneous equations phương trình tương thích (12) treat as xem như… (13)

equivalent fixed end forces and moments lực mômen tương đương đầu ngàm

I Comprehension:

1 What is the advantage of matrix methods? What method can be written in matrix terms? Where was matrix notation first used?

4 What has made possible the solving of large set of equations?

5 Name two categories of matrix methods What ie the force method?

7 What is the dieplacement method?

8 By what means can the appropriate set of equations be chtained?

9 When does the second group of methods possess certain advantages? why?

10 On what assumptions are matrix methods based in analysing structures?

4 With the help of the house building plant, builders minimize all operauons on the building site

II Word study: ôn tập Exercise l:

5 Workers roof the streets of the town with concrete slabs:

a) Tìm từ có dạng verb + ing unit giải thích cách sử dụng chúng

Exercise 4: Simple past tense

b) Thay từ dấu ngoặc từ thích hợp:

1 (The use of) strain energy (unit 5) a) Chuyển động từ dấu ngoặc sang thời

Simple Past

2 .The one (which gives) rise to the smaller (unit 5)

3 the moments (which acts) at the joints … (unit 5) 1 The bombardements of the American aggressors (destroy) many towns anđ villages in our country III Structure study: ôn tập

2 During the resistance war against the American aggressors, our scientists (find) effective methods of designing and constructing suspension bridges

Simple present tense Exercise 2:

3 Arch bridges (appear) in old times

a) Chuyển câu sau thành câu hỏi: 4 For many centuries, the columns and beams (to be) the only method of stone construction

1.The buiding costs largely depend nn the materials used New building methods and new building materials play a very important role ín the work of architects and civil engineers

5 In the very early days, people (consider) bricks as a main building material

b) Chuyển câu (l), (2), (5) mục (a) thành câu

Simple past passive.

3 People get new flats every year

4 The newly built blocks of flats have all modern

conveniencies IV Translation:

Exercise 5: Portland stone is one of the best known stones in

England a) Dịch câu sau tiếng Việt:

- "Most of these involve rather more and can easily be mechanised" (đoạn đầu)

b) Chuyển câu mục (a) thành câu phủđịnh Excercice 3: Simple present passive

- “It is assumed that the structures but this involves no real loss of generality" (đoạn 5)

a) Chuyển câu sau thành câu Simple present passive: The simplicity of line and design and the neatness of

appearance characterise modern architecture - “The adual applied loads, together with these are usually termed the equivalent fixed end rorces and moments" (đoạn cuối)

2 The house building plants meet the high quality of

buildings b) Dịch câu sau tiếng Anh:

1.Phương pháp ma trận phương pháp có hiệu lực dùng tính tốn cáe hệ có bậc siêu tĩnh cao

2 Phương pháp phân tích kết cấu đàn hồi tuyến tính biểu thị ngơn ngữ ma trận

3 Việc sử dụng máy tính điện tử tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho việc giải hệ phương trình lớn

4 Trong phương pháp lực, người ta vứt bỏ liên kết thừa thay chúng lực chưa biết

5 Trong phương pháp chuyển vị, chuyển vị thẳng góc xoay nút xem nhưẩn số

6 Phương pháp hay phương pháp cho số lượng phương trình

7 Giả thiết cho kết cấu chịu lực tập trung mômen tập trung khơng làm tính chất tổng qt

UNIT

CONCRETE, REINFORCED CONCRETE, PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Conctrete is a stonelike material (1) obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture (2) of cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the shape and dimensions of the desired structure The bulk of the material (3) consists of fine and coarse aggregate Cement and water interact chemically to bind (4) the aggregate particles into a solid mass

Concrete can be deposited (5) and made to fill forms or moulde of almost any practical shape It has high fire and weather residance (6) Most of the constituent materials, with the possible exception of cement, an usually available

(7) at low cost locally or at small distances from the construction site Its compressive strength, as that of natural stone, is high, which makes it suitable for members primarily subject to compression, such as columns and arches On the other hand, again as in natural stones, it is a relatively brittle material (8) whose tensile strength is small compared to its compressive strength This prevent its economical use in structural members which are subject to tension either entirely (such as tie rods) or over part of their cross sections (such as beams or other flexural members)

To offset this limitation, it has been round possible to combine steels with concretes The resulting combination of two materials, known as reinforced concrete, combines many of the advantages of each: the relatively low cost, good weather and fire resistance, good compressive strength, and excellent formability (9) of concrete and the high tensile strength and much greater ductility (10) and toughness (11 ) of steel It is this combination which allow the almost unlimited range or uses (12) and possibilities of reinforced concrete in the construction of building, bridge, dams, tanks, reservoirs, and a host of other structures

prefabrication = me + fabrication = chế tạo sẵn structures and thereby enables these high-strength materials

to be used effectively Prestressed concrete is particularly suited to prefabricatlon on a mass-production basis, although it is being used as well without such prefabrication Its introduction has extended, to a very significant degree, the range of structural uses of the combination of these two materials

Exercise 1:

Phân tích dịch từ sau tiếng Việt: precast, predetermine, presuppose, prelocate, premature, prehistoric, preconceive

Hậu tố -en:

Hậu tố đứng sau tính từ danh từđể cấu thành

động từ, có nghĩa làm cho Thí dụ: Chú chích:

(l) stonelike material vật liệu giống nhưđá (2) proportioned mixture hỗn hợp pha chế theo tỷ lệ thành phần (3) the bulk of the material phần lớn vật liệu (4) billd into kết dính thành (5) deposited được đổ (bê tơng) (6) high fire and weather resistance sức chịu lửa chịu thời tiết tốt (7)

available sẵn có (8) briltle material vật liệu dòn (9)

formability khả tạo hình (10) ductility tính bền dẻo (11)

toughlless tính bền dai (12) range of uses phạm vi sử dụng (13) embedded được cắm vào

hard (cứng) → harden (làm cho cứng)

strength (độ bền) → strengthen (làm cho bền, gia cường) Exercise 2:

Thêm hậu tố -en vào từ sau dịch tiếng Việt: soft, length, wide, short, stiff, sharp

Hậu tố -ly

Hậu tố thêm vào tính từđể cấu thành trạng từ, có nghĩa cách… Thí dụ:

I Comprehension: entire (tồn bộ) → entirety (một cách toàn vẹn, hoàn toàn)

1 What is concrete? relative (tương đối) → relatively (một cách tương đối)

2 What are the advantages of concrete? Exercise 3:

3 What are the disadvantages of concrete?

Thêm hậu tố -ly vào từ sau dịch tiếng Việt: radical, effective, careful, local, chemical, awkward, approximate

4 What is reinforeed concrete?

5 What are the advantages of reinforced concrete?

6 What is prestressed concrete? Cụm danh từghép (compound nouns)

7 What are the advantages of prestressed concrete? Cụm danh từ ghép gồm nhiều danh từđứng cạnh nhau, hai danh từ đứng trước đóng vai trị tính từ, bổ

nghĩa cho danh từđứng sau Cụm danh từ ghép

thay cho cầu dài Thí dụ: II Word study

Tiến tố pre-

Tiền tố đứng trước động từ danh từđể chi

một việc thực từ trước Thí dụ: high strength material = material which has high strength

fire resistance material = material which resists me Một hành động bắt đầu khứ

đang tiếp diễn kết hành động tồn Thí dụ:

Exercise

Dịch cụm danh từ sau tiếng Việt: builđing site, construction site, weather resistance material, good compression strength material, high tensile strength material, mass production basis, compression stresses, tension side

- This scientist has studied the problem of environment pollution since 1980: nhà khoa học nghiên cứu vấn đề

ô nhiễm môi trường từ 1980 (hiện ơng ta cịn tiếp tục nghiên cứu)

I have lost all the data of the experiment: đánh tồn số liệu thí nghiệm (hiện tơi khơng có số liệu đó)

III Structure study

Present perfect tense Exercise 5:

Cấu trúc thời Prescnt perfect như sau:

Thay động từ dấu ngoặc thời Present perfect

I/you/we/they have + Past participle

He/she/it has + Past participle 1 Civil engineer (find) a special way of combining steels with concretes

Thí dụ:

I work (Simple Present) → I have worked (Present perfect)

(past participle)

Thời Present perfect dùng để mô tả:

1 Một hành động xảy vào thời gian không xác

định khứ Thí dụ:

This engineer has designed industrial buidings: người kỹ sưấy thiết kế cơng trình cơng nghiệp (thiết kế vào lúc không rõ)

2 Một hành động xảy lần khứ Thí dụ:

We have calculated this structure three times before obtaining accurate results: tính tốn kết cấu

đến ba lần trước thu kết xác

2 Precast reinforced concrete (provide) the high scđe of construction in our country

3 The development or electronic computers (make possible the solving of large sets of equations

4 Stone, marble, and granite (be) the building materials in many countries from earliest times

5 Old house (disappear), giving way to new buildings Cấu trúc câu Present perfect negative câu Present perfect interrogative sau:

Present perfect negative (câu phủđịnh)

I/you/we/they have not + Past participle He/she/it has not + past parttciple

Present perfect interrogative (câu hỏi)

Have I/you/we/they + past participle ? Has he/she/it + past participle ?