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VINH UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT ********** A STUDY ON THE CONCEPT OF “HAPPINEES” IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IDIOMS ( MỘT SỰ NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ “HẠNH PHÚC” TRONG THÀNH NGỮ TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT) Student: Nguyen Thi Hanh - K53B2 Pham Thi Cuc - K53B2 Supervisor: MA.Nguyen Thi Bich Hien Vinh, 4/2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the completion of this work, we have been fortunate to receive invaluable contributions from many people First of all, we should like to express our deepest gratitude to our supervisor, Nguyen thi Bich Hien.MA for her absolutely indispensable assistance, excellent suggestions, her immense encouragement, and detailed critical guidance, without which the work would not have been complete We are greatly grateful to my teachers of English language department, Vinh university for their powerful knowledge and useful guidance us in doing the research In addition, we would also like to extend my sincere thank to our classmates for helping us to give the invaluable comments and suggestions when we were carried out our research Last but not least, our warmest thanks are due to our loving family members for their support, love and encouragement to help us complete this research Vinh, 4, 2015 Pham Thi Cuc Nguyen Thi Hanh ABSTRACT The importance of “Happiness” in expressing emotion, language teaching and learning has stimulated the author in the study on English and Vietnamese idioms In addition, the study is concerned with contrastive analysis as well as the distinction of “Happiness” in English idioms and Vietnamese idioms CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE “Happiness” is a sacred and secular concept People even give a particular day to memorize and share the happiness called “The international happiness day” However, exactly what is it? We know that people expected and searched the meaning of happiness at the dawn They have improved and perfected themselves to aim this, even it is for them or their relatives It can’t be denied that people have chance to listen to sweet folk-songs, poems relevant to happiness since they were in their childhood For instance, family’s happiness of Vietnam in the folk verse: “anh thuận em hịa nhà có phúc” or in poems: “bài thơ hạnh phúc” (Bùi Minh Quốc, 1969), “hạnh phúc” (Trần Hữu Nghiêm, 1998)….And in English like “ happiness” (Jane Kenyon, 1995), “how can I then return in happy plight” (William Skakespeare, 1609)… Especially, the idioms about happiness occupy a big part in both English and Vietnamese, therefore, we are interested in this topic We think that this research will be helpful to give human being the comparison and contrast between English and Vietnamese idioms In addition, learners usually misunderstand the meaning of “Happiness” in idioms so by studying this topic, we give them the tactics to cope with the learning and translating Last but not least, we find some interesting similarities and differences between English’s and Vietnamese’s norms about “happiness” Also, we want to make a small contribution to the knowledge about cross cultural values 1.2 AIMS OF THE STUDY The aims of the study are as follow: -To provide readers, English learners with fundamental understanding about happiness, and their meaning in idioms -To help the readers, English learners understand deeply about idioms in Vietnamese and English -To enrich the learner’s culture and custom languages of English and Vietnamese -To avoid some errors in studying major skills To cope with all the purposes , the study must answer the following questions: -What are the common concepts of “Happiness” in English and Vietnamese dictionary? -What are the representation of “Happiness” in English and Vietnamese idioms? -What is the norm of “Happiness” the English and Vietnamese via idioms? -What is the similarities and differences between “Happiness” in English and Vietnamese ? 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY Due to the limitation of time, it is difficult and impossible to cover all areas of “Happiness” Therefore, the study only focuses on the contrastive analysis of “Happiness” between English and Vietnamese in terms of idiom aspect 1.4 DESIGN OF THE STUDY Chapter 1: Introduction The first chapter deals with rationale, aims, scope and design of the study Chapter 2: Literature Review and Theoretical Background In this chapter, the author would like to briefly present some knowledge about contrastive analysis, idiom, happiness and definition of these words Chapter 3: Contrastive analysis of happiness between English and Vietnamese idioms Chapter will be about aims and objectives, research methodology, research questions, description of participants and sample, instruments, data collection, data analysis, limitations Chapter 4: Method This chapter will compare the differences and similarities of “Happiness” in English and Vietnamese idioms Chapter 5: Conclusion The final part will give some suggestions for using idioms in studying, translating, and expressing emotion CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORITICAL BACKGROUD CONCEPT OF HAPPINESS In life, there are many people engrossed in the road of achieving happiness Some of them believe that happiness is the great, complex things, besides the other suppose it is close and casual So which one is the right definition about happiness? And what aspects the happiness cover? They are absolutely a big question researched and explained by lots of scholars According to the definition in Wikipedia: “ Happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being defined by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy A variety of biological, psychological , religious and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and indentify its sources Various research groups, including positive psychology, are employing the scientific method to research questions about what “happiness” is , and how it might be attained” Mahatma Grandhi, who was the preeminent leader of Indian, said : “ Happiness is when what you think, what you say and what you are in harmony” So his point is typical for his country’s culture Meanwhile, the philosopher Anyn Rand stated: “happiness is that state of the consciousness which proceeds from the achievement of one’s value” People know “happiness” when they feel it There are some other words describing a range of positive emotions like : joy, pride, contentment and gratitude In the book of psychology researcher Sonia Lyubomissky named “ the how of happiness” (2007) considered happiness as: “ the experience of joy , contentment, or positive well-being, combined with a sense that one’s life is good, meaningful, and worthwhile” Overall, in our study, we support strongly that happiness has lots of terms When people achieve success in some aspects such as love, family, job, friendship, wealth… However, it does not mean that happiness is when people fulfill their demands sufficiently 2.1 CONCEPT OF IDIOM Idiom is an important part of vocabulary of linguistics It is very varied and diverse, accompanied with the development of linguistics, people have tendency to use the idioms more frequently, and it becomes the general tool for communication Because of the deep history, idiom has lots of aspects and many semantic meanings There are many definitions of idiom, according to Nguyen Nha Ban (characteristic structure of idiom and saying, 2005) “An idiom is a number of words which take together means something different from the individual words of the idiom when they stand alone” the idiom is created from individual words, but when we make the combination for these word it can change meaning of the sentence Ex: “get into hot water” means people have face or cope with the difficult, or someone gets into trouble Ex: “To shed crocodile tears” means someone cries something but it is not real, they just cry but without caring An idiom is a word or phrase that is not taken literally like “bought the farm” it has mean that there is nothing to According to Cruse “An idiom is an expression the meaning which can’t inferred from it parts” It can be understood that idiom is a word, or phrases which means something different from its literal meaning is not real but can be known by their popular use What people need to learn is idiom separately because there are some certain words together or some certain time can be different meanings so in order to understand thoroughly about idioms people need to know deeply the culture of the idiom comes from CHAPTER 3: CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF “HAPPINESS” BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IDIOMS Similarities of “ happiness in English and Vietnamese idioms The happiness usually attaches to success, it means people get the objectives which they want Some psychological theories are stated that happiness is pleasure and comfort However, the experience of happiness is combined in both the nice and the unexpected time or occasion 3.1 Happiness is up and imaginative The notion “ Happiness is up” relates to space and orientation In this term, the erect posture is considered the positive emotion Both English and Vietnamese believe that the things which are in higher position than their head is a good place to put their feeling So they think to the verbs to achieve this space like: jump, be in, be up, walk… There are many such expressions can be found in English idioms: Jump for joy Walking on air With a light heart Get one’s tail up The other samples from Vietnam such as: Sướng cực điểm, Vui đến cùng… In addition, the human beings imagine to the immense spaces which are far from their location for their feeling These spaces are relevant with the image of something moving upward For instance, in English they are: In high spirit Over the moon In the seventh heaven On the top of the world A ray of sunshine On cloud nine And in Vietnamese they are: Trên chín tầng mây Lâng lâng mây Như mây Sướng tiên These forms of expression are based on human’s experience about universe at the dawn Because they did not have the modern technologies, they can only suspect, image, and intuit the world They believed that in a different immense space, their life would be better so they expect to get there 3.2 Happiness is not material wealth, it is the close things A long time ago, in both English and Vietnamese idioms, people had ideas to support the theory that happiness is not material wealth We can find it in English idioms: Comfort is better than pride Better joy in a cottage than sorrow in a palace Better go to heaven in rags than to hell in embroidery In Vietnamese they are also shown that: Ăn mặc bền Tốt danh lành áo Ba gian nhà lòa lào Phải duyên coi chin tòa nhà lim In the words which people consider about happiness, they make the comparison between joy and rich, they high appreciate the joy This is proven via words like: “better”, “than”, or “tốt hơn” , “coi từng” The existence of these common idioms is based on the same experience In real life, they remark that the material wealth can’t fulfill their emotions, and even the other close thing such as: family relationship, friends… could make them contented 3.1.3 Happiness is in social background Both England and Vietnam are famous for the monarchy In these societies, people divided into many different classes, and people who are in the higher position are more respected by the other At that time, people consider kings, queens or ministers…as their desire In English, this is demonstrated via idioms: The royal family Happy as a king And in Vietnamese is: Sướng vua Sướng quan Ông hoàng bà hoàng 3.2 The differences in “Happiness” English and Vietnamese idioms Besides having a lot of similarities, there are some main differences between “Happiness” in English and Vietnamese idioms 3.2.1 The feature of country First of all, according to concept “Happiness” of Vietnamese is: “Happiness is attached to the feature of country- Vietnam is agriculture country with avariety festivals, so “Happiness” is expressed by some entities which have the closest relationship of agriculture For example, vui địa chủ mùa, it can be understood that happy as landlord has a good harvest “landlord”, “harvest” are the common concepts in some agricultural countries Another example is “mừng đại hạn gặp mưa” it means that happy as the rain comes after long term drought Two natural phenomenan “ drought, rain” occur frequently every year and they have a huge effect on the crops of people in the countries Vui điền viên it can be known that when people want to avoid the busy life or they finish their work and they are retired, they expect to return to their homeland to the gardening and simply to the farming However, Basing on the ways of life, there is no relationship between “Happiness” and agriculture 3.3 Using body parts Another difference in using body parts to express “happiness” In English idioms people often using the entities “heart”, “eye”, “ear” Grin from one ear to ear Starts in somebody’s eyes In good heart However Vietnamese prefer to use the entity “gut” to show their happiness for example: Hả lòng Nở mặt nở mày Tay bắt mặt mừng Như nở khúc ruột 10 Why they have the different between them? Because of the concept of happiness in two coun tries and the way of life, the English is exstrorse, they have intention to show off their attitudes, and their emotions on their face, their eyes and their ears grin from ear to ear is an example On the other hand , people in Asian countries, in general, and in Viet Nam people is instrorse, they donot want to express themself and just keep it inside The reason, that English is very independent and active and focus on results, is peole live in individualism life style.Vietnamese is high uncertanty, carefull and metaculous because of the affect collectism life 3.2.3 Human’s demand English is develop country, and the living standard is much higher than Vietnamese, so they not worry about the food or money, “Happiness” is something relates to spirit, dream however Vietnamese people is hardworking and saving , and affect of the poor condition, people always worry about food, money to afford their life It can be expressed throght some idioms: Mừng bắt tiền Mừng bắt đuợc Mừng trúng số độc đắc 11 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION Summary of the study From the analysis above, we have presented some knowledge about the concept “happiness” in English and Vietnamese idioms The study helps us have an overview of the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese idioms Basing on the knowledge of the research, we can help the learners feel interesting in this issue and find it easy to understand Also, it can help English learners with fundamental understanding about happiness, idiom, and contrastive analysis, and meanings of some words, related to “Happiness”to help the readers, English learners understand deeply about idioms in Vietnamese and English The important purpose is to enrich the reader’s culture and custom languages of English and Vietnamese Limitation and suggestion Due to the limitation of time, in this research we only focus on some similarities and differences in the concept of “happiness” in English and Vietnamese idioms 12 References Books: [1] Nguyễn Minh Tiến (2005), Từ điển thành ngữ Anh- Việt [2] Nguyễn Đình Hùng (2007), Tuyển tập thành ngữ tục ngữ ca dao ViệtAnh thong dụng [3] Nguyễn Nhã Bản (2005), Đặc điểm cấu trúc thành ngữ tục ngữ Việt Nam [4] Lê Đình Tường (2015), An introduction to contrastive linguistic [5] A.P.Cowie, R.Mackin, I.R.Mc Caig (1994), Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms Websites: http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/concepthttp://www.en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/cotrastive linguistics http://tailieuso.udn.vn/bitstream/TTHL_125/3995/3/Summary.pdf http://ta.itctnu.edu.vn/Uploads/Articles/Files/568/[Viet%20-%20Anh] %20Tuyen%20tap%20thanh%20ngu%20-%20tuc%20ngu%20-%20ca %20dao.pdf http://www.learn-english-today.com/idioms/idiom-categories/happinesssadness/happiness-sadness2.html 13 ... References Books: [1] Nguyễn Minh Tiến (2005), Từ điển thành ngữ Anh- Việt [2] Nguyễn Đình Hùng (2007), Tuyển tập thành ngữ tục ngữ ca dao ViệtAnh thong dụng [3] Nguyễn Nhã Bản (2005), Đặc điểm cấu trúc... heaven in rags than to hell in embroidery In Vietnamese they are also shown that: Ăn mặc bền Tốt danh lành áo Ba gian nhà lòa lào Phải duyên coi chin tòa nhà lim In the words which people consider... http://tailieuso.udn.vn/bitstream/TTHL_125/3995/3/Summary.pdf http://ta.itctnu.edu.vn/Uploads/Articles/Files/568/[Viet%20-%2 0Anh] %20Tuyen%20tap%20thanh%20ngu%20-%20tuc%20ngu%20-%20ca %20dao.pdf http://www.learn-english-today.com/idioms/idiom-categories/happinesssadness/happiness-sadness2.html