Food and industrial bioproducts and bioprocessing edited by nurhan turgut dunford

Food and Industrial Bioproducts and Bioprocessing ffirs.indd i 12/23/2011 10:35:53 AM Food and Industrial Bioproducts and Bioprocessing Edited by Nurhan Turgut Dunford Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering and Robert M Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma USA A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication ffirs.indd iii 12/23/2011 10:35:53 AM This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing Editorial Offices 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service are ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-XXXX-X/2007 Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Food and industrial bioproducts and bioprocessing / edited by Nurhan Turgut Dunford p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-8138-2105-4 (hard cover : alk paper) Biological products Biotechnology Biomass I Dunford, Nurhan Turgut, 1953– TP248.2.F725 2012 660.6–dc23 2011035806 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Set in 10/12pt Times by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India ffirs.indd iv 2012 12/23/2011 10:35:53 AM Contents Preface Contributors Abbreviations ftoc.indd v Traditional and Emerging Feedstocks for Food and Industrial Bioproduct Manufacturing Nurhan Turgut Dunford 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Grain crops 1.2.1 Wheat 1.2.2 Corn 1.2.3 Barley 1.2.4 Sorghum 1.3 Oil and oilseeds 1.3.1 Rapeseed/Canola 1.3.2 Soybeans 1.3.3 Other Oilseeds 1.4 Lignocellulosic biomass 1.5 Conclusions References Recent Processing Methods for Preparing Starch-based Bioproducts George F Fanta, Frederick C Felker and Randal L Shogren 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Annealing and heat–moisture treatment 2.3 High-pressure treatment 2.4 Microwave processing 2.5 Processes using ultrasound 2.6 Processing using supercritical fluids 2.7 Extrusion processing 2.8 Processing by steam jet cooking 2.9 Conclusions References xi xiii xvii 1 2 10 13 14 15 19 24 25 26 37 37 40 41 46 50 56 63 67 71 72 12/23/2011 10:38:15 AM vi Contents Protein Processing in Food and Bioproduct Manufacturing and Techniques for Analysis Joyce Irene Boye and Chockry Barbana 3.1 Introduction 3.2 General properties of proteins 3.3 Protein separation processes in food and bioproduct manufacturing 3.3.1 Dry processing 3.3.2 Wet processing 3.4 Calculating protein yields and recovery 3.5 Processing effects on yield and protein quality 3.5.1 Protein characterization 3.6 Conclusion References ftoc.indd vi Advancements in Oil and Oilseed Processing Nurhan Turgut Dunford 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Oilseed pretreatment 4.2.1 Handling and storage 4.2.2 Preparation of seeds for oil extraction 4.2.3 Size reduction and flaking 4.2.4 Cooking/Tempering 4.3 Oil extraction 4.3.1 Solvent extraction 4.3.2 Mechanical oil expression 4.3.3 Aqueous extraction 4.3.4 Enzyme and surfactant-aided oil extraction 4.3.5 Supercritical fluid technology 4.4 Oil refining 4.4.1 Degumming 4.4.2 Deacidification/Refining 4.4.3 Bleaching 4.4.4 Deodorization 4.4.5 Winterization 4.5 Conclusions References Food-grade Microemulsions As Nano-scale Controlled Delivery Vehicles Natasha Berry, Rickey Yada and Dérick Rousseau 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Winsor classification/phase behavior 5.3 Theories of microemulsion formation 5.3.1 Mixed film theory 5.3.2 Solubilization theory 5.3.3 Thermodynamic theory 5.4 What makes microemulsions thermodynamically stable? 5.5 Methods of microemulsion formation 5.6 Polydispersity 85 85 86 87 88 89 101 101 102 108 108 115 115 116 116 117 118 118 119 119 122 124 124 126 127 127 131 135 136 137 137 138 145 145 146 147 147 147 147 148 148 149 12/23/2011 10:38:16 AM Contents vii 5.7 Composition 5.7.1 Organic phase 5.7.2 Aqueous phase 5.7.3 Surfactants 5.7.4 Co-surfactants 5.8 Factors affecting phase behavior 5.9 Parameters that modify microemulsion structure 5.9.1 Critical micelle concentration 5.9.2 Critical packing parameter 5.9.3 Hydrophile–lipophile balance 5.9.4 Ingredient compatibility 5.10 Characterization techniques 5.10.1 Ternary phase diagrams 5.10.2 Small angle scattering techniques 5.10.3 Cryo-transmission electron microscopy 5.10.4 Dynamic light scattering 5.10.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance 5.11 Applications 5.11.1 Solubilization of poorly-soluble drugs 5.11.2 Emulsified microemulsions 5.11.3 Protection against oxidation/light 5.11.4 Controlled release delivery systems 5.11.5 Microemulsions as nano-reactors 5.12 Conclusions References ftoc.indd vii Emulsions, Nanoemulsions and Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems in Foods Umut Yucel, Ryan J Elias and John N Coupland 6.1 Delivery systems in foods 6.2 Structure of emulsions 6.3 Localization of BLI in emulsions 6.4 Emulsions as delivery systems 6.5 Crystallization in emulsions 6.5.1 Kinetics of crystallization in fine droplets 6.5.2 Structure of crystalline fat droplets 6.6 Localization of BLI in solid lipid nanoparticles 6.7 Conclusions Acknowledgement References Fermentation Mark R Wilkins and Hasan Atiyeh 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fermentative pathways 7.3 Microbial growth 7.4 Reactor design 7.4.1 Types of reactors 149 149 150 150 151 151 152 152 152 153 153 154 154 155 156 157 158 158 158 159 159 159 160 160 161 167 167 168 169 172 174 175 177 178 180 181 181 185 185 186 188 189 190 12/23/2011 10:38:16 AM viii Contents ftoc.indd viii 7.5 Fermentation schemes 7.5.1 Batch fermentation 7.5.2 Fed-batch fermentation 7.5.3 Continuous fermentation 7.6 Fermentation Products 7.6.1 Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol (ABE) fermentation 7.6.2 Glycerol 7.6.3 Propionate 7.6.4 Succinate 7.6.5 1,3 Propanediol 7.6.6 Butanediol 7.7 Separation 7.7.1 Separation of acids 7.7.2 Separation of alcohols 7.7.3 Separation of diols and triols 7.8 Future application areas and emerging developments References 194 194 194 194 195 195 196 197 197 197 198 199 199 199 200 200 201 Fungal Cell Factories Sue A Karagiosis and Scott E Baker 8.1 Fungi and fungal biotechnology 8.2 Historical perspective 8.2.1 Koji 8.2.2 Penicillin 8.2.3 Citric acid 8.3 Industry 8.3.1 Organic acids 8.3.2 Enzymes 8.3.3 Lovastatin 8.4 Genomics and the future 8.4.1 Citric acid and Aspergillus niger 8.4.2 Cellulase production 8.4.3 Bioactive secondary metabolites 8.5 Conclusions References 205 Microalgae: A Renewable Source of Bioproducts Susan I Blackburn and John K Volkman 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Microalgae and their global importance 9.3 Cultured microalgae 9.4 Algal culture collections 9.5 Microalgal production systems 9.5.1 Plastic bags and tanks 9.5.2 Open ponds 9.5.3 Photobioreactors 9.5.4 Hybrid or combination growth systems 9.5.5 Fermentation systems 205 206 206 207 208 208 208 211 211 213 213 214 215 215 216 221 221 221 223 224 225 225 225 226 227 227 12/23/2011 10:38:16 AM Contents ix 9.6 9.7 9.8 Historical natural foods Live feedstocks for aquaculture Bioproducts 9.8.1 Bioactive compounds 9.8.2 Lipids 9.8.3 Proteins and carbohydrates 9.8.4 Vitamins and antioxidants 9.8.5 Pigments 9.9 Pharmaceuticals 9.10 Microalgae in cosmetics and skin care 9.11 Microalgae bioproducts: Future potential References 10 11 ftoc.indd ix Bioprocessing Approaches to Synthesize Bio-based Surfactants and Detergents Douglas G Hayes 10.1 Bio-based surfactants: Overview 10.2 Feedstocks for bio-based surfactants 10.3 Industrial bio-based surfactants 10.4 Advantages of bioprocessing to prepare bio-based non-ionic surfactants 10.5 Preparation of bio-based surfactants via enzymes in non-aqueous media 10.5.1 Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of monoacylglycerols (MAGs) 10.5.2 Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of saccharide–fatty acid esters 10.5.3 Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of polyglycerol polyricinoleate 10.5.4 Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of alkylpolyglucosides (APGs) 10.5.5 Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of amino acid derivatives 10.5.6 Enzymatic production of lysophospholipids and structured phospholipids 10.6 Preparation of biosurfactants via fermentation 10.7 Conclusions References Biopolymers Og uz Tỹrỹnỗ and Michael A R Meier 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Carbohydrate-based polymers 11.2.1 Polymers from starch 11.2.2 Polymers from cellulose 11.2.3 Polymers from lactic acid and lactide 11.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 11.2.5 Polymers from chitin or chitosan 11.3 Fat- and oil-based polymers 11.3.1 Polymers from triglycerides 11.3.2 Polymers from fatty acids 11.4 Conclusion References 228 228 229 229 230 233 233 234 235 236 236 237 243 243 244 246 248 249 251 252 254 254 255 256 258 261 262 267 267 267 267 270 272 275 276 277 277 282 286 286 12/23/2011 10:38:16 AM x 12 13 14 Contents Lignocellulosic Biomass Processing Fei Yu and Jonathan Y Chen 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Availability of lignocellulosic biomass 12.2.1 Southern pine wood 12.2.2 Corn stover 12.2.3 Bast fiber crops 12.2.4 Other lignocellulosic feedstocks 12.3 Processing 12.3.1 Biological conversion 12.3.2 Thermochemical conversion 12.3.3 Bast fiber production References Recent Developments in Non-thermal Processess Fernando Sampedro and Howard Q Zhang 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Recent advances in non-thermal technologies 13.2.1 High Pressure Processing (HPP) 13.2.2 Ultra High Pressure Homogenization (UHPH) 13.2.3 High Pressure Carbon Dioxide (HPCD) 13.2.4 Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) 13.2.5 Ultraviolet Light (UV) 13.2.6 Irradiation 13.2.7 High Intensity Ultrasounds 13.2.8 Hurdle approach 13.3 Future trends Acknowledgements References Enzymes as Biocatalysts for Lipid-based Bioproducts Processing Ling-Zhi Cheong, Zheng Guo, Sergey N Fedosov, Bena-Marie Lue, Ram C.R Jala, Gündüz Güzel, and Xuebing Xu 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Enzyme characteristics 14.3 Enzyme kinetics in industrial applications 14.4 Enzymes in industrial applications 14.4.1 Enzymatic processing of partial acylglycerols 14.4.2 Enzymatic processing of bioactive compounds 14.4.3 Enzymatic processing of phospholipids 14.4.4 Enzymatic processing of fatty acid alkyl esters 14.5 Conclusions and future trends References Index A color plate section falls between pages 222 and 223 ftoc.indd x 293 293 293 294 295 295 296 297 297 297 305 308 313 313 314 314 315 317 318 320 321 323 324 325 325 326 333 333 333 334 338 339 343 346 348 351 353 359 12/23/2011 10:38:16 AM 360 Index arabinogalactan, arabinose, arabinoxylans, 9, 29 arachidonic acid, 231–2 Arachis hypogaea, 22, 29 arginine, 86, 233, 250, 255–7, 263 aroma, 54, 79, 86, 105–6, 135, 160, 182, 274, 284, 290, 303, 319, 322 arteriosclerosis, 246 ascomycete, 211, 215 ascorbic acid, 29, 159, 233, 237, 314, 317, 319, 323, 330, 343 aseptic, 205 ash, 9, 14, 131 asparagine, 86 aspartase, 333, 354 aspartic acid, 86, 207, 333–4, 354 asperfuranone, 215–16 Aspergillus, 27, 116, 125, 206–8, 211–18, 344, 347, 354 aspyridones, 215 astaxanthin, 173, 183, 227, 229, 234, 238–9 atherosclerosis, 217 atorvastatin, 212–13 ATP, 186–8, 201 autotrophic, 188, 195, 222–4 axenic, 224 azeotropes, 120 azeotropic, 199, 273 azeotrotopic, 273 bacillariophyceae, 231 bacillariophyta, 237 Bacillus, 260, 336, 347, 357 Bacillus cereus, 111, 203, 347 Bacillus subtilis, 260, 336, 357 bacteria, 26, 95, 109, 186, 188, 194–5, 197–8, 202–3, 206, 224, 227, 239, 247, 258–60, 262, 275–7, 288, 291, 311, 316–18, 320, 322, 324, 326–30, 336, 353 Bacteriastrum, 222 bactericidal, 323 bacteriocins, 324 bagasse, 25, 297 baling, 305–7 bark, 269, 288, 294–5, 301, 306 barley, 2–3, 8–10, 26, 28–35, 206 baroprotective, 329 baroresistant, 314 barostability, 78 bast, 295, 305–8, 310–11 bean, 6, 16, 18, 21, 27, 34–35, 52, 55, 74, 82, 89, 91, 95, 102, 108, 110, 112, 116, 165, 177, 323, 354 beer, 10, 13, 31, 185, 207 beeswax, 4, 29 beet, 208, 328 Bentonite, 135, 139 benzaldehyde, 158, 171 benzene, 147, 199, 281, 347 benzoic acid, 12, 171 Dunford_bindex.indd 360 benzophenone, 269 benzoquinone, 286 bermudagrass, 25, 296, 311 Betatene, 235 bicolor, 11, 27, 30–1 binders, 18, 24, 65, 78, 210 bio-based, 26, 73, 244, 261, 265, 284, 288–9 bioactives, 4–5, 10, 12, 17, 22, 27, 31, 75, 134, 149, 158–62, 167, 174, 180, 183–4, 205, 211, 215, 217, 221, 230, 235, 237, 240, 270, 288, 313–19, 323, 325, 329, 333, 339, 343–6, 353, 355–7 bioactivity, 26, 240, 277 bioavailability, 27, 145, 150, 160, 167–8, 173–4, 181, 183, 325, 346 biobutanol, biocatalysis, 160, 240, 263, 266, 333, 339, 351, 353, 355–7 biocatalyst, 190, 245, 250, 252, 255–6, 258, 261, 264, 333–5, 337, 339, 343–5, 347–51, 353–5, 357 biochanin A, 18 biochar, 306 biocides, 247 biocompatibility, 22, 73–4, 163, 245, 247–9, 251, 258, 260–1, 263, 272–6, 283, 290 bioconversion, 5, 30, 61, 202, 344, 358 biocrude, 309 biodegradation, 1, 7, 15, 30–4, 64, 66–7, 69–70, 72–3, 75–6, 78, 80, 197, 210, 245, 247–9, 251, 258, 260–2, 264–5, 268–9, 271–4, 276–7, 281, 283, 286–8, 290–1 biodiesel, 15, 196, 230, 232, 238–9, 244–5, 259, 262, 265, 278, 348, 353–7 biodiversity, 221–4, 237–9 bioemulsifier, 262 bioenergy, 26, 30–2, 34, 226, 295, 297, 308–11 bioengineering, 116–17, 216, 239–40, 264–5 bioethanol, 10, 25, 28, 55, 79, 120, 211, 246, 339 biofarming, 25 biofibres, 290 biofilm, 194 biofixation, 227, 240 biofortified, 12 biofouling, 240 biofuel, 1, 5, 7, 10, 23, 25–8, 31, 33–4, 73, 80, 200, 202–3, 211, 216–17, 221, 227, 230, 236, 239–40, 244, 263, 293–5, 297, 304, 306, 310, 339 biohydrogen, 230 biointerfaces, 164–5, 181 biomacromolecules, 83, 264, 289–91 biomarkers, 240–1 biomass, 1–3, 7, 11, 24–7, 30–4, 62–3, 72–3, 80–1, 89–90, 97, 132, 192, 194, 202, 211, 217, 227, 229–30, 233, 235–7, 239–41, 263, 265–6, 293–301, 303–11, 339 biomaterial, 27, 85, 203, 277, 283, 287–8, 293, 304, 328 biomedical, 164, 229, 258, 260–1, 270, 277, 290, 355 Biomer, 275 biomodulator, 238 12/20/2011 4:10:21 PM Index biomolecule, 99, 110, 112 biophysical, 104, 106 bioplastics, 23 biopolymer, 13, 18, 30, 34, 73, 82, 170, 232, 267, 269–71, 273, 275, 277, 279, 281, 283, 287, 289, 291, 293–4, 297, 304 biopolyols, 293, 300 biopreservative, 288, 324 bioprocess, 75, 111, 202–3, 208–9, 215–16, 218, 240, 264–5, 288, 305, 328 bioproduct, 1–35, 37, 39–83, 85–113, 115–16, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140–2, 145–6, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166–8, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184–6, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 205–6, 208, 210–12, 214, 216, 218, 221–41, 243–4, 246, 248, 252, 254, 256, 258, 260, 262–4, 266–8, 270, 272, 274, 276, 278, 280, 282, 284, 286, 288, 290, 292–4, 296, 298, 300, 302, 304, 306, 308, 310, 313–14, 316, 318, 320, 322, 324, 326, 328, 330, 333–40, 342–9, 351, 353–8 bioprospecting, 239 bioreactor, 145, 164, 189–95, 201–3, 226, 251, 253, 304, 341, 356 biorefinery, 5, 26–7, 73, 80, 211, 221, 244–5, 262–3, 289 biorefining, 263 bioremediation, 205, 260 biorenewable, 265 bioresource, 27–9, 31–3, 203, 239, 290 bioseparation, 112, 240 biosurfactant, 244, 246, 258–65 biosynthesis, 28–30, 69, 201, 210, 213, 217, 230, 237–8, 264, 273, 288, 291, 345 biotechnology, 2, 7, 24–9, 31, 33, 57, 75, 78, 82, 109–10, 112, 138–9, 193, 201–3, 205–7, 216–19, 236–40, 262–6, 288–9, 291–2, 308, 310–11, 353–7 biotin, 108, 225, 319 biotransformation, 205, 252, 263 bipolar, 96–7, 109, 112, 318 bisacrylamide, 102 bisphenolate, 274, 286 bisubstrate, 335, 338 bleaching, 13, 121, 127, 132, 135–7, 139, 141–2, 343, 355 borage, 27, 350 borohydride, 282 botanical, 31, 40–1, 83 Botany, 32, 238 Botryococcus, 230 bran, 3–5, 26, 32, 131, 133–4, 138–40, 205–6, 229, 350 Brassica, 14, 29, 32, 140 Brassicaceae, 19, 141 Brassicasterol, 15 Brassylic acid, 15 bread, 2–3, 12, 185, 205 breeding, 6, 10–11, 13–17, 22, 24, 29, 32, 296 brewing, 8, 13, 31 Dunford_bindex.indd 361 361 bronchopulmonary, 239 browning, 32, 145, 330 buckwheat, 42, 81 bullatacinone, 171 butanediol, 188, 198, 200, 202–3 butanol, 52, 151, 160, 185, 187–8, 195–6, 198–203, 252, 255, 304, 308, 311, 338, 341–2, 345 butter, 15, 22–3, 32, 142, 338 butterfat, 20 butylaminoethyl, 53 butylene, 202 butyrate, 67, 187, 196, 308, 311 butyric acid, 132, 188, 195 byproduct, 1, 5, 7–8, 10, 61, 65, 89, 91, 115, 196, 245, 248–9, 254, 272, 300, 304–6, 320, 338, 344, 347–8, 350 caffeic acid, 346, 357 caffeine, 56 cake, 3, 22–3, 118–19, 123, 136 Calendula oficinalis L., 23–4 calorimetry, 37, 104, 110–11, 181 camelina, 19, 26, 28, 32, 34, 252, 266 campesterol, 15 camphor, 272 canarygrass, 25 Candida lipopytica, 260 Candida rugosa lipase, 345, 355 Candida sp., 257, 259–60, 262, 335–6, 347–8, 353–7 canola, 13–16, 20, 26, 30, 32, 108, 116, 118–19, 121, 124–6, 139–40, 281–2 canthaxanthin, 234 caproic acid, 132 caprolactone, 49, 62, 75, 280 caprylic acid, 132, 171, 253, 257–8 capsaicin, 171 capsaicinoids, 356 carbohydrases, 124, 339 carbohydrate, 3–4, 9, 11, 18, 31–3, 35, 40, 50, 54, 74, 76–7, 81, 85, 87, 90, 186–7, 228, 233, 238, 258, 264–5, 267, 269, 277, 286, 302–3, 322, 324, 339 carbonation, 279, 318 carboxidivorans, 195, 308 carboxylation, 197 carboxymethyl, 52, 54, 74, 272 carboxypeptidase, 17 carcinogenic, 34, 246, 325, 343 cardanol, 281 cardanolrmaldehyde, 290 cardiolipin, 346 carotenogenesis, 234 carotenoid, 7, 12, 14, 28, 32–3, 35, 135, 167–8, 171–3, 182–4, 225, 227, 229, 232, 234–5, 238–9, 241, 315, 317, 319, 321, 323, 343 carrageenan, 108, 233 carthamin, 21, 32 Carthamus tinctorius L., 20 caryopsis, 9, 27, 34 12/20/2011 4:10:21 PM 362 Index casein, 92–3, 104, 111, 168, 173–4, 182–3 caseinate, 104, 111, 159 cashew, 123, 141 cassava, 48, 57, 74, 77, 287 castor, 21, 23, 27, 30–1, 245, 280–1, 286–7, 289–92, 349 catalysis, 30, 48, 196, 202, 246, 262–4, 266, 287, 304, 308–10, 336, 348, 357 catalyst, 47, 49, 54, 61, 66, 80, 133–4, 173, 175, 193–4, 202, 248–9, 256, 262–3, 273–4, 281, 284, 287, 297–9, 301–4, 308–10, 333–4, 348–9, 351–2 catechin, 10, 167 cavitation, 50, 52, 56, 72, 81, 128, 316, 323 celiac, 13, 27 cellobiose, 246, 270 cellophane, 271–2, 288 cellulase, 90, 124–5, 207, 211, 214, 217–18, 271, 339 cellulose, 3–5, 9, 11, 20, 22–5, 31–2, 52, 62, 80, 95, 195, 214, 218, 246, 270–2, 287–9, 291–2, 295, 298, 302, 339 celluloseacetate, 271 cellulosic, 24, 33, 89, 211, 272, 298, 300, 310, 339 cephalexin, 338 cephalosporin, 338 ceramides, 347 cereal, 2, 4–5, 7–8, 11, 13, 18, 26–34, 37, 40, 46–7, 55–6, 58, 60, 63, 68, 72, 74, 76–9, 81–2, 87, 103–4, 110, 112, 140, 206, 310 cerevisiae, 28, 203, 316, 326–7 cerivastatin, 212 cetyltrimethylammonium, 93, 166 cheese, 22, 54, 79, 93, 104, 111, 205, 211, 316, 328, 330 chickpea, 87, 89, 95–6, 102, 109, 111 chiral, 198, 274 chitin, 270, 276–7, 287 chitinase, 277, 288 chitooligosaccharides, 277, 286 chitosan, 52, 75, 276–7, 287, 291, 324, 328 chizochytrium, 232 Chlorella, 226–8, 235–6, 239 Chlorella pyrenoidosa, 226 chlorodiethylaminoethyl, 53 chlorogenic, 345, 355–6 Chlorophyceae, 230 chlorophyte, 225, 227, 235, 238 chlorotrifluoromethane, 126 cholecalciferol, 319 cholesterol, 4, 8, 10, 17, 22, 29–30, 65, 165, 208, 212–13, 216, 232–3 choline, 127, 130, 358 chromatin, 215–16 chymotrypsin, 17, 334 cider, 317, 321, 327, 330 cinnamic acid, 12, 345 citramalate, 201 citrinum, 213, 219 Citrobacter freundii, 198, 202–3 Dunford_bindex.indd 362 citrulline, 86 clostridia, 7, 28, 202, 305 Clostridium beijerinkii, 195 Clostridium butyricum, 193, 195, 198, 200–3, 308–9, 311 coatings, 7, 13, 15, 18–21, 23–4, 28, 30, 34, 39, 64–5, 68–9, 76, 85, 159, 210, 243, 269, 272, 277–8, 280, 287–8, 290–1 coccolithophorid, 222 coco butter, 338 cocoa, 22, 142, 343 coconut, 22, 124, 139, 141, 245–6 coenzyme, 188, 212, 216–17 cofactor, 264 coking, 301, 303 colipase, 336 collets, 121 colloid, 82, 112, 161–6, 181–2, 184, 263, 265, 356 colorants, 59, 138, 167, 171, 183, 235 combinatorial, 35, 351, 353 combustion, 185, 195, 297, 302 comonomer, 275 compactin, 213 Compositae, 20 composite, 18, 26, 29, 32–4, 62, 68–70, 72–6, 78, 81–2, 85, 95–6, 129, 263, 269, 271–2, 279–81, 283–4, 287–90, 306 compost, 66–7, 273, 275 confectionary, 18, 20, 23 conglycinin, 17 conjugated, 236, 245, 247, 255–6, 259, 263, 278, 281, 287–9, 291 conservation, 11, 67 conventional, 22, 29, 43, 47–50, 55, 58–9, 72, 75, 97, 115, 118, 122, 126, 129–30, 132, 134–6, 138, 170, 174, 180, 190, 192–3, 201, 229, 265, 298, 338–9 conversion, 5–6, 11, 26, 40, 43, 45, 49, 62–3, 66, 72, 80, 121, 133, 188–90, 192, 196, 202, 208–9, 211, 213, 253, 255–6, 278–9, 284, 287–9, 293, 296–7, 304, 306, 309–10, 334, 336, 339, 343, 346, 349–50, 355–6 copepods, 228 copolymer, 26, 49–50, 53–4, 56, 65–6, 75–7, 82, 159, 272–5, 278, 283, 289–91, 300 copolymerization, 102, 281, 283, 286, 288, 291, 299–300 copra, 116, 126 coproducts, 30 cordite, 195 corn, 2–3, 5–11, 27, 29, 31, 33–4, 37, 41, 43–9, 51–64, 68–83, 96, 111, 118, 124–6, 133, 139, 141, 149, 197, 202–3, 207, 211, 267, 270, 272, 278, 295, 297, 299, 309, 323 cornstalk, 291 corrinoid, 188 cosmeceutical, cosmetics, 7, 10, 19, 21, 23, 69, 87, 145, 209–10, 216, 233, 236, 240, 243, 247–8, 260, 264, 306, 315, 346 12/20/2011 4:10:21 PM Index cosolvent, 355 cosurfactant, 162–3 cottonseed, 13, 16, 19–20, 31, 33, 116, 120, 123, 126, 131, 140, 149 cotyledons, 16, 89 coumaric acid, 346 coumesterol, 18 countercurrent, 93, 113, 119, 134, 138, 140–1 cracking, 118, 303, 310 Crambe abyssinica Hochst ex Fries, 23, 30, 34 crossdraft, 304 crosslinking, 31, 65, 77, 290, 292 Cruciferae, 14 cruciferous, 23, 142 crustaceans, 228–9, 276 cryofibriniogen, 96 cryoglobulins, 96 cryoprecipitation, 96, 109, 111–12 cryopreservation, 225, 239 Crypthecodinium cohnii, 231 cryptoxanthin, 235 crystallisation, 69, 74, 79, 83, 137, 172, 175–84, 199, 342 cultivars, 2, 9, 11–12, 14, 17, 20, 22, 30, 109, 112 cumenehydroperoxide, 173 cuphea, 245, 265 curcumin, 171 cyanobacteria, 221, 225, 228, 230, 235–7, 239 cyanobacterium Synechococcus, 221 cyclization, 273–4 cyclodextrin, 39, 254–5, 265 cyclohexenimine, 236 cyclohexenone, 236 cyclohexylsalen, 274 cycloleucine, 86 cyclopentadiene, 281 cyclosporin, 208, 212, 218 Cynodon dactylon, 296 cysteine, 86, 103, 120, 160, 255 cystine, 233, 255 cytochrome-c, 17 cytotoxic, 215, 270 D-glucopyranoside, 259 dactylon, 296 deacetylase, 215, 218 deacetylation, 215, 276–7 deacidification, 127, 131, 133–5, 138–41, 143 decarboxylation, 198 decorticating, 117, 307–8 degumming, 19, 127–32, 135, 139–42 dehulling, 88, 141 dehydrogenase, 187–8, 196, 198, 201, 210, 213, 218, 250–1, 264, 305 denaturation, 87, 91, 93, 104, 107, 110, 112, 121, 317, 343, 345 denitrificans, 288 deodorization, 127, 134–41, 143, 262 Dunford_bindex.indd 363 363 deodorizer, 122, 134, 136–8, 140 dephosphorylate, 188, 197 depolymerization, 24, 52–3, 55, 269, 277 desaturase, 27 desolventizer, 121–2, 138 desolventizer toaster, 122 desolventizing, 120–2, 131, 133 destoners, 117 detergent, 23, 103, 150, 197, 209, 243, 245–7, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259–66, 339 dewaxing, 139 dextran, 49 dextrin, 39, 48, 269 dextrorotatory, 198 DHA, 231–2 diacylglycerol, 74, 130, 133, 252, 336, 349, 353, 355–8 diafiltration, 95, 98 dialkanolamines, 250 dialkyldimethyl, 156 diamides, 255 diastereomer, 333 diatom, 222, 229, 231–2, 237, 240 dichloromethane, 62, 120 dichroism, 105–6, 110, 112 dicyclopentadiene, 278, 281, 291 dielectric, 23, 76, 161, 319, 327 diesel, 23, 28, 230, 301, 309, 355 diester, 234, 253, 255 diisocyanate, 269, 280–1, 284, 299 diketiminate, 274, 288 dimerization, 284 dimers, 284, 303 dimesitylimidazolin, 274 dimethylformamide, 249 dimethylsulfoxide, 249 dimorphecolic acid, 245 Dimorphotheca pluviafis (L.) Much., 23, 245 dinoflagellate, 221–2, 225, 231, 237, 239 diphenylmethane, 280–1, 299 diphenylsulfone, 284 disaccharide, 186, 254, 259 distearoyl, 184 distillation, 122, 133, 136, 197, 199–200, 249, 273, 343, 357 distiller’s dried grain with solubles (DDGS), 7, 10, 13, 28, 299–300 dithiothreitol, 103 divinylbenzene, 278, 289, 291 DNA, 110, 210–11, 214–15, 217–18, 240–1, 246, 251, 255, 262, 264, 266, 318, 320–1, 352 docosahexaenoic acid, 231, 355 dodecylpentaethylene, 156 dodecyltrimethylammoniumbromidebrine, 156 downdraft, 304, 310–11 Dunaliella, 168, 225, 227, 235, 238 Echinochloa polystachya, 25 ecology, 237–8, 240–1, 265 12/20/2011 4:10:21 PM 364 Index edamame, 16 eicosapentaenoic acid, 231 eicosenoic acid, 19, 21 einkorn, elastase, 17 elastomers, 18, 21, 29–30, 34, 280 electroacidification, 111 electroactive, 288 electrochemical, 32, 246, 266 electrodialysis, 96–7, 109, 112–13, 199 electrofiltration, 136, 142 electrofusion, 330 electrolysis, 96, 318 electroosmotic, 104 electropermeabilization, 330 electrophoresis, 102–4, 108–12 electrophoretic, 102–4, 107, 109, 112 electroplating, 209 electroporation, 318 ellagic acid, 30 emulsan, 260, 264 emulsification, 34, 54, 79, 159, 165–6, 173, 176, 183, 247, 257, 260, 324, 344, 347 emulsifier, 18–19, 45, 58, 73, 110, 128, 137, 165, 168–70, 173, 175, 177, 181–3, 233, 245–8, 254, 256, 260, 264, 280, 337–9, 346, 351 enantiomer, 333 enantiopure, 274 enantioselective, 264 encapsulation, 54, 63, 79–80, 160, 167, 172, 179, 182–3, 260, 346 endosperm, 3–4, 6, 9, 11–12, 27, 34, 79, 112 endosymbiotic, 236 energy, 1, 6, 11, 19, 24–8, 31–3, 50, 59, 63, 65, 67, 81, 100–1, 104, 108, 120, 123, 125–6, 129, 132–3, 138, 147–8, 152, 168, 177, 186, 191, 195, 199–200, 205, 221–2, 226, 230, 233, 236, 239–40, 243–4, 249, 251, 254, 258–61, 263, 266–7, 272–3, 275, 287, 293–4, 296–7, 299–300, 309–11, 318, 321, 323–4, 339, 348, 357 Enterobacter, 201 entropy, 104, 147–8, 165, 171 Enzymax, 130, 139 enzyme, 2, 8–10, 13, 16–17, 39, 41, 46, 54–6, 72–3, 80, 85, 87, 89–90, 94, 108–9, 115–16, 118–19, 124–6, 130–1, 133, 138, 140–2, 145, 188, 190, 193, 195, 198, 202–3, 205–9, 211, 213–14, 216–18, 249–52, 254–6, 258, 261, 263, 265–6, 269, 273, 277, 305, 308, 310, 313–19, 321–7, 329, 333–40, 342–5, 347–58 epichlorohydrin, 61 epithelial, 239 epoxidation, 278–9, 281 ergot, 212 erucamide, 15 erucic acid, 14–15, 19, 23, 30 erythritol, 259 Escherichia coli, 201, 326, 328, 330 Dunford_bindex.indd 364 esculin, 346, 355 esterase, 344, 354, 357 esterfication, 48, 54, 77, 81, 133–4, 160, 174, 196, 248, 250, 252, 256, 263, 269, 272, 279–80, 302, 339–42, 344, 346, 354–5, 357 ethane, 62, 126 ethanol, 5–7, 26, 28, 32–3, 35, 39, 42–3, 53–9, 61, 63, 68, 72, 78, 82, 96–7, 120, 133, 148, 151, 158, 163, 185–8, 190, 194–6, 199–203, 210, 214, 233, 244–5, 293, 297, 302, 304, 310–11, 347, 349–50 ethanolamine, 127, 130, 246 ether, 39, 47, 50, 61, 63, 120, 149–50, 155, 245, 247, 250–1, 258, 269, 290, 302, 342, 345–7, 358 etherifications, 272 ethoxylated, 148, 150, 156, 158, 248 ethoxylation, 248 ethylene, 68, 74, 120, 164, 246–7, 270, 274, 284, 286, 298, 304, 311 ethyleneglycol, 298 ethylhexanoate, 274 eucalyptus, 24, 32 eugenol, 171 Euglena gracilis, 233, 239 Euglenophyceae, 231 eukaryotic, 205, 216–17, 235, 239 Euphorbia, 23 Euphorbia iagascae, 23 Eustigmatophyceae, 231, 240–1 eustigmatophyte, 227–9, 232 exopolysaccharides, 231, 233 expanders, 121, 138 expeller, 123 expressing, 29, 351 extracellular, 132, 196, 199, 205, 211, 240, 355 extractability, 90–1, 109, 142 extraction, 3, 13–14, 20, 22, 26–7, 34, 56–9, 69, 72–4, 77, 79, 85, 88–95, 98, 101–2, 108–12, 115–27, 131–5, 138–43, 158, 163, 172, 190, 193, 199–200, 259, 265, 275, 280, 295, 305–6, 313, 318–19, 323–4, 330 extractives, 4, 33 extracts, 4, 29, 101–2, 110–11, 119, 140, 236, 345 extremophiles, 352 extrudates, 59–61, 65, 72–4, 76, 78, 80 extruder, 59–60, 63, 65–7, 73, 78, 80, 121, 123–4 extrusion, 40, 58–61, 63–7, 72–82, 111, 140, 142, 268, 270 faba bean, 102, 112 fabric, 39, 211, 247, 264 fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), 232, 244–50, 283–4 feed, 2, 5–8, 10, 13–14, 19–23, 25, 28, 32–4, 55, 81–2, 85, 92–3, 98, 100–1, 108, 116, 120–1, 124–5, 128, 131, 134–5, 192, 194–5, 197, 199–200, 209, 214, 229, 233–4, 276, 278, 293, 295, 306, 309, 318, 339 feedstock, 1–5, 7–13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23–31, 33–5, 62, 66, 71–2, 115, 138, 197, 228–9, 232, 243–5, 251, 12/20/2011 4:10:21 PM Index 261–2, 265, 267, 287, 295–7, 300–1, 304, 306, 310, 339, 348–9, 351 fermentable, 16, 24, 27, 61 fermentation, 2, 5, 7–9, 11, 13, 24, 28, 32–4, 39, 55, 72, 79, 81, 97, 112, 185–7, 189–91, 193–203, 205–11, 216–18, 227, 235, 240, 245–6, 249, 258–260, 272–3, 275–7, 293, 297, 304–5, 310–11, 352–3 fermentor, 190, 194–5, 201, 206, 224 ferulic acid, 8, 344–6, 353 fiber, 5, 7–9, 14, 18–19, 22–4, 26, 29–34, 39, 61, 89, 118, 190, 192–3, 202, 205, 210, 228, 271–3, 281, 287–90, 295, 297, 299–300, 305–11 fibroblasts, 30 filamentous, 206–8, 211, 216–17 film, 13, 15, 18, 27–8, 31–3, 53, 67, 69, 73–8, 138, 146–7, 150–2, 155–6, 158–9, 162, 164–5, 268–9, 271–3, 275, 277, 279, 286–7, 289, 291–2, 299, 310 filtration, 53, 88–9, 95, 97–9, 109, 111, 124, 131, 136–7, 140, 199, 306 flaking, 117–19, 122, 140, 142 flavanol, 9, 28 flavonoid, 4, 12, 23, 29, 345, 353, 355–7 flax, 19, 29, 108, 276, 295, 305–7, 310 flocculation, 79, 169 Florunner, 31 flour, 3, 5–6, 10, 12, 18, 20, 26–7, 30, 34, 55–6, 58, 72, 74, 76–7, 82, 88, 90–2, 97, 101–2, 110, 112, 281, 287, 322 fluvastatin, 212–13 flux, 98, 111, 129–30, 192, 200, 202 foodborne, 322 forage, 11, 27, 32–3, 296, 308, 311 forestry, 2, 139, 293, 304, 333 formaldehyde, 32, 58, 288 formononetin, 18 fractionation, 31, 88, 91–3, 110, 112, 134, 139–40, 174, 182, 245 free fatty acid (FFA), 15, 116, 127, 130–6, 138, 244–5, 250, 252, 340, 342–3, 347–9 fructans, fructose, 7, 11, 186, 201, 211, 252–3, 266 fucoxanthin, 235, 239, 241 fuel, 10, 15, 19, 22, 28–9, 32–3, 62–3, 75, 90, 185, 188, 195–6, 199, 203, 214, 230, 243–5, 286, 297, 300–3, 308–11, 339, 356–7 fumarate, 202, 333 fumaric acid, 209–10 fungal, 28, 30, 205–13, 215–19 fungi, 7, 30, 125, 201, 205–11, 213, 215–18, 227, 232, 236, 239, 271, 276–7 furfural, 160, 262, 281, 302 galactomannan, galactopyranosyl, 254 galactosamine, 260 galactose, 186, 255, 260 galactoside, 255 Dunford_bindex.indd 365 365 galacturonic acid, 260 gasification, 62–3, 73, 75, 81, 245, 297, 304, 309–11 gasifier, 304, 309–11 gasoline, 6, 19, 309–10 gelatinization, 37, 39–46, 48, 51, 57–8, 63–4, 72–5, 77–82, 289 gels, 39, 42, 51, 61–2, 67–8, 75, 85, 102–3, 146, 151, 233, 283 gemini surfactants, 247, 262, 266 gene silencing, 2, 33 genistein, 171 genome, 11, 28, 31, 33, 208, 211, 213–19, 238, 352 genotype, 8–9, 26–7, 30, 32, 34–5 germ, 3–5, 7–8, 11, 27, 118, 124–5, 131, 134, 139–42, 323 ghee, 185 globulin, 4, 17, 87, 91, 110, 112 glucan, 8–10, 24, 26, 29, 183, 233, 276 glucanase, 29, 125 glucoamylase, 54–5, 207 glucofructans, glucommannan, gluconic acid, 193, 203, 209–10, 218 Gluconobacter, 193 glucopyranose, 37, 39, 258–9 glucosamine, 276–7 glucosidase, 250 glucoside, 17, 250, 255, 269 glucosinolate, 14, 23, 118, 139, 142 glucosylation, 345 glucuronoarabinoxylans, 11, 34 glue, 233, 299 glutamate, 222, 233 glutamic acid, 4, 86 glutamine, 86 glutaric acid, 280 glutelins, gluten, 8, 13, 110 glutenin, 87, 109, 112 glyceride, 130, 140, 148, 156, 158, 162, 252, 341 glycerin, 202, 244–5, 260, 298, 311 glycerinogenes, 203 glycerol, 5, 13, 53, 64, 133, 137, 157, 184–6, 196–8, 200–3, 248, 250–2, 256–8, 262–4, 269, 276, 278–80, 288, 339, 341–3, 346–351, 354 glycerolyis, 248, 252, 266, 340–3, 353, 355–6, 358 glycerophospholipids, 346 glycidol, 343 glycine, 15, 30–1, 86, 140, 255 glycinin, 17, 108 glycoalkaloids, 32 glycol, 13, 93, 120, 150–1, 155–6, 158, 164, 196, 202, 245–7, 265, 298, 311 glycolipid, 4, 258–60, 263–4 glycolysis, 186, 188 glycoproteins, 17 glycosidase, 73, 254–5, 263, 266 glycoside, 30, 246, 254, 263–6, 345, 357 12/20/2011 4:10:21 PM 366 Index glycosyltransferase, 265 gossypol, 19, 33, 120, 131–2 grains, 7–8, 11, 13, 20, 28–9, 55–6, 67, 72, 75, 88, 206, 299, 311, 321 grass, 7, 11, 16, 120, 209, 235, 315, 325 groundnuts, 126 guanidine, 274, 284, 289 gum, 7–8, 23, 34, 68, 70, 75, 127–31, 135, 246 Gymnodinium catenatum, 222, 237 Haematococcus pluvialis, 227, 234, 239 halotolerant, 235 haptophyte, 232 hemagglutinins, 17 hemicellulase, 124, 211 hemicellulose, 3–5, 9, 11, 22, 24–5, 302, 324 hemoglobin, 110 hemp, 295–6, 305, 310–11 heptaldehyde, 21, 27 heterochromatin, 215 heteropolyflavan, 30 heteropolymer, 233, 288 heterotrophic, 188, 205, 222–4, 227, 235, 238–40 heterotrophs, 195 Hibiscus, 308 high-pressure, 327 histidine, 86, 233 histone, 215, 218 homopolymer, 255, 274 hull, 9, 20, 26, 29, 90, 112, 117–18, 139, 297 hulled, 8–9, 88, 102, 118 huller, 118 hulless, 8–10, 33 hulling, 89, 117–18 hurdle, 235, 324 husk, 117 hycroxycinnamoyl, 33 hydrochloride, 48, 53, 80, 256–7 hydrocolloid, 34, 75, 162, 183, 262 hydrodeoxgenation, 302, 309–11 hydrodesulfurization, 302 hydroformylation, 278–9, 288, 290 hydrogels, 78, 262 hydrogenase, 187, 304, 308 hydrogenation, 174, 182, 193, 246, 256, 266, 278, 282, 301–3 hydrogenolysis, 202 hydrophile, 153, 244–6, 251, 263 hydrostatic, 57, 73–5, 77–9, 326, 328–30 hydrothermal, 40, 77, 81 hydrotreatment, 124, 301, 308–10 hydroxybutyrate, 273, 275, 288 hydroxycarboxylic, 262 hydroxydiene acid, 23 hydroxylated, 28, 247 hydroxymethylglutaryl, 212, 216 hydroxyphenylpropionic, 345 hydroxypropyl, 39, 47 Dunford_bindex.indd 366 hydroxyvalerate, 275 hyperbranched, 277, 280, 284, 289 hypercholesterolemia, 26, 212 hyperlipidemia, 228 hyphae, 209 hypocholesteremic, 216–17 Hypocrea jecorina, 211 immobilization, 99, 103, 108, 190, 195, 202–3, 249, 251–6, 258, 263, 334, 338–9, 342, 344, 347–8, 352–8 immunoassays, 108 immunoelectrophoresis, 102–3, 110 inhibition, 193–4, 201, 218, 238, 240, 337, 347, 356 inhibitor, 17, 34, 99, 173, 198, 213, 216, 218, 249, 260 ink, 1, 7, 15, 19–21, 23, 269, 280 inoculum, 188–9, 205–6, 230 inositol, 127, 130, 353 insulin, 54, 76, 111 interesterification, 182, 340, 357 irradiation, 46–7, 50–1, 54, 56, 77, 139, 313, 320–2, 324, 326–30, 341, 343, 353 isobutyronitrile, 281 isocyanate, 270, 278–80, 290, 299–300 isoelectric, 87, 94–5, 97, 102–03, 109–11, 125, 173 isoflavone, 17–18, 23, 26, 30–31, 34, 323 isoleucine, 86 isomerase, 211 isomerization, 198, 252, 286, 288 isooctane, 341 isophorone, 281 isoprene, 54, 77 isoprenoid, 232 isopropanol, 187–8 isopropoxides, 274 isopropyl, 57, 120, 132–3, 142, 165 isopropylamine, 246 isopropylidene, 252 isoquercetin, 345 isothiocyanate, 14, 48, 118, 124 isotropic, 155 isozymes, 16, 31 itaconic, 209–10, 217, 219 Japanese cypress, 298 japonica, 42, 81 jatropha, 245, 349–50, 357 jet cooking, 19, 39–40, 67–72, 74–80, 100 jojoba, 126, 140, 142 jute, 295, 310 kaempferol, 171 kafirin, 11, 13, 27 kefir, 185 kenaf, 295, 300, 306, 308, 311 koji, 206–7, 217 lactalbumin, 92–3, 105–7, 109, 111–12 lactate, 186, 188, 203, 210, 218, 222, 273 12/20/2011 4:10:21 PM Index lactic acid, 5, 13, 35, 62, 188, 199, 203, 206, 209–10, 218, 248, 272–4, 289–90, 326 Lactobacillus, 210, 228, 326, 328, 330 lactoferrin, 92, 324 lactoglobulin, 92–3, 111 lactone, 77, 213, 259, 283 lactoperoxidase, 324 lactose, 254, 263 Lampante oilve oil, 134, 139 lanolin, latex, 53–4, 56, 77, 82, 255 leaching, 45, 135 Lecitase, 130, 257 lecithin, 19, 30, 128–9, 160–1, 164, 172, 257, 354–6 lectin, 17 legume, 87, 103, 109, 111–12, 218 lentil, 40, 74, 87, 89, 96, 102, 109 lesqueralla, 23, 245 lesquerolic acid, 245 levoglucosan, 62, 246, 264 lignans, 4, 32 lignification, 33 lignin, 4, 9, 11, 23–5, 33, 245, 263, 298, 302–3, 309 lignocellulose, 214 lignocellulosic, 2, 4, 24–6, 197, 211, 293, 295–301, 303, 305, 307, 309–11 ligomerization, 250 limonene, 156, 158, 167, 171 limoneneethanol, 158 limonoids, 343 linoleate, 183 linoleic acid, 4, 6, 15, 19–22, 132, 228, 263, 278, 280 linseed, 281, 287–9 linters, 20 lipase, 90, 124, 132–3, 160–1, 206–7, 250–8, 262–6, 276, 333–9, 341–51, 353–8 lipid, 4, 11, 18, 27–8, 37, 40, 58–9, 63–4, 68–9, 72, 74–7, 79–82, 85, 87, 90, 104, 120, 127–8, 130–1, 133–4, 138–40, 142, 162–5, 167–84, 221, 230–2, 238–40, 258–60, 262–3, 265–6, 289–90, 315, 319, 322–3, 331, 333, 335–9, 343, 345, 347, 349, 351, 353–8 lipoheteropolysaccharide, 260 lipolysis, 340, 342 lipopeptide, 258, 260, 264 lipophilization, 354, 357 lipoprotein, 4, 29, 31, 34 liposaccharide, 261 liposan, 260, 262 liposomes, 30, 354 liposynthesis, 340, 342 lipoxygenase, 16–17, 31 lipozyme, 253, 355 liquefaction, 61–2, 272, 276, 288, 291, 297–300, 309–311 Listeria, 314, 319, 326 litchis, 13 livestock, 5–6, 20, 22, 124, 229 Dunford_bindex.indd 367 367 lovastatin, 26, 212–13, 217–18 lubricant, 18–21, 23, 30, 69–70, 72–3, 76, 78, 81, 243, 245, 265, 278, 280 lutein, 158, 168, 173, 181, 183, 234–5, 237, 239–40 lyase, 334 lycopene, 158–9, 168, 172–3, 181, 183 lye, 112, 131–2 lyophilization, 100 lysine, 4, 6, 8, 11, 17, 32, 34, 86, 91, 112, 215, 250, 255 lysinoalanine, 91, 112 lysolecithin, 244, 356 LysoMax, 130 lysophosphatides, 130 lysophosphatidylcholine, 355 lysophospholipid, 130, 145, 160, 246, 250–1, 256, 262, 347 lysostaphin, 89 lysozyme, 89, 92–4, 105, 112, 324 macroalgae, 233, 236 macrofungi, 217 macroglobulinemia, 112 macroglycol, 280 macrolactone, 283, 291 macromolecule, 161, 165, 193, 288–90, 323 macromonomer, 278 macronutrients, 225 Maillard reaction, 49, 145, 160, 162, 165 maize, 5, 8, 13, 27, 30–3, 35, 40, 42, 44–6, 51–3, 73–4, 76–80, 82 maleic acid, 48, 283, 287–8 maleination, 81, 279 malt, 10, 26 malting, 8–10, 13, 207 maltose, 246, 252, 255, 268–9 maltoside, 247–8, 255 maltotriose, 269 mannitol, 252 mannose, 186, 259 mannosylerythritol, 258–60, 262, 265 margarine, 15, 18, 32, 137, 232, 338 mariculture, 232, 237–8 maturity, 15–16, 34, 309 meal, 14, 19–20, 23, 55, 72, 79, 90, 96, 111, 115–22, 124–8, 131, 138, 142, 229, 244, 298, 300 meat, 18, 85, 103, 112, 172, 183, 315, 321–2, 326, 329 mechanical, 18, 27, 29, 31–3, 59–63, 67, 70–1, 74, 76, 80, 89–90, 111, 118–19, 121–3, 126–7, 129, 139–42, 168, 191, 268–9, 271–2, 274, 279–81, 284, 287–91, 299, 305–6, 310, 315–16, 323–4, 343 media, 7, 61, 69, 82, 99, 123, 160–1, 164, 167, 188, 191, 196, 201, 223–5, 238, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 266, 309, 338, 340, 342–7, 349, 353–7 membrane, 89, 95–8, 103, 107–10, 112, 124, 129–30, 133, 139–43, 164, 169, 173, 183, 190, 192–3, 195–6, 200, 202–3, 258, 286, 314, 317–19, 322, 326, 330, 346, 348, 351, 357 12/20/2011 4:10:22 PM 368 Index mesocarp, 21 metabolic, 7, 17, 27–8, 31, 33, 65, 187, 190, 197, 200–3, 205, 213–14, 216–17, 310, 317 metabolism, 187, 190, 213–14, 216, 218, 246, 357 metabolite, 7, 12, 17, 32, 116, 205–9, 211–12, 214–18, 235, 239, 241, 258, 265, 323, 328 metathesis, 277, 281, 284–5, 287–90 methacrylate, 53, 196, 280, 287, 291 methanolysis, 357 methionine, 6, 17, 86, 96, 110–11, 233 methylation, 47, 81, 215 mevastatin, 212–13 micella, 121–2 micelle, 93–4, 121, 142, 145, 147–8, 152, 156–7, 160–5, 168–70, 183–4, 336–7, 355 micellization, 93–4 Michaelis Menten equation, 334–6 microalgae, 2, 221–1, 262 microalgal, 222–31, 233–41 microbes, 203, 205, 271, 275, 329 microbial, 5, 18, 116, 129–30, 133, 139, 141, 185, 189, 194–6, 198, 201–3, 207–8, 211, 215, 217–18, 224, 229, 239, 246, 263, 265, 277, 288, 313–14, 316–20, 322–5, 327–8, 347–8, 352 microbiology, 87, 185, 189, 202–3, 208, 216–18, 238–9, 262–3, 265, 277, 305, 310, 327–8, 330 microcapsules, 54, 76 microcellular, 61, 73, 79 microconstituents, 343 microemulsion, 126, 141, 145–66, 168, 181, 264, 344, 347, 354 microencapsulation, 65, 75, 159, 162–3, 180, 182–3 microenviroment, 169, 171–2, 180 microfibrils, 271 microfiltration, 95, 109, 129, 192 microflora, 326 microfluidic, 109, 169 micrograph, 69–71, 178, 210 microlocalization, 173 micromechanical, 323 micronutrient, 2, 12, 32, 184, 225 microorganism, 24, 46, 72, 132, 139, 185, 188, 192, 194–5, 206, 216, 218, 224, 226–7, 235, 239–40, 258, 261, 264, 269, 314–15, 317, 319–22, 324–5, 327–9, 353, 356 microreactors, 162–3, 165 microsolute, 98 microsphere, 54, 76 microspore, 29 microstructure, 31, 60, 74, 123, 141, 151, 156, 158, 162–6, 175, 292 microtomography, 60 microwave, 40, 46–50, 54, 72, 74–8, 80–2, 112, 136 miehei, 133, 253, 256, 258 milk, 18, 20, 92, 96, 111, 172, 174, 183, 185, 211, 232, 316, 319, 321, 323, 326, 328–31 mill, 23, 118, 123 millet, 25, 27, 31, 33–4 Dunford_bindex.indd 368 milling, 3, 5, 7–8, 10, 13, 26–7, 31, 34, 55–6, 72, 88–9, 112 Milo, C., 165 Miscanthus sacchariflorus, 25, 34 miscella, 129, 131–2, 140 miso, 16, 18, 206, 216 mixotrophy, 222 modeling, 26, 138, 330, 352–4 molasses, 208, 260 monoacylglyceride, 245, 251, 266, 338, 349, 353–8 monoclonal, 96, 110 monocytogenes, 314, 316, 319, 329–30 monodictyphenone, 215 monodisperse, 49, 93, 149, 156 monoglyceride, 58, 133, 139, 159–60, 262–3 monolayer, 150, 162–3, 175 monolith, 190, 193–4, 202–3 monomer, 4, 24, 39, 53, 76, 87, 102, 152, 165, 273, 275, 277, 279, 281, 283–4, 286, 288–91, 303, 337 monoolein, 156, 248 monopolar, 318 monosaccharide, 246, 248, 250, 255, 258 monounsaturates, 232, 245 morphology, 6, 33, 40, 43, 48–50, 57, 59, 62, 69, 76, 166, 178, 209–10, 214–15, 217–18, 222, 288–9, 291 Mortierella alpina, 232 mutagenesis, 206, 208, 211, 251 mutant, 6, 10, 34, 79, 203, 211, 214, 217 mutations, 8, 214, 351 mycology, 217–18 mycosporine, 236–9 mycotoxin, 116, 218 myristate, 165 myristic acid, 22, 132, 253 myrosinase, 118, 124, 139, 141 NADH, 186–8, 196, 198 Nannochloropsis, 226–9, 231, 236–7, 241 Nannochloropsis oculata, 229, 236 nano, 29, 74, 145, 147–9, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159–61, 163, 165, 168, 177, 180, 183–4, 279 nanocomposite, 287, 291 nanocrystals, 178, 184 nanoemulsion, 161, 167–9, 171–3, 175–9, 181, 183 nanofillers, 67 nanofiltration, 133, 193 nanoparticle, 49, 81, 161, 167–9, 171, 173, 175, 177–9, 181–4 nanoscale, 165 nanostructures, 146, 162 nanotechnology, 161, 166, 258 nanotoxicology, 164 napiergrass, 25 napus, 14, 29, 32, 35, 140 naringenin, 171 naringin, 345–6 natto, 16, 18 neutralization, 94, 128, 138, 209 12/20/2011 4:10:22 PM Index neutrophils, 17 niacin, nisin, 324 nitrilase, 333 nitrile, 118, 124, 333, 339 nitrocellulose, 107, 271 Nonenal, 21, 30 nonthermal, 313, 326, 330 noodles, nozzle, 59–60, 100, 127 nucleation, 50, 59–60, 175–6, 178, 180, 184 NuSun, 20 nut, 22 nutmeats, 18 nutraceuticals, 5, 10, 85, 87, 95–6, 100–1, 145, 155, 158–60, 162–3, 165, 181, 183–4, 228, 238–9, 244, 306, 339 nutrient, 13, 22, 25, 27–8, 46, 85, 129, 158–9, 161, 181, 188–90, 192, 194–5, 201, 205–6, 209, 223–4, 227–30, 233, 235, 240, 258, 327 nutrition, 2, 6–7, 9–11, 14, 17–19, 26–33, 64, 67, 73, 81, 85, 104, 108, 111, 115, 122, 139, 141–2, 162, 205–6, 211, 221–2, 228–9, 237–8, 240, 257, 263, 267, 277, 313, 315–16, 329, 333, 343, 346, 354, 357 nylon, 15, 23, 253 oat, 10, 30, 40 obesity, 2, 235, 339 octacosanol, 33 octadecenoic acid, 21, 355 octaethylene, 155 octane, 119, 156, 301, 304 octanoic acid, 171 octanol, 169, 183, 345–7 octenylsuccinate, 54, 74 octylglucoside, 158 ohmic, 318 oil, 1, 4, 6–9, 11, 13–16, 18–24, 26–35, 39, 57–8, 68–70, 72–6, 78, 90, 98, 109–12, 115–43, 145–66, 168, 172–5, 178–84, 227, 230–3, 235, 239, 243–5, 247–8, 252, 256, 258, 259–60, 262–7, 274, 276–82, 286–93, 300–3, 308–11, 314, 321, 323, 324, 327, 338–339, 341–4, 348–51, 353–8 oilbearing, 125 oilseed, 2, 13–14, 19–20, 23, 28–9, 31, 34, 90, 109, 115–27, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137–43, 244, 263, 343 oleaginous, 112 oleate, 147 olefin, 286–8 olefinic, 284 oleic acid, 15, 19–22, 30, 132, 248, 252–3, 266, 278, 280–2, 341, 354 oleifera, 124, 138 olein, 22, 133, 341, 353, 355 Oleo, 183, 262, 264, 355, 357 oleochemical, 23, 244–6, 251, 262–3, 287, 289–90 oleopathic, 145, 163 oleoresin, 57 Dunford_bindex.indd 369 369 oleovorans, 288 oleum, 21 oleum cnicium, 21 oligimers, 245, 277, 283, 303 oligoglucoside, 164 oligomerization, 254, 262 oligosaccharide, 9, 16–17, 109, 254–5 omega-3, 32, 65, 145, 173, 182, 231, 249, 257, 357 omega-6, 249 optimisation, 26, 73, 108, 110, 125–6, 136, 140–3, 183, 201, 215, 227, 235, 262, 265–6, 290, 345, 351–6 organocatalysts, 274, 289 organoleptic, 16, 115 ornithine, 86 orthokinetic, 184 orthophosphates, 66 oryzae, 206–7, 210, 216–18 oryzanol, 8, 134 osmosis, 98, 193 osmotic, 73, 196, 260 osmotolerance, 196, 201, 203 ouzo, 169 ovalbumin, 92, 108 ovastatin, 211 oxalic acid, 209 oxaloacetate, 197 oxidants, 269 oxidase, 328, 334, 354 oxidation, 10, 23, 61, 69, 76, 90, 93, 116, 127, 131, 134–5, 138, 145, 159–60, 164, 167, 172–4, 181–4, 193, 245–6, 250–1, 269, 271, 290, 295, 322, 339, 356 oxidoreductases, 246 oxycellulose, 272 oxyethylene, 173 oxytoca, 198, 203 oysters, 228, 239, 315, 322 ozonolysis, 278–9, 282, 290 packaging, 18, 66–7, 73, 79–80, 210, 268, 271, 286–8, 315, 321–2, 327 palatability, 27, 206, 215 palm, 21–2, 26, 29, 33, 124, 126, 131–3, 137–8, 140–1, 163, 172, 175, 181, 244–6, 263, 265, 276, 289, 291, 323, 341, 350, 353, 355, 357 palmitate, 66, 355 palmitic acid, 15, 20–2, 132, 175, 245, 247, 278, 341, 345–6 Panicum virgatum, 25, 296 pantothenic, 319 papain, 125, 250, 255–7 papaya, 125, 255 papermaking, 47, 68, 70, 79 paradisiacal, 80 paraffin, 76, 119 paramagnetic, 44, 172, 181 paramylon, 233, 239 parasites, 322 12/20/2011 4:10:22 PM 370 Index parenchyma, 24 pasta, 2, 67 pasteurization, 313, 318, 321, 328–31 pastry, 3, 15 pathogen, 19, 205, 316–17, 319, 322, 325, 328–9 pathology, 30, 217, 235 PE, 129–30, 330 pea, 42, 74, 87, 89, 96, 102, 109–10, 112 peanut, 13, 15, 20, 22–3, 27–31, 66–7, 117, 120–1, 132, 134, 137, 142 pectin, 24, 339 pectinase, 124–5, 206, 211, 339 pectinmethylesterase, 316, 321, 326, 330 peelers, 236 PEG, 272, 280, 298 pelargonic acid, 15 pelleted, 209–10, 306 pelletized, 81, 121 penicillin, 205, 207–8, 212, 217 Penicillium chrysogenum, 207–8, 216–17 pentaerythritol, 280, 291 pentanol, 155, 158, 341–2, 344 pentose, 186 pentylferulate, 354 peptide, 86, 109, 150–1, 161–2, 165, 206, 215, 263, 287, 327, 329, 336, 345, 357–8 percolation, 121–2 pericarp, 11–12 permeability, 90, 165, 193, 314, 319, 326–7, 330 permeate, 95, 98, 111, 129, 192 perocarp, 12 peroxidase, 317, 328 peroxidation, 4, 31 persulfate, 49, 66 pervaporation, 200 petrochemical, 1, 14, 72, 145, 185, 195–6, 243, 245, 261, 281, 297 phage, 219, 326 Phalaris arundinacea L., 25 phanizomenon, 228, 237 pharmaceutical, 7, 19–20, 23, 52, 56, 58, 65, 73, 79, 81, 85, 93, 95–6, 100–1, 108, 145, 159, 168, 185, 193, 196–7, 201, 205, 208–9, 212, 215, 233, 235, 237, 243, 247, 251, 257, 272, 289, 315, 333, 338–9, 346–8 phenol, 4, 9–10, 12, 19, 27–8, 33–4, 298–303, 310, 323, 345, 354, 356–7 phenoxy-amine, 274, 291 phenylalanine, 86, 255 phenylboronic acid, 252 phenylpropenoic acid, 345 pheophytin, 135 phloridzin, 346 phonophospholipid, 4, 30, 127–30, 135, 151, 161, 164, 169, 177, 181, 184, 244–6, 250–1, 256–8, 263, 266, 321, 333, 339, 346–7, 353–7 phosgene, 245 phosphatic acid, 127–9 Dunford_bindex.indd 370 phosphatide, 19, 120, 130, 135 phosphatidylcholine, 129, 156, 165–6, 257, 346–7, 354, 357–8 phosphatidylethanolamine, 129, 346 phosphatidylglycerol, 183, 346 phosphatidylinositol, 129, 346 phosphatidylserine, 346, 355, 358 phosphenolpyruvate, 197 phosphodiester, 346–7, 353 phosphoketolase, 218 phospholipase, 90, 130, 139, 160, 164, 250–1, 256–8, 262, 346–7, 353–6 phosphorylation, 65, 188 photoautotrophic, 239 photobioreactor, 226–7, 238–40 photochemical, 292, 329 photodegradation, 329 photomicrographs, 70 photoperiod, 224 photosynthesis, 2, 24, 222–4 phototrophic, 222, 226–7, 239–40 phycology, 237–41 phylloquinone, 18, 32 phytase, 27, 211 phytic acid, 4, 16–17, 33, 98 phytochemicals, 26, 167–8, 325 phytoene, 33 phytoestrogens, 18, 34 phytonutrients, phytopathology, 218 phytoplankton, 222, 224, 229, 238–41 phytosterol, 4, 8, 12, 14–15, 18, 23, 26–7, 29–33, 127, 139–40, 143, 158, 165, 232–3 piezoelectric, 272, 324 pirulina, 226, 228 pitavastatin, 212 plankton, 240 plantarum, 218, 316, 326, 328 plasmodesmata, 122 plasticization, 141, 274 plasticizer, 22–3, 60, 66, 80, 268–9, 290, 292 plastisol, 269, 290 platelet, 4, 180 Plenum, 34, 110, 161, 329 pluronic acid, 156, 159 pluviafis, 23 pluvialis, 234, 238 pneumoniae, 198, 202 Poaceae, 8, 10, 24 polarisome, 217 polarization, 214 policosanol, 4, 12, 26–31, 34 pollutant, 119, 138, 140, 284, 293 polyacrylamide, 76, 102–3 polyacrylonitrile, 53, 69, 77, 82, 95 polyamide, 95, 255, 284, 291 polyanhydride, 283 polyaniline, 280, 286 12/20/2011 4:10:22 PM Index polyaromatic, 262 polycaprolactone, 67, 286 polychloroprenne, 77 polyclonal, 96, 103 polycondensation, 254, 273, 279, 284–5 polycrystalline, 178 polydera, 355 polydisperse, 44, 149, 156–7, 164–5, 254, 274 polyester, 15, 67, 75, 268, 279–80, 283–6, 290–1, 299 polyether, 269, 280, 284, 300 polyethersulfone, 95 polyethylene, 13, 69, 76, 93, 268–9, 280, 286–7, 289, 300, 311 polyethylene terephtalate (PET), 280, 290 polygalacturonase, 321 polyglucosides, 250 polyglycerol, 244, 246, 250, 254, 262, 264 polyglycosides, 247, 254, 263 polyhydric, 245, 298 polyhydroxyalkanoate, 275, 287–93 polyketide, 213, 215–17 polylactic acid, 32, 67, 291, 293 polylactide, 286, 289–90 polymer, 4, 15, 33–5, 49–54, 62–4, 66–7, 73, 75–82, 136, 159, 163–5, 167, 209–10, 249, 258, 260, 264, 267–5, 277–92, 294, 297, 299 polymerization, 49, 53, 76, 247, 254–5, 273–4, 277–8, 280–4, 286–92, 302–3 polymorphism, 174–82, 184 polyol, 150, 163, 166, 203, 245–50, 262, 269–70, 272, 278–82, 288–91, 300 polyolefins, 284 polyoxyalkylene, 149–50, 163–4, 290 polypeptide, 86, 96, 103, 105, 108, 260 polyphenol, 10, 24, 26, 131, 328, 343, 345 polyphenoloxidase, 317, 327 polyricinoleate, 250, 254, 262, 264 polysaccharide, 7, 9, 11, 24, 37, 49, 52, 62–3, 74–7, 82, 104, 167, 169, 211, 221, 233, 237, 239–40, 244–6, 260, 264, 267, 269, 276, 287–9, 292, 324, 339 polysorbate, 149–50, 157–8, 175, 247–8 polystyrene, 66, 289, 300 polysulfone, 95 polytrimethylene, 198 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 4, 6–7, 15, 20, 31, 167, 228, 231, 238, 249, 262, 341 polyurethane, 21, 29, 69, 74, 269, 272, 279–80, 286–91, 299, 310–11, 354 polyvinyl, 22, 95, 177 polyvinylidenefluoride, 129 pond, 221, 225–7, 229–30, 237, 240 Porphyridium, 233, 240 potato, 37, 40–52, 54, 57, 60–2, 73–4, 76–81, 92, 112, 287, 291, 322 Prasinophyceae, 231 prasinophyte, 229 pravastatin, 212–13 precursor, 187–8, 196–7, 213, 232, 301 Dunford_bindex.indd 371 371 preservation, 16, 206, 225, 237, 313–14, 317, 319–20, 325–30 preservative, 158, 197, 208–10, 321 pretreatment, 4, 11, 26, 32–3, 45, 53, 55, 61, 109, 116, 129, 135, 139, 293, 350 primrose, 126, 140 proanthocyanidin, 8, 10, 26 proanthocyanins, 12 probiotic, 65, 326 Prokaryotes, 203 prolamins, 4, 11, 87 proline, 9, 86 prooxidant, 173 propane, 126, 280 propanediol, 197, 200–3, 244–5, 286 propanol, 58–9, 147, 201, 304 propionate, 196–7, 291 Propionibacterium, 197, 202 propionic acid, 48, 188, 197, 202 propylene, 54, 150–1, 158, 196, 202, 245, 265, 272, 298 protease, 17, 34, 55–6, 74, 82, 89, 124–5, 206–7, 255, 339 protein, 2–4, 6–11, 14, 16–20, 23, 26–35, 42, 46, 49, 55, 59–61, 72–3, 76, 85–113, 118, 122, 124–5, 139–43, 158, 163, 165, 167–70, 173–4, 182, 188, 192–3, 201–2, 206, 211, 214, 217, 221, 228–9, 233, 236–7, 244, 251, 258, 260, 265, 300, 310, 314, 319–20, 322–3, 336, 339, 343, 345, 348, 351, 353, 357–8 proteolysis, 339 proteome, 32, 214, 218 proteomics, 352 protist, 232 protothecoides, 235, 239–40 protozoa, 224, 239 Prymnesiophyceae, 222, 231 prymnesiophyte, 229 Pseudomonas sp., 132–3, 229, 258, 260, 288–9, 291, 328 puddings, 18, 39 PUFA, 231 pullulanase, 269 pulping, 4–5, 22, 26, 31, 78, 211, 288, 339 pulse electric field, 313, 318–20, 324 purees, 315 Purifine, 130 pyridine, 48, 269 pyrolysis, 21, 264, 284, 297, 300–3, 308–11 pyrrolidone, 287 pyruvate, 186–8, 197–8, 201, 210 quercetin, 23, 171, 183 racemase, 198 racemic, 274 raceway, 225–7 rachis, 8, 22 radiation, 46–9, 78, 163, 182, 227, 236–9, 320–2, 324, 326–7 12/20/2011 4:10:22 PM 372 Index radiochemicals, 108 radioisotope, 321 radiolysis, 163 raki, 168 rapa, 14 rapeseed, 13–16, 19, 23, 26, 29, 31, 35, 116–18, 121, 123–6, 129–31, 137, 139–143, 276, 327, 341, 350, 358 rayon, 271, 339 reactor, 50, 62, 65, 135, 160, 188–94, 201–3, 206, 227, 237, 239–41, 254, 262, 266, 301, 304, 318, 341–3, 348, 351, 354–5, 357 recycle, 1, 30, 122, 126, 128, 136, 138, 190, 193–5, 227, 262, 273, 300, 311, 349 redox, 96, 188, 190, 196 reesterification, 138–9 refining, 15, 115–16, 118–19, 122, 127–8, 131–5, 138–43, 280, 293, 301–2, 308, 350 reflux, 58–9, 79 regeneration, 29, 135, 202, 236, 264 regioisomers, 279 regioselectivity, 333 regiospecific, 342, 344 regulatory, 151, 325, 327, 329 renal, 91, 228 renaturation, 88, 93 render, 69, 167, 320–1 renewable, 1, 31, 34, 66, 72, 82, 185, 195, 197, 221, 223–5, 227, 229–31, 233, 235, 237, 239–41, 243, 246, 263, 265–6, 269, 273, 277–8, 282–4, 286–91, 293, 296–7, 299, 301, 309–11, 333, 339, 349 rennet, 211 resource, 1–2, 24–5, 33, 66–7, 82, 115, 185, 195, 197, 205, 221, 224, 237, 243, 245–6, 265–7, 277, 282, 286–91, 293, 295, 297, 299, 301, 309–11, 333, 339 retentate, 92, 95, 98, 192 retinoids, 172, 182 retinol, 319 retrogradation, 39, 42, 44, 65, 75, 78–9 rhamnolipid, 258–60, 265, 289 rhamnose, 258 Rhizomucor miehei lipase, 253, 342 Rhizopus arrhizus lipase, 210–11, 218, 254 Rhizosolenia, 232 Rhodococcus sp., 259 riboflavin, 233, 319, 321 ribonucease, 94 ribose, 252 ricin, 21 ricinine, 21 ricinoleic acid, 21, 23, 245, 250, 254, 280–81, 283–4, 291 Ricinus communis, 21, 280 roasted, 20, 134 rotifers, 227–8 rubber, 19–20, 23, 76, 195, 198, 279, 281 rumen, 197, 202, 229 ruminant, 6, 14, 20, 23, 48, 120, 122 rutin, 345, 354 Dunford_bindex.indd 372 saccharides, 54, 76, 246, 248–50, 252–3, 255, 265–6, 269 saccharification, 32, 55, 61, 72, 79, 203, 245, 309 Saccharomyces, 28 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 203, 326–7 saccharoperbutylacetonicum, 311 safflower, 20–21, 28–9, 32–3, 121, 137, 278 saffron, 21 sake, 216 Salmonella, 322, 328, 330 salmonids, 234 sanitation, 324, 328 saponins, 17 saprophytic fungi, 211 satiating, 13 sativa, 19, 23, 28, 32 saturates, 52, 245 sauces, 18, 205–6, 313, 315 sawdust, 62, 300 scaling, 160, 164 scalping, 117 Scenedesmus, 229, 237 scission, 52, 269 Sclerotinia, 27 seafood, 315, 326 seaweeds, 239–40 sebacic acid, 280, 283 sedimentation, 112, 169, 172 seed, 5, 12–14, 16, 19–20, 23–4, 26, 30, 33–4, 88, 103, 112, 116–18, 122–3, 125, 127, 137–42, 201, 245, 258, 305–7, 342 selenic acid, 49 SEM, 43–4, 47–8, 50, 55, 57, 59, 62, 68 sensors, 201–2, 320 sensory, 160, 167, 182, 315–17, 319, 321–3, 325–8 serine, 86, 246, 255–6 sesquiterpenoid, 19 shelling, 117 shortening, 15, 18, 137, 141, 308 shrimp, 276, 322 silage, 13, 62, 75 silk, 21 silviculture, 294, 309 simulation, 18, 60, 64, 73, 75, 85, 123, 161, 224 simvastatin, 212–13 sinapate, 14, 29, 35 sinapic acid, 346 sitostanol, 29 sitosterol, 232 sludge, 19, 136, 143 soap, 20, 22, 128, 132, 135, 196, 252, 348–9 soapnut, 245 soapstock, 131–2, 137, 245–6, 260 softener, 247, 264, 272 softwood, 202, 298 solventogenesis, 28, 196 sonication, 51–6, 73–4, 81, 83, 89, 323, 330 sonochemistry, 76–8, 81, 343, 353 12/20/2011 4:10:22 PM Index sonoluminescence, 81 sophorolipids, 258–60, 262, 265 sophorose, 258 sorbitan, 150, 246, 248–9 sorbitol, 64, 244, 246, 249, 252, 264, 266, 287 sorghum, 2–3, 10–13, 25–8, 30–5, 42, 55, 61, 80, 82, 112 soy, 17–18, 26–34, 49, 68, 74, 76, 90–1, 95, 97, 102, 108, 110–11, 149, 165, 177, 205–6, 260, 279, 289, 300, 310, 316, 327, 354 soybean, 13, 15–19, 23, 26–7, 29–34, 69, 73, 76, 89–90, 95–6, 104, 109–12, 116–18, 120–1, 123–6, 129, 133–4, 136–8, 140–3, 148, 156–7, 159, 162, 165–6, 206, 229, 245, 259, 274, 278–9, 281–2, 287–91, 324, 341, 350, 354–6 Soyfoods, 31 Soymilk, 327 spheronization, 81 spherulite, 69–70, 72, 76, 79–80, 83 sphingolipids, 346 sphingosine, 347, 356 Spirulina, 226, 228 spore, 209, 324–5 spore forming, 322 stabilization, 45, 65, 94, 141, 159, 162, 183, 358 stabilizer, 22, 25–6, 49, 54, 56, 75, 82, 233, 260, 272, 295, 299, 305–8, 346 stanol, 130, 232 staple, 6, 12, 306–8 starch, 2–3, 6–11, 13, 26, 30, 33–5, 37, 39–83, 87–9, 92, 168, 195, 206, 218, 230, 244, 246, 250, 255, 267–73, 286–92, 297–9, 311 starvation, 259–60 statin, 208, 212–13, 217–18 stearate, 160 stearidonic acid, 16, 27 stearine, 22, 174, 245 stereochemistry, 198, 274 stereoisomer, 198, 203 stereoselective, 287, 292, 333 stereospecific, 347 sterilisation, 63, 129, 315, 324, 326, 329–30 sterol, 29, 33, 130, 145, 173, 232, 237, 240, 244–5, 265, 345 stilbene, 30 stover, 8, 197, 203, 295, 297, 299, 309 straw, 2–5, 18, 25–7, 29–33, 229, 297 stripping, 110, 122, 132, 136, 199–200 stroke, 318 styrene, 156, 281, 284, 287, 289 subcritical, 317 sublethal, 316, 319, 324, 330 succinate, 47–8, 66, 77, 80, 82, 196–7 succiniciproducens, 197, 202 succinylation, 81 sucrose, 6, 11, 13, 16, 39, 45, 75, 148, 156, 158, 160, 162–3, 175, 248–9, 252–3, 264 sugar, 3–5, 9, 11, 13, 16, 24, 27, 29, 31, 42, 45, 49, 51, 61–3, 80, 98, 150, 160, 163, 186, 195, 198, 200, Dunford_bindex.indd 373 373 206, 208–9, 211, 233, 237, 244, 246, 252, 266, 300, 321, 339, 345 sugar cane, 4, 25, 29, 246, 297 sulfation, 280 sulfonate, 246–7, 265 sulfosuccinate, 149, 343 sulfoxide, 77 sulphation, 81 sumac, 12 Sunola, 20 sunoleic, 22, 28 sunscreen, 230, 236–7 Sunwheat, 20 supercritical, 27, 40, 56–63, 72–82, 110, 115, 119, 126, 134, 139–43, 317, 330, 357 superdegumming, 141 superfood, 228 surfactant, 55, 82, 124, 126, 129, 139, 141, 146–56, 158, 160–6, 168–9, 172–3, 175–8, 180–4, 243–51, 253, 255, 257–66, 291, 337, 341, 343, 354, 357 surfactin, 260–1 sustainability, 115, 138, 238, 244, 249, 251–2, 258, 261, 264, 293, 296, 325 sweeteners, 7, 309, 321 switchgrass, 25, 32–3, 296, 304, 310 symbioses, 230, 236–7 syneresis, 51, 65 syngas, 304–5, 308, 310 T aestivum, tallow, 245 tannin, 9–10, 12–13, 32, 269 tapioca, 37, 41–3, 45–6, 52, 78, 80 taxonomy, 216, 222, 233 tea, 167, 322–3, 343 telechelics, 284, 289 telomere, 215 tempeh, 18, 205 terephtalate, 198, 280 terpenoids, 357 testa, 12, 27 Tetraselmis suecica, 229, 231 textile, 7, 18–20, 39, 65, 68, 211, 233, 269, 271, 279, 295, 305–6, 339 texture, 6, 18, 20, 46, 75, 85, 254, 329 thermochemical, 293, 297, 309–10 thermogram, 41, 43, 104 thermomechanical, 284, 288 Thermomyces, 336, 353–4, 356 thermoplastic, 34, 64–5, 67, 77, 79, 268, 277, 280, 287, 289, 300, 311 thermoresponsive, 289 thermoset, 272, 277, 281–2, 287–8, 291 thermosonication, 323–4 thermostability, 78, 260, 351 thiamin, 319 thioglycerol, 284 thiol, 274, 284–5, 288–92 12/20/2011 4:10:22 PM 374 Index thiosemicarbazide, 48, 50, 80 thiourea, 48, 50, 80 threonine, 17, 86, 246 thymol, 171 toasting, 90, 120, 122 tocopherol, 4, 10, 14–16, 18–19, 23, 30, 33, 127, 134, 138, 143, 171, 233, 239, 319, 357 tocotrienol, 10, 23, 33 toxicity, 26, 32, 49, 56, 90, 119–20, 127, 131–2, 142, 146, 150–1, 160, 164–5, 200 toxicology, 119, 229, 239, 325 toxin, 21, 229, 235, 322 trans, 20, 28, 120, 139, 141, 174, 232, 235, 245, 311, 329 transacylation, 355 transcription, 211, 214, 320 transcriptome, 214 transesterification, 160, 245, 249–50, 263, 277, 280, 285–6, 291, 338–9, 344, 346–50, 353–4, 357 transferase, 33, 130, 250, 254–5, 291 transgenic, 7–8, 24, 27, 29, 31, 33, 276, 290–2 trehalose, 258–60, 263 triacylglyceride (TAG), 4, 15, 18, 127, 131–3, 137, 140, 146, 150, 159, 165–6, 169, 172, 174–9, 181–4, 230, 245–6, 248, 250–2, 254, 256, 265, 276–8, 280–2, 287–8, 290, 336, 338, 340, 342–3, 348–9, 355 trichinosis, 322 trichlorethylene, 119–20, 139, 142 Trichoderma reesei, 125, 175–6, 211, 214, 217–18 trimers, 284, 303 trimetaphosphate, 49, 77 trimethylammonium, 47, 151 tripolyphosphate, 61 tristearin, 178 triterpenoids, 240 triticale, 112 Triticeae, Triton, 93, 337, 355 trypsin, 17, 94 tryptophan, 6, 86, 106–7, 233, 321 tuber, 37, 47, 57, 321 tung oil, 24, 281, 287, 350, 354 turmeric, 57 turnover, 214, 236 twinscrew, 63, 66 ultra high pressure (UHPH), 75, 77, 313, 315–16, 326, 328 ultracentrifugation, 109 ultrafiltration, 95, 109, 111, 129, 133, 143, 193 ultraplankton, 238 ultrasound, 40, 50–6, 72–80, 82–3, 108, 128–9, 141, 154, 169, 313, 323–4, 326–7, 329–30, 341, 353 ultraviolet, 74, 236–9, 320, 326, 328–30 unsaponifiable, 134 Dunford_bindex.indd 374 unsaturation, 134, 247, 278 updraft, 304 urea, 39, 48, 50, 64, 80 urease, 17 urethane, 30, 34, 269, 280, 290, 309 valeric acid, 132 value added, 264, 295 vanilla, 182 vanillin, 32 vernolic acid, 23 vernonia, 23 Vibrio vulnificus, 322 vinegar, 22, 206 vinyl, 39, 120, 183, 270, 281, 287–8, 290, 292, 345 violaxanthin, 234 viologen, 309, 311 viruses, 320, 322 viscoelastic, 31, 161 vitamin, 4, 7, 12, 14, 18, 27, 34, 145, 151, 161, 168, 171, 188, 201, 221, 225, 228, 232–3, 313–15, 319, 321, 326, 329 vulgaris, 91, 108, 110, 236, 328 wastewater, 193, 227, 328 wax, 5, 13, 21, 23, 34, 76, 118, 137, 142, 174 waxy, 6, 8–9, 26, 33, 37, 39, 41–7, 51–4, 73–4, 76, 78–9, 82 wheat, 2–5, 8, 11, 13, 26–7, 29–35, 37, 40–7, 53–4, 57–8, 61, 71–8, 80–1, 87, 89, 92, 109–12, 131, 134, 140, 142, 205, 286, 297, 322 wheatgrasses, 25 whey, 59–60, 93, 103, 111, 168, 173–4, 182, 260 wine, 13, 22, 185, 206, 211, 323–4, 326, 343 winterization, 127, 137, 140–1 woody, 24, 26, 32, 105, 112, 294–5, 301, 305–7 woven, 22, 306 xanthine, 334, 354 xanthophylls, 234, 238 xylan, 9, 24, 26, 125 xylem, 24, 295 xylitol, 246 xylose, 3, 26, 186, 246, 252–3 yam, 54, 83 yeast, 7, 30, 95, 109, 183, 185, 190, 196, 203, 206, 211, 227, 251, 259–60, 314, 320, 327 zeaxanthin, 235 zeolite, 263, 301, 303, 310 zooplankton, 228–9 zooxanthellae, 236 zwitterionic, 150–1, 246 zygomycete, 210 zymolase, 89 12/20/2011 4:10:22 PM .. .Food and Industrial Bioproducts and Bioprocessing ffirs.indd i 12/23/2011 10:35:53 AM Food and Industrial Bioproducts and Bioprocessing Edited by Nurhan Turgut Dunford Department... 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