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Dd eung la mdt bieu hien ed ve nhu nghich ly khi cdng cudc xay dung phat trien dat nude da dat dupc nhirng thanh Uru to Idn, ddi sdng nhan dan dupe cai thien, vj the qudc te cda dit [r]
(1)Nghien cuu - Trao ddi T p p c h i C ^ n g s d n
BIEN DOI CO CAU XA HOI VA TAC DONG CUA NO
DEN NONG DAN, NONG THON HIEN NAY NAMSOTSI
Sau hon hai muoi ndm thuc Men du&ng loi doi mdi dudi su lanh dqo cua Ddng, ciing vm nhiing thdnh tuu to Idn ve kinh te - xd hgi, xd hgi Viet Nam cdng da dien mgt qud trinh Men doi todn dien cd dtdm vi mo vd vi mo, tdt cd cdc linh vuc cua dot song Giai cdp nong ddn, vdi so lugng dong ddo nhdt xa hgi cdng chiu tdc dgng mqnh me dan den su Men doi cff cdu ngi bg cdng nhu tqo thdnh nhiing he qud phong phu, phiic tap dkhu vuc nong thdn
I ONG cupc ddi mod, xay dung va phat trien dat nudc ta da tao nhiing 'bien ddi manh me, to Idn chua timg thay Dd la su bien ddi tii nen kinh te ke hoaeh hda, tap trung, bao cap sang nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chd nghia; hi mdt CO eau kinh te gdm hai phan vai hai hinh thux; sd hiiu sang nen kinh te nhieu phan vdi nhieu hinh thux; sd hiru khae nhau; tii mdt xa hdi truyen thdng khep kin sang xa hdi hien dai, md cua va hdi nhap; tu mdt CO eau xa hdi hai giai cap, mpt tang Idp sang xa hdi cung tdn tai nhieu giai tang khac Tat ca nhiing bien ddi kinh te - xa hpi
iy din lupt nd lai trd nguyen nhan,
dilu kien thuc day nhiing bien ddi ea eau xa hdi cua ndng dan va khu vuc ndng thdn - bd phan cu dan Idn nhat, vdn cd nhiing tap quan truyin thong lau ddi nhat, vdi nhimg thiet
che van hda va lien ket xa hdi chat che nhat d ntrdc ta
Xu hinmg bien doi co cau xa hoi cua giai cap ndng dan hien
Tren co sd nghien cun thue te cd the thay, nhiing nam vua qua ca cau xa hdi cua giai cap ndng dan nudc ta bien ddi theo nhiing phuang hudng sau day:
Mot Id, xu hudng gidm tuang ddi vi ty li vd tuyet ddi vi sd luqng ndng ddn ca cdu xd hoi vd ddn cu nudc ta
Su nghiep xay dung va phat triln dSt ntrdc ta sau hon 20 nam ddi mdi da dua tiii su giam di tuong ddi (tiic la ty Ie ndng dan tdng sd dan) va tuyet ddi (hie la so lupng ndng dan) ca cau lao ddng va eo cau dan eu Ty le lao ddng ndng nghiep
(2)ti-ong tdng sd lao ddng xa hdi nirdc ta dang ed xu hirdng giam dan mdi nam tu 1% -1,5%, hien ehi edn khoang 25 trieu ngirdi, chiem 56% Theo du bao, lao ddng ndng nghiep nudc ta se cdn 50% vao nam 2010 va 30% vao nam 2020 Bk diu va eang ed xu hirdng "cdng nhan hda ndng dan" Dieu dupc the hien, mdt mat, tii ehuyen dieh lao ddng ndng nghiep sang lao ddng cdng nghiep va dieh vu; mat khae, tii viee ndng dan eang dupc nang cao ve hpc van, trinh dp san xuat, viec iing dung khoa hpc, ky thuat va cdng nghe hien dai vao san xuat ndng nghiep dupe nang len khdng ngimg Cae hinh thuc td ehu'c san xuat eua ndng dan cang da dang Kinh te tu nhan vdi nhieu hinh thure khac van la luc lupng quan trpng, ed kha nang thu hut nhieu lao ddng Mdt sd hd ndng dan d cac dia phuong da phat trien theo hirdng kinh te trang trai, khac phuc dan quy md nhd, tinh trang manh mun, tao kha nang iing dung khoa hpc, ky thuat de mang lai nang suat, chat lupng hang hda ndng pham cang cao Kinh te hpp tac va hpp tac xa eung dang dupe ehu trpng phat trien theo hudng lien kit tu nguyen, tu quan
Xu hudng giam dan sd lupng, ty le lao ddng ndng nghiep va ndng dan ddng thdi la he qua tat yeu cua sir phat trien, ehuyln dieh cda CO cau kinh te tren dia ban ea nude eiing nhu mdi khu vuc, tirng dia phuong theo hirdng phd bien la ty trpng cdng nghiep tang len, ty trpng ndng nghiep giam di Dd la xu hirdng va quy luat cua su phat triln tiln bd hpp quy luat, se tat yeu dien d cae nude dang phat trien, di len tii mdt nudc ea ban la ndng nghiep nhu nirdc ta
^ Tdc dp giam tuong ddi ve ty le va tuyet ddi ve sd lupng giai cap ndng dan nude ta se ngay cang tang nhanh cung vdi qud trinh
cdng nghiip hda Men dqi hda ddt nudc ndi
ehung, va qua trinh ung dung khoa hpc, ky thuat hien dai, nang eao nang suat lao dpng ndng nghiep ndi rieng Ket qua la lao ddng tat yeu ndng nghiep, ndng dan se giam xudng va ddi ra, trd ngudn nhan luc can thiet cho su phat tiien cdng nghiep, tieu, thu cdng nghiep va dieh vu Den lupt nd, su phat trien eua cdng nghiep va dich vu se tae ddng trd lai, trd ddng lire thiic day ndng nghiep phat trien hon niia
Nhdn td qudc te ciing da va dang tac ddng
vao xu hirdng giam tuang ddi cua giai cap ndng dan nude ta Dd la ddng chay xuat khau lao dpng ma phan ddng la em ndng dan mdi dtrpc dao tao nghe de di lao ddng a nudc ngoai Lao dpng d nudc ngoai eiing bao gdm nhieu nganh nghe da dang ma ngudi lao ddng ehu yeu tii ndng dan va ndng thdn tham gia dong ehuyen ddng
Cae nhan td tren tac ddng ddng thdi va dan xen vdi lam cho xu hirdng giam dan tirong ddi ve ty le, tuyet ddi ve sd lupng giai cap ndng dan ca cau xa hdi va dan cu khdng nhiing khdng dao ngupc ma cdn nhanh dan len, nhu mdt bieu hien eua su ehuyen dieh xa hdi mang tinh tien bd
Hai Id, xu hudng phdn nhdnh, phdn tdng da dqng hda ca cdu giai cdp ndng ddn
Giai cap ndng dan hien la su phat trien ke tiic tii giai cap ndng dan thdi ky tap the hda Trong qua trinh thuc hien su nghiep ddi mdi, su van dpng, phat triln cua giai cip ndng dan ntrdc ta gan lien vdi sir phan tang, phan nhanh cang da dang
(3)Nghien ciiu - Trao ddi T p p c h i C ^ n g s d n
va kinh te hd gia dinh, v.v Xu hudng phan nhanh se tat yeu keo theo nhirng khac biet ve phuang thiie lao ddng, vai trd qua trinh san xuat, mue dp hudng thu va co hdi phat trien mpi mat Dd ciing ehinh la mdt tiong nhiing nguyen nhan dan den sir phan tang theo chieu dpe ndi bd giai cap ndng dan Do vay, hinh anh ngirdi ndng dan hien da trd nen da dang, khdng "thuan nhat" nhu trudc day
Xu hudng da dang hda nganh nghe san xuat ndng nghiep da, dang va se dua tdi su da dang hda ca cau ndi bd giai cap ndng dan Nhiing nganh nghe truyen thdng nhu trdng trpt, chan nudi, tiep tue dupe phat trien nhung da cd nhiing thay ddi Idn eiing vdi su chuyen ddi ve co cau cay trdng, vat nudi, su phat trien ve nang suat, chat lupng, sd lupng, chdng loai san pham iing dung cae tien bd khoa hpe, ky thuat va dap iing nhu cau thj tnrdng hien dai Mdt bd phan ndng dan tiep tue ma rdng san xuat cac nghe thd cdng, cae lang nghe truyen thdn^ Neu nam 1994, sd hd ehuyen nganh nghe tieu, thd cdng nghiep chiem 11,2 % sd hd ndng dan, thi hien ty le dd la 26% Mpt bd phan khac chuyen sang boat ddng dich vu phuc vu cho san xuat ndng nghiep va gan bd vdi khu vuc ndng thdn nhu: kinh doanh xang, dku, phan bdn, thude bao ve thuc vat, thu'c an gia sue, lam may xay xat nho, dieu hanh cac td xay dung, td nghe mdc O vung nui eao, vung sau, vung xa, van cdn mdt bp phan ndng dan sdng theo phuang thux; tu tiic,
tucap
Trong qua trinh phat trien, mdt bd phan ndng dan da giau len biet lam an va tranh thd dupe CO hdi Mdt sd ndng dan han che vl kha nang tilp can van hda, khoa hpc, ky thuat, gap hoan canh khd khan thien tai hay sux; khde han ehe ma cude sdng khdng dupe cai thien dang ke, tham chi cdn ngheo
di Khoang each giau - ngheo d ndng thdn ciing eang doang Theo mdt nghien euu cua Vien Phat trien ben viing vung Nam Bd, nhdm thu nhap thap nhat d khu vuc ndng thdn vung Tay Nam Bd chiem 21,5% dan eu vdi thu nhap binh quan 2,94 trieu/ngudi/ nam Trong dd, sd tuong iing cua nhdm ed thu nhap cao nhat la 18,3% va 31,51 trieu ddng Khoang each tiiu nhap cua hai nhdm la 10,7 lan
Ba Id, xu hudng biin ddi thiit chi gia dinh vd xd hdi d ndng thdn
Nhiing nghien cun gan day cho thay, thiet chl gia dinh va xa hdi d khu vuc ndng thdn nude ta da ed nhung thay ddi de thich ung vdi nhiing dieu kien kinh te - xa hpi mat Dieu dupc the hien qua nhiing thay ddi phan cdng lao ddng gia dinh, cac quan he kinh te giua cae tiianh vien gia dinh va hp tdc, cac quan he giiia cac don vj kinh te (thudng la hd gia dinh) vdi Cung cd the thay nhiing thay ddi CO cau dau tu eua cae gia dinh vao cae boat dpng kinh te, dau tu cho ngudn nhan luc gia dinh, CO eau sd' dung thdi gian,
Ben canh dd, nhiing quan he gia dinh, va rdng hon la cae quan he hp hang, than tdc d khu virc ndng thdn eiing dang bien ddi theo hudng linh hoat ban, hien dai ban Ddng thdi vdi viec quan he hdn nhan cang tu hon, ciing la su gia tang ve ty le ly hdn Nhirng thiet ehe cd tac dung tri, cung cd quan he hp hang, than tdc ciing giam dan ve quy md cung nhu yeu eau bat budc su phat trien tinh trang lao ddng ndng thdn "ly ndng, ly huong" eang nhieu, tinh chat eang da dang eua cac nganh nghe lao ddng san xuat
Ve td ehiic cdng ddng, ben canh cac thiet che ehinh thuc nhu gia dinh, ddng hp, xdm ngd, cum dan cu, ngudi ndng dan cdn tu lam
(4)da dang ddi sdng eua minh bang each tham gia cac td chiic phi ehinh thu'c nhu cae hdi (ddng nien, ddng mdn, ), cac cau lac bd (tha, dudng sinh, ) Ben canh cae hinh thue ed truyen vui chai giai tri nhu udng tra, eau ca, tu hpp ban be hang xdm, thi da xuat hien cac hinh thiie mdi nhu dpe sach bao, xem truyen hinh, nghe nhac
Nhung tac dong cua bien doi co* cau xa hoi & khu vuc nong thon
Su bien ddi ca eau xa hdi la san pham tat yeu cua tien trinh hien dai hda xa hdi va cd tinh hpp ly lich su Nd gan lien vdi su da dang hda sd hiiu va qua trinh phan cdng lao ddng Ciing vdi su phat trien eua phan cdng lao ddng, nhirng nganh nghe mdi se xuat hien va thuc day sir phan bd cd hieu qua ngudn nhan luc, thuc day co cau xa hdi phat trien tu don gian den phu'c tap Do vay, su bien ddi ca cau xa hdi ed hieu ung tieh cue ddi vdi su tien bd va phat trien eua xa hdi
Nhiing tdc ddng tich cue chu yiu eua bien
ddi CO cau xa hdi d khu vuc ndng thdn va ndng dan la:
- Thuc ddy su chuyin ddi tir ca cdu xd hdi
truyin thdng sang ca cdu xd hdi Men dqi, da dqng han dd md khd ndng phdt triin mdi cho nhiing ngudi ndng ddn Ngudi ndng dan
dang dan dan dirpe giai phdng khdi su ban che cua nhung thiet ehe thdi bao cap de hp cd the dua vao qua phan dau eua minh, til xae dinh vi tri tiong xa hdi rdng md Trudc day, ehung ta da tien hanh cac cupc cai tao ndng thdn, hpp tac hda ndng nghiep Mdt nhiing he qua cua cae cudc cai tao la hinh nen mdt sd tang Idp xa hpi cua ndng thdn, gan lien vdi than phan chinh tri nhu: ban ndng, ed ndng, phii ndng, xa vien hpp tae xa, can bp dia phuang, can bd, cdng chuc cu tni d ndng thdn Sau thuc
hien chinh sach ddi mdi, ea eau xa hdi d khu vuc ndng thdn dua tren tieu chi cii da
.y V V ' '
bien ddi dan dan, thay vao dd la ca cau xa hdi mdi ma cac tieu ehi chu yeu dua tren ca sa kinh te Ngudi ndng dan eiing thoat dan su rang budc nghiem ngat cua che dp quan Iy hd khau, quan ly san xuat ndng nghiep de tim den nhung nganh nghe mdi thu lpi nhieu ban hay vao phd kinh doanh, kiem viec lam Nhieu ngudi ti^ong sd hp cdng, trd cac dng chu trang trai, chu doanh nghiep, nhung ngudi giau ed Su bien ddi ca cau xa hpi dd thuc su la dau hieu tich cue xa hdi dang chuyen ddi ttr md hinh truyen thdng sang md hinh hien dai Nd co tac dung kich thieh mpi vien phan dau, biit len, nang cao dia vi va vai ti^d xa hpi
- Biin ddi ca cdu xd hdi d khu vuc ndng
thdn trd thdnh diiu kien thuc ddy cdi thiin ddi sdng vat chdt cua ngudi ndng ddn theo
(5)Nghien ciiu - Trao ddi T p p c h i C ^ n g s d n
- Biin ddi ca cdu xd hdi khu vuc ndng
thdn tqo diiu kiin md mang, phdt triin vdn hda, gido due, ndng cao trinh hieu biit cua ngudi ndng ddn, tang cudng kha nang
ung dung cac tuu khoa hpc, ky thuat vao ndng nghiep Ban than viee hinh va phat trien eae tang Idp khae ndi bd giai cap ndng dan da tao mdt chit xuc tac, kich thieh viec md mang van hda, nang cao trinh dp dan tri Ddi sdng mdt bd phan Idn ndng dan dupe cai thien rd ret md nhieu ban co hdi tiep can giao due, md rdng nhu cau phat trien cac trudng hpe de dap ling nhu cau hpe tap cda eon em ndng dan ndi ehung Sir phat triln, md rdng anh hudng cda eae phuang tien thdng tin bao chi d ndng thdn dap ung nhu cau thdng tin tang len cua mpt bd phan cu dan ndng thdn; ddng thdi, ^dp phan nang eao dan tri, kieh thich nhu eau hieu biet, md mang tam nhin cda ngudi dan ndng thdn
- Su biin ddi ca cdu xd hdi thuc ddy qud
trinh ddn chu hda ddi sdng xd hdi d ndng thdn Thuc te ehiing minh, qua trinh hinh
thanh cac giai tang mdi cung ehinh la qua trinh chuyen bien tu tudng va quan diem eua cac vien xa hdi Su thay ddi va nang cao dja vi xa hdi da lam eho y thirc dan chd cua cae giai tang cung dupe nang cao Hp khdng chi mong mudn cai thien ddi sdng, ma cdn cd nguyen vpng tiiam gia day du hon vao cac boat ddng dan ehd cda dat nude Chinh vi the ma hien cang cd nhilu ndng dan tham gia bd may cdng quyen hoae cac td chiic xa hdi Ngudi ndng dan tu y thux; rd ban quyen lpi, traeh nhiem cda minh, chd ddng hon viec tham gia cac cdng viee ehung cda tiidn, xdm Day se la nhan td khdi ngudn eho sir phdi tiiai va hinh nhirng hinh thux; tu quan, tang cudng tren thuc te quyen lam chd cda nhan dan, cda cac cdng ddng dan cu
- Biin ddi ca cdu xd hdi ndng thdn gdp
phdn giic vimg dn dinh chinh tri xd hdi Sir
bien ddi co eau xa hdi la qua trinh ehuyen hi don gian sang phu'c tap, vtii ca hai trang thai ddng va tinh Sir xuat hien tang Idp mdi lam sinh lpi ich mdi, cd the dem lai sir phux; tap hon ddi sdng xa hdi ndng thdn Tuy nhien, neu su hinh co cau mdi la phu hpp vdi xu the ehung ciing nhu vdi quy luat cda xa hdi hien dai, gdp phan cai thien ddi sdng cda ngudi dan d ndng thdn, thi nd se cd tac dung giii viing cue dien dn djnh lau dai cda xa hdi
Cung vdi nhiing tac ddng tich cue tren, su
biin ddi ca cdu xd hdi ndng thdn nudc ta hiin cung Idm ndy sinh nhiiu vdn di phuc tqp, khdng ehi gay can trd den su phat
trien khu vuc ndng thdn ma cdn dan den nhiing tieu cue xa hdi khdng the coi thudng Cd the nhan thay mdt sd van de chu yeu sau:
- Khoang cdch gidu - ngheo giica hai cue
cua xd hdi ndng thdn ngdy mot gia tdng
Nhiing co hdi phat trien cho ngudi giau se nhieu hon NhCrng ngudi ngheo cang khd khan ban nhiing ban ehe ve cham sdc sue khde, tiep can giao due eho den nhiing nhu eau thiet yeu nhu nha d, dinh dudng Ndi each khae, nhiing ngudi ngheo d ndng thdn se cang thieu co hdi de cai thien cude sdng cda minh Do dd, co hdi dl thoat khdi tinh trang ngheo eua hp cang khd khan hon Trong dd, nhiing qua cda cdng cude ddi mdi tae ddng den khu vue ndng thdn va ndng dan chua nhieu Them vao dd, d mdt sd khu vue ndng thdn thude vung nui cao, bai ngang, vung sau, vun^ xa, ddi sdng ndi ehung cda ndng dan cdn rat khd khan dudng giao thdng khdng thuan tien, dien, trudng hpc, benh xa cdn thieu va nhiing hd tue, tap quan lae hau chua dupc khic phuc Mdt bd phan ndng dan bj thu hdi dit de xay dung cac cdng trinh cdng cpng, phat triln
(6)do thi hoae xay dung cae khu cdng nghiep da khdng tim dupe viec lam dn dinh va lam vao hoan eanh khd khan Dd la nhirng nhan td dan den nhiing he qua phux; tap, khdng mong dpi, la mam mdng ed the gay nen nhiing bat dn dinh, tieu cue va xung dot xa hdi d khu vuc ndng thdn
- Su bien ddi ca cau xa hdi a khu vue ndng dan, ndng thdn khdng ehi dan den su phan hda giau - ngheo, ma cdn ddn tdi su
thay ddi vi vdn hda, ldi sdng, thay ddi hi gid tri cudc sdng d khu vuc ndng thdn Dd la
ngudn gde dan tdi nhung hien tupng phiic tap quan he xa hpi, phat sinh nhiing te nan, hien tupng tieu cue, pha vd nhung truyen thdng tdt dep, pha vd sir ed ket cpng ddng truyen thdng vdn ed a ndng thdn Mdt bp phan dan eu, chd yeu la nhiing ngirdi gia, ngirdi ve huu, cae gia dinh ehinh saeh, nhiing ngirdi yeu the d ndng thdn kbdng thich iing kip vdi nen kinh te thi trudng, vdi tiiang gia tri mdi, xuat hien tam Iy bit an, tham ehi mat niem tin ve cdng bang xa hdi, ve y nghia tdt dep cda ehe dp - nhiing y niem vdn gan bd vdi thdi ky bao cap trudc day Dd eung la mdt bieu hien ed ve nhu nghich ly cdng cudc xay dung phat trien dat nude da dat dupc nhirng Uru to Idn, ddi sdng nhan dan dupe cai thien, vj the qudc te cda dit nudc dupc nang len nhieu nhung tinh hinh tu tudng lai dien bien theo chieu hirdng phiie tap ban
- Su bien ddi co eau xa hpi ndi bp giai cap ndng dan va khu vue ndng thdn dang dien nhanh chdng Cac ting lap, bd phan eu dan ndng thdn mdi hinh cdn rat ban ehe ve tinh dn dinh Tinh trang ly dien dieu kien d ndng thdn dang tdn tai mdt loat vin-di kinh tl - xa hdi khac nhu: thien tai, djch benh lien mien; su d nhiem mdi tnrdng sdng va mdi trudng san xuat ndng nghiep; tinh hinh khiiu kien vl tranh
chap dat dai chua the giai quyet dut diem; bat cdng bang ve dieu kien sdng, cham sdc y te; dieu kien hpe tap cda mdt bd phan em ngirdi ngheo khdng dupc bao dam; tuyet dai bp phan ndng dan edn san xuat manh mun, nang suat thap; he thdng ehinh tri ca sd d nhieu nod cdn yeu kem Dd la nhiing yeu td se tac ddng tieu cue den su ddng thuan xa hdi, den kha nang ddng vien, td chiic nhan dan thue hien eae dudng Idi, chinh sach cua Dang, Nha nudc, ban che den viec xay dung ndng tiidn mdi va kha nang phat huy vai tro tich cue eua ndng dan vi su nghiep xay dung va phat trien dat nirdc
* • ; • • • : ,
. -5 A