+ Thì Present perfect (Hieän Taïi Hoaøn Thaønh) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ keát quaû cuûa moät tình traïng ôû hieän taïi ( the result of the present state ), moät vieäc xaûy ra trong quaù khö[r]
(1)BAØI MỞ ĐẦU
ĐỘNG TỪ
VERB
Động từ dùng để làm hành động cho chủ từ Để phân biệt loại động tưø (kinds of verbs), quan sát sơ đồ đây:
Auxiliary verb : (do, have, be) Special verb :
Modal verb : (must, can, may, might, could, should …) Verb :
Regular verb : (open, close, clean, remember…) Ordinary verb :
Irregular verb : (run, write, speak, drive…)
Động từ tiếng Anh có hai loại: động từ đặc biệt (special verb) động từ thường (ordinary verb)
(1) Động từ đặc biệt gồm có:
* Động từ trợ (auxiliary verb) : be (dùng để chia tiếp diễn, thể thụ động), have (dùng để chia hồn thành), do (dùng để chia thể phủ định nghi vấn)
- He is working hard this month (thì tiếp diễn) - The house was built five years ago (thể thụ động)
- He has learned English for two years (thì hồn thành) - Do you like tea ? (thể nghi vấn)
- She does not like coffee (thể phủ định)
* Động từ khiếm khuyết (modal verb) : cần phải có động theo sau - We must study hard
- He can play the piano
Đặc điểm chung động từ đặc biệt đổi sang thể phủ định ta cần thêm NOT vào sau động từ đổi sang thể nghi vấn ta đưa động từ đầu câu
- He is not working hard this month - Is he working hard this month ? - He has not found his book - Have you seen her yet ? - She cannot swim - Should we go there ? (2) Động từ thường gồm có :
* Động từ có qui tắc (regular verb) : động từ thành lập khứ đơn (simple past) hay khứ phân từ (past paticiple) ta cần thêm –ED vào sau động từ
- I opened the door this morning (simple past ) - I have opened the door (past participle)
(2)to go went gone
to write wrote written
to run ran run
to hit hit hit
- He went to the cinema last night (simple past ) - He has gone out (past participle)
Động từ thường có chung đặc điểm đổi sang thể phủ định nghi vấn ta phải dùng động từ trợ “to do” Ta thêm NOT vào sau động từ trợ thể phủ định đưa động từ trợ đầu câu thể nghi vấn
- He did not go to the pub last night - Did he go to the cinema last night ? - I do not like tea
- Do you enjoy classical music ? - She does not know the answer - Does he understand the lesson ?
* Động từ “to do” vừa động từ thường vừa động từ trợ - He does his homework (động từ thường)
- He does not understand the lesson (động từ trợ)
Bài 1:
CÁCH DÙNG CÁC THÌ
(THE USE OF TENSES)
Thì biểu thị thời gian trạng thái hành động diễn đạt động từ Có 12 dạng chủ động động từ tiếng Anh Để hiểu hình thái thì, ta nghiên cứu cách chia động từ TO WORK bảng :
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect
continuous Present
- I (You / We / They) work - He (She / It) works
- I am working - He (She / It) is working
- You (We / They) are working
- I (You / We / They) have worked
- He (She / It) has worked
- I (You / We / They) have been working
- He ( She / It) has been working Past - I (You / He /
She / It / We / They) worked
- I (He / She / It) was working - You (We / They) were working
- I (You / He / She / It / We / They) had worked
- I (You / He / She / It / We / They) had been working Future - I (We) shall
work
- You (He / She / it / They) will work
- I (We) shall be working
- You (He / She / It / They) will be working
- I (We) shall have worked
- You (He / She / it / They) will have worked
- I (We) shall have been working - You (He / She / It / They) will have been working
(3)VAØ THÌ PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Tiếng Anh có hai mà đa số em học sinh hay lẫn lộn cách sử dụng Đó đơn (Simple Present) tiếp diễn (PresentContinuous)
* Thì Simple Present dùng để hành động diễn thời gian nói chung, khơng thiết phải thời gian Thời gian nói chung thời gian mà việc diễn ngày (every day), tuần (every week), tháng (every month), năm (every year), mùa (every spring / summer / autumn/ winter)…
- He goes to school every day - Mrs Brown travels every summer
* Thì Present Continuous dùng để hành động xảy (acurrent activity) hay việc làm (now/ at present/ at thismoment), hôm (today), tuần (this week), năm (this year)…
- We are learning English now
- Mary is playing the piano at the moment Hãy so sánh : - I work in a bakery every day.
- I’m working in a bakery this week. * CHÚ Ý :
(1) + Thì Simple Present thường dùng với động từ tri giác (verbs of perception) : feel, see, hear… động từ trạng thái : know, understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe…
+ Ngồi cịn dùng Simple Present với động từ : be,appear, belong, have to…
+ Thì Simple Present cịn dùng với trạng từ tần suất lậpđi lập lại (adverbs of frequency) : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, generally, rarely, never…
- That child needs care - This book belongs to me - He never comes late
+ Chúng ta dùng Simple Present để một chân lý hay một thật hiển nhiên (a general truth)
- The sun rises in the east
- Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom
(2) Thì Present Continuous cịn dùng để hành động một tương lai gần (a near future action) thường với trạng từ tương lai : tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, next summer…
Exercise I :Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or the present continuous tense. 1/ I (have) coffee for breakfast every day
(4)4/ She (go) to school every day
5/ We (do) this exercise at the moment 6/ Miss Helen (read) _ a newspaper now
7/ It (rain) very much in the summer It (rain) _ now 8/ Bad students never (work) hard
9/ He generally (sing) in English, but today he (sing) in Spanish
10/ We seldom (eat) before 6.30
11/ She sometimes (buy) _ vegetables at his market 12/ Be quiet The baby (sleep)
13/ We always (do) _ our exercises carefully
14/ Look A man (run) _ after the train He (want) _ to catch it 15/ It (be) very cold now
16/ John (travel) to England tomorrow
17/ I (need) some money for my textbooks 18/ Tom (like) to go to the museums
19/ Mary (love) ice-cream
20/ My mother (cook) _ some food in the kitchen at present She always (cook) in the mornings
21/ I often (leave) the city at weekends
22/ The guests (watch) the TV programmes now 23/ I (see) _ you (wear) _ your best clothes 24/ The sun (set) _ in the west
25/ My friend (study) English for an hour every night 26/ Listen I (hear) _ someone knocking at the front door
27/ I (do) an exercise on the present tense at the moment and I (think) that I (know) how to use it now
28/ Honesty (be) the best policy 29/ The earth (goes) round the sun 30/ Two and two (make) four
* 2 SO SÁNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT
VÀ THÌ SIMPLE PAST
* Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hồn Thành) dùng để khứ không rõ thời điểm liên lạc với
(5)+ CHÚ Ý :
(1) Thì Present Perfect thường với từ : up to now, up tothe present, so far (cho tới nay), not … yet (vẫn chưa), for, since, ever (đã từng), never, several times (nhiều lần), just (vừa), recently (vừa mới), lately (mới đây)
- Have you ever seen a tiger ? - The train has not arrived yet - We have lived here for years - The bell has just rung.
(2) * Thì Simple Past thường với tiếng thời gian khứ xác định : yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month,last year, last summer, ago
- We came here a month ago - He went to the cinema yesterday
* Thì Simple Past cịn dùng để chuỗi hành động xảy khứ
- He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out
Exercise II :Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past tense. 1/ We (never watch) that TV programme
2/ We (wacth) a good programme on TV last night 3/ He (read) that novel many times before
4/ He (read) that novel again during my last vacation 5/ I (have) a little trouble with my car last week
6/ However, I (have) no trouble with my car since then
7/ I (not see) John for a long time I (see) him weeks ago 8/ The school bell (ring) We must go now
9/ I (meet) Mary last night She (become) a very big girl 10/ He is very thirsty He (not drink) since this morning
11/ It is very hot Summer (come)
12/ They (study) at this school for years now 13/ They (begin) to study at this school years ago 14/ Since when (you know) _ her ?
15/ How long ago (he start) to learn French ?
16/ She (lose) her handbag on the train yesterday morning
17/ My mother (be) in hospital for a long time and she cannot go home yet 18/ His dog (just run) out of the garden
(6)* 3. SO SÁNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VÀ THÌ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
+ Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hồn Thành) dùng để kết tình trạng (the result of the present state), việc xảy khứ không rõ thời điểm, lập lập lại nhiều lần kéo dài đến
+ Thì Present Perfect Continuous (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để tiếp diễn hành động (thecontinuity of an action)
- I have been waiting for two hours, but she has not come yet - He has been living here since 1975
- We have been working in the garden all morning
+ Thì Present Perfect Continuous cịn dùng với động từ : lie, wait, sit, stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay…
- They have been learning English since 1995
- The chair has been lying in the store window for ages
Exercise III : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense.
1/ I (try) to learn French for years, but I (not succeed) yet 2/ She (read) _ all the works of Dickens.How many (you read) _ ? 3/ I (wait) here nearly half an hour for my girlfriend; you think she (forget) to come ?
4/ Mary (rest) in the garden all day because she (be) ill
5/ Although John (study) at the University for years, he (not get) his degree yet
6/ Jack (go) to Switzerland for a holiday He (never, be) there 7/ We (live) here for the last six months, and (just, decide) to move
8/ That book ( lie) on the table for weeks You (not read) _ it yet ? 9/ He (not be) _ here since Christmas; I wonder where he (live) since then
10/ He (lose) _ his books He (look) for them all afternoon, but they (not turn up) _ yet
11/ She (work) _ so hard this week that she (not have) _ time to go to the cinema
12/ Your hair is wet (You swim) for a long time ?
13/ Bill is still a bad driver although he (drive) cars for six years 14/ You look very tired (You work) very hard ?
(7)1/ I (be) sorry I (forget) that fellow’s name already 2/ Jack (look) forward to his vacation next June
3/ I (have) no trouble with my english lessons up to now 4/ Mr and Mrs Brown (be) _ in New York for months 5/ Michael (work) 38 hours a week
6/ At present, that author (write) _ a novel 7/ George (do) good work in this class so far 8/ The weather( generally, get) hot in July
9/ You must wake her up She (sleep) soundly for 10 hours
10/ Listen! I (think) someone (knock) at the front door 11/ How long (you learn) English?
12/ That student (know) all the new words very well now 13/ Alice (lose) her Vienamese-English dictionary 14/ Fred (just, graduate) from Oxford University 15/ The earth (circle) the sun once every 365 days
16/ That grandfather clock (stand) there for as long as I can remember 17/ That brown briefcase (belong) to Dr.Rice
18/ Jim (work) on his report this year 19/ Robert (wait) for you since noon
20/ That museum (stand) _ here for ceturies 21/ The sun (get) very hot during the afternoon 22/ Tom (buy) _ a new car next week
23/ The boys and girls (go) _ home after this lesson 24/ Davis (play) football every afternoon
25/ Up to the present, we (write) almost every lesson in this book
* 4. SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST
VÀ THÌ PAST CONTINUOUS
+ Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) dùng để hành động ngắn (thình lình) xảy khứ
- I met him in the street yesterday
+ Thì Past Continuous (Quá Khứ Tiếp Diễn) dùng để hành động kéo dài khứ tương ứng với hành động khác khứ
- I met him while he was crossing the street - She was going home when she saw an accident
+ Thì Past Continuous cịn diễn tả hành động kéo dài điểm thời gian xác định khứ hai hành động liên tiếp song song với
(8)- I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV
Exercise V :Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past continuous tense. 1/ He (sit) in a bar when I (see) him
2/ When I (go) out, the sun (shine) 3/ The light (go) out while I (have) tea 4/ When it (rain) , she(carry) an umbrella
5/ We (walk) to the station when it (begin) to rain
6/ He (teach) English for months when he (live) in Germany and (work) as a journalist
7/ The house (burn) fast, so we (break) the window to get out 8/ He (eat) three sandwiches while you (talk) to him
9/ The servant (drop) two cups while she (wash up) last night; neither of them (break)
10/ While I (write) a letter, the telephone (ring) ; as he (go) to answer it, he (hear) a knock on the door; the telephone (still, ring) while he (walk) to the door, but just as he (open) it, it (stop)
* 5. SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST
VÀ THÌ PAST PERFECT
+ Thì Past Perfect (Q Khứ Hồn Thành) dùng để hành động xảy trước hành động khác khứ (past action)
- When he had finished his work, he went home
- By the time I arrived at the station, the train had gone
+ Thì Past Perfect cịn diễn tả hành động xảy trước điểm thời gian xác định khứ
- By 10 o’clock last night, I had gone to bed
Exercise VI : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect tense. 1/ They (go) home after they (finish) their work 2/ He (do) _ nothing before he (see) _ me
3/ He (thank) me for what I (do) for him 4/ I (be) sorry that I (hurt) him
5/ After they (go) , I (sit) down and (rest) 6/ When I (arrive), the dinner (already, begin)
7/ My friend (not see) me for many years when I (meet) last week
(9)9/ In England, he soon (remember) all he (learn) 10/ They (tell) him they (not meet) him before 11/ He (ask) why we (come) so early
12/ She (say) that she (already, see) _ Dr Rice 13/ By the time Bill (get) there, the meeting (start)
14/ When we (arrive) at our place, we (find) that a burglar (break) in
15/ Almost everybody (leave) _ for home by the time we (arrive)
* 6. SO SÁNH THÌ PAST PERFECT VÀ THÌ
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
+ Thì Past Perfect Continuous (Q Khứ Hồn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành động trước hành động khứ khác xảy Hãy so sánh :
- She had been studying English before she came here for classes
(Hành động had been studying xảy liên tục hành động came for classes xảy ra)
- She had studied English before she came for classes
(Hành động had studied chấm dứt trước hành động came for classes) Và so sánh :
- It had been raining when I got up this morning (Mưa dứt thức dậy.) - It was raining when I got up this morning (Mưa cịn tơi thức dậy.)
Exercise VII : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect continuous tense. 1/ I (ask) _ him what he (do)
2/ Tom (be) _ tired He (run) for an hour
3/ Although he (go) to the doctor for months, he (not, feel) any better
4/ The telephone (ring) for minutes before it (be) answered 5/ They (tell) me you (live) in London before the war
6/ The poor man (wait) for hours before he (be) brought into the room
7/ By noon that day, we (drive) for hours
8/ The robber who (watch) him running to the tree (sit) down under its branches and (begin) to attack him
9/ I (ask) _ her what she (do) _ since she (arrive) in England 10/ She (tell) me that she (study) English literature
* 7. SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE FUTURE
(10)+ Thì Simple Future (Tương Lai Đơn) diễn tả hành động xảy (có khơng có thời gian xác định tương lai); cịn Future Continuous (Tương Lai Tiếp Diễn) diễn tả hành động liên tiến điểm thời gian xác định tương lai
- He will go to the stadium next Sunday - We will / shall have the final test Hãy so sánh :
- I will eat breakfast at o’clock tomorrow (Vào lúc sáng mai, bắt đầu dùng bữa điểm tâm.)
- I will be eating breakfast at o’clock tomorrow (Vào lúc sáng mai, dùng bữa điểm tâm.)
+ Trong mệnh đề trạng từ thời gian (adverb clause of time) hay mệnh đề điều kiện (adverb clause of condition), Simple Present dùng để thay cho Simple Future
- I shall not go until I see him
- If he comes tomorrow, he will it + Chú ý : WILL dùng cho tất
Exercise VIII : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present or the simple future tense. 1/ We (go) out when the rain (stop)
2/ I (stay) _ here until he (answer) me 3/ Wait until I (catch) you
4/ I (be) _ ready before you (count) _ ten 5/ John must eat his breakfast before he (go) out
6/ Miss Helen (help) _ you as soon as she (finish) _ that letter 7/ He (tell) _ you when you (get) there
8/ She (not come) until you (be) _ ready 9/ He (tell) you when you (ask) him
10/ I (come) and (see) _ you before I (leave) for England
* 8. SO SÁNH THÌ FUTURE PERFECTVÀ THÌ
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
+ Thì Future Perfect (Tương Lai Hồn Thành) dùng để hành động hoàn thành trước hành động khác tương lai hay điểm thời gian tương lai
- The taxi will have arrived by the time you finish dressing - By next Christmas, he will have lived in Dalat for years
+ Để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành động, dùng Future PerfectContinuous (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn)
- By the time you receive this letter, we shallhave been travelling through Russia - By next June, they will have been working in this factory for 12 years
(11)1/ I’ll wait until he (write) his next novel
2/ When you (come) _ back, he (already buy) a new house 3/ Don’t come until I (finish) _ lunch
4/ I (hope) _ it (stop) raining by o’clock this afternoon 5/ The river (not begin) _ to rise until some rain (fall) 6/ I (stay) here until you (finish) _ your work
7/ By next month, I (leave) _ for India
8/ He (finish) _ his work before you (leave) 9/ Before you (go) , they (leave) the country 10/ The meeting (finish) _ by the time we (get) _ there
Exercise X : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, future continuous or future perfect tense.
1/ We (send) you a telegram as soon as we (arrive) _ in London 2/ When George (come) this afternoon, he (bring) his friends 3/ I (speak) _ to you about that matter after the meeting tonight
4/ By the time you (receive) this letter, we (cross) the Atlantic Ocean
5/ By this time next week, you (meet) my boyfriend, Ali
6/ I (wait) for you right here when you (come) out of the building
7/ She (wait) for you at o’clock this afternoon 8/ I (give) it back as soon as he (want) it 9/ I (not move) from here until you (get) back
10/ They (not come) home until they (see) everything Exercise XI : Supply the correct tense.
1/ They (just decide) that they (undertake) _ the job 2/ We (go) _ to the theatre last night
3/ He usually (write) in green ink
4/ She (play) the piano when our guests (arrive) last night 5/ We (do) an English exercise at the moment
6/ She (just come) in and (see) you in minutes
7/ I (come) as soon as my work is finished (You be) ready ? 8/ Where (you go) for your holiday last year ?
9/ I (not leave) _ Paris since we (go) _ to Dieppe three years ago 10/ My mother (come) to stay with us next weekend
(12)12/ I (never see) snow 13/ Violets (bloom) in spring
14/ We (not live) _ in England for the last two months
15/ I (lose) _ my keys; I cannot remember where I last (see) _ them 16/ He (not arrive) when I (write) my last letter to you
17/ Whenever you (go) _ to town nowadays, you (spend) _ a lot of money
18/ I (never forget) what you (just tell) me 19/ They (prepare) the Christmas dinner today
20/ When I last (stay) _ in Cairo, I (ride) to the Pyramids on a camel that my friend (borrow) the day before
21/ I (finish) _ the book before my next birthday 22/ “Hello! (You make) a cake ?
23/ He (walk) very quickly when I (meet) him yesterday 24/ We (meet) you tomorrow after you (finish) your work 25/ Yesterday I (buy) a new watch as my old one (be) stolen Exercise XII : Supply the correct tense.
1/ He said he (be) sorry he (give) me so much trouble
2/ I am sorry that I (not know) _ you (leave) your pipe when you (come) to see me last Thursday
3/ He (be) so good to me when I was a boy that to this day I (not forget) his kindness, and I hope that I (never forget)
4/ He (sleep) and (not understand) _ what you (say) to him He (wake) if you (speak) louder
5/ Some animals (not eat) _ during the winter and only (come) out in spring
6/ After leaving school he (study) French in Paris for two years and then (move) to America, where he now (live) _ He (visit) England once or twice and (know) English well; but (not have) yet the opportunity of visiting European countries
7/ I (know) him for a very long time
8/ When my friend Tom grows a beard, even his closest friends (not recognize) him
9/ When I (meet) him in the street, he (go) to the pictures 10/ I (study) _ English for six years now
(13)14/ After she (work) at the hospital for two years, she (decide) to give up the job
15/ He will come at once because I (tell) him by phone that you (need) him urgently I’m sure he (find) his way easily although he (never visit) this house before
16/ By the time you get back, I (finish) all my correspondence and then I (can help) you with yours
17/ In a few minutes’ time, when the clock (strike) six, I (wait) here for an hour
18/ He (know) her a long time before he finally (get) _ married to her 19/ I hope it (not rain) when the bride (leave) the church 20/ I (tell) a lie if I said that I (like) you
21/ They (intend) to go there next week; but now they (find) they (not have) enough money
22/ When he grew old he often (think) of all the things he (do) _ when he (be) young
23/ When we (go) to see them last night, they (play) cards; they (say) they (play) since six o’clock
24/ This is the second time you (break) a cup; you (break) one yesterday My last servant (never break) anything, and you (break) _ nearly half the things in the house
25/ I always (tell) _ you to comb your hair, but you never (do) _ what I (say) _
EXERCISE XIII : Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.
1/ Mrs Reed (turn) _ on the radio in her car while she (drive) _ home yesterday She (listen) _ to some music when she suddenly (hear) _ a siren She (look) in her mirror and (see) _ an ambulance behind her She immediately (pull) her car to the side of the road and (wait) _ for the ambulance (pass) _
2/ My mother (call) _ me around o’clock My husband (come) _ home a little after that When he (come) home, I (talk) _ to my mother on the phone
3/ Next month I (have) _ a week’s vacation I (plan) _ to take a trip First I (go) _ to Madison, Wisconsin to visit my brother After I (leave) Madion, I (go) _ Chicago to see a friend who (study) _ at a university there She (live) _ in Chicago for three years, so she (know) _ her way around the city She (promise) _ to take me to many interesting places I (never, be) _ in Chicago, so I (look) _ forward to going there
(14)before I (go) _ to class But I (usually, get) _ hungry about midmorning Tomorrow before I (go) _ to class, I (eat) _ breakfast
5/ Last year, I (go) mountain climbing for the first time It was exciting and terrifying at the same time We (move) _slowly and carefully, and it (take) _ three days to get to the top When we climbed onto the summit, we (find) _ another group of climbers They (arrive) _ several hours ahead of us They (have) _ dinner and listening to Beethoven We (laugh) and they (invite) _ us to join them The climb (be) _, to say the least, an unforgettable experience
6/ The weather (be) _ terrible lately It (rain) _ off and on for two days, and the temperature (drop) _ at least twenty degrees It (be) _ in the low 40s right now Just three days ago, the sun (shine) _ and the weather was pleasant The weather certainly (change) _ quickly here I never know what to expect Who knows ? When I (wake) _ up tomorrow morning, maybe it (snow) _
7/ A taxi driver (drive) along a street when he suddenly (black out) _ and lost control of his vehicle The taxi (plunge) _ into a nearby river A hawker, who (see) the accident, rushed from his coffee stall and (dive) _ into the water He (have) _ to swim twenty five metres before he could get to the taxi The taxi driver (try) to wind down the window The hawker reached into the taxi for the safety-belt After he (release) the safety-belt, he pulled the driver out through the partially open window At the hospital, the driver (say) that the black out might (cause) by his high blood pressure condition
8/ Marie Curie, the Polish-born chemist, was a courageous and determined woman She (leave) _ her home for Paris to pursue her interest in science Living in poverty, she still (manage) _ to graduate at the top of her class She (meet) _ Pierre Curie shortly after graduation and (marry) _ him a year later
Together, Pierre and Marie (form) _ the most famous husband-and-wife partnership in science history They (discover) _ the radioactive elements, Polonium and Radium They (award) _ the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903
Bài :
CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
(Conditional Sentence)
Một câu điều kiện có hai mệnh đề : mệnh đề điều kiện (tức mệnh đề phụ) cịn gọi mệnh đề có if (If-clause) mệnh đề kết gọi mệnh đề (main clause).
- If he works harder, he will succeed in his examination. (if-clause) (main clause)
Chúng ta đặt mệnh đề đầu câu :
- He will succeed in his examination if he works harder. Trong tiếng Anh có loại câu điều kiện :
(15)1/ Ý nghĩa : Loại điều kiện dùng để diễn tả việc xảy xảy tương lai; có nhiều hy vọng xảy
2/ Thì động từ :
If- clause Main clause Simple present Simple future (shall / will + verb)
- If the rain stops, we shall go for a walk. - He will come if you call him.
* Ngồi cịn dùng khiếm khuyết động từ : CAN, MUST, MAY … để thay cho shall will mệnh đề
- If you ask me, I can help you.
- You must study harder if you want to pass the coming exam. * Mệnh đề mệnh lệnh thỉnh cầu :
- Come to me if you need help.
- If you have time, perfect your English.
* Type II : ĐIỀU KIỆN KHƠNG CĨ THẬT Ở HIỆN TẠI (Present- unreal Con)
1/ Ý nghĩa : Loại điều kiện diễn tả điều kiện khó xảy hay việc không thực tương lai
2/ Thì động từ :
If-clause Main clause Past Subjunctive
(Quá khứ giả định) Present Conditional ( Should / would + verb) - If I had a lot of free time, I would go swimming.
(= I haven’t got free time, so I won’t go swimming) - If Tom were here, he would know the answer.
(= Tom isn’t here, so he doesn’t know the answer.) - I would call him if I knew his number.
(= I don’t know his number, so I won’t call him)
* Quá khứ giả định hình thức khứ đơn động từ ngoại trừ động từ “to be” có hình thức WERE cho tất ngơi
* COULD, MIGHT… dùng để thay cho should hay would - If John worked hard, he could pass his exam.
* Type III : ĐIỀU KIỆN KHƠNG CĨ THẬT Ở Q KHỨ (Past-unreal Condition)
1/ Ý nghĩa : Loại điều kiện dùng để diễn tả điều kiện hồn tồn khơng thực không xảy khứ
2/ Thì động từ :
If-clause Main clause
(16)- If he had had a lot of money, he would have bought a bigger house. - I would have taken you to the movie if you had come to see meyesterday.
* “If” lược bỏ có đảo ngữ (thường dùng hình thức nhấn mạnh)
- Were I rich, I would help you.
(= If I were rich, I would help you.)
- Had he known the truth, he would have been very angry.
(= If he had known the truth, he would have been very angry)
* Ngoài liên từ “if” ra, câu điều kiện bắt đầu liên từ khác : suppose, supposing that (giả sử như), on the condition that (với điều kiện là), as long as, so long as, provided that (miễn là), in case (trong trường hợp) , evenif ( cho là)
- As long as you return the book by Saturday, I will lend it to you withpleasure. * Hai tiếng có nghĩa phủ định : unless (trừ phi), but for (nếu không)
- He won’t come unless you call him.
(= He won’t come if you don’t call him.)
- But for the storm, he would have arrived much earlier. EXERCISE I : Rewrite the sentences , using conditional clauses.
1/ I (do) if I (have) time
- I will it if I have time (type 1)
- I would it if I had time (type 2)
- I would have done it if I had had time (type 3) 2/ If she (not try), she (not succeed)
- 3/ If I (see) her, I (tell) her
- 4/ (You do) it if I (ask) you ?
- 5/ If I (be) ill, I (stay) at home
- 6/ What (you do) if the bus (not come)
- 7/ I (be) sorry if she (leave)
- 8/ I (not stay) in this job if I (can find) another one
(17)- 10/ It (not bite) you unless you (move)
- 11/ We (go) out unless it (stop) snowing
- EXERCISE II: Put the verbs in brackets in correct tenses.
1/ If I (have) a typewriter, I could type it myself
2/ If I had known that you were in hospital , I (visit) you
3/ You could make much progress if you (attend) class regularly 4/ If I (know) his telephone number, I would give it to you 5/ If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat 6/ If he (study) harder, he can pass an exam
7/ She may be late if she (not hurry) 8/ Tell him to ring me if you (see) him
9/ If you (speak) more slowly,he might have understood you 10/ What (you do) if you got fat ?
Exercise III : Supply the correct verb tense.
1/ If you are kind to me, I (be) _ good to you 2/ He (come) _ if you waited
3/ If you (ring) _ the bell, the servant would come
4/ If I had known that the baby was hungry, I (feed) _ him 5/ If it (not, rain) _ a lot, the rice crop wouln’t grow
6/ If today (be) _ Sunday, we wouldn’t have to work 7/ If she had had your address, she (write) _ to you
8/ We lost the match If you (play) _ for us, we (win) _
9/ So long as you return the book by Saturday, I (lend) _ it to you with pleasure 10/ They would not be paid unless they (do) _ their work well
11/ Provided he (not, be) _ interrupted, he can finish the work on time 12/ If it (be) _ convenient, let’s meet at three o’clock
13/ If I became very rich, I (build ) _ a hospital for the poor
14/ If he (give) _ up smoking, as his doctor orders, he will be soon well again 15/ He (not, have) _ an accident if he had not been driving so fast
16/ If she (write) _ more carefully, she might not have made too many mistakes 17/ You would have to stay in bed unless your health (improve) _
(18)20/ Supposing World War III (happen) , human civilization (be) _ destroyed
EXERCISE IV : Put “if” or “unless” into these spaces. 1/ we hurry, we’ll miss the bus
2/ Will you phone me you come to England ? 3/ you see Jane, ask her to contact me
4/ You’ll never pass your exam you don’t work harder 5/ Liverpool won’t win they begin playing better
6/ you forget our address, you can find it in the phone book 7/ You won’t pass your driving test you drive more carefully 8/ He’ll be ill he doesn’t stop worrying so much
9/ We’ll go to the beach tomorrow it’s raining
10/ We’ll never get there on time the train leaves soon EXERCISE V : Use “if” in place of “unless”
1/ We won’t go out unless it stops raining
- 2/ I will call the police unless you give back my bicycle
- 3/ You wouldn’t be able to this exercise unless your English were good -
4/ Unless we had enough rain, we couldn’t grow rice
-
5/ The fishermen couldn’t have caught a lot of fish unless they had had good nets -
6/ I wouldn’t buy it unless I could afford it
- 7/ I would refuse to go unless they paid my expenses
-
8/ I don’t agree with his economic policy I wouldn’t vote for him unless he changed it -
9/ He wouldn’t have written unless he had heard news
-
10/ You might not have a terrible toothache unless you went to the dentist regularly -
EXERCISE VI : The following sentences are first, second or third conditional Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.
(19)2/ Why don’t you explain everything to him ? If you (not tell) _ him the truth, I’m sure you (regret) _ it one day
3/ Mary was here not long ago If you (come round) _ earlier, you (see) her
4/ Apparently, the ferry company are planning to close the port in this town If that (happen) _, the town (lose) _ a great deal of money
5/ I (help) _ you with it if I (have) _ more time but I’m afraid I haven’t got any spare time at all at the moment
6/ The government is expecting to win the next election, but if it (lose) _, the Prime Minister (resign) _ from politics
7/ I am so glad that you took me to your friend’s party If we (not go) _ there, I (never meet) _ Kate Winset
8/ It’s ridiculous that trains are so expensive If fares (be) _ cheaper, I’m sure more people (use) _ the train and leave their cars at home
9/ If she (get) _ that job she’s applied for, she (be) _ delighted And I think she’s got a good chance of getting it
10/ Fortunately the explosion took place at night when the streets were empty It (be) _ a disaster if it (happen) _ in the middle of the day
11/ The talks between the two leaders keep breaking down If they (break down) _ again, it is possible that there (be) _ a war between the two countries
12/ If Alison (know) _ anything about car mechanics, I’m sure she (help) _ us fix the car, but I think she knows even less than we
13/ They’ve been married for twenty years now but I don’t think she (marry) _ him if she (know) _ what a selfish man he was
14/ Children spend too much time watching television and playing computer games I’m sure they (be) _ happier if they (spend) _ more time playing outside
15/ James has everything he wants but he’s always moaning I’m sure that if I (have) _ so much money, I (not moan) _ all the time
EXERCISE VII : Rewrite the following sentences using If clauses.
Model :
a/ My brother will have enough money He will buy a bicycle If my brother has enough money, he will buy a bicycle. b/ She can’t speak English She won’t apply for the job If she could speak English she would apply for the job. c/ He wasn’t here He didn’t have a lot of fun
If he had been here, he would have had a lot of fun.
1/ She can’t be employed because she doesn’t have a college degree
2/ I don’t have enough money I can’t go on a long holiday this year
(20) 4/ I’ll have to work this Sunday, so I shan’t join your picnic
5/ He works overtime to get more money because he has to pay father’s debt
6/ City life isn’t enjoyable because everything is very expensive
7/ There are industrial factories inside the city, that’s why pollution can’t be reduced
8/ Everything on the earth grows well because the sun always shines
9/ There is a grammar error in this English composition, that’s why it can’t get a full mark
10/ I don’t have a typewriter I can’t type it myself
11/ I’ll buy a new hat I’ll give it to you
12/ You’ll ask the teacher He’ll explain the lesson to you 13/ Mary doesn’t see the sight She can’t tell you about that 14/ I don’t know his address I can’t give it to you
15/ He didn’t look a lot better because he didn’t shave more often
16/ She was ill She didn’t go to work
17/ It was raining all morning We didn’t go out
18/ He was tired He made a mistake
19/ Peter didn’t write to me I didn’t write to him
20/ You didn’t ask Alice She didn’t tell you the truth
Bài : THỂ THỤ ĐỘNG
(THE PASSIVE VOICE)
* Thể chủ động (active voice) cách đặt câu mà chủ từ đóng vai trị chủ động - Mr Brown wrote the report yesterday
(21)* Thể thụ động (passive voice) cách đặt câu mà chủ từ đóng vai trị bị động - That house was built 100 years ago
- Those windows are painted blue
Passive sentence : S + be + past participle 1/ Hãy quan sát ví dụ sau :
* Active : Tom broke the chair yesterday
S V O
* Passive : The chair was broken by Tom yesterday
S be + P.P by doer
2/ Ghi nhớ: Cách đổi câu từ active sang passive :
* Lấy túc từ (O) câu chủ động xuống làm chủ từ (S) câu thụ động
* Nhận xét xem động từ chia câu chủ động nào, ta chia TO BE viết động từ dạng khứ phân từ (p.p)
* Lấy chủ từ (S) câu chủ động xuống làm doer câu thụ động, nhớ viết BY đằng trước
* Trạng từ giữ nguyên không đổi thường đặt cuối câu (nếu trạng từ thời gian) 3/ Một vài ví dụ khác :
+ (a) simple present : [Subject+ am / is / are + P.P ] - Mr.Green teaches history
History is taught by Mr.Green
+ (b) present perfect : [ S + has / have + been + p.p ] - He has just done his homework
His homework has just been done by him
+ (c) present continuous : [ S + am / is / are / + being + p.p] - She is cleaning the windows
The windows are being cleaned by her + (d) simple past : [ S + was / were + p.p]
- The boss sacked ten workers
Ten workers were sacked by the boss + (e) past perfect : [ S + had been + p.p]
- Mary had written the letter
The letter had been written by Mary
+ (f) Past continuous : [ S + was / were + being + p.p] - The police were questioning Tom
(22)+ (g) simple future: [ S + will / shall + be + p.p] - John will deliver the letter
The letter will be delivered by John
+ (h) Modal verbs : [ S + must / can / may … + be + p.p] - He must do it right now
It must be done by him right now
+ (i) special structures : [ S + is / are going to + be + p.p] - The engineers are going tobuild the bridge
The bridge is going to be built by the engineers
(… áp dụng với cấu trúc khác : have to, had to, used to, ought to …) + (j) 2 objects :
- They gave me a present yesterday
Iwas given a present yesterday(by them) A presentwas given to me yesterday(by them)
(Neáu sau BY them / people / someone / somebody…ta bỏ đi) + (k) perception verb with bare infinitive : [ S + be – p.p + to inf ]
- I never hear him shout at his children
He is never heard to shout at his children
+ (l) perception verb with present partciple : [ S + be – p.p + V-ing ] - I saw the boy coming into the room
The boy was seen coming into the room + (m) With ‘make’ : [ S + be – made + to inf ]
- They made me do it
I was made to do it
+ (n) With ‘let’ : [ S + be – let + bare inf ] - They let him do it
He was let do it
+ (o) With ‘begin or start’: [ S + begin / start + to be + p.p ] - They began to build the house in 1980
The house began to be built in 1980 + (p) With “say, report, rumour…’:
- People say that prevention is better than cure
It is said that prevention is better than cure
Prevention is said to be better than cure (…cách đổi áp dụng cho động
(23)+ (q) câu mệnh lệnh : [ Let + O + be – p.p ] - Open the door, please
Let the door be opened, please
EXERCISE I : Supply the correct tense and voice.
1/ Everyone (shock) … was shocked… by the news yesterday 2/ Almost everyone (enjoy)… enjoyed… the lecture last night 3/ English (speak) _ all over the world
4/ A terrible accident (happen) _ right here at o’clock last night 5/ Mr Smith (teach) _ at this university since 1985
6/ Not much (say) _ about the matter since last week 7/ He (borrow) _ the money from her two weeks ago 8/ A new textbook (publish) _ by that company next year
9/ Everything (go) _ well so far There (be) _ no trouble yet 10/ Who the book (write) _ by ?
11/ Think carefully I’m sure you (remember) _ his name 12/ The report (examine) _ now
EXERCISE II : Turn into the passive voice. 1/ He is running his own restaurant
2/ The secretary opens the mails every morning
3/ The teacher doesn’t allow me to take the seat by the window 4/ Tom’s absence worried his mother
5/ They are building a new school in this town 6/ You should finish the report right now 7/ We shall discuss the matter in the afternoon 8/ Are you going to post this letter ?
9/ He has to pay the bills before the fifth of the month 10/ No one has opened that box for the past hundred years
11/ The boy screamed while the dentist was pulling out one of his teeth 12/ The enemy used to attack the bay
13/ The fire has destroyed many houses
14/ The children are carrying the chairs into the house 15/ They awarded him the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1946 16/ We saw him leave the office at o’clock this morning
17/ My parents didn’t let me go to school this morning because I was ill 18/ You ought to water these plants once a week
19/ People saw her driving a car near the bridge 20/ They said that he was the richest man in the town
21/ Scientists began to carry out researches on AIDS in 1981 22/ The boy knew that they were praising him
(24)1/ Progress in science is being made day after day 2/ The palace was designed by a French architect 3/ The road in front of my house has been paved 4/ You can see that the dishes haven’t been washed 5/ Our salaries will not be increased this year 6/ Wasn’t that theatre built two years ago ? 7/ The problem may be discussed again
8/ My brother has been offered a well-paid job
9/ It is reported that the war started again in South America
10/ I was told that I was going to be appointed manager of this company EXERCISE IV : Rewrite the following sentences.
1/ People don’t learn a foreign language in a short time
- 2/ Did anyone ask any questions about me ?
- 3/ Henry wrote that book years ago, didn’t he ?
- 4/ I wasn’t introduced to any of the guests
- 5/ What sort of research are they doing in the laborotary ?
- 6/ You should place matches out of reach of children
- 7/ People say that inflation is getting out of control
- 8/ We’ll have finished all the work by the weekend
- 9/ I heard her singing very beautifully
- 10/ Scientists started discovering the universe thousands of years ago -
11/ Nothing can be gained without effort
- 12/ The robbers forced the bank manager to hand over the money -
13/ They let us go
-
14/ The police stopped Tom on the highway and made him show his I.D card -
15/ Write your address on the back of the cheque
- 16/ Where did your child find the keys ?
(25)- 18/ They will have to sign these documents
- 19/ The workers are going to pull down that old building -
20/ No one told me the truth
- EXERCISE V : More exercises on Passive voice.
1 Yes - No questions :
a Do they teach English here ?
- _ b Will you invite her to your wedding party ?
- _ c Did the teacher give some exercises ?
- _ d Is she going to write poem ?
- _ e Have they changed the window of the laboratory ?
- _ f Is she making big cakes for the party ?
- _ g Has Tom finished the work ?
- _ h Are the police making inquires about the thief
- _ i Must we finish the test before ten ?
- _ j Will buses bring the children home ?
- _ 2 Wh - questions :
a Why didn’t they help him ?
- _ b How many games has the team played ?
- _ c Where people speak English ?
- _ d Who are they keeping in the kitchen ?
- _ e How can they open this safe ?
- _ f What books are people reading this year ?
- _ g How did the police find the lost man ?
(26)h Who looked after the children for you ?
- _ i How long have they waited for the doctor ?
- _ j What time can the boys hand in their papers ?
- _ 3 Sentences with two Objects :
a The teacher gave each of us two exercise books
- _ b Someone will tell him that news
- _ c They had sent enough money to these poor boys
- _
d They have given the women in most countries in the world the right to vote - _
e They paid me a lot of money to the job
- _ 4 Sentences with verb of reporting :
a People believe that 13 is an unlucky number
- _ b They rumoured that man was still living
- _ c They declared that she won the competition
- _ d They know that English is an international language
- _
e People think that Jack London’s life and writings represent the American love of adventure
- _ f They say that John is the brightest student in class
- _ g They reported that the President had suffered a heart attack - _ h They think that he has died a natural death
- _ i They reported that the troops were coming
- _ j People believed that the earth stood still
- _ 5 Sentences with verbs “Continue and Begin” :
a We’ll continue to use this computer
- _ b They began to plant rubber trees in big plantations
- _ c People can continue to enjoy natural resources
(27)d People will continue to drink Coca - Cola in the 21st century. - _ e American people begin to love football
- _ 6 Sentences with Phrasal verbs :
a They gave up the research after three hours
- _ b Someone should look into the matter
- _ c Don’t speak until someone speaks to you
- _ d A neighbour is looking after the children
- _ e Your story brings back pleasant memories
- _ 7 Sentences with verbs of Perception :
a I have heard her sing this song several times
- _ b People saw him steal your car
- _ c The teacher is watching them work
- _ d He won’t let you that silly thing again
- _ e People don’t make the children work hard
- _ f They made him work all day
- _ g The detective saw the woman putting the jewelry in her bag - _ h The terrorists made the hostages lie down
- _ i Police advise drivers to use an alternative route
- _ j She helps me to all these difficult exercises
- _ 8 Sentences of order :
a Open your book
- _ b Take off your hat
- _ c Don’t that silly thing again
- _ d Let’s tell them about it
(28)- _ 9 Sentences with Advise, Beg, Order, Urge, Agree, Decide, ” :
a She advised me to sell that house
- _ b They begged us to help them
- _ c He orders us to clean the floor
- _ d He recommends me to the job
- _ e She urges him to visit her parents as soon as possible
- _ 10 Some special sentences :
a It is dangerous for us to take the short cut
- _ b You need to have your hair cut
- _ c Smoke filled the room
- _ d You must see it to believe it
- _ e He wants someone to take some photographs
- _ f He likes people to call him “Sir”
- _ g It’s your duty to this work
- _ h We enjoy writing letters
- _ i Nobody has slept in this room for long time
- _ j You ordered me about and I was tired of it
- _
Bài 4 : MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
(RELATIVE CLAUSES)
Mệnh đề quan hệ mệnh đề bắt đầu đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns) : who, whom, which, whose, that.
- The man who met me at the airport gave me the money
Trong câu trên, mệnh đề “who met me at the airport” mệnh đề quan hệ “who” đại từ quan hệ dùng để thay tiền vị từ (antecedent) “the man” mệnh đề lại “The man gave me the money” mệnh đề
1/ Hãy xem ví dụ :
(29)
The man who met me at the airport gave me the money - This is the man We saw him at the party yesreday
This is the man whom we saw at the party yesterday. - The pencil belongs to me It is in your pocket
The pencil which is in your pocket belongs to me - The car is very expensive He bought it
The car which he bought is very expensive
- There is the man His wallet was stolen
There is the man whose wallet was stolen.
- The tree should be cut down The branches of the tree are dead
The tree whose branches are dead should be cut down 2/ Cách dùng đại từ quan hệ:
Chủ từ (subject) Túc từ (object) Sở hữu (possessive) For people
(Chỉ người) Who / that whom / who / that whose
For things, animals
(chỉ vật, thú vật) Which / that which / that whose Thơng thường ta dùng that để thay cho who, whom which.
- The man that met me at the airport gave me the money - This is the man that we saw at the party yesterday - The pencil that is in your pocket belongs to me - The car that he bought is very expensive
3/ Phân loại : Ta cần phân biệt mệnh đề quan hệ làm hai loại : mệnh đề xác định (defining relative clause) mệnh đề không xác định (non-defining relative clause) :
(*) Defining clause:(hoặc Restrictive clause)
- The man who met me at the airport gave me the money
Ta gọi mệnh đề who met me at the airport mệnh đề quan hệ xác định cần thiết để định nghĩa giải thích cho tiền vị từ the man Nếu khơng có nó, từ the man sẽ mơ hồ ta người đàn ông
- The book (which / that) you lent me is very interesting
- The man (whom / that) you met yesterday is coming to my house for dinner (*) Non-defining clause : (hoặc Non-restrictive clause)
- Shakespeare, who wrote “Romeo and Juliet”, died in 1616
Ta gọi mệnh đề who wrote “Romeo and Juliet” mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định bổ túc thêm nghĩa cho tiền vị từ Shakespeare nên dù có bỏ mệnh đề nghĩa câu văn rõ ràng Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định thường ngăn cách dấu phẩy (trước sau mệnh đề) không dùng that để thay cho who, whom hay which.
- My brother Jack, who came here last night, is an engineer
(30)Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định dùng tiền vị từ tiếng xác định : thường danh từ riêng người hay địa danh (Mr Brown, Vietnam…), danh từ với tính từ định (this, that…) hay tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their…) ta tự qui định lấy
- A man, who said he knew my father, asked me for money 4/ where, when why mệnh đề quan hệ :
- That is the village in which I used to live.
That is the village where I used to live.
- Sunday is the day on which most people rest.
Sunday is the day when most people rest.
- There must be a reason for which you said that.
There must be a reason why you said that. In (on / at) which - (place) where On (in / at) which -(time ) when For which (reason) why
Where when dùng để giới thiệu mệnh đề xác định mệnh đề không xác định
- We visited the town where I was born.(defining)
- I bought them at the supermarket, where I met Mrs.Brown.(non-defining) - I saw the film last year, when I was in Paris.(non-defining)
- I think that was the time when I lost all my money.(defining)
Why thường dùng mệnh đề xác định thường theo sau a reason hay the reason. - That is the reason why I didn’t come to the party yesterday
Where, when why gọi trạng từ quan hệ (relative adverbs) EXERCISE I : Write who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences :
1/ Have you got the money _ I lent you yesterday ? 2/ Peter, _ I had seen earlier, wasn’t at the party 3/ This is the machine _ cost half a million pounds
4/ Mary, _ had been listening to the conversation, looked angry 5/ Have you read the book _ I gave you ?
6/ The house, _ they bought three months ago, looks lovely 7/ Mrs.Jackson, _ had been very ill, died yesterday
8/ Is this the person _ stole your handbag ?
9/ The dog, _ had been very quiet, suddenly started barking 10/ I didn’t receive the letters _ she sent me
11/ My mother, _ hadn’t been expecting visitors, looked surprised
12/ The old man, _ had been talking to them earlier, knew that they were in the building
13/ The horse, _ had been injured by the flying stones, was very frightened 14/ We didn’t like the secetary _ the agency sent
(31)EXERCISE II : Join each pair of sentences using relative pronouns : 1/ This is the man I met him in Paris
- 2/ I wanted the painting You bought it
- 3/ This is the chair My parents gave it to me
- 4/ She’s the woman She telephoned the police
- 5/ He’s the person He wanted to buy your house -
6/ We threw out the computer It never worked properly -
7/ This is the lion It’s been ill recently
- 8/ The man was badly injured He was driving the car -
9/ The children broke the window They live in the next street -
10/ That’s the woman I was telling you about her -
EXERCISE III : Combine these pairs of sentences using relative pronouns: 1/ There’s the lady Her dog was killed
- 2/ That’s the man He’s going to buy the company -
3/ He’s the person His car was stolen
-
4/ She’s the new doctor.The doctor’s coming to the hospital next week -
5/ She’s the journalist Her article was on the front page of The Times -
6/ They’re the people Their shop burned down last week -
7/ That’s the sales director He’s leaving in March -
8/ I’m the person You stayed in my flat
- 9/ That’s the boy He’s just got a place at university -
10/ I’m the one My flat was broken into
-
(32)1/ The man didn’t come back again I shouted at him -
2/ The television never worked again I dropped it -
3/ The machine was broken I hired it
- 4/ The clothes were beautiful She bought some clothes -
5/ The wall fell down after three weeks They built the wall -
6/ The policeman wasn’t very helpful I asked him -
7/ I didn’t really like the car We bought it
- 8/ I lost the money I borrowed it from John
- 9/ I really liked the new teacher They sent the new teacher -
10/ I sacked a sales assistant I had a terrible argument with him -
EXERCISE V : Write where, when, or why to complete these sentences. 1/ We visited the school _ my father taught
2/ I met her last month, _ she came to our house 3/ We all looked at the place _ the fire had started 4/ Did they tell you the reason _ they were late?
5/ The cat sat on the wall _ it had a good view of the birds 6/ They arrived in the evening, at a time _ we were all out 7/ I couldn’t understand the reason _ they were so rude 8/ I met him in the cafeù _ he was working as a waiter
9/ I listen to music late at night, _ the children have gone to bed 10/ I bought them in August, _ I was in France
EXERCISE VI : Join each pair of sentences using relative pronouns or adverbs. 1/ We need a room We can study in that room
- 2/ Swimming makes people strong It is a good sport -
3/ This is Mrs.Jones Her son won the championship last year -
4/ The Smiths were given rooms in the hotel Their house had been destroyed in the explosion
(33)5/ He invited her to eat out on a day It rained heavily on that day -
6/ The house was built in 1945 They are living in that house -
7/ The reason was that he didn’t want to make her worried He didn’t tell the truth for that reason
- 8/ The day was sunny She arrived on that day
- 9/ I know the woman You bought the car from her son -
10/ Are you the man ? The man won the first prize -
Bài : CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
REPORTED SPEECH
Có hai cách thuật lại lời người khác noiù: cách trực tiếp cách gián tiếp Trong câu trực tiếp (direct speech), ta nhắc lại nguyên văn lời người nói
- He said : “I have lost my pen.”
Trong câu gián tiếp (indrect speech) hay câu tường thuật (reported speech), ta diễn tả tư tưởng câu người khác nói mà khơng cần lập lại ngun văn câu nói họ
- He said that he had lost his pen.
A Câu phát biểu (statements in reported speech) 1/ Ví dụ :
- He said : “ I have lost my pen this morning.” He said that he had lost his pen that morning. - She said to him: “I will go with you tomorrow.” She told him that she would go with him the next day.
2/ Ghi nhớ : muốn đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, ta phải :
+ Giữ nguyên động từ giới thiệu said đổi said to thành told có túc từ + Bỏ dấu hai chấm (:) ngoặc kép (“…”) thêm liên từ that.
+ Thay đổi đại từ nhân xưng, tính từ sở hữu… theo qui tắc sau : Ngôi thứ đổi thành thứ chủ từ mệnh đề Ngơi thứ đổi thành ngơi thứ túc từ Ngôi thứ giữ nguyên không đổi
+ Thay đổi động từ câu trực tiếp cách cho lùi khứ bậc Cụ thể sau :
Direct speech Reported speech
- simple present - simple past
- present continuous - past continuous
- present perfect - past perfect
- simple past - past perfect
(34)- present perfect cont - past perfect continuous
- simple future - present conditional (should/would)
- past perfect - unchanged (không đổi)
- perfect conditional - unchanged + Thay đổi số từ thời gian nơi chốn
- now - then
- today / tonight - that day / that night
- tomorrow - the following day / the next day
- yesterday - the previous day / the day before
- next week / month… - the following week / month…
- last week /month… - the week before /the month before…
- the day before yesterday - two days before
- the day after tomorrow - in two days’ time
- ago - before
- tomorrow morning - the following morning
- last Tuesday - the Tuesday before
- right now - at once
- here - there
- this / these - that / those - He said : “ I’ll come here to take this book.” He said that he would come there to take that book. - They said to us : “You must this work right now.” They told us that we had to that work at once.
Chú ý :
* Khi câu trực tiếp biểu thị tập quán, thật hay chân lý đổi sang câu gián tiếp động từ không thay đổi
- The lecturer said : “The earth moves round the sun.” The lecturer said that the earth moves round the sun.
- The teacher said to them : “The Second World War ended in 1945.” The teacher told them that the Second World War ended in 1945.
* Khi câu động từ giới thiệu đơn, động từ câu gián tiếp không đổi từ thời gian nơi chốn giữ nguyên
- The doctor says to her : “You will have to stay here until tomorrow.” The doctor tells her that she will have to stay here until tomorrow.
B CÂU HỎI (Questions in reported speech) 1/ Ví dụ :
- She said to me : “Do you like swimming ?” She asked me if I liked swimming.
- Tom said : “Has she finished her home work ?”
Tom wanted to know if she had finished her homework. - He asked me : “Why did you come home so late last night?” He asked me why I had come home so late the night before. - Mary said : “ What’s he doing now?”
(35)2/ Ghi nhớ :
+ Đổi said thành asked (có khơng túc từ theo sau), wondered hay wanted to know (khơng có túc từ)
+ Bỏ dấu hai chấm (:), dấu ngoặc kép (“…”) dấu chấm hỏi (?) giữ lại question-word (như what, where, how…) câu hỏi nội dung (Wh-questions) thêm if (hay whether) câu hỏi có hay khơng (Yes-no questions)
C CÂU MỆNH LỆNH (Commands in reported speech) 1/ Ví dụ :
- The teacher said : “Go to the blackboard, John.” The teacher told John to go to the blackboard. - He said to them : “Don’t be late tomorrow.” He told them not to be late the next day.
2/ Ghi nhớ :
+ Đổi said hay said to thành told hay asked buộc phải có túc từ theo sau
+ Dùng to để thay cho dấu hai chấm ngoặc kép câu mệnh lệnh xác định dùng not to câu mệnh lệnh phủ định.
Tóm tắt Câu gián tiếp (reported speech) Statements
(Câu phát biểu) * S + said + (that) + clause * S + told + O + (that) + clause Commands
(Câu mệnh leänh) * S + told + O + to infinitive* S + told + O + not + to infinitive Wh-questions
(Câu hỏi nội dung)
* S + asked + (O) + wh-… + clause * S + wondered + wh-… + clause * S + wanted to know + wh-… + clause Yes-no questions
(Câu hỏi có không)
* S + asked + (O) + if / whether + clause * S + wondered + if /whether + clause * S + wanted to know + if / whether + clause EXERCISE I : Put into the reported speech :
1/ Tom said : “I want to buy a pocket calculator for my father.” - _
2/ She said : “I once spent a summer in this village.”
- _
3/ The nurse said : “The patient in this room didn’t obey your orders, Doctor.” - _
4/ They said to me : “You taught us English last year.”
- _ 5/ Mr.Brown said : “Our trip cost us two thousand dollars.”
(36)- _ 7/ My father said to them : “My secretary is going to finish this job.” - _
8/ They said : “We can’t meet you here either today or tomorrow.” - _
9/ My mother said : “I think it won’t rain tomorrow.”
- _ 10/ He said : “Your car has been stolen, John.”
- _ 11/ They said : “The river is rising early this year.”
- _ 12/ He said : “I’ll expect her to come soon.”
- _ 13/ Our teacher said : “ World War II broke out in 1939.”
- _
14/ The students said : “ We’ll be sitting for our next exam next Monday.” - _
15/ He said : “ I’m going to finish this work.”
- _ EXERCISE II : Change to the reported speech:
1/ Mr Smith said : “Where are you going on your vacation this year ?” - _
2/ She said : “Did the mechanis finish repairing your car ?”
- _ 3/ She said : “Why has David been looking so miserable lately ?” - _
4/ I asked my friend : “Was anyone hurt in the car accident last month ?” - _
5/ She asked me : “How old are you now ?”
- _ 6/ He said to her : “Have you been to town today ?”
- _ 7/ John said : “How long does it take you to get to London, Mary ?” - _
8/ The policeman asked the little girl : “What’s your name ?” - _
9/ Mr Green said to his secretary : “Who did you talk to a few minutes ago ?” - _
10/ Paul said : “Can you swim, Mary ?”
- _ 11/ He said : “Where can I find her in this town ?”
- _ 12/ She asked her son : “Do you know which is the cup you used ?” - _
(37)- _ 14/ She said to him : “ Why didn’t you get up early this morning ?” - _
15/ He said : “Will it rain tonight ?”
- _ EXERCISE III : Turn into the reported speech:
1/ The manager said : “ Come into my office, please.”
- _ 2/ The teacher said ro us : “Don’t make so much noise.”
- _ 3/ Mr.Green said : “Please come to our dinner tonight, Bill.” - _
4/ Susan said to Tom : “Don’t call me again at this late hour.” - _
5/ She said to the boy : “Show me what you have in your hand.” - _
6/ The policeman ordered : “Stay where you are and don’t touch anything.” - _
7/ The old lady said : “Will you please water these flowers for me.” - _
8/ She said : “Don’t leave your coat on this chair.”
- _ 9/ She said to him : “Don’t speak to me like that and behave yourself.” - _
10/ Peter said : “Would you mind lending me your dictionary till next Monday.” - _
EXERCISE IV : Rewrite the following sentences:
1/ The flight attendant said : “Don’t forget to fasten your seat belts.”
The flight attendant reminded _ 2/ The policeman said to her : “Show me your driving licence.”
The policeman ordered 3/ He said : “Did you see Mary yesterday ?”
He wanted to know 4/ He said : “Would you mind telling me the time ?”
He told _ 5/ I said to my friend : “When did you buy your new car ?
I asked 6/ My friend said to me : “We have known everything about that.”
My friend told _ 7/ I wondered why there were so many people at the station that day
I said : “ 8/ The teacher asked whether we had found the solution to the problem yet
The teacher asked us: “ _ 9/ He ordered us not to touch anything in that room
(38)Bài : DANH ĐỘNG TỪ & ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU ( GERUNDS & INFINITIVES ) A DANH ĐỘNG TỪ : (Gerund)
Danh động từ có cấu trúc giống phân từ ( tức động từ thêm ING) : talking, learning, cutting, lying…
Danh động từ, tên gọi, động từ dùng danh từ Danh động từ chủ yếu đứng vị trí, thực chức năng, danh từ câu Nó thường :
1/ Dùng làm chủ từ : (subject)
- Swimming is good for our health - Being friendly will bring you friends 2/ Dùng làm túc từ cho động từ : (object of a verb)
- These boys like swimming.
- My brother practises speaking English every day 3/ Dùng làm bổ ngữ cho chủ từ : (subject complement)
- My hobby is swimming. - Seeing is believing.
4/ Dùng làm túc từ cho giới từ : (object of a preposition) - He is fond of swimming.
- She is interested in learning English
5/ Dùng câu ngăn cấm ngắn (short prohibition) để thành lập danh từ kép (compound noun)
- No smoking. - No talking, please - a swimming pool - a dining room - a washing machine 6/ Dùng sau tính từ sở hữu :
- Please forgive my coming late
- His driving carelessly often causes accidents
7/ Dùng sau số động từ số cách diễn đạt định như : admit, advise, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, hate, keep, like, mind, practise, postpone, quit, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t bear, can’t stand, be worth, be busy, it’s no use, there’s no…
- We enjoy listening to music
- I can’t help laughing when she makes jokes B ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU : (Infinitive)
(39)1/ Làm chủ từ (subject), túc từ (object) bổ ngữ (complement) câu : - To conceal the truth from her was foolish
- He wanted to become a spaceman - What he asked for is to be left alone 2/ Làm tính từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ :
- He was the first man to leave the room - English is an important language to master. 3/ Làm trạng từ diễn tả nội dung sau :
* Mục đích hành động.
- He went to the station to meet her - He bought a dictionary to study English * Keát quả, hậu quả. (sau TOO +Adj / Adv)
- She is too tired to go for a walk
- The box was too heavy for her to carry. * Hiệu quả (sau Adj / Adv + ENOUGH)
- I’m strong enough to carry that heavy box
- He isn’t rich enough to travel everywhere by taxi
4/ Dùng sau số động từ định : afford, agree, arrange, decide, demand, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise,refuse, threaten, want, wish, would like…
- They promised to come back soon - He can’t afford to take a taxi
…và dùng sau số động từ có túc từ (verb + obj + to inf) : advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, invite, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remind, teach, tell, want, warn…
- They don’t allow us to smoke in the office - I taught myself to play the guitar
+ Chú ý : Một số động từ theo sau danh động từ động từ nguyên mẫu có khác biệt nghĩa câu
(*) Remember + gerund : nhớ lại việc thực - I remember posting the letter
Remember + to infinitive : nhớ để thực - I remember to post the letter
(*) Stop + gerund : ngưng thực việc làm - She stopped mending the dress
Stop + to infinitive : ngưng làm việc khác để làm việc - He stopped to have a drink
(*) Try + gerund : thử làm việc
- I try writing in blue ink to see if my handwriting is better Try + to infinitive : cố gắng làm việc
(40)- Failure in the exam means having to learn one more year Mean + to infinitive : dự định làm việc
- He means to take the coming exam (*) Forget + gerund : quên điều xảy
- I forgot telling her this story
Forget + to infinitive : queân làm điều - I forgot to tell her about this
(*) Regret + gerund : hối tiếc việc xảy - She regrets going to a village school Regret + to infinitive : hối tiếc làm việc
- The party was great He regretted not to go there C ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU KHÔNG “TO”. (Bare Infinitive)
Đây động từ nguyên thể không kèm với to (infinitive without to) sử dụng trường hợp sau :
1/ Dùng sau động từ khiếm khuyết (Modal verbs) : can, could, may, might, must, ought to…
- You may go now
- They must finish the work by now
2/ Dùng sau động từ : HAVE, LET, MAKE, HELP… - I helped the child tidy his desk
- He had a painter paint the gate
- They let him enter the room without a ticket - My parents make me go to bed early
3/ Dùng sau BUT, EXCEPT với nghĩa “ngoại trừ” - Why don’t you anything but complain?
- She agreed to everything but help him with the homework
4/ Dùng sau động từ giác quan : see, watch, hear, notice, observe, spot… - We heard them sing all morning
- He saw the thief enter the hall
Chú ý : ta biết phân từ (present participle) dùng cho động từ để diễn tả hành động tiếp diễn Còn động từ nguyên thể dùng trường hợp hành động hoàn tất
- I watched them playing football for a while (trận đấu tiếp diễn) - I watched them play football yesterday afternoon (xem toàn trận đấu) EXERCISE I :Supply the correct form of the verbs :
1/ Could I (see) _ Mr Brown, please ?
2/ He told me (try) _ (come) _ early 3/ I wanted her (learn) _ English
(41)5/ Please (let) _ me (know) _ your opinion
6/ Would you like (paint) _ your bike or should I (have) _ a painter (do) _ it for you ?
7/ He warned me (not come) _ late
8/ There’s no (tell) _ what might (happen) _
9/ Did you (see) _ Tom (try) _ (reach) _ the top of the dresser ?
- He’s too short (reach) _ it
10/ We had to (ask) _ the students (stop) _ (make) _ so much noise
11/ I can’t understand his (want) _ (buy) _ such an expensive car 12/ I couldn’t stand (be) _ alone in the dark room
13/ They don’t want us (mention) _ their (come) _ late
14/ You must remember (lock) _ the door before (leave) _ the house 15/ After (get) _ (know) _ her at school, he finished by (ask) _ her address
EXERCISE II :Use the correct verb form :
1/ The children are busy (collect) _ shells on the beach
2/ The teacher promised (help) _ us (prepare) _ for the examination 3/ We regret (say) _ that the lecture was dull and wasn’t worth (listen) _ to
4/ There’s no (deny) _ that he enjoys (listen) _ to his own voice 5/ Is (boil) _ or (fry) _ the best way of (cook) _ this fish ? 6/ It’s no use your (ask) _ him (lend) _ you any money
7/ Can you manage(finish) _ (write) _ these reports by yourself ? 8/ He advised me( consider) _ all the facts before (decide) _ (accept) _ the job
9/ They refused (allow) _ us (go) _ in without (sign) _ the book 10/ My uncle used to (show) _ me where (go) _ and what (buy)
11/ There’s nothing like (walk) _ as a means of (keep) _ fit
12/ Your doctor advised (go) _ to bed early, so I really can’t understand your (want) _ (stay) _ up late
13/ We considered (give) _ her a dress for her birthday, but couldn’t help (buy) _ her some flowers, too
14/ There’s nothing (be) _ done about it now except (tell) _ the police the truth
15/ I remember (hear) him (say) the grass needed (cut) _ 16/ Would you mind (keep) _ quiet for a moment ? I’m trying (fill) _ in a form
- It’s no use (ask) _ children (keep) _ quiet They can’t help (make) _ noise
(42)_ robbed He used to (get) _ up at night (make) _ sure it was still there
18/ They don’t allow (smoke) _ in the auditorium; they don’t want (risk) _ (set) _ it on fire
19/ Would you like me (turn) _ down the radio a bit ? - No, it’s all right I’m used to (work) _ with the radio on 20/ We couldn’t help (laugh) when he was making fun of himself EXERCISE III : Rewrite the following sentences.
1/ Would you close the door, please ?
- Would you mind _ ? 2/ They didn’t allow us to smoke in here
- They didn’t let _ 3/ My teacher advised buying that book
- My teacher advised us _ 4/ The thief forced the bank manager to lie on the ground
- The thief made _ 5/ He has studied English for six years
- He began 6/ It is necessary to master English
- Mastering 7/ He spent two hours writing the essay
- It took _ 8/ He is too young to ride a motorbike
- He isn’t 9/ The bag was so heavy that she couldn’t carry it upstairs
- The bag was too _ 10/ He expects to hear from her as soon as possible
- He is looking forward _
Bài : CÁC HÌNH THỨC NHẤN MẠNH (FORMS OF EMPHASIS) A NHẤN MẠNH ĐỘNG TỪ.
Để nhấn mạnh động từ câu xác định, ta đặt DO DOES (nếu đơn) DID (nếu khứ đơn) trước động từ dạng ngun mẫu khơng có TO
- I did see him at the airport yesterday
- I know that you don’t expect me to go; but I do go. - He does wish he could speak English fluently
Để cho câu mệnh lệnh trở nên lịch thuyết phục hơn, ta dùng DO trước câu mệnh lệnh
- Do help me, please
- Do be careful when you cross the road
Trong câu phủ định, ta đặt NOT sau động từ dùng NEVER trước DO, DOES, DID - I know not anything about that
(43)- She never does help her friends
- I never did hear anything like that before
Trong câu mệnh lệnh phủ định, ta đặt YOU DON’T động từ - Don’t you forget it
- Don’t you speak to me like that
B NHẤN MẠNH MỘT TỪ, MỘT CỤM TỪ, MỘT MỆNH ĐỀ.
Ta dùng cấu trúc “It + is / was + ……… + that…” để nhấn mạnh từ (word), cụm từ (phrase) hay mệnh đề (clause) Nếu mệnh đề tại, ta dùng “It is …… that…”; cịn mệnh đề q khứ, ta dùng “It was……that…”
- It was Mr.Brown that I met at the theatre yesterday (nhấn mạnh từ) - It was at the theatre that I met Mr.Brown yesterday (nhấn mạnh cụm từ) - It was because it rained heavily that we couldn’t go to the lecture (1 mệnh đề) - It is the smoke from that factory chimney that pollutes the air
C NHẤN MẠNH BẰNG CÁCH ĐẢO NGỮ (Inversion of subject and verb) Hình thức đảo ngữ thường dùng để nhấn mạnh :
1/ Đưa trạng từ phủ định (negative adverbs) hay cụm từ tương đương (equivalents) ra đầu câu. Thường từ : hardly, scarcely, no longer, never, neverbefore, seldom, rarely, nowhere, in no circumstances, on no account, not until, not only… but also, no sooner… than….
- Never have I seen such a wonderful thing - Seldom does she help her friends
- Nowhere else can he find so many happy people - Rarely did he smile at me
2/ Đưa ONLY, SO, MANY A TIME, SUCH… đầu câu. - Only then did she realize her mistakes
- So big was the liner that it couldn’t enter the harbour 3/ Xóa liên từ IF câu điều kiện.
- Had I met you before, we could have been friends - Were I rich, I would travel around the world
- Did I know him better, I would give him some advice
4/ Đưa trạng từ nơi chốn (adverb of place) đầu câu kết hợp với động từ sự chuyển động : lie, stay, stand, sit, come, move, go… (Trong trường hợp đảo ngữ ta không dùng trợ động từ.)
- On the top of the hill stands a village school - By his side sat his faithful dog
- Near the church lies an old ruined cottage - There comes the train
(44)- 2/ He promised to write to me, and he sent me a letter - 3/ Tom doesn’t like getting up early
- 4/ Ask me if you want anything
- 5/ We don’t like English grammar, but we want to learn English - 6/ Bring John with you the next time you come
- 7/ I saw a tall man, but I didn’t see his face
- 8/ He tries to learn although you think he doesn’t
- 9/ Don’t that again or I’ll call the police
- 10/ He didn’t say much, but what he said was important -
EXERCISE II : Give emphasis to the underlined words, phrsaes or clauses :
1/ I paid a visit to Ha Long Bay in 1966
-
2/ The Socialist Republic of Vietnam came into being on July 2, 1976 -
3/ Mr Green went to work in spite of his bad cold
- 4/ When I left for work this morning, it was raining hard - 5/ I want to see the manager; I don’t want to see his assistant - 6/ The flight was put off because the weather was too bad - 7/ I met Mary at the party last night
- 8/ The words not matter so much as the way you say them - 9/ They couldn’t solve this serious problem
- 10/ Did you start the flight or was it someone else ?
-
EXERCISE III : Put the underlined words or phrases at the front position :
1/ He has never in his life been so happy
(45)2/ He managed to pass the examination only by hard work - 3/ I had hardly got into the bathroom when the telephone rang - 4/ The ball went over the fence and into our neighbour’s garden -
5/ The doctor was so angry that none of the nurses dared to say a word -
6/ I can’t explain the situation in another way
- 7/ He had no sooner arrived than he began to make trouble - 8/ We have made real progress only within the last fifty years -
9/ If the union were to call a strike, the situation would become very difficult - _
10/ This instrument is not only expensive but also useless -
EXERCISE IV : Rewrite the following sentences :
1/ We have never seen such a clean and tidy house before
Never before 2/ Rarely does she come to see me now
She _ 3/ He didn’t realize he had lost his wallet until he got home
Not until 4/ My father no longer works for this company
No longer
5/ So suspicious did he become that he didn’t believe whatever she had said
He 6/ Not only did he refuse to help me but he also made fun of me
He 7/ This switch mustn’t be touched on any account
On no account 8/ They know little about it
Little _ 9/ A great castle stood directly in front of them
- In front of them 10/ Were I in your place, I would refuse his invitation
If 11/ We met him just a moment ago
It was just 12/ Many a time did he tell her that he loved her
He 13/ An enormous frog sat on the grass
On 14/ Please turn down the radio
(46)
She did
Bài : MỆNH ĐỀ SAU WISH
CLAUSES AFTER WISH
Động từ WISH thường dùng để diễn tả lời ao ước xảy khứ, tương lai
A Present wish : S1 + wish + (that) + S2 + past simple * ý nghĩa : Diễn tả lời ao ước trái với tại.
- I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework (= I don’t have enough time)
- They wish they didn’t have to go to class today (= They have to go to class) - He wishes he was rich (= He is not rich.)
B Past wish : S1 + wish + (that) + S2 + past perfect * ý nghĩa : Diễn tả lời ao ước trái với khứ.
- I wish that I had gone to the cinema last night (= I didn’t go to the cinema.) - She wishes she had been here yesterday (= She wasn’t here yesterday.) C Future wish : S1 + wish + (that) + S2 + could / would + verb
* ý nghĩa : Diễn tả lời ao ước xảy tương lai.
- We wish you could come to the party tonight (= You can’t come.) - Mary wishes that she would come with us (= She won’t come with us.) EXERCISE I : Supply the correct tense of the verbs :
1/ I wish I (be) _ here yesterday You all seem to have had such a good time 2/ Tom wasn’t able to come to the party.I wish he (come) _ to my party 3/ He wishes he (not tell) _ her the whole story yesterday
4/ I wish tomorrow (be) _ a holiday
5/ I wish I (learn) _ to play a musical instrument when I was young 6/ It’s cold and I hate the cold weather I wish it (not be) _ so cold 7/ I wish he (be) _ with us now
8/ He didn’t know anything He wishes I (let) _ him know earlier 9/ I didn’t understand I wish he (speak) _ more slowly
10/ I’m sorry I can’t help you I wish I (help) _ you EXERCISE II : Rewrite the following sentences :
1/ He wants to make a great fortune
- He wishes _ 2/ She won’t visit me again
- I wish 3/ It was silly of me not to buy that dress
- I wish 4/ I’m sorry I told him about it
(47)- He wishes 6/ She isn’t a millionairess
- She wishes
7/ I regret going to the party last night It was very boring - I wish
8/ He can’t swim
- He wishes 9/ You’re making a lot of noise
- I wish
10/ The washing machine broke down and I didn’t know how to repair it - I wish
EXERCISE III : Rewrite the following sentences using WISH :
1/ He’s sorry that he isn’t strong enough
-
2/ She was disappointed that the thief had stolen the picture -
3/ I’m sorry that I don’t live near my factory
- 4/ They’re sorry they didn’t book their seats
- 5/ It’s pity he didn’t work hard
- 6/ I’d like Tom to drive more slowly
- 7/ I’m sorry I don’t know his address
-
8/ He spent much money on his expensive holidays and he regretted it -
9/ She is bored with doing the same things day after day - 10/ Tom didn’t see the game last night He was vey sorry -
Bài : MỘT VÀI CẤU TRÚC THÔNG DỤNG
(SOME COMMON ENGLISH STRUCTURES) [A] : USED TO + Infinitive (đã từng…) thói quen khứ
- My father used to smoke a lot; but now he doesn’t any more - When I was a little boy, I used to swim in the river
BE USED TO + V-ing / Noun (quen với…) tương với Be accustomed to - My mother is used to getting up early
(48)[B] : BECAUSE + Clause (bởi vì…) giới thiệu mệnh đề trạng từ nguyên (adverb clause of reason)â - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was ill
- Because the weather was bad, the flight was put off
BECAUSE OF + Phrase (bởi vì…) dùng cụm từ danh từ sau because of (preposition) - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because of his illness.
- Because of the bad weather, the flight was put off
[C] : ALTHOUGH + Clause (mặc dù…) giới thiệu mệnh đề trạng từ nhượng (adverb clause of concession) - They came to the concert though it was raining heavily.
- Although it is a very hot day, I shall go for a walk
IN SPITE OF + Phrase (mặc dù…)dùng cụm từ danh từ sau in spite of (prep) hay despite
- They came to the concert in spite of the heavy rain. - In spite of a hot day, I shall go for a walk
[D] : SO + Adj / Adv + THAT + Clause (quá…đến nỗi…) giới thiệu mệnh đề chỉ kết (adverb clause of result) - He is so famous that everyone knows his name
- They discussed so hotly that they forgot to come to the conclusion SUCH + (A / An + Adj + Noun) + THAT + Clause (quá… đến nỗi…)
- He is such a famous man that everyone knows his name
- It was such a hot discussion that they forgot to come to the conclusion
TOO + Adj / Adv + (For someone) + TO + Infinitive (quá…đến nỗi không ) - It is too late to go to the movies
- The lecture was too boring for us to listen to - He spoke too fast for me to understand him
[E] : SO THAT + Clause (để…) giới thiệu mệnh để trạng từ mục đích (adverb clause of purpose) - I’m studying hard so that I can keep pace with my classmates - The man spoke loudly so that everyone would hear him clearly
TO }
IN ORDER TO} + Infinitive (để…) giới thiệu cụm động từ ngun mẫu
SO AS TO} mục ñích (Inf phrase of purpose)
(49)- So as not to be late for class, John must get up early
- We learn English to have better communication with other people [F] : Adj / Adv + ENOUGH + (for someone) + TO + Inf (đủ… để…)
- The questions were easy enough for her to answer
- The teacher spoke clearly enough for us to understand him
[G] : IT + Takes / Took + SOMEONE + TIME + TO + Inf (ai để làm việc gì…) - It took me five minutes to walk to the post office
- It takes us two hours to fly from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City
[H] : HAVE + Object + Past Participle (nhờ làm …) hình thức sai khiến (causative form)
- Mary is going to have her hair done - He had his car washed yesterday [I] : IT + BE + Adj + (for someone) + TO + Inf
- It is difficult for us to master a foreign language - It is dangerous to drive too fast
[J] : … AS + Adj / Adv + AS … (…cũng như…) so sánh
(comparison of equality) - My book is as interesting as yours
(Quyển sách hay sách bạn.)
- He is not as (so) tall as his father (Nó không cao ba noù.)
- His car runs as fast as a race car (Xe chạy nhanh xe ñua.) Nhöng :
- My house is the same height as his (= My house is as high as his.)
… short Adj-ER + THAN … (…hơn…) dạng so sánh (comparative) tính ngắn Tính từ ngắn tính từ có vần : hot, cold, sad… tính từ có hai vần tận –ow, -et, -y, er, -le như: narrow, quiet, happy, clever, gentle…
- Today is hotter than yesterday (Hôm nóng hôm qua.) - This street is narrower than that one
… MORE + long Adj + THAN … (…hơn…) dạng so sánh tính từ dài, thường có từ hai vần trở lên : careful, beautiful, dangerous…
- This chair is more comfortable than that one - She is more careful than him
Ta dùng far, much, a little, a bit…trước so sánh - A water melon is much sweeter than a lemon
- His watch is far more expensive than mine
(50)-Tom is the happiest man on earth (Tom người hạnh phúc đời) … the MOST + long Adj (…nhất) dạng so sánh cực cấp tính từ dài - His car is the most expensive
- Air pollution is one of the most serious problems in the city Một số tính từ có hình thứ so sánh riêng :
Good better best
Bad worse worst
Little less least
Many/ much more most
Far farther/further farthest/ furthest
… MORE + Adv + THAN … ( hơn…) dạng so sánh trạng từ, trừ trạng từ có vần :hard, fast, early, late
- He speaks English more fluently than she does - She drives more carefully than he does
- He works harder than I
… the MOST + Adv (nhất) dạng so sánh cưc cấp trạng từ - Among his friends, he drives the most carefully
- His car runs fastest
Nhưng so sánh : well better best Vaø badly worse worst
The MORE…, the MORE… (càng … càng…) dạng so sánh keùp (double Comparative) - The more you study, the smarter you will become
- The sooner you take medicine, the better you will feel - The earth is getting hotter and hotter
EXERCISE A : Translate into English using “Used To” or “Be Used To”
1/ Trước người ta thường nghĩ mặt trời di chuyển quanh trái đất - _
2/ Những công nhân quen dần với công việc nặng nhọc nhà máy - _
3/ Trước đường học thường qua hiệu sách
- _ 4/ Bà biết bà khơng cịn đẹp xưa
- _ 5/ Chúng thường sống đồng quê bé
- _ 6/ Các bạn quen dần với phương pháp học tiếng Anh
- _ 7/ Trước nhiều cửa hàng đường
- _ 8/ Chúng khơng quen thức khuya
(51)9/ Trước anh thường tắm biển kỳ nghỉ hè
- _ 10/ Đó nơi mà trước gia đình tơi sinh sống
- _ EXERCISE B : Change “because” to “because of” and vice versa :
1/ He was not allowed to come in because he was late
- _ 2/ I chose Mike for the job because you recommended him
- _ 3/ Our train was late because of the thick fog
- _ 4/ She couldn’t sleep because of the noise
- _ 5/ Because of his deep love for her, he can’t live without her
- _ 6/ Everyone loves her because of her good behaviour
- _ 7/ He was given that position because his English was good
- _ 8/ He answered those questions perfectly because he was intelligent
- _ 9/ They stopped working because of the hot weather
- _ 10/ We admired him because of his great ability
- _ 11/ She didn’t go to class this morning because she had a bad cold
- _ 12/ I couldn’t see anything because of the dark
- _ 13/ The mechanic managed to repair the engine because he had experience - _
14/ His health gets better and better because he does gymnastics regularaly - _
15/ He said nothing about it because of his wife’s being there
- _ EXERCISE C : Use “In spite of” in place of “Although” and vice versa :
1/ In spite of all the noise outside, the students kept on studying 2/ Though they are poor, they are always neatly dressed
3/ We don’t feel tired although we have walked three miles 4/ She ate very little in spite of the delicious food
5/ Though I am fond of music, I can’t play any musical instruments 6/ In spite of being warned, he still got an electric shock
7/ My grandfather is till an active man despite his age 8/ Despite the narrow streets in that city, they drive cars 9/ Although she is wealthy, she is not happy
10/ Nobody liked it though the price was low 11/ He didn’t eat much in spite of being hungry 12/ Although he was talented, nobody admired him
(52)14/ He bought that car despite our advice
15/ Our country will certainly become prosperous in spite of all the difficulties EXERCISE D1 : Conmbine these pairs of sentences using “so…that” :
1/ That woman was very tall She could almost touch the ceiling
- That woman was so tall that she could almost touch the ceiling.
2/ This coat is very big I can’t wear it
3/ The coffee was so strong She couldn’t go to sleep 4/ That bag was very heavy None of us could carry it 5/ The stadium is very large It can hold 60,000 people 6/ Those lessons are very difficult He can’t understand them 7/ She was very busy She couldn’t the housework
8/ The climate was very bad All the plants couldn’t grow well 9/ I’m very tired I couldn’t keep my eyes open
10/ That boy is very lazy He never does his homework EXERCISE D2 : Combine these pairs of sentences using “too…to” :
1/ The bag was very heavy She couldn’t carry it
- The bag was too heavy for her to carry
2/ He is very old He can’t run
- He is too old to run.
3/ She is very young She can’t go to school 4/ Tom is very short He can’t play volleyball 5/ It’s very late We can’t go to the movies
6/ The question was very hard We couldn’t answer it
7/ The TV programme is very exciting The children won’t miss it 8/ You’re very young You can’t drive that car
9/ She was tired She didn’t go anywhere
10/ These shoes are very small I can’t wear them
EXERCISE D3 : Combine these pairs of sentences using “such….that” : 1/ Tom was a tall man He could almost touch the ceiling
- Tom was such a tall man that he could almost touch the ceiling.
2/ Mary is a good swimmer She has won two gold medals 3/ He drank strong coffee He couldn’t go to sleep
4/ It was a long walk The children got tired 5/ He told interesting stories They all like him
6/ The boy made rapid progress It surprised everybody 7/ He had a difficult exercise He couldn’t it
8/ The speaker gave a long talk Most of the audience felt sleepy 9/ We watched an exciting competition We didn’t want to go home 10/ It was an excellent show We all enjoyed it
EXERCISE E : Combine into a sentence using “so that” :
1/ The boys stood on the beach They wanted to get a better view
- The boys stood on the beach so that they could get a better view.
2/ We lowered the volume of the radio We didn’t want to bother our neighbours 3/ I will write to you I want you to know my decision soon
4/ These men were whispering They didn’t want anyboby to hear their conversation 5/ The lecturer spoke loudly He wanted eveyone to hear him clearly
6/ John gets up early He doesn’t want to be late for class
(53)10/ He hurried to the station He didn’t want to miss the train
EXERCISE F : Rewrite the sentences using “enough” instead of “ too…to” : 1/ He is too old to wear this coloured shirt
- He is not young enough to wear this coloured shirt.
2/ She is too weak to carry this box 3/ This pen is too expensive for me to buy
4/ Bill was too stupid to understand what I had said 5/ This bag is too heavy for her to carry
6/ The test was too difficult for them to 7/ I’m too poor to help you with the money 8/ This book is too dull to read
9/ The room is too dark for us to study 10/ The shelf is too high for her to reach
EXERCISE G : Rewrite the sentences using “It takes / took…” : 1/ I go to school by bicycle in ten minutes
- It takes me ten minutes to go to school by bicycle.
2/ He did that exercise in an hour
3/ I need fifteen minutes to get to the post office 4/ He spent the whole morning writing the composition 5/ We needed two days to paint the house
6/ He will need three hours to this work 7/ He spends one hour reading newspapers 8/ They finished their work in three days
9/ Jane will need a lot of time to complete this report 10/ We spent a day cleaning the house
EXERCISE H : Rewrite the sentences using the causative form :
1/ The Smiths are going to build a new house
- The Smiths are going to have a new house built.
2/ Please tell someone to take my luggage to the station 3/ We must find someone to add an extra room to the house 4/ Order the porter to carry these boxes up to my room
5/ She has just asked the dressmaker to make a new dress for her daughter 6/ I paid a man to sharpen these knives and scissors yesterday
7/ My mother is going to pay a doctor to test her eyesight 8/ Did you order the boys to plant some trees in the garden?
9/ Bob doesn’t pay anyone to cook his meals He cooks them hinself 10/ He will ask someone to mend his shoes
EXERCISE I : Rewrite the sentences using “It + be + adj + to inf” :
1/ Learning English is not easy
- It is not easy to learn English.
2/ Knowing a foreign language is necessary 3/ Swimming in the river is dangerous 4/ Doing that exercise is not hard for us 5/ Seeing you again is very nice
6/ Practising morning exercise is good
7/ Finding out the answer to that question is not easy 8/ Telling her the news now is unwise
9/ Working in that room was pleasant 10/ Thinking of what will happen is horrible
(54)1 Mary is (pretty) _ as her sister
2 A new house is (expensive) _than an old one His job is (important) _than mine
4 Of the four ties, I like the red one (well) _ Nobody is (happy) _ than Miss Snow
6 Today English is the (international) _ of languages John is much (strong) _ than I thought
8 Benches are (comfortable) _ than arm - chairs Bill is (good) _ than you thought
10 Mr Bush is the (delightful) _ person I have ever known 11 Disk is the (careful) _ of the two workers
12 Sam’s conduct is (bad) _ than Paul’s
13 Thanks to the progress of science, human life is (good) _ and (good) 14 Bill is (lazy) _ and (lazy) _
15 The teacher speaks English (fluently) _ than we
16 These boys are (ill - prepared) _ for employment than my children
17 The competition makes the price of goods (cheap) _ and (cheap) _ 18 Charles is (hard working) _ than Tom
19 Is this book (interesting) _ than the one you read last week ? 20 Of the two boys, Harry is the (ill - bred) _
EXERCISE J.2 : Complete the sentences using a comparative form.
1 It’s too noisy here Can we go somewhere ? This coffee is very weak I like it a bit ?
3 The hotel was surprisingly big I expected it to be
4 The weather is too cold in this country I expected it to be My job is a bit boring, sometimes I’d like to something
6 It was surprised how easy it was to use the computer I though it would be Your work isn’t very good I’m sure you can
8 Don’t worry The situation isn’t so bad It could be You’re talking very loudly Can you speak a bit ? 10 You hardly ever phone me Why don’t you phone me ?
EXERCISE J.3 : Complete the sentences Each time use the comparative form of one of the words in the list Use “than” where necessary.
big crowded early high important
easily peaceful reliable serious thin
1 I was feeling tired last night, so I went to bed usual You look Have you lost weight ?
3 want a flat We don’t have enough space here Health and happiness are money
5 There were a lot of people on the bus It was usual I like living in the countryside It’s living in a town
7 You’ll find your way around the town if you have a good map In some parts of the country, prices are in others
9 I’d like to have a car The one I’ve got keeps breaking down 10 Unfortunately her illness was we thought at first
EXERCISE J.4 : Read the situation and complete the sentences Use a comparative form.
1 Yesterday the temperature was nine degrees Today it’s only six degrees
It’s -
2 The journey takes four hours by car and five hours by train
(55)3 Chris and Joe both did badly in the exam Chris got 20% but Joe only got 15%
Joe did -
4 I expected my friends to arrive at about o’clock In fact they arrived at 2.30
My friends - _
5 We were very busy at work today We’re not usually as busy as that
We _
EXERCISE J.5 : Complete the sentences using the structure “er and er” or “more and more”.
1 It’s become to find a job (hard)
2 That hole your pullover is getting (big)
3 As I waited for my interview, I became (nervous) As the day went on, the weather got (bad)
5 As the conversation went on, he became (talkative) EXERCISE J.6 : Complete the sentences with “than” or “as”.
1 I can’t reach as high as you You’re taller He doesn’t know much I know more We were very surprised Nobody was more She’s not a very good player I’m a better They’ve been very lucky I wish we were
Bài 10 : CÁCH THAØNH LẬP TỪ
(WORD FORMATION)
[A] : CÁCH THÀNH LẬP TÍNH TỪ ĐƠN (Formation of simple adjectives) Noun + suffix Adjectives
-ful Harmful, useful, successful, hopeful, helpful, peaceful… -less Childless, odourless, careless, hopeless, harmless, useless… -ly Manly, worldly, hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly,friendly… -like Childlike, godlike, lifelike, ladylike, manlike…
-y Healthy, dirty, dusty, snowy, windy, rainy, cloudy, sunny, sandy… -ish Childish, boyish, girlish, mannish, selfish…
-al Natural, national, industrial, agricultural, cultural, magical… -ous Dangerous, courageous, poisonous, mountainous…
-ic Artistic, electric, electronic, alcoholic, economic… -able Respectable, knowledgeable, reasonable…
[B] : CÁCH THÀNH LẬP TÍNH TỪ KÉP (formation of compound adjectives)
(56)Adj + adj Red hot, dark blue, light green…
Adj + present part Sweet-smelling, ill-dressing, good-looking…
Adj + past part Ready-made, soft-spoken, long-lived, white-painted… Adj + noun-ED Left-handed, kind-hearted, blue-eyed, mild-mannered…
Noun + adj Homesick, seasick, lovesick, worldwide,nationwide,snow-white Noun + present part House-keeping, heart-breaking, hair-raising, breath-taking… Noun + past part Home-made, man-made, hand-made, sun-burnt…
Noun + noun-ED Lion-hearted, coffee-coloured, heart-shaped… Adv + present part Hard-working, ever-lasting, well-being…
Adv + past part Well-prepared, well-known, newly-married, dearly-loved… [C] : CÁCH THAØNH LẬP DANH TỪ. (Formation of simple nouns)
Formula Nouns
Verb+ER/ OR / ANT Teacher, manager, driver, actor, director, attendant, assistant… Verb + ION / TION Action, invention, construction, direction, revolution, decision… Verb + MENT / AL Development, appointment, refusal, removal, approval… Verb + ING Swimming, teaching, jogging, training, building…
Adj + NESS Kindness, goodness, happiness, sadness, darkness, ilness… Adj + TY Safety, loyalty, cruelty, variety, ability, honesty…
Adj + TH Length, depth, width, truth, warmth, strength…
Adj + DOM Freedom, wisdom, boredom…
Noun + IST / IAN Guitarist, novelist, violinist, musician, physician, historian… Noun + ISM Patriotism, capitalism, socialism, heroism…
Noun + SHIP Friendship, leadership, scholarship, comradeship… Noun + HOOD Childhood, brotherhood, neighbourhood, parenthood… [D]: CÁCH THAØNH LẬP DANH TỪ KÉP.
(formation of compound nouns)
Formula Compound nouns
Noun + noun Alarm-clock, church bell, coffee cup, newspaper, post card… Adj + noun Grandfather, blackboard, high school, redhead, yellow fever… Adv / prep + noun Overcoat, overtime, overman, undergrowth…
Gerund + noun Dining room, dressing table, swimming pool, driving licence… Noun + gerund Weight-lifting, lorry driving, fruit picking
(57)Formula Verbs
DIS + verb Dislike, disagree,discharge, disinvest, dislocate… Mis + verb Misunderstand, misread, mislead…
Out + verb Outrun, outnumber, outweigh, outlive…
Over + verb Overact, overpay, overheat, overturn, overchange… Re + verb Rewrite, reread, retell, recall…
Under + verb Undercharge, underdevelop, underdo, underline, undersign… Adj + EN
EN + Adj / Noun
Weaken, sharpen, tighten, loosen, shorten, foften… enrich, enable, enlarge, encourage, endanger…
Noun / Adj + ISE / IZE Sympathise, economise, socialize, memorize, industrialize… Fill in the blanks with correct form of the word provided.
1 Film makers always try to show viewers the different life styles and interesting aspects of many countries in the world (culture)
2 Women nowadays have more to participate in social activities (Free) “Hoang Le Nhat Thong Chi” is a novel (history)
4 He has a for English novels (prefer)
5 SAI GON GIAI PHONG is published seven days a week It is a newspaper (day) If you burn the garbage, it will give off odour (poison)
7 Some children have to suffer from life time (abnormal) He is active in spite of his old age (wonder)
9 The company is very efficient and gives a service (speed) 10 When did come to the village ? (electric)
11 She has a very busy life (society)
12 The plane arrived after a violent storm (safe) 13 Their study is getting on (satisfy)
14 This company offered a lot of jobs (attract)
15 These snakes will not cause you any serious harm even if they bite you They are (harm)
16 He was right when he said that the man was guilty (reason) 17 She looks beautiful (surpise)
18 They were when they read the result (disappoint) 19 He has no of leaving the city (intend)
20 I feel in this book (interest)
21 John’s improved at his new school (behave) 21 I’ll give you further (explain)
22 This is a of a previous talk (repeat)
23 Much work requires a good knowledge of mathematics (science) 24 Movies have dress fashions (broad)
25 Our grandmother didn’t work outside the home when she was young She only did her task (tradition)
26 His to retire surprised us all (decide)
27 You should be to tell them exactly what you think (decide) 28 Many people find it to advertise (waste)
29 The guests were welcomed (cordial)
30 He looks thin, but he is very healthy, (actual) 31 This man led a happy life (complete)
(58)33 The new job him (disappoint)
34 Nitric oxide is harmful It acts as a poison, which may cause death or injury if taken into the body (high)
35 He was in his job (succeed)
36 The house was with people (crowd) 37 He is unhappy because of his (deaf)
38 The government wants to this training centre (military) 39 We found out the about him (true)
40 I am grateful to you for your help (true)
41 I don’t think the food is very good, but it is (tolerate) 42 They’ve got a result (satisfy)
43 Carbon dioxide occurs in the air in form (nature) 44 Children are to overcome problems (determine) 45 They got the of being successful in life (satisfy) 46 He is young man with great (expect)
47 I like your new machine (calculate) 48 May I borrow your ? (calculate)
49 The industrial will lead to the country’s prosperity (develop) 50 We must make for our old age saving money (provide) 51 I’m sorry for the delay (extreme)
52 It’s kind of you (awful)
53 The doctor told me to in slowly (breath)
54 It is often useful make a between two things (compare) 55 She has been worn down by and illness (poor)
56 Our pupils are raising money for the (poor)
57 This is the greatest scientific of the decade (achieve) 58 Mary was with long and difficult exercises (bore) 59 I enjoy the football match It was quite (excite) 60 He has great in God (believe)
61 Violence is not the best to an argument (solve) 62 Not long ago, I was introduced to famous (art) 63 The of his wife was a great blow to him (lose) 64 Toys are necessary for the mental of children (grow) 65 It is to have short hair nowadays (fashion)
66 The planets of our system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiters, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto (sun)
67 Your rice field is more than ours (produce) 68 An man has stolen all our money (know)
69 In some places, the weather changes so quickly that it’s very (predict) 70 They all passed their exams without the slightest (difficult)
Bài 11 : SỰ HÒA HỢP GIỮA CHỦ TỪ & ĐỘNG TỪ
(THE AGREEMENT OF A VERB WITH ITS SUBJECT)
Theo luật chung động từ hòa hợp với chủ từ no ù- tức – chủ từ số động từ theo sau số ngược lại chủ từ số nhiều theo sau động số nhiều Tuy mhiên, ta ý 10 luật đặc biệt sau:
(59)- The boy and the girl love their parents dearly - Tom and Mary were late yesterday
Tuy nhiên, hai chử từ diễn tả người, vật hay ý tưởng chung động từ số ít.
- Bread and butter is my daily breakfast
- To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in life
[2] : Hai chủ từ nối với AND mà trước chủ từ đầù có EACH, EVERY, MANY A, NO động từ phải số ít.
- Each boy and girl has a textbook - No teacher and student is present
[3] : Khi hai chủ từ nối OR, EITHER… OR, NEITHER…NOR… động từ hịa hợp cùng ngơi với chủ từ gần nhất.
- He or you are the best student in this class - Neither Jack nor I am willing to that
[4] : Khi hai chủ từ đượ nối AS WELL AS, NO LESS THAN, WITH động từ hịa hợp với chủ từ thứ nhất.
- John, as well as you, is responsible for this act - Tom, with his friends, is in the car
[5] : Một danh từ tập hợp (collective noun) cần động từ số nhiều ta ngụ ý nói tới cá nhân tạo nên tập hợp ấy; động từ số ta ngụ ý nói chung, coi tập hợp một đơn vị.
- The family of this dead soldier is noble
- The family go to the movies every Sunday morning
[6] : Khi chủ từ danh từ có hình thức số nhiều nghĩa lại số động từ chia số ít. - No news is good news
- Physics is more difficult than chemistry
Các danh từ thường gặp : news, physics, mathematics, politics, gymnastics, phonetics, measles, mumps, rickets, the United States, the Philippines…
[7] : Khi chủ từ danh từ trọng lượng, đo lường, giá hay giá tiền coi số ít, động từ theo sau số ít.
- Ten thousand dollars is a big sum of money - Five hundred miles is a long distance
(60)- Nobody has opened the door - Is everyone present ?
[9] : Trong câu bắt đầu THERE động từ hịa hợp với chủ từ theo sau nó. - There stands a pagoda facing the little lake
- There were a lot of people at the meeting
[10] : Động từ có chủ từ đại từ quan hệ phải hịa hợp ngơi số với tiền vị từ đại từ ấy.
- He works for the factory which makes cars
- The man who is living near my house teaches us English
EXERCISE I : Choose the correct form of the verbs in parentheses in the following sentences.
1 John along with twenty friends, (is / are) planning a party The picture of the soldiers (bring / brings) back many memories The quality of these recordings (is / are) not very good
4 If the duties of these officers (isn’t / aren’t) reduced, there will not be enough time to finish the project
5 Neither Bill nor Mary (is / are) going to the play tonight Anything (is / are) better than going to another movie tonight A number of reporters (was / were) at the conference yesterday There (was / were) some people at the meeting last night Each student (has / have) answered the first three questions 10 Either John or his wife (make / makes) breakfast each morning 11 The army (has / have) eliminated this section of the training test
12 The number of students who have withdrawn from class this quarter (is / are) appalling 13 Every elementary school teacher (has / have) to take this examination 14 The police (come / comes) to the site of the accident
15 These pictures, as well as photograph (brighten / brightens) the room 16 What he told you (seem / seems) to be of on importance
17 Tow years (is / are) a long time to wait 18 Bread and butter (is / are) what she asks for
19 Measles (is / are) cured without much difficulty nowadays 20 After a long day’s work (is / are) not the right time to dancing EXERCISE II : Either or Neither nor
Insert “is, am, are, was, were, has, have, or does”
1 That clown shows that either snow or rain about to fall Neither the cock nor the hens in the ward
3 By what time either you or your father decided to go ? Either one or tow apples been picked up ripe
5 Neither the moon nor stars visible in this dark night To what place either the man or his son wish to go ? Neither the master nor his pupils idle
(61)9 No girl or boy allowed to play in the school 10 Neither the man nor his wife much work EXERCISE III : As well as.
Insert “is, am, are, was, were, has, have, or does”.
1 This house as well as that for sale, which will you have ? The horse as well as the rider hurt by the fall
3 James as well as Mary won a prize this term Beauty as well as health fallen to her lot in life I myself as well as James gone to the party The cock as well as the hens calling for food A garden as well as stables attached to the house A garden as well as a stable attached to the house The hens as well as the cock calling for food 10 Stables as well as a garden attached to the house
Bài 12 : Giới Từ
PREPOSITIONS
Giới từ (preposition) từ dùng để nối danh từ (noun) đại từ (pronoun) với thành phần khác câu
- He goes to school every day. - I usually get up at six o’clock.
- He’s been waiting for her since early morning.
[A] : Một số giới từ thời gian thông dụng (Some common prepositions of time) * AT : Ta dùng at với điểm thời gian (times)
at o’clock at 11.45 at midnight at noon at lunchtime - Tom usually leaves work at o’clock.
Ta dùng at thành ngữ sau:
At night - I don’t like going out at night
At the weekend / at weekends - Will you be here at the weekend?
At Christmas / at Easter - We give each other presents at Christmas At the moment / at present - Mr Benn is busy at the moment At the same time - Ann and I arrived at the same time At the age of… - Tom left school at the age of 16 / at 16
* ON : Ta dùng on với ngày tuần (days) ngày tháng (dates) on March 12th on Friday on Christmas Day
- They got married on March 12th.
Ta nói :
on Friday morning(s) on Sunday afternoon(s) on Saturday night(s) on the morning of the fifth …
- I usually go out on Sunday evenings.
(62)in April in 1968 in (the) winter in the 18th century in the 1970s in the Middle Ages
Ta cuõng nói :
in the morning(s) in the afternoon(s) in the evening(s) - I’ll see you in the morning.(nhưng I’ll see you on Friday morning.) Ta không dùng at / on / in trước last next:
- I’ll see you next Friday. - They got married last March.
Nếu sau in khoảng thời gian thời gian tương lai: - The train will leave in a few minutes (= a few minutes from now) - Jack’s gone away He’ll be back in a week (= a week from now.) - They are getting married in six months.
[B]: Một vài giới từ vị trí thơng dụng (Some common prepositions of position)
* AT : Ta dùng at ta muốn nói có mặt kiện xảy ra (someone is at an event) :
at a party at a meeting at a conference
at a concert at a football match at a cinema - Were there many people at the party?
- I saw Jack at the football match on Saturday. Chúng ta nói :
at home at university at the seaside in bed
on a farm at work at a station at sea (on a voyage)
in hospital at school at an airport in prison
- Julia is studying medicine at university. - Tom’s father is in hospital.
- Have you ever worked on a farm?
* IN : Ta dùng in với thành phố (cities) làng mạc (villages). - His parents live in London.
- He was born in a small village near Manchester. Ta thường nói :
in a room in a building in the water in a row /in a line
in a garden in a park in the sea in a queue
in a town in a country in a river in an armchair
in a picture in a photogragh in a mirror in the sky in your hand in a newspaper in your hand in the mountain
- “Who is that woman in that photogragh ?”
- It was a lovely day There wasn’t a cloud in the sky.
- Don’t sit in that armchair It’s broken.(nhöng Don’t sit on that chair.)
at the top at the end of the street at the back at the bus stop at the bottom at the corner of the street at the front at the door
- Who is that man standing at the door ? - Write your name at the top of the page.
(63)Nhöng : - The television is in the corner of the room
on the ceiling on the wall on the floor on a page
on a board on a shelf on a chair on your nose
on the left on the right on the ground on the beach
on an island on the coast on a road on the way
- In Britain we drive on the left.(…on the left-hand side.) - Our flat is on the second floor of the building.
- Tom spent his holiday on a small island off the coast of Scotland. [C] : Giới từ theo sau tính từ : (Prepositions following Adjectives.)
Có số tính từ mà theo sau chúng buộc phải có giới từ định (theo cấu trúc
Adjective + preposition) Hãy học thuộc lịng nhóm tính từ :
* nice / kind / good / generous / mean / stupid / silly / intelligent / clever / (im)polite / rude / unreasonable OF someone (to something) :
- Thank you It was very kind of you to help me
- It’s stupid of her to go out without a coat She’ll catch cold
Nhöng : (to be) nice / kind / good / generous / mean/ (im)polite / rude/ (un)pleasant / (un)friendly / cruel TO someone :
- She’s always been very nice to me - Why were you so rude to Ann?
* angry / annoyed / furious ABOUT something
angry / annoyed / furious WITH someone FOR doing something - What are you so angry about ?
- They were furious with me for not inviting them to the party * delighted / pleased / satisfied / disappointed WITH something :
- I was pleased with the present you gave me
- Were you disappointed with your examination results? * bored / fed up WITH something :
- You get bored with doing the same thing every day
* surprised / shocked / amazed / astonished AT / BY something - Everybody was very surprised at the news
* excited / worried / upset ABOUT something : - Are you excited about going on holiday next week ? - Ann is upset about not being invited to the party
* afraid / frightened / terrified / scared OF someone / something : - “Are you afraid of dogs ?” – “Yes, I’m terrified of them.” * proud / ashamed OF someone / something :
(64)* jealous / envious / suspicious OF someone / something : - Why are you always jealous of other paople?
- He didn’t trust me He was suspicious of my intentions * aware / conscious OF something :
- “Did you know they were married ?” – “No, I wasn’t aware of that.” * good / bad / excellent / brilliant / hopeless AT (doing) something :
- I’m good at repairing things * married / engaged TO someone :
- Linda is married to an American * sorry ABOUT something :
- I’m sorry about the noise last night We were having a party
Nhöng : sorry FOR doing something : - I’m sorry for shouting at you yesterday
Nhưng cách nói dùng thường : I’m sorry I … - I’m sorry I shouted at you yesterday
* (feel / be) sorry FOR someone :
- I feel sorry for George He’s got no friends and no money * impressed BY / WITH something :
- I wasn’t very impressed by the film * famous FOR something :
- Florence is famous for its art treasures * responsible (TO someone) FOR something :
- Who was responsible for all that noise last night ? - I’ll be responsible to the principal for my teaching * different FROM (or TO) someone / something :
- The film was quite different from what I expected * interested IN something :
- Are you interested in art and architecture? * capable / incapable OF something :
- I’m sure you are capable of passing the examination * fond OF someone / something :
- Mary is very fond of animals She has three cats and two dogs * full OF something :
(65)* short OF something :
- I’m a bit short of money Can you lend me some? * tired OF something :
- Come on, let’s go I’m tired of waiting * keen ON something :
- We stayed at home because Ann wasn’t very keen on going out in the rain * similar TO something :
- Your handwriting is similar to mine * crowded WITH (people) :
- The city centre was crowded with tourists
Tuy nhiên, có vài tính từ mà theo sau chúng giới từ khác nghĩa chúng cũng khác nhau:
- Swimming is good for health (Bơi lội có lợi cho sức khoẻ ) - Jack is good at Japanese (Jack giỏi tiếng Nhật)
- Mary is very good with her hands (Mary khéo tay)
- Mr Brown is good to all of us (ông Brown tử tế với tất chúng tôi) EXERCISE I : Put in the correct prepositions: at, on or in.
1/ The course begins January and ends 10 March
2/ I went to bed midnight and got up 6.30 the next morning 3/ Mozart was born Salzburg 1756
4/ There are usually a lot of parties New Year’s Eve
5/ Mary and Henry always go out for a meal their wedding anniversary 6/ The price of electricity is going up October
7/ I might not be at home the morning Can you phone the afternoon ? 8/ Tom doesn’t see his parents very often these days – usually only Christmas and sometimes the summer for a few days
9/ Tom’s grandfather died 1977 the age of 79 10/ I’m going out to some shopping I’ll be back half an hour 11/ The doorbell and the telephone rang the same time
(66)13/ Hurry up We’ve got to go five minutes 14/ Are you doing anything special the weekend ?
15/ Carol got married 17, which is rather young to get married EXERCISE II : Complete these sentences with in, at or on.
1/ Turn left the traffic lights 2/ You’ll find the cups the top shelf
3/ It can be dangerous when children play football the street 4/ We got stuck in a traffic jam the way to the airport
5/ Ann’s brother lives a small village _ the south coast of England 6/ Paris is the river Seine
7/ Do you take sugar your coffee ?
8/ Mr Brown’s office is the first floor When you come out of the lift, it’s the third door your left
9/ Look at those beautiful horses that field
10/ I’ll meet you the corner of the street 10 o’clock 11/ I can’t find Tom this photogragh Is he it ? 12/ You’ll find the sports results the back page of the newspaper 13/ I didn’t see you the party Saturday Where were you ?
14/ Tom’s ill He wasn’t work today He was home bed 15/ I haven’t seen Ken for some time I last saw him Dave’s wedding
16/ Paul is a student London University
17/ The exhibition the art gallery finished Saturday afternoon 18/ What time did you arrive London ?
19/ When we arrived London Station, there was a long queue outside 20/ He speaks quite good French He studied Paris for a year
(67)1/ It’s very nice you to let me use your car Thank you very much
2/ Why are you always so rude your parents ? Can’t you be nice them ? 3/ It wasn’t polite him to leave without saying thank you
4/ I don’t understand people who are cruel animals 5/ Why you always get so annoyed little things ?
6/ The people next door are annoyed us making so much noise last night
7/ We enjoyed our holiday but we were rather disappointed the hotel 8/ I was surprised the way he behaved It was quite out of character 9/ She doesn’t often go out at night She’s afraid the dark
10/ I’ve been trying to learn Spanish but I’m not satisfied my progress 11/ Jill starts her new job on Monday She’s quite excited it
12/ I was shocked what you said You should be ashamed yourself 13/ Did you know that Linda is engaged a friend of mine ?
14/ I had never seen so many people before I was astonished the crowds 15/ Bill has been doing the same job for too long He’s bored it
16/ These days everybody is aware the dangers of smoking 17/ Are you still upset what I said to you yesterday ?
18/ She’s quite nice but I wouldn’t like to be married her 19/ I’m hopeless repairing things
20/ I’m not very good tennis
21/ I’d rather not go to an Indian restaurant I’m not very keen Indian food 22/ I’m sorry the smell in this room It’s just been painted
23/ The police are responsible maintaining law and order 24/ Ann is very fond her younger brother
(68)26/ This place is always very lively at night It’s usually crowded people 27/ That man’s very honest He isn’t capable telling a lie
28/ Our house is similar theirs – I think ours is a bit larger
29/ I felt sorry the children when we went on holiday.It rained very hard and we had to spend most of the time indoors
30/ Bill and I come from the same town but my accent is different his EXERCISE IV : Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions :
1 Mr Smith is very kind us He is different his wife
3 We are pleased the result of our work We are confident the success
5 Most people are afraid snakes Our country is rich natural resources Hue city is famous its historical vestiges My mother is always busy her housework Dirty air is harmful our health
10 We are proud our people’s heroic tradition 11 The teacher’s advice is profitable the students 12 The streets are crowded vehicles at the rush hour 13 The climate of our city is favourable agriculture 14 The air at the seaside is good health
15 My friend is good maths and physics 16 John is skilful dancing
(69)19 Mr Smith is not accustomed hot weather 20 Your words are contrary your acts 21 My home is far school
22 He is sad his son’s laziness
23 Many young people want to be independent their parents 24 We are grateful our teacher
25 I’m interested current events 26 Your profession is similar mine 27 This chemical is dangerous humans 28 This work is not suitable him 29 Her voice sounds familiar me 30 This student is eager study 31 My house is next the post office 32 This man is greedy fame 33 I was absent class yesterday 34 Children are fond candies
35 The beach is full tourists in summer 36 We are present the lecture yesterday
37 We must hurry, otherwise we should be late school 38 Air is necessary life
39 He is friendly everybody
(70)Bài 13 : CÁCH BIẾN ĐỔI CÂU (TRANSFORMATION)
Cách biến đổi câu cách ta viết lại câu theo cấu trúc (thường cho trước) mà không thay đổi nghĩa câu ban đầu
* Ví dụ : Hãy viết lại câu sau :
- He didn’t go to school yesterday because he was ill.
Because of……
Theo ví dụ trên, ta viết lại câu “Because of…” , có nghĩa ta biến mệnh đề “ he was ill” thành cụm từ, sau “because of” ta phải dùng cụm từ Như vậy, câu viết lại :
Because of his illness, he didn’t go to school yesterday.
Hoặc Because of being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday Hoặc Because of his being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday.
* Ví dụ : Hãy viết lại câu sau : - They built that house a century ago.
That house……
Theo ví dụ trên, câu viết lại bắt đầu “That house” – túc từ – có nghĩa ta viết lại câu dạng bị động (passive voice) Như vậy, câu viết lại sau :
That house was built a century ago * Ví dụ : Hãy viết lại câu sau :
- He didn’t go out because he didn’t have time.
If……
Theo ví dụ trên, câu viết lại bắt đầu “If”, có nghĩa ta viết lại câu thành câu điều kiện khơng có thật q khứ (loại 3) động từ khứ Câu viết lại sau :
If he had had time, he would have gone out.
* Ví dụ : Hãy viết lại câu sau :
- The last time I saw her was five years ago.
I haven’t…………
(71) I haven’t seen her for five years.
(ago không dùng hồn thành, nên ta dùng for để thay thế.) * Ví dụ : Hãy viết lại câu sau :
- His house is bigger than mine.
My house isn’t………
Theo ví dụ trên, câu viết lại chuyển thành dạng so sánh thể phủ định
My house isn’t as big as his
Hay My house isn’t so big as his (house).
EXERCISE I: Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meanings:
1/ His father is taller than his mother
- His mother is not _ 2/ Tom didn’t come to the party Ann didn’t come to the party, either - Neither Tom _ 3/ Although the traffic was bad, I arrived on time
- In spite of _ 4/ If you have a car, you are able to travel around more easily - Having a car enables 5/ The sudden noise caused me to jump
- The sudden noise made _ 6/ My father said I could use his car
- My father allowed 7/ She wouldn’t allow me to read the letter
- She wouldn’t let _ 8/ Tom is ill He became ill three days ago
- Tom has _ 9/ I can’t give up smoking, but I’d like to
- I wish 10/ She often writes to him and he often writes to her
- They 11/ If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late
- Unless _ 12/ Jane is a better cook than Mary
(72)- Jack is not _ 14/ I don’t really want to go to the museum
- I’d rather 15/ Despite taking a taxi, Bill arrived late for the concert
- Although 16/ She made herself ill because she worked very hard
- She worked so 17/ The book was so good that I couldn’t put it down
- It was such _ 18/ Nobody can solve this problem
- This problem _ 19/ The man injured in the accident was taken to the hospital - The man who _ 20/ That girl is very beautiful
- What 21/ Bill is not old enough to drive a car
- Bill is too _ 22/ His house is not as comfortable as hers
- Her house is _ 23/ It is said that he is 108 years old
- He is said 24/ Tom said : “I’m feeling ill.”
- Tom said that _ 25/ I got all the information I need from Tom
- Tom provided _ 26/ Ann said to Bill : “Don’t forget to have your appoinment with Mr.Brown.” - Ann reminded _ 27/ They don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak clearly - If _ 28/ She didn’t buy the coat because she didn’t have enough money - If _ 29/ She was very stupid when she went out in the rain
- It was 30/ I am always nervous when I travel by air
- Travelling by air _ 31/ The last time I saw her was in 1985
- I haven’t _ 32/ That meal was excellent
- How 33/ That factory is producing more and more pollution
(73)34/ We must leave now or we’ll miss the train
- If _ 35/ She is a faster and more careless driver than I am
- She drives 36/ How old you think this building is ?
- When you think _ 37/ He is sorry now that he didn’t invite Jane to his party
- He wishes 38/ This furniture is so old that it is not worth keeping
- This is _ 39/ We spent five hours getting to London
- It _ 40/ When I arrived in London, I wrote a letter home
- On 41/ I hope to see you at Christmas
- I’m looking forward _ 42/ I’ve never seen such a mess in my life
- Never in my life 43/ Don’t try to escape It’s no use
- It’s no use 44/ It won’t be difficult to get a ticket for the concert
- You won’t have any 45/ Whose is this handbag ?
- Who _ EXERCISE II : Rewrite these sentences as directed :
1 The number of discontented young men is increasing considerably The reason for situation is that they haven’t been given vocational guidance at home or in the school
(Combine these two sentences, using “The reason why ”) 2 He doesn’t speak much English Only _ words.
(Use an adjective of quantity)
3 Adolescents haven’t been give vocational guidance at home or in the school. (change to the Active voice)
4 Most school leavers are badly prepared for employment They know very little about their future work
(Use “so that” to combine them)
5 Seldom did people travel far from home years ago. (Use the ordinary word order)
6 My brother is a factory worker He talked with you yesterday. (Combine into one sentence)
7 That scientific discovery was so important that it has affected every man’s way of life ever since. (Use “such” instead of “so”)
8 She asked him, “Do you like your job ?”. (Write in the Reported speech)
9 The students have suggested that they should be given more employment guidance (Use Gerund as Object)
10 He was given a gift So were you.
(Join into one sentence, using “as well as”) 11 My sister has already got married So has my brother.
(74)12 I don’t have any interesting book I can’t lend you any.
(Reduce into one sentence, using an infinitive instead of a clause) 13 They desire to have good jobs.
(Use a noun instead of verb “desire”)
14 What you (do) if you had attended the meeting ? (Supply the correct verb form)
15 Mr Nam is an experienced doctor He saved my brother from death. (Combine into one sentence, using Relative pronoun)
EXERCISE III: Rewrite these sentences as directed :
1 Because of his love for teaching, David would continue his teaching career. (Use “because” instead of “because of”)
2 Upon completion of his apprenticeship at the construction company, he worked for a small garage to get more experience
(Use an Adverb clause instead of a prepositional phrase)
3 Only when they have chosen a right career can they devote themselves to their jobs. (Use the ordinary order)
4 He was given a chance to stay on at this garage for six more months to see how he got on. (Change to the Active voice)
5 It always requires of man best efforts to overcome every difficulty in life. (Use a gerund as Subject)
6 This maths problem is too difficult He can’t solve it.
(Reduce into one sentence, using an infinitive instead of a clause) 7 She hasn’t done her homework I haven’t done my homework.
(Join into one sentence, using “Neither nor”) 8 She has little knowledge of English Grammar.
(Transform the sentence using a verb instead of the knowledge) 9 Do you want to play football ? (Use “enjoy” instead of “want”). 10 She worked hard so she got high wages.
(Make a conditional sentence contrary to this fact) 11 It doesn’t rain enough The plants don’t grow properly.
(Combine into one sentence, using “enough to”) 12 “How long will it take us to go to My Tho by car ?”
I don’t know it
(Combine into one sentence, using an indirect question) 13 She said she didn’t mind rode her bicycle to school.
(Use a gerund as Object of he verb)
14 Some people think that it would be hard work to conserve natural resources. (Use a gerund as Subject)