Edible Oil Processing from a Patent Perspective wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Albert J Dijkstra Edible Oil Processing from a Patent Perspective Albert J Dijkstra Carbougnères 47210 St Eutrope-de-Born France ISBN 978-1-4614-3350-7 ISBN 978-1-4614-3351-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3351-4 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012936065 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2013 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material 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responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Piæ memoriæ parentium1 In 1965, I dedicated my PhD thesis to my parents because genetically, educationally, and financially they had enabled me to attain this degree Now, I dedicate this monograph to their memory because what they left me provided me with the necessary freedom to write it wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Preface Patent literature has always been a mine of scientific and technological information But as with minerals, some information lies near the surface and is easy to extract from opencast mines, whereas other information lies hidden deep under the ground and requires a lot of digging Formerly, when I still lived in Belgium, it was deep mining The only way to consult the patent literature was to take an early train to Brussels, walk to the Ministry of Economic Affairs, and go to the reading room European patents and recent US patents were available on CD-ROM, most French patents on microfiche, and those I could consult myself after I had learned how to operate their reading equipment Most other patents were only available in print, and getting hold of them meant writing a chit, handing it to the reading room supervisor, and waiting while somebody searched for the volume containing this patent in the catacombs under the ministry building When he found it, he would put it into a small service elevator to the reading room, where I collected it, read the patent I was looking for, and made a photocopy At the end of the afternoon, I would count the number of photocopies I had made that day, pay for them, and travel back home by train while studying the day’s harvest.1 By now, the reader may have noticed that the above has been written in the first person rather than in the third person, which is more common in textbooks I decided to use the first person for a number of reasons: • • • • • Formerly, scientific articles were written in the first person When I translated the first ever book on the chemistry of oils and fats that was published in 1823 (Chevreul 2009), I consulted books and articles written in the nineteenth century and noted all were written in the first person I not know when and why authors changed to the third person Patents are still written in the first person, as illustrated by the quotation at the beginning of Chap Given the subject of this monograph, it is only logical to maintain that style Apart from book chapters and articles, I write many letters and especially e-mail messages The latter are in the first person and I prefer that style to referring to myself as “the author.” Besides, this monograph has some autobiographical elements, which makes using the first person a natural choice By writing in the first person, I can have freedom of speech and may express my opinion that what some author said is stupid If I just wrote that what he said is stupid or that he was stupid, I could face a libel action vii viii Preface At the end of the last century, this changed to opencast mining because websites such as http://be.espacenet.com, http://www.uspto.gov, and http://google.com/patents allow me to retrieve almost any patent from my desk, free of charge Accordingly, patent literature is more easily accessible than most scientific journals The Spanish oils and fats journal Grasas y Aceitas is now freely accessible through http://grasasyaceites revistas.csic.es/index.php/grasasyaceites Its French equivalent Oléagineux, Corps Gras, Lipide—OCL, which also carries many articles in English, can also be freely accessed at http://www.revue-ocl.fr, but the Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society is only accessible to AOCS members who also subscribe to the journal If not, you have to pay I checked this out on an article I wrote myself (Dijkstra 1999) By searching for “stripping medium” and my surname, I retrieved the article through http:// scholar.google.com and yes, it duly emerged But: Access to this resource is secured! Adding the item to my shopping cart would have cost me $34.00 Similarly, the European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology and its predecessor Fett/Lipid can be accessed through the web, but again, access is restricted For people working at universities or large research institutes, access may be possible because their employer has bought some form of multi-user access, but for people working at home like myself, or people working in a refinery, a patent office, or a small company, purchasing articles can be too expensive Accordingly, I now refer much more to patents in my articles and book chapters than before I can easily get hold of them and so can my readers However, reading a patent and grasping its ins and outs requires somewhat different skills from what is needed to read an article in a journal (Dijkstra 2009) Accordingly, I will start this monograph by explaining what patents are all about Not being a chartered patent agent myself, I will this in layperson’s terms and limit myself to what I think my readers need to know Things may have changed, but when I studied chemistry at university, nobody mentioned patents, and I am sure that the library of the chemical laboratory did not contain any patents either To some extent, this is rather surprising since most of my professors had worked in industry before they were invited to become a university professor I only came into contact with patents when I started to work for ICI.2 I lunched with members of the patent department and I also made several inventions For a few months I also shared digs with a patent trainee who later became a dear friend and who used me as sounding board when studying for his exams But for me to be any use in this respect, he had to tell me a lot about patents first I found patents quite intriguing, and what I had learned came in extremely useful when I joined the Vandemoortele Group as R&D Director in 1978 This company was facing several infringement lawsuits, so the first thing I did was to consult this ICI friend, and together we designed a strategy This involved opposing patents that had been granted to the company accusing us of infringement and taught me how to draft an opposition Eventually, the strategy worked and the lawsuits were dropped, ICI stands for Imperial Chemical Industries When I joined ICI, it was the largest chemical company in the world, but now ICI no longer exists What was left of it (the paints business) has been taken over by Akzo Nobel Preface ix but the whole affair taught me that an elementary knowledge of patents and patent law is indispensable for R&D staff This indispensability was also highlighted when people in my department proudly reported that they made a breakthrough, which then turned out to have already been described in a patent Instead of using this patent as a starting point and thinking of shortcomings and improvements, these people had wasted costly R&D time, and it was my responsibility to prevent this from happening again Since they had not learned anything about patents at university either, I started to provide them with some background information As a result, they became much more patent-conscious They started to consult patent literature and also recognized potential inventions in their own R&D work and organized this to substantiate these inventions They were good pupils When my department was disbanded, one of them pursued a career in intellectual property,3 and another one introduced patent awareness in his new employment environment (Desmet-Ballestra) and introduced me as a consultant on intellectual property matters When introducing the world of patents, I will explain that individual patents may belong to a family of patents that started with a single application and developed into a number of subsequent applications in various countries and/or a number of granted national patents As a rule, and provided it exists, I will refer to a publication in English and use the “(author, date)” system, where the “date” stands for the year of publication This need not be the earliest publication since the application may have been published at an earlier date in another language If a patent document does not exist in English, its language will be clear from its title in the reference, with the exception of Japanese patent documents, where I will use the English title Accordingly, I may refer to national publications in Swedish, Dutch, etc and European applications that have been written in German or French PCT4 applications have a wider choice of languages (Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, or Spanish) If there is a US patent document in the patent family, I will in general opt for that one because US patents are so easily accessible through http://google.com/patents If the PCT application does not have an English-language family member, it will have an English abstract that more or less explains what the invention is about Japanese and other patent applications provided by Espacenet5 also provide such abstracts, and those are the ones I use when discussing the documents concerned Subsequent chapters will deal with the various aspects of edible oil processing, such as production, refining, and modification processes I will start most chapters “Intellectual property” is a broader term than just patents It also covers trademarks, copyright, and the like PTC stands for Patent Cooperation Treaty, a union between countries that provides a unified procedure for filing patent applications When these applications are published, their application number has the prefix WO When accessed via http://be.espacenet.com, there is a choice of languages: Dutch, French, German, and English When accessed via http://wordwide.espacenet.com, the choice of languages is even wider, but the site tends to switch to English when providing further information 260 Author Index Boom, S.S van, 62 Bork, M., 96 Bưrner, G., 93, 182 Bornscheuer, 141 Boródi, A., 12 Boskou, D., 59 Bouvier, J.-M., 90 Breivik, H., 43, 44, 48 Brems, P.M.-J., 180 Breuning, J., 48 Brink, H.B ten, 231, 238 Brocken, P.J.M., 41, 42 Broek, W.J van den, 132 Brooks, D.D., 185 Brown, A.V., 140, 141 Brozzetti, A.J., 177 Brunia, L., 177, 180 Brunner, G., 96 Buchold, H., 136, 137 Bühlmann, U., 214 Buhr, N., 79 Burger, N.D.L., 92 Buuren, J van, 60, 214 Clausen, K., 138 Cleenewerck, B., 129, 167 Cloughley, J.B., 46 Coenen, H., 100 Cogat, P.O., 61 Cohen, Z., 37 Coleman, M.H., 232, 237 Colen, G.C.M., 223 Comini, S., 189 Comis, B.W., 110 Conte, J.A.J., 191 Cook, R., 206, 207 Cooper, C.F., 234 Copeland, R., 11, 103, 104, 129, 209, 211–213 Costa Escoda, T., 62 Courregelongue, J., 188 Cowan, W.D., 138, 139, 166, 167, 231 Crafts, J.R., 231 Craven, C.W., 183 Crowe, T.W., 102 Crowther, J.B., 43 Csernitzky, K., 12 Cully, J., 190 C Cain, F.W., 237 Camp, J.A., 186 Canessa, C.E., 162, 177 Caspari, M., 42 Catchpole, O.J., 99 Cerretani, L., 64 Chaitman, J., 99 Chandler, A.M., 49 Chandler, I.C., 237 Chang, S.S., 191 Chapman, D.M., 176 Charpentier, R., 34, 159 Chen, Y., 190 Cheng, A.T.Y., 208, 209 Cherwin, D.E., 233 Cheryan, M., 69, 98 Chien, K., 35, 99 Chikány, B., 12 Cho-Ah-Ying, F., 178 Choi, D.-S., 224 Choo, Y.M., 215 Choong, H.D., 66 Chordia, L., 96 Chou, C.-C., 35, 99, 142 Choukri, A., 126 Chrbet, J., 210 Chrbetová, J., 210 Chung, C., 186 Clausen, I.G., 138 D d’Addario, E.N., 41, 42 Dahlén, J.Å.H., 80, 88 Dahlke, K., 136, 137 Dalemans, D., 239 Dalen, J.P van, 144, 147, 175, 177, 211 Daniels, R.S., 161 Darrell, P.J., 97 Darvishmanesh, S., 107 Davies, C., 237 Davies, J., 239 Davis, C.K.C., 99 Dawson, R.B., 13, 131 Dayton, C.L.G., 123, 142–144, 238 De Greyt, W.F.J., 143, 167, 200, 214 De Kock, J., 149, 200 De Lathauwer, R., 22 de Man, J.M., 178 De Sadeleer, J.W.G.C., 73 de Suray, D., 213 Decio, M., 181 Declercq, M., 110 Decock, J., 50 Deffense, E.M.J., 126, 250 Degen, P.D., 248 Degen, P.J., 248 Delmas, M.P.B., 178 Denise, J., 200 Denton, D.A., 177 Desnuelle, P., 65 Author Index Di Giovacchino, L., 59 Dijkstra, A.J., 11, 12, 27, 43, 46, 49, 51, 61, 74, 80, 96, 101, 121, 123, 125, 129, 130, 132, 136, 137, 139, 141, 143, 146, 149, 159, 160, 167, 173, 174, 180, 186, 187, 200, 206, 209, 210, 219, 220, 222, 225, 226, 233, 236, 237, 245 Diosady, L.L., 98 Dobarganes García, M.-C., 208 Dodds, J., 97 Dolorantes Alvarez, L., 64 Donaldson, B.W., 96 dos Santos, M.A., 123, 238 Dunlop, E.H., 40, 41 Düpjohann, J., 61, 62 E Ebert, H., 187 Echevarria Parres, A.J.de J.de San J.B., 41 Eckelberry, N.D., 41 Ecker, P., 66 Eckert, P., 91 Eggers, R., 186 Eickhoff, K.P., 45, 125 Eidman, V., 186 Eigtved, P., 238 Eisner, P., 53 Elstner, F., 88 Elvevoll, E., 49 Engelrud, U., 234 Erickson, D.R., 34, 131, 158 Eriksson, F., 44 Ernst, P., 53 Ertl, K., 66 Esteban Morales, M., 62 Estes, J., 177, 179 Eyal, A., 164 F Fábicsné Ruzics, A., 12 Fabritius, D., 42 Farmer, R.D., 106 Faulconbridge, J., 99 Ferwerda, A., Fetzer, W., 83 Fichtali, J., 41, 42 Finelt, S., 100 Finley, J.W., 190 Fisher, L., 43 Fleischmann, M., 34 Fleming, D., 91 Flessner, U., 185 Floan, B.W., 90, 91 261 Foidl, N., 90 Franke, H.L., 97 Friedel, Ch., 231 Fries, A., 90 Frische, R., 44 Fuentes, M.P., 59, 62 Fukuyo, K., 100 G Gall, H., 64 Galvao, P.R., 90 Garcia Martos, J.M., 60 Garwood, A.J.M., 96 Garwood, N.J., 96 Geissen, K., 61, 62 Gembicki, S.A., 163, 243 Gibon, V., 126, 139, 200 Gilroy, J.G., 50 Gilroy, M.G., 50 Givens, J.C., 82 Gladue, R.M., 40, 41 Göbel, G., 226 Goh, K.S., 65, 66 Going, L.H., 231 Gonỗalves Antunes, A.C., 200 Gordon, R., 146 Graille, J., 65, 136, 189 Gramatikova, S., 7, 139 Gray, J.I., 191 Gritz, E., 226 Groeneweg, J.W., 176, 186 Grün, A., 231 Gullov-Rasmussen, B., 210, 211 Gunstone, F.D., 74 Gupta, M.K., 162 Gupta, R., 135 Gurguc, Z., 61 Gusek, T.W., 109 Guskey, G.J., 233 Gutsche, B., 167 Guymon, J.S., 135 Guyomard, P., 90 H Häcker, P., 49 Haefele, G.R., 97 Hähn, R., 187 Hall, D.R., 97 Hamm, W., 243 Hammond, E.G., 190 Hara, Y., 244 Harper, A.J., 212–214 Harris, J.B., 243, 248, 249 262 Härröd, M., 224, 225 Hartel, R.W., 250 Hartman, R.M., 38, 41 Harwood, J.L., 74 Hashim, K., 214 Hasida, M., 138 Hassan, A., 222 Hassan, M., 163 Hayes, L.P., 129 Hazlebeck, D.A., 40, 41 Hebert, R.M., 96 Heeb, C., 83 Heidlas, J., 96, 190 Heilmann, R., 87, 124, 135 Hendrix, M.F., 246, 248 Henson, 25 Hernandez, E., 162 Hernandez, N., 93 Herrmann, J., 215 Hiemstra, N.M., 244 Higgins, N.W., 221 Higuchi, K., 245 Hildebrandt, K., 98 Hills, G., 236 Hillström, A., 210, 211, 213 Hilt, G.A., 82 Hiltunen, R.V.K., 96 Hitchman, T., 139, 140 Hjaltason, B., 183 Hoche, H., 191 Hodgson, A.S., 161 Hoeksema, S.D., 41, 42 Hoffheins, B.S., 19 Hollien, J., 93 Holman, G.W., 231 Homann, T., 88, 90, 248 Hostmark, O, 48 Houten, C van, 108 Hruschka, S., 44, 62, 66 Hua, Y., 41 Huang, H.Z., 95 Huertas Amaya, J.M., 251 Huesa Lope, J., 208 Hulsmann, R., 66 Hutton, K.J., 135 Hvolby, A., 86, 131, 158, 159 I Ibuki, M., 181, 182, 214 Inturrisi, L., 173, 201 Inui, T., 135 Isaac, C., 139 Ites, S.D., 75 Iwama, A., 133 Author Index J Jackeschky, H.J., 97 Jackisch, B.-O, 60, 141 Jackson, M.A., 219 Jacob, F., 68 Jacobs, P.A., 225 Jakel, N.T., 5, 69 Jalalpoor, M., 179, 202 Jameson, D.G., 96 Jamil, S., 126 Jansson, S., 49 Jayaraman, G., 245 Jellema, P., 208 Jennings, W.H., 162 Jeromin, L., 135 Jiménez-Flores, R., 189 Jirjis, B.F., 134 Johnson, B.R., 191 Johnson, J.W Jr., 233 Johnson, L.A., 96, 100 Jordison, N., 82 Jostensen, J.-P., 46 Jung, M.Y., 224 Juwet, M.F.K., 90 K Kaimal, T.N.B., 12, 127, 186 Kaita, J., 235 Kaji, T., 127 Kale, V., 166 Kapila, S., 98 Karnofsky, G.B., 88, 98 Kassa, P., 174 Katan, M.B., 219 Kealey, K.S., 108, 109 Keen, A.R., 188 Kellens, M.J., 98, 143, 168, 200, 212–214, 246, 248, 249 Keller, A., 206 Keller, U.V., 83 Kemper, T.G., 73, 89–91, 101, 102, 106 Kendrick, A., 215 Keskinler, B., 165 Keulemans, C.N.M., 231, 239, 250 Keurentjes, J.T.F., 164, 165 Khalid, K., 92 Kim, B.-H., 74 Klemann, L.P., 190 Klintenstedt, K., 63 Kluesener, B.W., 232 Kobzeff, J.M., 41 Kochhar, S.P., 128 Kock, M., 85 Kodali, D.R., 191 Author Index Kogan, L., 22 Köhler, J., 95 Kohlrausch, U., 190 Kokusho, Y., 238 Kondo, A., 38, 39, 41 Kooi, B.-L., 65, 66 Kőseoğlu, S.S., 108, 134 Koshevoj, E.P., 90 Kosugi, Y., 142 Kővári, K., 132 Kratochwill, W.L., 106 Kreij, A.D., 140 Krishnamurthy, R.G., 208, 209 Kruidenberg, M., 212, 213 Krumbholz, R., 163 Kuin, A.J., 186 Kunz, W., 44 Kuss, G., 214 Kuwabara, Y., 245–248 Kuznetsov, V.N., 101, 102 Kyle, D.J., 40, 42 L Laiho, S., 93 Lajara, J.R., 79 Lal Ganguli, K., 60, 168 Lalvani, S.B., 227 Lam, D., 180 Lammers, J.G., 176, 186 LaMonica, D.A., 133 Lampert, D.S., 234, 235 Lane, C.D., 41 Lang, F., 215 Langley, C.E., 100 Larsen, P.M., 48 Lau, J., 191 Lauf, R.J., 19 Lawton, C.W., 162 Leake, J.R., 177 Lee, C.G., 186 Lee, I., 184, 236, 238 Lee, J.H., 168, 223 Lee, T.C., 87 Legrand, J., 64, 65 LeMaire, B., 99 Lew, H.M., 66 Li, O.M., 85 Liddell, J.M., 42 Lidert, Z., 168 Lim, F.W., 165 Lindell, L., 41 Linsgeseder, H., 89 List, G.R., 219 Liu, L., 234, 235 263 Löffler, F., 137 Lovibond, J., 174 Ludvigsen, B., 48 Lusas, E.W., 79, 80, 85, 96 Lütge, C., 96 M MacFarlane, N., 215 Macrae, A.R., 232, 237 Maenz, D., 94 Maes, P.J.A., 51, 101, 110, 166, 187, 247 Mag, T.K., 27, 130, 180 Margolis, G., 52 Márques Gómez, A., 62 Martens, L., 127, 128 Martin, G., 48 Martinez, J.L., 96 Maruyama, E., 215 Massie, C.T., 190–192 Massrieh, W., 205, 215 Matsumoto, W., 236 Matsuo, T., 237 Matsuzaki, N., 231, 236 Mattei, A., 60 Maza, A., 69 McClain, H.K., 110 McDonnell, D.A., 51 McDonnell, F.G., 51 McKinney, P.L., 162 McNeff, C.V., 163 McWilliams, P.J., 71 Mechling, E., 95 Meert, D., 174, 210, 235 Melin, C., 168 Mensink, R.P., 219 Mentink, L., 189 Merk, W., 207, 208 Miasnikov, A., 140 Miki, S., 133 Milke, J., 95 Misbah, M.M.A., 183 Mitropoulos, N., 43 Miyake, Y., Møller, P., 224, 225 Mondal, K., 227 Montet, J.-C., 188 Morgenthaler, G.E., 41 Morrison, T., 183 Morton, R.B., 186 Moses, D., 82 Mosley, K., 54 Mouloungui, Z., 95 MoyaVilar, M., 61 Msika, P., 64, 65 264 Mukhopadhyay, S.B., 162 Münter, C., 88 Muralidhara, H.S., 14, 21, 34, 129–131, 135, 202 Mutoh, Y., 202 Muylle, J.R.L., 167 Myers, H., 162 Myong, K.K., 34, 130, 131 N Nagasawa, M., 110 Nakajima, T., 38, 39, 41 Nakamura, K., 184 Nakaoka, S., 186 Nakatani, A., 74 Naudet, M., 65, 149, 173 Nebergall, R.S., 186 Newby, W., 173 Nezu, T., 246 Ng, D., 211 Nguyen, U., 96 Nickerson, K.T., 54 Nielsen, K., 121 Nielsen, P.M., 41, 42, 138 Nijdam, J.L., 208 Nock, A., 145–147, 146, 174, 176–178, 186 Normann, W., 219, 231 Numata, H., 110 O O’Brien, R.D., 200 Oberndorfer, C., 88 Ochoa, N., 134 Oever, C.E van den, 250 Ohta, Y., 93 Oku, S., 66 Oo, K.C., 67 Oosten, C.W van, 181 Ortiz Moreno, A., 64 Oterhals, Å., 44 Ott, L., 41 Otterburn, M.S., 233 Ou, J.D., 243 Oudejans, J.C., 220 Ouranos, E., 61 Owen, R., 177 Oyler, J.R., 41 P Packer, C.L., 54 Padan, N., 64 Pagliero, C., 134 Author Index Pan, L.G., 129 Papenfuß, H.-J., 46, 47 Parent, Y.O., 174, 175 Parker, P.M., 175, 176 Parker, W.A., 92 Parmentier, M., 250 Paton, D., 74 Patumi, M., 61 Pavlik, R.P., 90 Pearce, S.W., 238 Pelaez, J., 52 Pelloso, T.A., 22, 233 Penk, G., 79, 85 Perédi, J., 12 Perry, R.R., 84, 85 Peter, S.K.F., 96, 162, 165, 235 Peters, E.H.G., 239 Petrauskaitè, V., 212, 213 Pfalzgraf, L.M., 184 Philippaerts, A., 225 Phillips, D.J., 97 Picci, D., 62 Pickard, M.D., 79 Pieralisi, G., 63 Pilz, S., 96 Pinches, D.K., 53 Pintauro, P.N., 227 Piske, J., 44 Poliakoff, M., 225 Powell, R.L., 98 Prabhakar, J.V., 110 Prevost, J.E., 107, 108 Price, A.L., 177 Priegnitz, J.W., 163 Pryor, J.N., 175, 177 Purtle, I.C., 109, 202 Purves, E.R., 221 Putte, K.P.A.M van, 60, 62, 144, 147, 168 Q Quear, R.M., 111 Quinlan, P.T., 237 Quirin, K.W., 96 R Radaelli, G., 40 Raffaetà, R., 206 Rakushitto, S.K., 142 Raman, L.P., 107 Randhava, S.S., 71–73 Rapanelli, E., 63 Rapanelli, P., 60, 63 Author Index Rasehorn, H.J., 83 Rathbone, S.J., 162 Ratledge, C., 37, 40 Ravnskov, U., 219 Reid, M.P., 27, 130 Reverso, R., 94 Rice, W.K., 96, 102 Richardson, T., 189 Rigal, L., 90 Ringers, H.J., 124, 127, 129, 132, 199 Ritter, C., 190 Rivers, J.B., Jr., 219 Rizzi, G.P., 232 Roa-Espinosa, A., 162 Roczniak, S., 190 Roderbourg, H., 188 Rohdenburg, H., 8, 12, 125, 126, 132 Rosier, O.E., 183 Rossell, J.B., 245 Rotenhan, F.W von, 84 Rothbart, M.A., 186 Rothmann, M., 83 Rousseau, J.-Y., 46 Rozendaal, N.A., 82 Rubin, D., 43, 44 Rubin, E.J., 43, 44 Rubin, L.J., 98 Ruecker, C.M., 41 Ruf, F., 182 Russell, G.B., 97 Rütte, U., 88 S Sadakane, T., 244 Saebo, A., 186 Saft, H., 124, 135 Sahasranamam, U.R., 12 Saito, T., 54 Sallent Soler, J., 60, 64 Salvatore, S., 60, 61 Sampalis, F., 17 Sampalis, T., 205, 215 Sande, R.L.K.M van de, 125, 128 Santos, B., 186 Saxby, D.J., 46, 47 Schaap, A., 40–42 Schaefer, D.L., 49, 53 Schall, N., 176 Schardt, S., 207 Schedlbauer, K., 90 Schmutzler, L.O.F., 146, 147, 186 Schneider, F.H., 88 Schneider, M.P., 182, 231 265 Schols, B., 168 Schottelkotte, W., 52 Schulmeyr, J., 96 Schulz, J., 90, 91 Schumacher, H.O., 88, 104 Schurz, K., 145, 185 Seaman, D.W., 104 Segers, J.C., 124, 125, 127–129, 131, 132, 199, 201, 202 Seiden, P., 232 Selder, M., 168 Sen Gupta, A.K., 133 Serpelloni, M., 189 Sewell, D.G., 206, 207 Seybold, J.D., 162 Shaikh, N.P., 95 Sharma, A., 95 Shaw, D.B., 144, 145 Silkeberg, A., 128 Singh, P.S., 53 Sitzmann, W., 246, 248 Sjöberg, P., 210, 213 Skuras, D., 89 Sleeter, R.T., 226, 238 Smallridge, L.E., 90, 91, 102 Smith, D.D., 93 Smits, G., 231 Snyder, H.E., 87 Sø, J.B., 140, 141 Søbstad, G.E., 43, 44, 46 Sondbø, S., 192 Song, Y., 142 Soon, W., 246 Sparsø, F.V., 234 Staal, L.H., 176, 186 Standal, H., 46 Stenberg, O., 210 Stephen, D., 41 Stevenson, W.L., 82 Stidham, W.D., 104 Stipp, G.K., 232 Strähle, K., 90 Streekstra, H., 41, 42 Strøm, T., 46 Strop, H.R., 84, 85 Süße, H., 44 Subieta, A., 73 Subrahmanyam, C.V., 135 Suganuma, T., 251 Suhr, G., 91 Sullivan, D.A., 98 Sullivan, F.E., 124, 147 Sundararajan, A., 41, 42 Sundfeld, E., 189 266 Suzuki, S., 133 Svenson, E., 146 T Tacke, T., 225 Takaba, M., 251 Tan, C.H., 249 Tanahashi, S., 133 Taniguchi, A., 244, 246 Tano-Debrah, K., 93 Tarbet, B.J., 54 Taylor, D.R., 173 Taylor, H.M., 232 Taylor, N.S.H., 207 Taylor, R.S., 176 Teeter, F.C.J., 102 Templeman G.J., 191 Thakor, N.J., 88 Thiagarajan, T., 245 Thomas, D.R., 82 Thomas, G., 41 Thorstad, O., 48, 192 Tikhonov, V.P., 73, 91 Tilseth, S., 48 Tirtiaux, A., 126, 135, 136, 200, 249, 250 Tirtiaux, F., 249 Toeneboehn, G.J., 177, 178 Tokarev, P.V., 202 Tokarev, V.D., 202 Toor, H van, 222 Topitsch, A., 207 Tosi, E.A., 85 Transfeld, P., 179, 182 Triomphe, M., 110 Trujillo, W.A., 53 Trujillo-Quijano, J.A., 186 Tsujiwaki, Y., 183 Turner, F.M., 121 Turner, M.S., 80, 140, 141 Tydiks, B., 101 Tys, J., 91 Tysinger, J.E., 86, 104 U Ulrich, J.F., 69, 71 Unnithan, U.R., 210 V Van Akkeren, L.A., 231 Van Damme, J., 107 Vander Wal, R.J., 231 Author Index van Doosselaere, P., 98, 107 Vanhaecke, H., 50 Van Houten, M., 71 Van Opstal, M., 27, 60, 125, 129, 130, 132, 167 Van Thorre, D., 69 Veen, J van der, 50 Veldsink, J.W., 87 Venkatesh, K.V.L., 110 Venne, L., 80 Vergeer, M.J., 219 Verkoeijen, D., 40 Verzijl, D., 220 Vick, B., 184 Vincent, W.E., 110 Visa Sanfeliu, R., 60 Vitti, A., 61 Vonplon, A., 44 Vuorela, H.J., 96 W Waal, P van der, 184 Waldmann, C., 186 Walsh, G.E., 178 Walsh, G.R., 178 Walters, A., 97 Wan, H.F., 142 Wang, I., 134 Wang, J., 142, 237 Wang, W., 71, 184 Wang, Y., 135 Warren, E., 51 Watkins, L.R., 85 Weaver, C.A., 41 Weber, K., 104, 248 Wells, D.M., 110 Welsh, W.A., 167, 174–178 Wetzel, R., 182 Wheeler, E.L., 233 Wicklund, L.E., 238 Wiesmüller, J., 96 Wijngaarden, L., 244 Wilde, P.F., 98 Wilke, G., 110 Williams, M.A., 89 Willner, T., 246, 248 Wills, R.A., 99, 107 Wilpers, D.J., 98 Winsness, D.J., 71 Woerfel, J.B., 82 Wolf, J.H., 168 Wolff, H., 129 Woodgate, S., 50 Woodley, P.S., 66 Author Index Wrezel, P.W., 190 Wu, B.C., 41, 43 Wu, X., 142 Wümpelmann, M., 41, 42 Y Yagi, T., 136 Yamaguchi, S., 236 Yan, Y., 233 Yeo, C.S., 66 Yildirim, N., 59 Yildrim, N., 59, 62 Yoneda, S., 246 Yoshida, H., 88 267 Youn, K.C., 98 Yu, D., 142 Z Zeng, Q., 166 Zhang, F., 85 Zhou, Z., 95 Zimmer, B., 215 Zinnen, H.A., 243 Zoet, R., 239 Zschau, W., 186 Zufarov, O., 127 Zwanenburg, A., 215 Zwijnenberg, H.J., 166 Subject Index A Alkali neutralization process, 45 Alkali refining See Chemical refining Anhydrous milk fat, 80, 188, 191, 250 Aqueous isopropanol (IPA), 164–165 Armchair patent, 52, 53 Autopasteurization, 40 Average pore diameter (APD), 175 Avocado oil, 64–65 B Biomass granulation, 40 Bleaching, 84, 128, 138, 144, 145, 147, 166, 200, 215, 223, 239 adsorbent properties and residual oil color, 181 adsorption, 173, 174 antioxidant efficacy, 184 chlorophyllase enzyme, 180 cholesterol removal, 187–192 citric acid, 185 co-current bleaching process, 182 diatomaceous earth, 183 heat bleaching, 174 miscella, 185 nanomaterial, 184 phosphoric acid, 180 purification process, 183–184 soap removal, 173 spent earth disposal, 185–187 synthetic, silica-based adsorbents, 174–180 Buchner-type filter, 51 Bühler-Miag dryer, 83 Butter, 80–81 C Carcass fats agglomeration, 53 dry fractionation process, 51 flocculating agent, 54 Gilroy and Gilroy process, 50 McDonnell and McDonnell process, 51–52 Mosley and Nickerson patent, 54 Pinches process, 53 rendering process, 49 tallow, 49–50 Vanhaecke and Decock process, 50–51 wet rendering process, 52 Caustic refining See Chemical refining Chartered Patent Agent (CPA), Chemical degumming process dedicated refining, 129 deodorization, 128 EDTA, 126–127 ethanolamines, 127 FFA, 127, 130–131 limitation, 131–132 neutralization, 128 NHP, 126–127 organic refining, 129 Segers process, 127 SOFT degumming process, 126 soybean oil, 131 Superdegumming process, 127–128, 132 TOP, 132 Chemical refining, 157 Chromatographic filter, 180 Claims, contradictory claims, 24 dependent and multi-dependent claims, 23 A.J Dijkstra, Edible Oil Processing from a Patent Perspective, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3351-4, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2013 269 270 Claims (cont.) features list, 22–23 opposing a patent, 21 preamble, 22 reading claims, 21–22 validity assessment, 20 Cocoa beans, 81, 108 Cocoa butter production, 108–110 Condec process, 44 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), 223 Corn oil, 99, 184, 185 centrifugal separation, 72 DDGS, 73 deoiled whole grain, 70 dry milling process, 68–69 DWG, 72 extraction methods, 71–72 extrusion process, 69 fermentation, 71–72 flaking, 69 higher- and lower-oil fraction, 71 separation process, 69 thick stillage, 72 wet milling process, 68 Counter-current steam distillation (CCSD), 206 Crude neem oil, 168 D Degumming process, 34–35, 45, 157–160, 177–178 acid degumming, 124–125 acid refining, 125–126 chemical (see Chemical degumming process) crude oils, 124 dry degumming process, 124, 144–146 enzymatic (see Enzymatic degumming process) enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis, 122 lecithin, 121, 123–124 membrane (see Membrane degumming process) miscellaneous degumming process, 146 mucilaginous/albuminous matter, 121 NHP, 121, 123 phosphatides, 121–123 refining flow diagram, 124 special degumming, 126 Superdegumming process, 124–125 total degumming process, 125 Deodorization See Vacuum stripping Desolventizer, toaster, dryer, cooler (DTDC), 104 Dewaxing, 126, 132 Subject Index centrifugation, 202 cold degumming, 200 colloidal nucleating agents, 203 cooling profiles, 201 crystallization, 203 dehulling, 200 deodorization, 200 detergent fractionation, 200 fatty acids and fatty alcohols, 199 nonmetallic inorganic filter, 202 Ostwald ripening process, 200–201 sunflower seed oil, 202 temperature-control system, 201 Diglycerides, 43, 122, 123, 139, 143, 144, 147–149, 163, 208, 215, 221, 234, 236, 239 Dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), 160 Disaturated diglycerides and triglycerides, 251 Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), 73 Distillers wet grains (DWG), 72 Dry degumming process, 124, 125, 138, 144–147, 177 Dry fractionation, 51, 99, 199, 243, 244 See also Dewaxing with agitated crystallization, 247–251 with stationary crystallization, 245–246 DSM patent, 39 E Electrochemical hydrogenation process, 227 Enzymatic degumming process, 130, 147, 148 acid-refining treatment, 140 centrifugal separation, 138 diglycerides, 139, 143–144 dry degumming treatment, 140 DSM, 141–142 earth/silica hydrogel bleaching, 138 EnzyMax® process, 136–137, 139 FAME, 142 flow diagram, 140 LAT enzyme, 140–141 Lecitase® Novo, 138 lipid acyltransferase, 140–141 LysoMax® LAT enzyme, 141 lysophosphatide, 141 nonglyceridic components, 136 phospholipase C, 136 phospholipase-catalyzed hydrolysis, 137 phospholipase enzymes, 142, 143 PLA1, 138 Purifine® enzyme, 139 residual phosphorus, 143 Subject Index separation promoter, 137 SOFT degumming process, 142 vacuum stripping process, 137 Enzymatic pretreatment AB Enzymes GmbH, 95–96 degumming and interesterification, 93 disadvantages, 93–94 Laiho process, 93 Milke and Shaikh patent application, 95 peanuts, 95 phytates, 94 Protizyme™, 95 Reverso patent, 94 rice bran oil, 95 EnzyMax® process, 136–137, 139 Espacenet database, 10, 53, 54, 107, 142, 213, 221, 249 Esterification, 143, 160, 166, 167, 232–234, 237, 238 Ethereal oils, 100 European application, 8, 26, 38, 46, 73, 95, 107, 175–177, 182, 183, 189, 210, 221, 239 European Patent Office (EPO), 10, 23, 32–33, 39, 86, 127, 202, 212, 213, 239 Exergy® process, 79–80 “Extra virgin” olive oil, 60, 61, 168 F Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), 142, 188, 231, 232, 235 Fish farming, 80 Fish oil, 215 adsorptive cleaning, 183 cholesterol, 44 Condec process, 44 from fish guts, 44 Friolex® process, 44–46 for human consumption, 46 organic acid treatment, 44 Saxby claim, 46–47 separation and purification, 43 wet rendering process, 43 w-3 fatty acids, 43 Formazin turbidity units (FTU), 183 Fractionation, 45, 51, 81, 99, 101, 133, 166, 199, 200, 214, 232 dry (see Dry fractionation) enzymatic interesterification, 239 solvents, 243–244 Friolex® process, 44–46 Front page, patents [57] abstract, 10 271 [30], [31], and [32] priority data, (73) assignee: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi (India), [45] date of grant, 10 [43] date of publication, 9–10 [10] document identification, 6–7 [52] domestic classification, 10 drawings, 12–13 [58] field of search, 11 [51] international classification, 10 [25] language of original document, [71] name of applicant of applicants, 11 [73] names of assignees, 12 [72] names of inventors, 11–12 [74] names of patent agents, 12 [11] patent document number, 7–9 [56] prior art documents, 10 [60]-[66] references to patent history, 11 [54] title of the invention, 10 [12] type of document, G German application, 26, 90, 135, 145 Germ oil, 81, 128, 199 corn, 68–72 oats, 74 rapeseed germ oil properties, 74 soybeans, 74–75 wheat germs, 73 Gibbs’ phase rule, 205 Green-lipped mussel, 49 H Heterogeneous interesterification catalysts, 235 High-erucic-acid rapeseed oil (HEAR), 219 Hydrogenation, 168, 209, 235, 245, 249 catalysts, 226 dry fractionation (see Dry fractionation) electrochemical, 227 erucic acid, 219 life expectancies, 220 nanoparticles, 226 nickel catalyst, 221–223 partial, 219–220 platinum group metals, 225 trans fatty acids, 219 triglycerides, fatty acid methyl esters, 224 zeolites with micropores, 225 272 I Interesterification, 21–22, 65, 93, 104, 166, 247 biodiesel production, 231–232 chemical catalysis, 234–235 enzymatic catalysis, 236–239 fat substitutes, 232–234 sodium methanolate catalyst, 231 Invention background, 13–14 definition, 2–3 description in detail, 16–19 description of drawings, 15–16 vs discovery, field of, 13 objects of, 14–15 summary of, 15 Isopropanol (IPA), 42, 44, 48, 96, 99, 108, 164, 165 J Jojoba oil, 99–100 K Krill oil, 43, 48, 64 Krupp process, 79, 126 L a-Linolenic acid, 215, 237 Lipid acyl transferase (LAT), 122, 123, 140, 141, 148, 149, 237 Lovibond® units, 174 Lurgi Alcon® process, 79 LysoMax® LAT enzyme, 141 M Membrane degumming process ceramic membranes, 135 deoiled miscella, 135 lecithin, 135 membrane materials, 133 miscella filtration process, 133–134 organic solvents, 133 polar solvent, 133 ultrafiltration membrane, 134 Microbial oil, 37, 168, 183, 191 cell disruption methods, 41 centrifugation, 40 diglycerides, 43 dried cell destructing and molding, 39 fermentation, 38 Subject Index high-pressure homogenization, 40 isolation methods, 40–41 liposoluble compounds, 39 Martek patent, 42 Nakjima and Kondo patent, 38–39 organic solvent, 42 ruptured cells, 42 Microfilter, 168, 201, 248 Modified acid refining process, 145 Modified caustic refining process, 167, 176 Modified chemical refining (MCR) process, 177 Modified physical refining (MPR) process, 177, 178 Monomer, 134, 160–161 Mucor circinelloides,40 Multicracker®, 83 N Nanofiltration, 49, 69, 98 Neutralization acidulation, 160 batch/kettle process, 158 chemical refining, 157 cholesterol removal, 191 degumming acid, 158 esterification, 166–167 fermentation, 168 Long Mix process, 158 modified caustic refining process, 167 NHP mechanism, 158–159 nickel hydrogenation catalyst, 168 organic solvents, 163–166 physical refining, 157 polycondensation, 161 polymer production, 160–161 reagents, 161–163 Short Mix process, 160 spent earth disposal, 186 supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, 160 TOP-degumming process, 167 vacuum stripping, 168, 209 water-degumming, 159 Nonhydratable phosphatides (NHP), 45, 84, 85, 87, 88, 121, 123, 132, 137, 138, 140–142, 147–149, 158, 160, 162, 177–178 Norwegian application, 46 n-propylbromide, 99 O Oat germ oil, 74, 128 Obtaining patents, 134, 143, 179 Subject Index Anton Piller order, 25–26 Application Publication, 26 B1 document, 32 definition of terms, 16 EPO, 32–33 European application, 26 Examiner’s arguments, 30–32 file wrappers, 33 keeping inventions secret, 25 Paris Convention, 28 and patent agents, 28–30 Patent Cooperation Treaty, 28 Search Report, 30–31 SFC data and Unilever, 27 specification drafting, 28–30 technical feedback, 32 Office Action, 20, 32 Öhmi countercurrent bleaching process, 179, 182 Oils and fats production, 157 biodiesel, 37 carcass fats (see Carcass fats) fish oil (see Fish oil) microbial oil (see Microbial oil) single-cell, 37, 38 Oilseed pretreatment acid-degumming treatment, 84 Alcon® process, 85, 87 conditioning process, 82 dehulling apparatus, 83–84 deodorization, 87 dielectric heating, 88 drying and heating process, 82 family tree, application publications, 85–86 hot dehulling process, 83 moisture content, 81, 87 rapeseed and sunflower seed, 87 rapeseed dehulling, 88 rendering process, 85 sodium hydroxide treatment, 85 solvent extraction-free and caustic refining-free oil, 86 Strop and Perry process, 84–85 Super Expro® rapeseed pretreatment process, 88 Tysinger patent, 86 Olive oil, 28, 53, 81, 168, 176, 181, 214 annual production, 65 calcium carbonate coadjuvant, 61 centrifugal separator and extractor, 62–63 enzymes, 60 FFA, 61 first and second pressing, 63 labor-intensive processes, 59–60 273 malaxation, 62, 64 pulp mill, 61 Opposition Division, 21, 32, 47, 224 Organic refining process, 129 Oryzanol, 162–163 Ostwald ripening process, 200–201 P Palm oil, 124, 126–127, 147, 148, 157, 167, 180, 185, 206, 207, 214–215, 237, 244, 247, 251 annual production, 65 dewatering, 66 lipolytic enzyme, 67 mesocarp fibers, 65–66 miscella and hexane wet fibers, 66 palm kernel oil, 65 pre-treatment process, 68 sterilizer, 66 Paris Convention, 7, 28 Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR), 33, 109, 189, 226 Patent applications, 7–9, 134–136, 142–144, 211– 213 in avocado oil, 64, 65 Carolina Soy Products Inc., 85–86 enzymatic pretreatment, 93–96 extraction solvents, 96–100 in germ oil, 68–75 oilseed dehulling, 82–84 oilseed heating, 86–88 in olive oil, 60–64 in palm oil, 60–68 reissue of patents, 82–83 solvent extraction processes, 100–104 solvent recovery processes, 104–108 Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), 11, 28, 33, 38, 42, 48, 64, 91, 92, 97, 101, 102, 134, 138, 140, 144, 164, 165, 183, 189, 190, 221, 224, 225, 235, 239, 244, 251 Patents in Belgium, Chartered Patent Agent, disclosure, financial gain, 3–4 infringement, invention (see Invention) Netherlands, 1–2 obtaining (see Obtaining patents) reading (see Reading patents) US patent law, Pectinesterase, 60 Perilla oil, 215 274 Phosphatides, 27, 31, 34, 45, 48, 49, 80, 85, 87, 88, 93, 95, 103, 121–123, 127–131, 133–138, 140–143, 146–149, 160, 162, 164, 176, 177, 179, 180 Phosphatidic acid (PA), 121, 123, 126, 128–130, 132, 148, 158, 178 Phosphatidylcholine (PC), 121, 122, 133, 139, 140, 148, 149 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), 121–123, 131, 139, 140, 148, 149, 158 Phosphatidylinositol (PI), 123, 131, 148 Phospholipase A1 (PLA1), 122, 137, 138, 143 Phospholipase C (PLC), 122, 123, 136, 138–141, 143, 147–149 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 176 Polyethylene glycol (PEG), 165 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 187–188 Pure terephthalic acid (PTA), 160 Purifine® enzyme, 139, 141, 148 R Rapeseed oil, 74, 157, 184, 221, 233 Reading patents, 179 claims (see Claims) definition of terms, 16 drawing description, 15–16 examples, 19–20 front page (see Front page, patents) invention (see Invention) jargon and structure, 4–6 Reissue of patents, 82–83 Rice bran oil, 95, 100, 127, 162, 166 Rochem Separation Systems, 133 S Screw press, 53, 65, 84, 88–92, 100–102, 108, 111 Search Report, 7, 8, 13, 28, 30–32, 44, 64, 93, 94, 99, 102, 129, 142, 144–165, 168, 175, 179, 182, 183, 185, 188, 202, 212, 213, 221, 222, 234, 235, 239, 244, 246 Silica hydrogel, 128, 138, 144, 147, 167, 175–180, 211 Solid fat content (SFC), 27, 221 Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) reactor, 227 Sorbex process, 163, 243 Sorbsil® acid refining, 145 Steam distillation process, 205 Sunflower seed waxes, 199 Superdegumming process, 124–125, 127–129, 132 Subject Index T Thick stillage (TS), 72 Total Degumming Process (TOP), 27, 125, 132, 167, 174, 200 Transesterification, 16, 186, 231, 232, 235 Triglycerides, 22, 40, 43, 99, 133, 143, 163, 166, 199, 200, 208, 215, 224, 232–234, 236, 237, 239, 243, 244, 247, 251 Trisaturated triglycerides, 251 Trisyl®, 174, 175, 178 U Unity of invention, 86, 103, 104, 224, 248 V Vacuum belt filter, 249 Vacuum bleaching, 145 Vacuum stripping, 16, 137, 168, 191, 192 aqueous hydrochloric acid, 215 ascorbic acid, 215 CCSD, 206 countercurrent vacuum stripping process, 215 degrees of freedom, 205 De Smet application, 214 diglyceride and FFA contents, 208 dry condensing process, 207–208 dual-condensation systems, 213 dual-temperature deodorization process, 211–212 dual-temperature scrubbing, 212 flashing process, 205 heat treatment, 211 inert gas, 209 Kruidenberg application, 212–213 Kuss process, 214 neutralization, 209 noncondensable stripping gas, 208, 209 oxidized and dimerized triglycerides, 208 physical refining, 207 semicontinuous deodorizers, 206 SoftColumn®, 210–211 thin film vacuum steam distillation, 206 tocopherol, 211, 212 Vegetable oil production enzymatic pretreatment (see Enzymatic pretreatment) extraction solvents, 96–100 extruders, expanders, and expellers, 89–92 Lesieur process, 110 oil purification process, 111 Subject Index oilseed pretreatment (see Oilseed pretreatment) solvent extraction processes, 101–104 solvent recovery processes, 104–108 supercritical extraction, 80 Vegetable oils, 10, 19, 21, 28, 37, 80, 81, 97, 128, 143, 180, 184, 185, 202, 221, 232 avocado oil, 64–65 germ oil (see Germ oil) olive oil (see Olive oil) 275 palm oil (see Palm oil) Vinylidene difluoride, 134 Vinylidene difluoride monomer, 134 Virgin olive oil, 28, 60, 61 VPEX, 79 W Westfalia Separator, 62–63, 125 Wheat germ oil, 73 .. .Edible Oil Processing from a Patent Perspective wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Albert J Dijkstra Edible Oil Processing from a Patent Perspective Albert J Dijkstra Carbougnères 47210 St Eutrope-de-Born France... may be So an apparatus comprising parts A, B, and C can also contain parts D and/or E, whereas an apparatus consisting of parts A, B, and C only contains said parts and cannot contain other parts... is a rather literal translation from the German Similar Japanese applications have also been referred to as “Unexamined Patent Applications.” Now that the US and the UK publish applications and