Đại Học Quốc Gia TP Hồ Chí Minh TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA - LÊ HỒNG THANH PHƯƠNG PHÁP PHÂN CHIA VÙNG NỀN DƯỚI CÔNG TRÌNH THEO MỨC ĐỘ TIẾP CẬN TRẠNG THÁI GIỚI HẠN Chuyên ngành: Mã số ngành: ĐỊA KỸ THUẬT XÂY DỰNG 60.58.60 LUẬN VĂN THẠC SỸ TP.H thaùng 11 n 2008 ✁ Ư ✄ ☎ ✆ ✦ ✝ ✕ ✞ ✖ I ✓ ✠ ✡ ✔ ☛ ✧ ☞ ★ ✌ O ☛ ✤ ✠ ✪ ✍ O ✠ ✫ O ✧ ✏ ✑ ✒ ✓ ✔ ✕ ✕ ✖ ✧ ✒ ✓ ✠ ❆ ☎ ✷ ☛ ✺ ✻ ✚ ❴ ✚ ✚ ❇ ✸ ❙ ✤ ✝ ✶ ✹ ✵ ✹ ❇ ✺ ❆ ✻ ✼ ✶ ❵ I ♥ ❉ ✷ ✚ ✸ ✶ ❋ ✝ ✞ ⑤ ✶ ✷ ✻ ✲ ❈ ③ ✼ ✺ ✌ ❳ I ✥ ✢ ❃ ✑ ✲ ✬ ✬ ✳ ✠ U ✙ ✭ ☛ ✭ ✕ ✦ ✴ ✓ ✒ ✮ ✵ ✢ ✚ ✷ ❅ ❩ ✆ ✶ ❏ ✓ I ✰ ✕ ✪ ✻ ❤ I ✴ ❞ ✠ ☎ ☛ ✞ ✠ I ✏ ❡ ❢ ☎ ✆ ☎ ❊ ▲ ☎ ✓ ✽ ❋ ✶ ✷ Ư ✢ ✚ ✕ ✽ ✶ ✣ ✦ ✾ ✤ ✕ ✿ ✓ ✱ ❀ ❁ ✗ ✥ ✑ ❁ ❂ ✿ ✻ ❭ ❨ ✗ ✜ ❑ ✶ ✜ ✪ ✷ ☎ ❊ ✕ ✕ ✶ ✫ ▲ ❬ ❣ ✼ ❋ ❊ ✔ ✮ ✻ ✑ ✼ ✓ O ✺ ✤ ✷ ✠ ✛ ✹ ❏ ❨ ❏ ✕ ✯ ✸ ☎ ✹ ✔ ✑ ✤ ✶ ❂ ✌ ✓ ✣ ✘ ✠ ▼ ❲ ✚ ☎ ❖ ✠ U ② ❈ ✽ ❏ ✠ ✏ ◆ ❱ ✰ t ✠ ❁ ❙ ✚ ② ✽ ✆ ✆ ① ⑥ ✻ ☎ ✒ ◆ ☎ ✇ ▼ Ơ ✓ ✈ ✆ ❀ ❯ Ư ★ ✉ ☎ ❋ ✍ ✠ ✁ t ■ ✻ ❑ ✢ s ✶ ❏ ❃ ✠ ❊ ❚ ❜ ☎ r ❍ ▲ ✚ ✢ q ● ✿ ✻ ♦ ♣ ❋ ✾ ★ ✥ ✓ ✶ ✶ ✤ ☛ ✣ ❇ ✵ ❛ ❏ ✕ ❊ ✷ ✧ ✓ ❈ ✶ ✶ ✓ ♠ ❴ ✻ ✕ ✗ ✸ ❤ ✲ ✶ ✳ ✠ ✻ I ❋ ☛ ◗ ❪ ✐ ☛ ❁ ☎ ✳ ✻ ❫ ❘ ❂ ✆ ✳ ✴ ❪ ❊ ✶ ✻ ❁ ✁ ❥ ☎ ✠ ✠ E O ✴ ❧ ☛ ☎ ❜ ❜ ✲ ✻ ⑦ ✶ ✷ ✲ ✻ ✼ ✲ ⑧ ✼ ✶ ✻ ✷ ❊ ✼ ⑨ ✻ ⑩ ✶ ✾ ✶ ✷ ❈ ✻ ❚ ❙ ✺ ⑩ ❊ ❈ ❶ ❑ ✶ ❷ ✶ ⑧ ❸ ✺ ❉ ✸ ✲ ✻ ❳ ✶ ❈ ✻ ❊ ❑ ❉ ❹ ✶ ✷ ❺ ❊ ❻ ✶ ④ ❼ ❽ ❼ ✶ ❾ o ➀ ✷ ❽ ❏ ✻ ⑦ ✶ ✷ ✲ ✻ ✼ ✲ ⑧ ✼ ✶ ✻ ✷ ❊ ✼ ✿ ➁ ❈ ⑧ ➂ ✺ ❊ ❻ ✲ ❈ ❱ ✶ ✺ ❽ ➃ ✶ ✷ ✺ ✻ ✼ ❊ ✷ ❊ ➄ ❊ ❽ ✻ ✶ ➀ ✺ ❊ ✿ ➂ ✺ ⑧ ❊ ➅ ✿ o ● ❱ ✲ ✺ ➃ ➆ ✶ ✻ ✲ ✻ ➇ ❈ ❉ ➇ ✺ ❘ ✶ ✻ o ✺ ✼ ✶ ✲ ✻ ❳ ✶ ❈ ✻ ❊ ❑ ❉ ❹ ✶ ✷ ⑧ ❸ ✺ ✶ ❷ ✶ ✺ ✻ ❽ e ✿ ➁ ❈ ⑧ ➂ ✺ ❊ ❻ ✲ ❈ ❱ ✶ ✺ ➃ ✶ ✷ ✺ ✻ ✼ ❊ ✷ ❊ ➄ ❊ ❽ ❼ ✻ o ✶ ⑦ ➄ ❊ ✺ ⑩ ❊ ✺ ➃ ❆ ✶ ✷ ✻ ➆ ✶ ✻ ❺ ✾ ✶ ✷ ➉ ✲ ✻ ❳ ✶ ❺ ❭ ⑧ ❷ ❙ ❉ ✸ ✲ ✻ ❳ ✶ ❺ ❽ ❏ ✻ ❳ ✶ ✺ ❘ ❈ ✻ ✲ ❭ ✺ ✻ ➀ e ✻ ➆ ✶ ✻ ✺ ✻ ❑ ✶ ✷ ❈ ❳ ✶ ➊ o ✻ ✿ ❉ ❊ ❉ ❹ ✶ ✷ ✶ ✷ ❙ ✹ ✻ ❊ ➅ ✿ ✺ o ➃ ✶ ✷ ⑧ ❊ ❷ ❙ ⑨ ❊ ➋ ✶ ⑨ ✻ ➌ ✶ ✷ ✺ o ✻ ✼ ✺ ✶ ⑦ ➄ ❈ ✵ ✺ ✻ ✼ ✺ ✶ ⑦ ➄ ❈ ✵ ❈ ➍ ➎ ➏ ✺ ❽ ✺ ➃ ❆ ✶ ✷ ➐ ⑦ ⑥ ✶ ✷ ✓ ➑ ❺ q ➒ ✷ ❺ ❊ ❻ ✶ ⑧ ✇ ① ✷ ❸ ✺ ② ✽ ❼ ✶ ✶ ✶ t ❷ ③ ✶ ❉ ② ✸ ✷ ❊ ✼ ✺ ➃ ❚ ✺ ⑩ ❊ ✺ ➃ ❆ ✶ ✷ ✷ ❊ ➄ ❊ ➀ ✻ ✶ ❜ ❙ ❽ ✶ ❳ ✈ → ⑦ ✻ ➓ ⑧ ✻ ❼ ✶ ✺ ② ➔ ☛ ❹ ✶ ✇ ✴ ❉ ⑩ ❾ ❋ ⑤ ✶ ✷ ✻ ⑥ ✲ ❈ ✼ ❈ ✲ ✻ ⑦ ✶ ✷ ✲ ✻ ✼ ✲ ⑧ ✼ ✶ ✻ ✷ ❊ ✼ ⑨ ✻ ⑩ ✶ ✾ ✶ ✷ ❈ ✻ ❚ ❙ ✺ ⑩ ❊ ❈ ❶ ❑ ✶ ❷ ✶ ⑧ ❸ ✺ ❉ ✸ ✲ ✻ ❳ ✶ ❈ ✻ ❊ ✻ ✼ ❑ o ✷ ✳ ❼ ☛ ✻ ⑦ ✶ ✷ ☛ ✻ ⑦ ✶ ✷ ❀ ❋ ❏ ✻ ⑦ ✶ ✷ ✲ ✻ ✼ ✲ ✲ ✻ ❳ ✶ ❈ ✻ ❊ ❑ ❉ ❹ ✶ ✷ ✶ ❷ o ✶ ⑦ ➄ ❊ ❈ ➌ ✶ ✷ ✺ ➃ ➆ ✶ ✻ ✺ ✻ ❽ e ✿ ➁ ❈ ⑧ ➂ ✺ ❊ ❻ ✲ ❈ ❱ ✶ ✺ ➃ ✶ ✷ ✺ ❊ ❽ ✷ ❊ ➄ ❊ ✻ ✶ ✳ ❼ o ✺ ✶ ✷ ❈ ✼ ❈ ❺ ✸ ❊ ✍ ✚ ✚ ✢ ❋ ❏ ✻ ❳ ✶ ❈ ✻ ❊ ❑ ❉ ❹ ✚ ❴ ✓ ❴ ✢ ✔ ✓ ❴ ➟ ✳ ☞ ✺ ✚ ❙ ❩ ❉ ❈ ⑨ ✓ ✷ ✶ ❷ o ✶ ⑦ ➄ ❊ ❈ ➌ ✶ ✷ ✺ ➃ ➆ ✶ ✻ ✺ ✻ ❽ e ✿ ➁ ❈ ⑧ ➂ ✺ ❊ ❻ ✲ ❈ ❱ ✶ ✺ ❽ ➃ ✶ ✷ ✺ ✻ ✼ ❊ ✷ ❊ ➄ ❊ ✻ ✑ ➙ ✄ ☎ ✷ ❚ ✳ ❃ ✕ ❜ ✓ ✒ ➠ ✻ ✢ ✓ ➛ ❨ ➟ ✶ ✥ ★ ✓ ✆ ✶ ✣ ✕ ✆ ✳ ❻ ✚ ✤ ☎ ❻ ❊ ✕ ✓ ❤ ✺ ✸ O ✓ Ư ✻ ✶ ★ Ư ✁ ✺ ❱ ✗ ❵ ✠ I ✶ O ✤ ♠ ❢ ➐ ✕ ★ ☞ ✼ ✔ Y ✢ ☎ ✺ ❻ Y ★ ↕ ✌ ★ ✔ ✕ ☛ ✕ ✶ ✕ ➜ ✚ ➝ ➂ ❊ ✷ ✸ ✣ ✹ ✺ ✥ ✓ ✢ ✔ ✻ ✼ ❃ ✰ ➞ ✶ ❜ ✓ ✷ ✶ ✶ ✷ ❜ ✸ ✹ ➟ ✾ ➣ ✳ ✿ ❁ ☞ ❀ ✺ ❢ ✻ I ❁ ✼ Ơ ❁ ✶ ✁ ❂ ✷ ✽ Ư ☎ ✽ ✶ ✄ ☞ ☎ ♠ ✾ ✿ ✆ ❀ ➟ ✴ ✐ ❁ Ơ ❁ ❂ ☎ ☎ ➡ ➢ ➤ ☎ ☎ ❼ ☎ ✶ o ➃ ✚ ➣ ● ➟ ✳ ➥ ❡ ☛ ➨ ✠ ❏ ➢ ✠ ➦ ✌ ❍ ☎ ☎ ✆ ☎ ❽ ❙ ✶ ✷ ❉ ✸ ⑧ ❷ ❈ ⑦ ✶ ✷ ➐ ❙ ❱ ✶ ❉ ✾ ✶ ✺ ✻ ❈ ▲ ➩ ⑧ ❬ ⑧ ⑦ ⑥ ❈ ✠ ➂ ❊ ✝ ◗ ✶ ✷ ☛ ✻ ❙ ✹ ❇ ✶ ☎ ☎ ❏ ✠ ➭ ☎ ✆ ✝ ➧ O ✞ O ➟ ✝ ✠ ✍ ✠ O ✷ ✷ ✏ ✸ ✸ ✶ ✻ ✺ ✹ ➡ ✻ ✺ ➢ ➤ ➌ ✻ ☎ ✶ ✼ ✷ ✶ ● ➫ ❙ ❑ ✷ ➥ ✶ ☎ ✆ ✾ ➧ ✿ ❀ ☎ ✠ ❁ ❁ ❂ ➧ ☎ ✠ ✶ o o ➃ ✶ ✷ ➫ ❙ ✼ ✺ ➃ ➆ ✶ ✻ ✻ ❆ ❈ ❈ ❽ ❑ ✻ ❆ ❈ ✻ → ⑨ ✻ ➍ ❑ ❀ ❁ ❁ ❪ ❽ ✺ ❊ ✺ ➃ ⑦ ✶ ✷ o ✝ ❊ ✻ ❆ ❈ ☞ ✼ ❈ ✻ ✍ ✻ ❑ ✲ ✳ ✠ ◗ ☛ ✻ ❘ ✴ ❊ ✶ ✻ ✵ ✶ ✻ ❽ ▲ ❩ ⑧ ➂ ✶ ✷ ❉ ❊ ❇ ✶ ✷ ❊ ✲ ✁ ⑧ ❈ ✂ ❶ ❑ ➡ ❙ ✄ ✹ ☛ ➌ ✵ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✶ ✻ ✝ ❚ ❑ ✍ ❯ ✻ ❙ ❱ ✺ ❲ ❳ ✹ ❨ ❩ ✶ ✷ ✵ ✷ ❊ ❑ ⑧ ➆ ✶ ✻ ✵ ❺ ✶ ❺ ❉ ☎ ✸ ⑧ ◗ ✶ ✷ o ✶ ✷ ✻ ❊ ➋ ✲ ✺ ➌ ❊ ⑧ ❬ ✻ ✸ ✶ ✺ ✻ ✸ ✶ ✻ ⑨ ✻ ➍ ❑ ✻ ❆ ❈ ❉ ✸ ✺ ✻ ❩ ❈ ✻ ❊ ➋ ✶ ● ❙ ❱ ❼ ✤ ♣ ✆ ➛ ✝ q ✞ ✤ ✟ ✠ ② ✡ ➓ ✫ ② ⑧ ❬ ✺ ❱ ✶ ✺ ➆ ✶ ✻ ❉ ❚ ❈ ✻ ✶ ❉ ✾ ✶ ✺ ❭ ✺ ✶ ✷ ✻ ❊ ➋ ✲ ✳ ➌ ❊ ➎ ❊ ✶ ❈ ✻ ❳ ✶ ✺ ✻ ✸ ✶ ✻ ❈ ⑩ ✿ ✶ ❋ o ✌ ✶ ☞ ✵ ✷ ❊ ✲ ✁ ⑧ ✺ ✂ ➌ ❊ ✺ ➃ ✶ ✷ ▲ ❙ ❭ ✺ ➫ ❙ ✼ ✺ ➃ ➆ ✶ ✻ ✻ ❆ ❈ ✺ ❱ ✲ ✵ ✶ ✷ ✻ ❊ ❇ ✶ ④ o ❈ ➁ ❙ ❉ ✸ ✺ ✻ ❩ ❈ ✻ ❊ ➋ ✶ ➐ ❙ ❱ ✶ ❻ ✶ ❉ ✾ ✶ ✳ ☎ ❽ ✷ ✸ ❊ ❈ ⑦ ✶ ✷ ➐ ✸ ✿ ➂ ✺ ✶ ✷ ⑦ ❊ ✻ → ✹ ➐ ❙ ➌ ✶ ✷ ❊ ✲ ✁ ⑧ ✵ ✂ ✺ ➃ ❙ ✹ ❷ ✶ o ⑧ ✺ ❈ ✻ ❈ ✼ ❈ ❽ ❉ ❊ ❇ ✶ ✺ ❊ ❻ ✲ ✺ ✻ ❙ ❈ ❽ ✺ ➃ ❙ ✹ ❷ ✶ ⑧ ✼ ❈ ⑨ ❊ ✺ ✻ ➁ ❈ ❈ ✻ ❙ ✹ ❇ ✶ ✶ o ✺ ❈ ✻ ✷ ✸ ✶ ✻ ✵ ✺ ✻ → ✹ ❈ ✍ ✶ ➐ ✸ ✶ ✷ ⑦ ❊ ❑ ✶ ✻ ✵ ✶ ✷ ⑦ ❊ ➌ ❊ ✶ ✻ ❊ ❷ ❙ ⑨ ❊ ❻ ✶ ✺ ✻ ➁ ❈ ✺ ➃ ✶ ✷ ❈ ❙ ➂ ❈ ▲ ❭ ✶ ✷ ✶ ⑧ ✳ ● ❍ ✠ ■ ☎ ✆ ✠ ✏ ❆ ❈ ❉ ✸ o ❺ o ✺ ✻ ☎ ✠ ❬ ✻ ❻ ✺ ➐ ✍ ✶ ✷ ❈ ✻ ☞ ❺ ⑩ ❽ ✠ ❊ ➋ ✶ ✶ ❑ ✹ ✵ ❼ ❈ ❶ ❑ ❉ ❹ ✶ ✷ ❺ ❊ ❻ ⑨ ✻ ⑩ ❽ ✶ ❼ ✶ ✶ ❾ ✾ ✶ ✷ ❈ o ✻ ❚ ❙ ✺ ⑩ ❊ ❈ ❶ ❑ ⑧ ❸ ✺ ✶ ❷ ✶ ✺ ✻ ⑦ ✶ ✷ ⑧ ⑦ ⑥ ❈ ⑧ ✼ ✶ ✻ ✷ ❊ o ✷ ✳ ✼ ✺ ✻ ➌ ✶ ✷ ➫ ❙ o ➃ ✶ ✷ ✺ ➃ ⑦ ✶ ✷ ✻ ⑥ ✲ ✶ ✸ ✹ ✵ ✶ ✻ ✶ ✷ ⑧ ❊ ➅ ✿ ✶ ✿ ✁ ✺ ❑ ✲ ✻ ✿ ❉ ❊ ✲ ✻ ✼ ❽ ➃ ✶ ✷ ✷ ❊ ➄ ❊ ✺ ✺ ➃ ❊ ❽ ✻ ✶ ❈ ❶ ❑ ❉ ❹ ✶ ✷ ➅ ✶ ❽ ⑧ ✺ ✺ ➃ ✶ ✷ ✶ ✷ ❽ ✺ ✻ ✼ ✺ ➌ ❊ ❊ ❈ ❳ ✶ ❺ ✶ ✁ ✷ ✷ ❊ ➄ ❊ ✻ ✶ ✳ ☎ ✻ ✿ ✁ ⑧ ✼ ✶ ✻ ✷ ❊ ✼ ▲ ❩ ✲ ✻ ❳ ✶ ❺ ❭ ❈ ✼ ❈ ❉ ❹ ✶ ✷ ✶ ✷ ❙ ✹ ✻ ❊ ➅ ✿ ✿ o ❉ ✤ ⑨ ❹ ❊ ✶ ✥ ❻ ✷ ✦ ✶ ✶ ❈ ✧ ✷ ➍ ✻ ✷ ❊ ❚ ✲ ✼ ✺ ★ ✻ ➃ ⑦ ❚ ✶ ✩ ✪ ✤ ✜ ✲ ✻ ✼ ✲ ✲ ✩ ✫ ✬ ✥ ✻ ❳ ✶ ❈ ✻ ❊ ❑ ❉ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✭ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✡ ☛ ✥ ✚ ✜ ✢ ❹ ✶ ✷ ✶ ❷ ✶ ✺ ✻ ✺ ❈ ✼ ❈ ✻ ✺ ⑤ ✶ ✷ ❽ e ✿ ➁ ❈ ⑧ ➂ ✺ ❊ ❻ ✲ ❈ ❱ ✶ ✺ ✺ ✻ ✮ ✯ ✰ ☞ ✤ ✚ ✫ ✜ ☞ ✲ ✌ ☛ ✳ ✟ ✥ ✢ ✠ ✤ ☞ ✴ ✍ ✤ ✎ ✥ ✏ ✵ ✑ ✶ ✒ ✤ ✷ ✟ ✸ ✓ ✹ ✔ ✟ ✠ ✠ ✏ ✕ ✏ ✍ ☛ ✟ ✖ ✑ ✶ ✎ ➅ ✻ ✶ ✵ ❈ ✻ ✁ ❽ ➃ ✷ ✺ ✻ ✼ ❊ ✷ ❊ ➄ ❊ o ✻ ✶ ✳ ✄ ω = τ gh = ✥ ✚ ✷ ➂ ✑ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✑ ✗ ✠ ✏ ✎ ☞ ✌ ⑧ ✂ ❳ ω< ✘ ✹ ✵ ✙ ✶ ✚ ✛ ✷ ✜ ✸ ✢ ❊ ✚ ✣ ✺ ✜ ✻ ✶ ✤ ✥ ✮ ● ✯ ✼ ✜ ✵ ✽ ✹ ✢ ✜ ✚ ✾ ✯ ✿ ✥ ❁ ✤ ❀ ❂ ✥ ✜ ✧ ✚ ✚ ❍ ● ✥ ✜ ✢ o ★ ✚ ✵ ✚ ✚ ❇ ✤ o ★ ✤ ❀ ✜ ❏ ✪ ✰ ❑ ✥ ✸ ▲ ❃ ✤ ✥ ✣ ✼ ✥ ✾ ✜ ✤ ✫ ❄ ✜ ✢ ✚ ❅ ✲ ❆ ✷ ✰ ✜ ✤ ✢ ✫ ✬ ✜ ✢ ❇ ✼ ✥ ❁ ✤ ✜ ✜ ✩ ✤ ❈ ✜ ❉ ✜ ✚ ✥ ✦ ❊ ❋ ✣ ❍ ✤ ✯ ✥ ✜ ✢ ✜ ✢ ★ ✧ ❑ ✚ ❋ ✷ ◆ ✵ ▼ ✜ ❉ ✜ ❖ ✹ ❇ ✥ ★ ✹ ✤ ✥ ✵ ✶ ✤ ✶ ✜ ✥ ❑ ✜ ❉ ✜ ◗ ✣ ✜ ✹ ✢ ✷ ◆ ✥ ✬ ✰ ❘ ● ✷ ✫ ❙ ❲ ✥ ✚ ✫ ❳ ❨ ✬ ❩ ✜ ✢ ❬ ✦ ✚ ❲ ✯ ❭ ✤ ❘ ✜ ✿ ✥ e o ✤ ✥ ❯ ✵ ✵ ✪ o ✢ ✰ ✤ ❱ ✵ ✜ ✶ ✺ ❇ ✜ METHOD OF DIVISION GROUND UNDER CONSTRUCTION BY DEGREE ❩ ▼ OF APPROXIMATION TO LIMITING STATE ● ● ● ● ❪ o ❫ ❊ ✰ ✰ e ❘ ❖ ✲ ❇ ✵ ✹ ✰ ✜ ✢ ✚ ✵ ✰ ✰ ✤ o ✚ ❴ ✲ ❘ o ✵ ✢ ✯ ❊ ✲ e ✷ ✜ ✢ ✲ ✯ ✷ ✰ e ✷ ❘ ✿ ✤ ✰ ✯ e ✤ ✥ ✲ o ✥ ✰ ✯ ● e e ✢ ✷ o ✹ ✿ e ✤ ◗ ● o ❴ ✹ ✷ ❊ ✜ ✤ ✵ ✰ ✚ ● ❩ ✲ e ✺ ✰ I ✤ ✰ ✥ ✵ ❊ ❊ ✜ ✚ e ✹ ✰ o ✵ ✤ ❖ ❊ ❫ ✵ ✤ ✥ ✵ ✤ ✜ ✥ ✵ ❊ ✲ ✜ ● e ✲ ✰ ✰ e ✵ ❊ ✰ ✤ e ❊ ✜ ✰ ✜ ✢ ✲ o ❊ ✲ ✯ e ✵ ✰ ✤ ✰ ✥ e ✲ ✜ o e ✢ ✯ ✜ e ✢ ✲ ✷ ✜ ✷ ❫ ✰ ❘ e o ❴ ❴ e ✲ ❖ ✤ ✤ ❛ e o ✰ ✚ ✵ ✤ ✵ o ✺ ✜ o e ✷ ✜ ✿ ✰ ✤ ✯ ✰ e ✵ ❊ ✤ ✲ ✵ ✤ ❇ ✵ o ✰ degree of approximation to limiting state Here, not only the areas, having value ω = τ gh = ground reaching to the value ω < ● ❊ ● e ❊ ✰ ● ✲ ✙ ✤ ❘ ✤ ❛ ✤ e ● o ✰ ✵ ✚ ✲ e ❴ ✵ ✵ ✤ e e ✧ ✤ ✜ e ❊ ✷ ✯ o ❴ ✜ ✲ ● e e ✤ e ✲ ✵ ✰ ◗ ✤ ✜ ✰ e ✤ ❖ ❇ ✯ ✷ ✰ ❊ o ✤ ✥ e ✲ ✰ e ❊ ✰ ✙ ❖ in in ground having ● e ✰ ✰ ✷ ❊ ✚ ❘ ❇ e ✷ ❴ ❜ ✲ e ❊ ❘ ✤ ❊ o ❴ ✲ e ❊ e ✲ ✰ ✥ ✚ ✷ ✰ ✜ e ✤ ✤ ✵ ✹ ✜ ● e ✵ ✜ ❩ ✥ ✤ ✜ o ✯ method of division ground under construction by ● e ✰ ❘ ✰ ✜ ✰ ❊ ❘ ✵ ❊ ✢ ✲ o ✲ ✢ ✺ ✰ ◗ ground under construction having consider dead weight of soils can be used in Geotechnical maths in following another applications: Treatment of ground, method of reasonable foundation design or estimation of displacement in ground in time by creeping ✥ ✁ ✇ ✆ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✥ ✜ ✥ ✢ ✰ o ✥ ❑ ❆ ✤ ✰ ✚ ✚ ❅ ✰ ✩ ✵ ❉ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ❀ ✙ ❍ ❪ ✥ ✵ ✷ ◗ ✞ ✿ ✜ ♣ ✧ ✏ ✠ ② ✤ ❅ ✰ ✯ ✜ ✆ ✿ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✝ ✜ ✟ ✥ ✑ ✚ ✸ ✤ ✚ ➓ ✚ ❴ ✂ ✢ ✶ ★ ✤ ✦ ❅ ✓ ✠ ✕ ✰ ✩ ❉ ✔ ✑ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ❀ ✕ ✓ ✑ ✵ ✦ ✡ ✕ ✚ ✑ ✗ ➙ ✢ ✑ ✦ ✓ ✒ ✕ ✔ ➜ ➛ ✚ ✓ Ơ ✔ ✓ ✓ ✰ ✦ ✪ ✕ ✓ ➙ ✦ ✔ ✧ ✰ ➙ O ✔ ✓ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✔ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✔ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✚ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ➙ ❴ ✕ ☞ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✓ ✌ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❅ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✓ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✔ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✑ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✕ ❴ ❴ ❴ U ✍ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✤ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✚ ✌ ❴ ❴ ❴ ● ❴ ✑ ❴ ✛ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✎ ✕ ❍ ✟ ✺ ✵ ✙ ✖ ✙ ✵ ❏ ❉ ✯ ❁ ❑ ✜ ✵ ✚ ✜ ✗ ❇ ✜ ✢ ✵ ✢ ✥ ★ ❙ ✜ ✿ ❀ ✷ ✚ ◆ ✤ ✥ ✶ ✚ ✯ ✤ ✧ ★ ✥ ❘ ✚ ✩ ✪ ✤ ✵ ✜ ✤ ✲ ❆ ✷ ✼ ✜ ✥ ✢ ❙ ✜ ✤ ✜ ✤ ★ ✷ ❈ ✚ ✜ ✢ ✲ o ✵ ✜ ✢ ✵ ✩ ❉ ✯ ❁ ❑ ✜ ✵ ✚ ✜ ✗ ❇ ✜ ✢ ✵ ✢ ✥ ✺ ❙ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✘ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✘ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✛ ✜ ✟ ✺ ✺ ✙ ✵ ✙ ✖ ✙ ✵ ❏ ❉ ✯ ❁ ❑ ✜ ✵ ✚ ✜ ❩ ✺ ✺ ✙ ✂ ❴ ✜ ✢ ✦ ♣ ✠ ✵ ✖ ✤ ✲ ❆ ✤ ✼ ② ✜ ✢ ✵ ✢ ✥ ❙ ✜ ✟ ✝ ✙ ✗ ❇ ➓ ✜ ♣ ✣ ✤ ✵ ✢ ✣ ✥ ✥ ② ✦ ✜ ♣ ✥ ✚ ✹ ❙ o ❇ ✰ ② ✤ ✜ ♣ ✥ ✙ ✩ e ✯ ✈ o ✈ ✩ ✇ ① ② ✪ ② ✫ ✬ ② ✭ ➓ ➓ q q ✮ ♣ ② ✯ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✰ ❨ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✥ ✙ ✖ ✙ ✹ ✱ ✫ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✜ ✥ ✹ ✤ ✙ ✖ ✙ o o ✷ o ❊ ❑ ✺ ✙ ★ ✢ ❏ ✥ ❈ ✤ ✚ ✪ ✵ ✯ ✵ ✿ ✤ ✲ ✺ ❆ ✤ ✼ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ❑ ✜ ✳ ✥ ✷ ✢ ✜ ✢ ✩ ✾ ✜ ✢ ✥ ❖ ✤ ❁ ✚ ◗ ✙ ✲ ✙ ✲ ❪ ✝ ✺ ✙ ✤ ✖ ✙ ❉ ✜ ✩ ✥ ❈ ✤ ✚ ✪ ✵ ✯ ✤ ✲ ❆ ✥ ✼ ✜ ✢ ✜ ✵ ✽ ✷ ✢ ✜ ✢ ✥ ❖ ✤ ❁ ✚ ◗ ✙ ✙ ❳ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✝ ✥ ✖ ✙ ✹ ✱ ✫ ✜ ✥ ★ ✹ e ✲ ✴ e ✤ ✢ ✰ ❊ e ✺ ✜ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✘ ✿ ✙ ❩ ✝ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✺ ✲ ✙ ❯ ✖ ✙ ✥ ✫ ✜ ✢ ✜ ✢ ✹ ✭ ✬ ◗ ✣ ✜ ✢ ◗ ✣ ✜ ✢ ✺ ✜ ✜ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✘ ✺ ✢ ✙ ❩ ✝ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✲ ❯ ✖ ✙ ✥ ✫ ✹ ❊ ✬ ❁ ❱ ✯ ✿ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✝ ✰ ✙ ✵ ✙ ✵ ✙ ✷ ❭ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✘ ★ ✹ ✙ ✥ ✹ ✚ ✫ ✜ ✥ ★ ✹ ✤ ✢ ✤ ✲ ✤ ✶ ◗ ✫ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✬ ❩ ✻ ✥ ✵ ✙ ✥ ✖ ✼ ✆ ✜ ✜ ✢ ✤ ✚ ✪ ✵ ✯ ✤ ✼ ✚ ❅ ✰ ✩ ❈ ✜ ❉ ✤ ✥ e o ✤ ✥ e o ✤ ✥ e o e ✴ ✲ ✥ ✜ ✰ ✢ e ✲ ✵ ✻ ✥ ✵ ✙ ✥ ✖ ✼ ✆ ✜ ✜ ✢ ✤ ✚ ✪ ✵ ✯ ✤ ✼ ✚ ❅ ✰ ✩ ❈ ✜ ❉ ✸ ✜ ✥ o ❴ ✲ ❘ ✞ ✻ ✛ ✥ ✥ ✖ ✙ e ✼ ✆ ✜ ✜ ✢ ✤ ✚ ✪ ✵ ✯ ✤ ✼ ✚ ❅ ✰ ✩ ❈ ✜ ❉ ❊ ✜ ✰ e ✺ ✜ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✝ ✜ 1.3/ Nhận xét nhiệm vụ luận văn 22 ✜ ❴ ✂ ✢ ✑ ✤ ✈ ✪ o q ✯ ② ✹ ➓ ❭ ✝ ✺ ★ ✙ ✻ t ✥ ✼ ✥ ② ✯ ✟ ➓ ♣ ✥ q ✤ ② ✹ ➓ ✇ ✺ ✻ ✥ ✥ ② o ✟ ➓ ✁ ✻ ② ✥ ❛ ② ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✜ ✽ ✟ ✺ ✙ ✇ ✺ ✷ ✖ o ✵ ❊ ✚ ✾ ✜ ✤ ✢ ✯ ✤ ✲ o ✤ ❈ ✜ ✢ ✩ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✘ ✝ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✘ ✝ ✵ ❈ ● ❩ ✝ ✺ ✺ ✟ ✝ ✲ ✤ ✖ ✙ ✜ ❩ ✝ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✺ ✙ ✥ ✖ ✵ ❊ ✢ ✾ ✜ ✤ ✢ ✯ ✤ ✲ o ✤ ❈ ✜ ✢ ✩ ✵ ❈ ✜ ❉ ✜ ✫ ✭ ❙ ✤ ✚ ✜ ✲ ✳ ✥ ✢ ✜ ✟ ✲ ✙ ★ ✤ ✜ ✢ ✥ ★ ✵ ❊ ✾ ✜ ✢ ✤ ✯ ❈ ✺ ❇ ✰ ✜ ✩ ✙ ✯ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✤ ✜ ✟ ✤ ✽ ✩ ❈ ✜ ❉ ✜ ● ● ❍ ❨ ✝ ✝ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✴ ✹ ✥ ❁ ❊ ✖ ✜ ❇ ✾ ✜ ✤ ✢ ✯ o ✤ ★ ✤ ❈ ✚ ✜ ✢ ✚ ❅ ✵ ✰ ✤ ✲ ❆ o ✼ ✜ ✢ ✜ ✵ ✢ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✘ ✛ ❀ ❩ ✵ ✤ ✲ ❆ ✤ ✼ ✜ ✢ ✜ ✢ ✜ ✢ ✸ ✹ ✤ ✲ ✤ ✯ ✜ ✢ ✤ ✲ ✽ ✤ ✶ ✩ ✜ ✤ ✶ ◗ ✩ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✘ ✛ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✘ ✁ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✘ ❈ ● ❩ ✵ ✤ ✲ ❆ ✹ ✼ ✥ ❁ ✵ ✜ ❇ ✜ ❇ ✩ ❉ ✥ ✳ ✥ ✯ ✳ ✥ ✜ ✜ ✆ ❇ ✜ ✢ ❩ ✵ ✤ ✲ ❆ ✹ ✼ ❴ ✜ ✜ ✤ ✢ ♣ ✇ ✝ ✥ ✂ ♣ ✣ ♣ ✤ ✥ o ❁ q ✯ ✥ ♣ o ✥ ✤ ✥ ✺ ✜ ✰ ✑ ✟ ✈ o ✜ s o ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✷ ✢ ❴ ✬ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✽ ✄ ④ ❩ ✝ ✝ ✺ ✟ ✺ ✜ ✤ ✜ ❊ ✾ ✟ ✲ ✖ ✙ ✤ ✢ ✯ ✺ ✥ ★ ✵ ❊ ✢ ✺ ✺ ✾ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✜ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✯ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✝ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✵ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✦ ✤ ✩ ☎ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✥ ✶ ✯ ✹ ✥ ★ ✥ o ✵ ✥ ✲ o ✕ ❴ ✂ ✢ ✦ ♣ ✫ ② ✪ ♣ q a t ✞ ② ➓ ② ❛ ② ➒ ✠ ✮ q ✥ ✌ q ✥ ✟ ✍ ② ➓ ♣ ✡ ② ♣ ✕ ❴ ✜ ✢ ✦ ♣ ✫ ② ✪ ♣ q a t ✞ ② ➓ ② ❛ ② ➒ ✠ ✮ q ✥ ✌ q ✥ ✟ ✍ ② ➓ ♣ ✡ ② ♣ ✕ ❴ ✕ ✢ ☞ ☞ ✂ ☞ q ✂ ② ❴ ❴ ❴ ♣ ✇ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✇ ❴ ❴ ✟ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✥ ☛ ① ❴ ♣ ❴ ✞ ✈ ② ➓ ❴ ② ✥ ① ② ❴ ① ✂ ✈ ✥ ❴ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✵ ❑ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✤ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ♣ ✪ ② ✣ ❴ ❴ ✠ ♣ ✪ ✤ ✞ ❴ ❴ ❴ ② ✠ ❴ ❴ ✁ ❴ ➓ ② ✪ ➓ ✟ ♣ t ② ✞ ➓ ② ❛ o ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✸ ✤ ✩ ✺ ✺ ② ➒ ◗ ✓ ❴ ✺ ✯ ✢ ❴ ✺ ✷ ❛ ✽ ❴ ✣ ② o ❈ ❴ ❴ ♣ ✸ ✤ ✩ ✜ ❴ ➓ ✤ ❘ ❴ ❴ ② ✥ ✢ ✺ ✺ ❈ ✺ ✺ ❛ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✆ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✜ ✝ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ o ✥ ✲ ✢ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✲ ❭ ❴ ❴ ✠ o ✜ ✕ ✢ ✲ ◗ ❴ ✜ ♣ ✤ ◗ ✵ ✖ ✦ ✺ ✵ ✟ ✝ ✺ ✺ ✤ ❈ ❈ ❩ ✝ ✤ ✢ q ✮ ✠ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✺ ✵ ❇ ✪ ② ✠ ➓ ✥ ✟ ② ✡ ♣ ♣ ✥ e s o ✹ ✪ ➑ ✁ q ✥ ✣ ✂ ① ✪ ② ✥ ② ✯ ✟ ✙ ➓ ✥ ♣ ✤ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✽ ✜ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✽ ✽ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✽ ✒ ③ ✬ ② ♣ ✥ ➓ ② a ♣ ✣ ✎ ➓ ✁ ✎ ② ✫ ✻ ✬ ✥ ✁ ✣ ✓ ❛ ✁ ✏ ✑ ✇ ✑ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✒ ✔ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✔ ✕ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✔ ✽ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ❴ ✔ ✽ q ➓ q ✮ q ♣ ✯ ② -1- MỞ ĐẦU Ý nghóa khoa học đề taøi ✂ ✆ ✗ ✂ a ✞ ✗ ✄ ✔ ✕ ✂ ✄ ✟ ✕ ✄ ✆ ✕ ✄ ☎ ✟ ✻ ✱ ✶ ✮ ✄ ✚ ✝ ✔ ✄ ✕ ✄ ✟ ✁ ✙ ✣ ✛ a ✗ ✟ ✻ ✍ ✕ ✂ ✫ ✄ ✞ a ❉ ✆ ✰ ✍ ✭ ✙ ✕ ✄ ✟ ✂ ✰ ✍ ✝ ✄ ✂ ✔ ✕ ✂ ✪ ✕ ✍ ✍ ✝ ✕ ★ ✕ ✍ ✴ ✍ ✿ ✍ ✡ ● ✄ ✙ ✳ ❉ ✕ ✺ ✄ ☎ ✄ ✄ ✍ ✖ ☛ ✂ ✙ ✔ ✕ ❆ ✂ ✄ ✞ ✄ ✞ ✦ ✕ ✗ ✕ ✵ ✼ ✠ ✄ ▼ ✥ ✄ ✄ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✦ ✓ ✂ ✌ ◆ ✄ ✂ ✕ ✞ ✦ ✕ ❇ ✝ ✡ ✿ ✌ ✞ ✂ ✷ ✶ ✂ ✔ ✥ ✂ ✕ ✆ ✮ ✕ ✠ ✔ ☎ ✆ ✄ ✮ ✂ ✆ ✄ ✄ ✁ ✠ a ✂ ✄ ✡ ✎ ✗ ✠ ✘ ❃ ✄ ✎ ✣ ✞ ✄ ✟ ✍ ✴ ✠ ✄ ✺ ✆ ✠ ✝ ✞ ✚ ✄ ✂ ✔ ✄ ✄ ✓ ❃ ✞ ✞ ✄ ✍ ✠ ✄ ✚ ✓ ✞ ✴ ✌ ✂ ✕ ✄ ✦ ✺ ✠ ✠ ✥ ✮ ✜ ✓ ✳ ✙ ✾ ✴ ✞ ✩ ✺ ✠ ✠ ✞ ✞ ✄ ✽ ✂ ✍ ✞ ✓ ✡ ✟ ✌ ✁ ✠ ✠ ✴ ✟ ✦ ✍ ✖ ✾ ✟ ✄ ✄ ✱ ✠ ✕ ✥ ✕ ✝ ✙ ✺ ✚ ✢ ✕ ✩ ✄ ✴ ✔ ✲ ✼ ✟ ✛ ✠ ✆ ✞ ✕ ✕ ✂ ✂ ✄ ✗ ✞ ✜ ✠ ✂ ✆ ✮ ✥ ✓ ✄ ✍ ✣ ✞ ✫ ✄ ✖ ✞ ✂ ✕ ✞ ✖ ✟ ✟ ✤ ✄ ✻ ✼ ✓ ✒ ✲ ✟ ✢ ✡ ✍ ✠ ✞ ✭ ✣ ✆ ✟ ✕ ✺ ✂ ✚ ✄ ✠ ✝ ✄ ✚ ✂ ✺ ✂ ✂ ✁ ✰ ✹ ✎ ✙ ✡ ✕ ❂ ✁ ✔ ✞ ✝ ✒ ✍ ❇ ✄ ✞ ✔ ✭ ✰ ✄ ✞ ✟ ✦ ✕ ✍ ✄ ✂ ✡ ✞ ✣ ✍ ✞ ✄ ✞ ✠ ✄ ✣ ✞ ✞ ✞ ✠ ✄ ✓ ✞ ✄ ✍ ✘ ✞ ✝ ✄ ✦ ✄ ✓ ✄ ✍ ✢ ✡ ✆ ✍ ✞ ✭ ✢ ✓ ✄ ✼ ✆ ✸ ✕ ✚ ✠ ✡ ✕ ✠ ✍ ✚ ❋ ☛ ✙ ✠ ✄ ✍ ✛ ✺ ✴ ✄ ✕ ✓ ✝ ✍ ☞ ✄ ✯ ✄ ✻ a ✹ ✕ ✄ ✟ ✄ ✍ ✮ ✭ ✟ ✛ ✍ ✟ ✮ ✟ ✕ ✄ ✚ ✟ ✞ ✄ ✍ ✛ ✕ ✛ ✥ ✕ ✱ ✕ ✔ ✄ ✕ ✎ ✡ ✄ ✍ ☎ ✠ ✄ ✄ a ✼ ✞ ✕ ✞ ✠ ✔ ✿ ✕ ✮ ✕ ✓ ✂ ✂ ✖ ❆ ✍ ✷ ✍ ✄ ✄ ✽ ✟ ✡ ✙ ✆ ✾ ✄ ✄ ✖ ✞ ✂ ★ ✆ ✂ ✝ ✄ ✂ ✣ ✞ ✍ ✠ ✥ ✴ ☎ ✂ ✆ ✟ ✾ ✁ ✕ ✄ ✝ ✝ ✄ ✞ ✓ ✞ e ✶ ✬ ✂ ✿ ✍ ✞ ✣ ✠ ✂ ✍ ✛ ❏ ❀ ✄ ✄ ✍ ✄ ✄ ✂ ✶ ✞ ✄ ❆ ✓ ✮ ✶ ✓ ✙ ✍ ✡ ✄ ✍ ✍ ❃ ✠ ✍ ✑ ☛ ✟ ✴ ☛ ✠ ✄ ✠ ✝ ✝ ✗ ✄ ✞ e ✂ ✠ ✄ ✂ ✍ ✶ ✞ ✚ ✁ ✹ ✗ ✞ ✝ ✄ ✂ ✺ ✄ ✡ a ✂ ✶ ✘ ✣ ✌ ❃ ✟ ✗ ✞ ✽ ✺ ✄ ✕ ✄ ✄ ✾ ✺ ✞ ✢ ✞ ✄ ✝ ✼ ✷ ✟ ✕ ✠ ❆ ✝ ✂ ✍ ✂ ✍ ● ✠ ✡ ✹ ✕ ✆ ✽ ☎ ✮ a ✂ ✔ ✂ ✾ ✍ ❂ ✍ ✼ ✕ ✹ ✌ ✄ ✂ ✄ ✂ ✞ ✞ ☎ ✻ ✞ ✄ ✗ ✞ ✕ ✄ ✓ ✗ ✞ ✄ ✄ ❃ ✡ ✆ ✆ ✟ ✄ ✥ ✂ ✍ ✙ ❀ ✻ ✂ ✜ ✿ ✕ ▲ ✁ ✟ ● ✺ ✟ ✄ ✽ ✄ ✟ ✕ ☎ ✰ ☎ ✄ ✔ ✠ ✍ ▲ ✼ ✿ ✱ ■ ✩ ✿ ✄ ☛ ✍ ☎ ✄ ✕ ✄ ✄ ✂ ✞ ✿ ✕ ✁ ✕ ✄ ✔ ✞ ❂ ✄ ✠ ✄ ✟ ✆ ✍ ✴ ❏ ✞ ✂ ✡ ✝ ✂ ✗ ✖ ✿ ✙ a ✺ ✂ ✠ ✠ ✄ ✝ ✁ ✔ ✠ ✠ ✍ ✟ ✍ ✂ ✍ ✂ ✕ ✶ ✹ ❆ ✽ a ✍ ✂ ✖ ✦ ✄ ✄ ✌ ✚ ✌ ✗ ✢ ✟ ✂ ✄ ✦ ✠ ✂ ✖ ✠ ✮ a ✥ ✕ ✔ ✖ ✍ ✠ ✠ ✍ ✱ ✜ ✗ ✂ ✄ ✕ ✄ ✔ ✂ ☛ ✭ ✂ ✭ ✔ ✺ ✆ ✍ ✞ ✍ ★ ✓ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✍ ✟ ✠ ✄ ✂ ✄ ✄ ✶ ✞ ✕ ✜ ✠ ✙ ✚ ☛ ✄ ✩ ✼ ✫ ✥ ✻ ✄ ✙ ✠ ✂ ✾ ✝ ✟ ✞ ✞ ✝ ✍ ✶ ✕ ✎ e ✯ ✥ ✓ ✂ ✗ ✟ ✠ ✆ ✲ ✔ ✺ ✂ ✆ ✿ ✞ ✞ ✠ ✍ ✗ ✝ ✍ ✄ e ✁ ✦ ❃ ✍ ✻ ✕ ✺ ❑ ✄ ✔ ✄ ✘ ✠ ✤ ✭ ✡ ✍ ✍ ✆ ✟ ✭ ✂ ✞ ✍ ✕ ✍ ✄ ✔ ❊ ✂ ✕ ✕ ✍ ✂ ✂ ✝ ✩ ✾ ✂ ✼ ✍ ✄ ✮ ✁ ✄ ✺ ✠ ✁ ✄ ✞ ✺ ✻ ✂ ✶ ✍ ✡ ✕ ✠ ✮ ✄ ✯ ✄ ✪ ✂ ✠ ✓ ✄ ✔ ✞ ✆ ✩ ✰ ✟ ✚ ✱ ❆ ✡ ✕ ✍ ✡ ✕ ✮ ✔ ✂ ✩ ✟ ✴ ✄ ✂ ✍ ✄ ✽ ☞ ☎ ✡ ✔ ✭ ✠ ✄ ☎ ✾ ✂ ✖ a ✕ ★ ✸ ✍ ✂ ✒ ✍ ✮ ✕ ✙ ✄ ✕ ✛ ✠ ✣ a ✚ ✔ ✞ ✞ ✚ ✡ ✵ ✄ ✄ ✗ ✕ ✞ ✟ ✚ ✂ ✽ ✟ ✚ ✍ ✺ ✄ ✄ ✍ ✞ ✿ ✑ a ✄ ✞ ✻ ✗ ✥ ✚ ✄ ✍ ✞ ✠ ✽ ✙ ✟ ✭ ✕ ✚ ✢ ✕ ✍ ✄ ✞ ✆ ☛ ✪ ✱ ✔ ✄ ✂ ✂ ❊ ✕ ✝ ✕ ✄ ✛ ✙ ✿ ✔ ✌ ✺ ✠ ✭ ❈ ✕ ✓ ✓ ✆ ✍ ✄ ✄ ✔ ✂ ✹ ☞ ✿ ● ✩ ✞ ☞ ❏ ✿ ✥ ✠ ✥ ✽ ✄ ✄ ✠ ✠ ■ ☎ ✘ ✄ ✹ ✌ ✄ ✙ ✶ ✂ ✂ ✛ ✞ ✠ ✄ ✍ ✻ ✱ ✂ ✗ ✞ ✚ ✼ ✦ ✎ ✔ ✿ ✣ ✠ ✮ ✠ ✝ ✦ ✟ ✍ ✄ ✂ ✢ ✺ ✿ ✍ ✝ a ✠ ✚ ✡ ✄ ✙ ✝ ✴ ✍ ✍ ✾ ✠ ✔ ✞ ✕ ✟ ✗ ✕ ✠ ✼ ✕ ✑ ✭ ✞ ✝ ✞ ✓ ✻ ✚ ✛ ✄ ✍ ✣ ✆ ✁ ✟ ✍ ✍ ✂ ✦ ✡ ✄ ✟ ✝ ❃ ✪ ✠ ✕ ☞ ✽ a ✄ ✩ ✂ ✚ ☞ ✫ ✠ ✑ ✄ ✶ ✂ ✙ ✂ ❍ ✕ ✕ ✠ ✞ ✄ ✠ ✠ ☛ ✒ ✖ ✶ ✡ ✽ ✞ ✍ ✁ ✄ ✆ ✼ ✠ ✂ ✓ ✞ ✍ ✄ ✠ ✞ ✞ ✎ ✍ ✄ ✄ ✄ ✟ ✍ ✛ ✑ ✼ ✍ ư ❅ ✿ ✕ ✆ ✂ ✩ ✭ ✷ ✂ ✁ ❃ ✗ ✍ ✝ ✟ ✗ ✾ ✂ ✂ ✮ ✠ ✦ ☛ ✖ ✂ ✍ ✄ ✠ ✱ ✄ ❀ ✥ ✯ ✝ ☞ ✄ ✠ ✟ ✦ ✂ ✌ ✗ ✮ ✠ ✞ ✂ ✤ ✠ ✁ ✄ a ✕ ✔ ✆ ✕ ✠ ✄ ✂ ✍ ✶ ✂ ✝ ✿ ✂ ✍ ✡ ☎ ❈ ✞ ✿ ✭ ✠ ✍ ✄ ✄ ✟ ✽ ✿ ✆ ✚ ✡ ❃ ✠ ✪ ✫ ✞ ✩ ✣ ✡ ✕ ✝ ✂ ✍ ✡ ✄ a ✚ ✕ ✣ ☞ ✁ ✍ ✝ ✔ ✠ ✡ ✂ ✞ ✆ ☛ ✭ ✞ ✍ ✡ ✣ ✕ ✕ ✵ ☎ ✄ ✪ ✂ a ✔ ✍ ✞ ✍ ✭ ✞ ✕ ✄ ✻ ✄ ✞ ✩ ✕ ✠ ✗ ✄ ✠ ✟ ✬ ✜ ☎ ✕ ✡ ✄ ✄ ✵ ✕ ✲ ✯ ✞ ✂ ✸ ✆ ✢ ✍ ✞ ✂ ✄ ✂ ✄ ✝ ✗ ✁ ✞ ✛ ✝ ✿ ✄ ✞ ✍ ✟ ✝ ✄ ✕ ✄ ✆ ✄ ✷ ✢ ✟ ✓ ✣ ✄ ❃ ✦ ☎ ✆ ★ ✢ ✄ ✍ ✮ ✟ ✄ ✂ ✍ a ✔ ✥ ✄ ✪ ☛ ✡ ✠ ✼ ✍ ✠ ☎ ✺ ✿ ✞ ✔ ✄ ✠ ★ ✍ ✂ ✸ ✶ ✄ ✍ ✂ ✂ ✝ ✂ ✁ ✞ ✄ ✆ ✞ a ✬ ✂ ✄ ✄ ✚ ✂ ✆ ✍ ✂ ✟ ✫ ✍ ✂ ✄ ✓ a ✕ ✲ ☎ ✆ ✫ ✞ ✆ ✄ ✂ ✕ ✄ ✂ ✂ ✠ ✡ ✵ ✞ ✭ ✒ ★ ✦ ✰ ✁ ✞ ✍ ✕ ✔ ✄ ✕ ✞ ✂ ✿ ✚ ✠ ✍ ✽ ✔ ✠ ☞ ✿ ✡ ✿ ✕ ✍ ✍ ✖ ✡ ✄ ✮ ✕ ✎ ✍ ✄ ✠ ✄ a ✙ ✞ ✚ ❆ ✄ ✄ ✍ ✞ ✩ ✄ ❖ ✞ ✴ ✡ ✠ ✮ ✕ ✍ ✔ ✠ ✕ ✾ ✺ ✕ ✂ ✰ ✄ ✞ ✆ ✝ ✄ ✕ ✞ ✵ ✟ ✂ ❉ ✁ ✄ ✂ ✍ -2- ✂ ✝ ✔ ✺ ✄ ❃ ✙ ✂ ✄ ✚ ✿ ✍ ✄ ✡ ✠ ✞ ☞ ✄ ✿ ✝ ✍ ✍ ☛ ✄ ✔ ☞ ✠ ☞ ✿ ✄ ✟ ✌ ✍ ✟ ✔ ✎ ✓ ✄ ✠ ✍ ✝ ✄ ✞ ✞ ✍ ✠ ✝ ✑ ✔ ✏ ✣ ✄ ☎ ✝ ✑ ✌ ✂ ✄ ✆ ✟ ☎ ✒ ✛ ✁ ☞ ✞ ✂ ✕ ☛ ✓ ✠ ▲ ✻ ✿ ✕ ✍ ✝ ✠ ✞ ✔ ☞ ✫ a ✡ ✕ ✖ ✺ ✸ ✝ ✔ ✡ ✶ ✄ ✔ ✮ ✂ ✄ e ✂ ✍ ❉ ✰ ✄ ✄ o ✍ ✼ ✞ ✙ ✕ ✸ ✚ ✍ ✡ ☛ ▲ ✄ a ✞ ✟ ✛ ✂ ☎ ✜ ✔ ✂ ☞ ✸ ✻ ✰ ✚ ✠ ✠ ✍ ✽ ✢ ✮ ✡ ☛ ✙ ❍ ✣ ✷ ✄ ✄ ✙ ✝ ✔ ✞ ❏ ✕ ✺ ✄ ✤ ✝ a ✁ ✄ ✂ ✞ ✔ ✞ ✄ ✄ ✽ ☎ ✠ ✆ ☞ ✓ ✠ ✝ ✞ ✞ ☞ ✒ ☞ ✟ ✩ ✥ ✭ ✍ ✟ ✝ ✺ ✾ ✄ ✟ ✤ ✍ ✠ ✟ ✄ ✂ ✦ ✧ ✱ ★ ✼ ✩ ✲ ✪ ✩ ✪ ✫ ✴ ✯ ✬ ✩ a ✄ ✯ ✞ ✭ u ✍ ✮ ✾ ✛ ✫ ✭ ✫ ✼ ✿ ✕ ✯ ✿ ✔ ✰ ✱ ✫ ✕ ❀ ✿ ✲ a ✍ ✩ ❁ ✳ ✬ ✮ ❂ ✄ ✩ ✭ ✱ ✞ ✩ ✭ ✮ ✫ ✭ ✩ ✴ a ✳ ✶ ✷ ✰ ✸ ✹ ❃ ✿ ✍ ✔ ✿ ✟ ✔ ✄ ✍ ✞ ✠ ✔ ☛ ✍ ✶ ✄ ❏ ✄ ✞ ✕ ✍ ✭ ✡ ✂ ✶ ✠ ✕ ✫ a ✄ ☎ ✄ ✟ ✁ ✂ ✙ ✚ ✿ ✍ ✖ ✄ ❄ ✕ ✍ ✠ a ✙ ❆ ✄ ✞ ✗ ✠ ✍ ❄ ✂ ✍ ✓ ✄ a ✞ ✂ ✄ ✞ ✿ ✍ ✔ ✕ ✖ ✠ ✴ ❈ ✕ ❉ ✼ ✄ ❂ ✻ ✩ ✞ ✿ ✦ ✍ ✔ ❇ ✝ ✿ ❅ ✟ ✔ ✄ ✍ ✞ ✠ ✔ ✺ ✢ ✕ ✟ ❃ ✂ ✠ ✥ ✿ ✕ ❍ ✄ ✂ ✆ ✓ ✄ ✞ ✂ ✍ ✔ ✠ ✞ ✠ ✴ ✠ ✍ ✓ ✄ ✂ ✓ ✠ ✺ ❃ ✂ ✟ ✠ ✾ ✺ ❅ ✆ ✲ ✄ ✍ ✿ ✍ ✵ ✕ ✙ ✵ ✂ ❉ ✄ ✍ ✂ ✝ ✔ ✄ ✿ ✍ ✖ ✄ ✕ ✍ ✠ a ✙ ❆ ✄ ✞ ✟ ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✄ ✂ ✍ e ✝ ✺ ✢ ✕ ✟ ❃ ✂ ✠ ✥ ✿ ✕ ❍ ✄ ✠ ✴ ✠ ✍ ✓ ✄ ✦ ✴ ✠ ✂ ✶ ✠ ✂ ✆ ✷ ✄ ✞ ✍ ✲ ✄ ✍ ✗ ❏ ✄ ✞ ❀ ✿ ✍ ✖ ✄ ✗ ✹ ✟ ☎ ✡ ✙ ✚ ✿ ✍ ✖ ✄ ✗ ✹ ✂ ✍ e ✝ ✍ ✲ ✄ ✍ ❅ ✖ ✄ ✂ ❉ ✕ ✍ ✿ ✍ ✓ ✺ ✙ ✠ ✙ ❆ ✄ ✞ ✄ ✞ ✡ ✮ ✍ ✠ ✾ ✺ ✂ ✆ ✝ ✄ ✞ ✟ ✠ ☎ ✡ ☛ ✠ ☞ ✄ ☛ ✍ ✰ ✄ ✞ ✂ ✍ ✝ ✔ ✂ ✄ ✴ ✕ ✼ ✂ ✍ ✝ ✔ ✂ ❆ ✕ ✫ ✄ ✞ ✂ ✞ ✍ ✄ ✓ ❇ ❄ ✄ ✦ ❍ ✆ ✄ ❆ ❄ ✂ ✥ ✱ ✭ ❊ ❈ ✩ ✂ ✂ ✴ ✪ ✆ ✷ a ✆ ✄ ✳ ✝ ✄ ✞ ✶ ✽ ✷ ✞ ✄ ✰ ✸ ❃ ✛ ✄ ✞ ✗ ✶ ✄ ✂ ✍ ✖ ✄ ✟ ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✄ ✙ ✚ ✞ ✠ ✔ ✂ ✆ ✭ ✂ ✶ ✠ ✂ ✆ ✷ ✄ ✞ ✞ ✠ ✴ ✠ ✍ ✓ ✄ ✩ ❃ ✠ ✦ ✡ ✄ ✞ ✽ ✡ ❍ ✄ ✙ ❏ ✄ ☛ ✍ ✰ ✄ ✞ ✱ ❈ ✂ ✟ ✥ ✄ ✶ ✄ ✍ ✍ ✒ ✄ ✞ ✕ ✫ a ✺ ✢ ✕ ✟ ❃ ✂ ✠ ✥ ✿ ✕ ❍ ✄ ❄ ✂ ✆ ✓ ✄ ✞ ✂ ✍ ✔ ✠ ✞ ❑ ✠ ✍ ✴ ✠ a ✍ ✓ ✄ ✱ ❈ ✂ ✟ ✥ ✟ ✄ ✥ ✕ ✄ ✍ ✟ ✡ ✜ ✮ ✾ ✕ ✄ ✟ ✠ ✙ ✾ ✭ ✕ ✺ ✫ ✿ a ✍ ✕ ✖ ✄ ✕ ❍ ✔ ✕ ✗ ✙ ✭ ✹ ✂ ✺ ✆ ❉ ✢ ✂ ✕ ✆ ✝ ✟ ✄ ✞ ❃ ✂ ✟ ✠ ✥ ✁ ✂ ✿ ✄ ✕ ☎ ❍ ✄ ❅ ✄ ✂ ✆ ✓ ✄ ✞ ✂ ✍ ✔ ✠ ✞ ✠ ✴ ✠ ✍ ✓ ✄ ✂ ✆ ✝ ✄ ✞ ❄ ☛ ✍ ✹ ✠ ✟ ✿ ❋ ❅ ❑ ✍ a ✱ ❈ ✂ ✟ ✥ ✄ ✺ ✢ ✕ ✟ ❃ ✂ ✠ ✥ ✿ ✄ ✂ ✆ ✓ ✄ ✞ ✂ ✍ ✔ ✠ ✞ ✠ ✴ ✠ ✍ ✓ ✄ ✕ ✫ a ✄ ☎ ✄ ✕ ✻ ✕ ✁ ✡ ✂ ✓ ✝ ✄ ✍ ✠ ☎ ✡ ❄ ✽ ✴ ✿ ✦ ✴ ✠ ✂ ✶ ❑ ✠ ✍ ✂ ✆ ✷ ✄ a ✞ ✱ ✕ ❈ ✂ ✰ ✟ ✄ ✥ ✞ ✂ ✄ ✟ ✆ ✲ ❃ ✄ ✍ ✽ ❅ ▲ ✄ ✕ ✫ a ✟ ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✄ ☛ ✍ ✠ ✕ ✍ ✭ ✡ ✂ ✶ ✠ ✂ ✆ ✷ ✄ ✞ ✕ ✰ ✄ ✞ ✂ ✆ ✲ ✄ ✍ ✙ ✚ ✶ ✄ ✍ ✍ ✒ ✄ ✞ ❄ ✕ ✫ a ✄ ✻ ✟ ✥ ✄ ❅ ✺ ✍ ✢ ✰ ✄ ✕ ✟ ✞ ✱ ❃ ✂ ❈ ✂ ✠ ✥ ✣ ✿ ✌ ✕ ✿ ❍ ✍ ✄ ✖ ✂ ✆ ✄ ✓ ✄ ✗ ✹ ❄ ✽ ✠ ☞ ✡ ✞ ✠ a ✕ ✑ ✄ ✞ ✂ ✆ ✝ ✄ ✞ ☛ ✍ ✹ ✠ ✟ ❋ ✿ ✩ ✞ ✂ ✽ ✓ ✍ ✠ ✔ ✢ ✠ ✞ ✄ ✠ ✞ ✴ ✠ ✣ ✡ ✍ ✁ ✓ ✂ ✄ ❅ ☛ ✍ ✠ ✕ ✻ ✺ ✜ ✂ ✙ ✶ ✠ ✟ ✭ a ☛ ● ✂ ✍ ✡ ❍ ✂ ✙ ✚ ✕ ✔ ✕ ✙ ❍ ✂ Mức độtiếp cận trạng thái gioi hạn đất móng băng trường hợp nước-nền đạt ổn định, không xét đến ảnh hưởng ứng suất trọng lượng thân đất nền: KN p := 99 b := 1.5 m2 x := −10 , −9 10 c := 21.65 σz ( x , z) σx ( x , z) γ π m3 KN ϕ m2 := 24π 180 h := 2.8 ( rad) (x − z − b ) b − x + atan b + x − 2b ⋅p ⋅( −z) ⋅ + γ ⋅( h − z) atan −z −z ( 2 2) 2 2 π ⋅ x + z − b + ⋅b ⋅z 2 2 atan τ ⋅b ⋅p ⋅x⋅z ( x , z) := π ( 2 ⋅ x + z − b ) 2 2 + ⋅b ⋅z w( x , z) := (x − z − b ) b − x + atan b + x + 2b ⋅p ⋅( −z) ⋅ + γ ⋅( h − z) −z −z ( 2 2) 2 2 π ⋅ x + z − b + ⋅b ⋅z p π KN := 10.7 z := −8 , −7.5 −0.1 p := := m ( σx ( x , z) − σz ( x , z) ) + τ ( x , z) ⋅ 2 σx ( x , z) + σz ( x , z) + 2( h − z) ⋅γ + ⋅c ⋅ sin( ϕ ) tan( ϕ ) Mức độ tiếp cận trạng thái gioi hạn đất đất đắp (Tải hình thang), khơng xét ảnh hưởng ứng suất trọng lượng thân đất nền: p := 45.5 x := −10 , −9.5 10 KN z := −10 , −9.5 −0.1 m2 b := 15.56 ( m) γ := 15.56 KN ϕ := 4.7π a := 11.55 N := 50 m3 c := 9.7 180 ( m) KN m2 b − a ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) − x b − b − a ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) + x N b − ⋅ N ⋅ N p + atan ⋅ atan σz( x, z) := −z −z N ⋅ π n = ∑ 2 2 b −a ( ) x − z − b − 2⋅ N ⋅ 2⋅ n − b −a p - 2⋅ b − ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) ⋅ N ⋅ ( −z) ⋅ 2⋅ N 2 b −a 2 b − a ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) ⋅ z2 π ⋅ x + z − b − ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) + 4⋅ b − 2⋅ N 2⋅ N b − a ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) − x b − b − a ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) + x N b − 2⋅ N + atan 2⋅ N ⋅ p atan σx( x, z) := −z −z N ⋅ π n = ∑ 2 2 b −a ( ) x − z − b − ⋅ ⋅ n − b −a 2⋅ N ⋅ p ⋅ ( −z) ⋅ ( ) − ⋅ ⋅ n − N 2⋅ N 2 2 b − a b − a ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) ⋅ z π ⋅ x + z − b − + 4⋅ b − 2⋅ N 2⋅ N p ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) ⋅ N ⋅ x⋅ z 2⋅ N τ ( x, z) := n =1 2 b −a 2 b − a ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) ⋅ z2 π ⋅ x + z − b − ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) + 4⋅ b − 2⋅ N 2⋅ N N ∑ 4⋅ b − b −a t1( x, z) := ( σx( x, z) − σz( x, z) ) + 4⋅ τ ( x, z) 2 ( sin ( ϕ ) ) ⋅ ( σz( x, z) + σz( x, z) ) + 2⋅ c⋅ tan ( ϕ ) Mức độ tiếp cận trạng thái gioi hạn đất đất đắp (Tải hình thang), xét ảnh hưởng ứng suất trọng lượng thân đất nền: p := 45.5 x := −10 , −9.5 10 KN z := −10 , −9.5 −0.1 m2 b := 15.56 ( m) γ := 15.56 KN ϕ := 4.7π 180 N σz ( x , z) := −γ ⋅z + ∑ n=1 a := 11.55 ( m) N := 50 m3 c := 9.7 KN m2 b − b − a ⋅( ⋅n − 1) − x b − b − a ⋅( 2⋅n − 1) + x 2⋅N ⋅N + atan ⋅ p atan −z −z N ⋅π 2 2 b − a x − z − b − ⋅( 2⋅n − 1) 2⋅N − b − a ⋅( 2⋅n − 1) ⋅ p ⋅( −z) ⋅ 2⋅N N 2 2 b − a b − a 2 π ⋅ x + z − b − ⋅( 2⋅n − 1) + ⋅b − ⋅( 2⋅n − 1) ⋅z ⋅N ⋅N ⋅b N σx ( x , z) := −γ ⋅z + ∑ n=1 b − b − a ⋅( 2⋅n − 1) − x b − b − a ⋅( 2⋅n − 1) + x 2⋅N 2⋅N p atan + atan ⋅ −z −z N ⋅π 2 b − a x − z − b − ⋅ ( ⋅ n − ) ⋅N − b − a ⋅( 2⋅n − 1) ⋅ p ⋅( −z) ⋅ ⋅N N 2 2 b − a b − a 2 π ⋅ x + z − b − ⋅( 2⋅n − 1) + ⋅b − ⋅( 2⋅n − 1) ⋅z ⋅N ⋅N 2b − b − a ⋅( 2⋅n − 1) ⋅ p ⋅x⋅z2 2⋅N N ⋅b N τ ( x , z) := ∑ n=1 2 b − a b − a 2 π ⋅ x + z − b − ⋅( 2⋅n − 1) + 4⋅b − ⋅( 2⋅n − 1) ⋅z 2⋅N ⋅N t1 ( x , z) := ( σx ( x , z) − σz ( x , z) ) + ⋅τ ( x , z) ( sin( ϕ ) ) ⋅( σz ( x , z) + σz ( x , z) ) + ⋅c ⋅ tan( ϕ ) Mức độ tiếp cận trạng thái gioi hạn đất đất đắp (Tải hình thang), áp lực nước lỗ rỗng thặng dư tiêu tán hết- ổn định - không xét ảnh hưởng ứng suất trọng lượng thân đất nền: p := 45.5 KN b := 15.56 ( m) N := 50 a := 11.55 ( m) ϕ N σz ( x , z) := ∑ n=1 m2 x := −10 , −9.5 10 := 20π 180 z := −20 , −9.5 −0.1 c := b − b − a ⋅( ⋅n − 1) − x b − b − a ⋅( ⋅n − 1) + x ⋅N ⋅N + atan ⋅ p atan −z −z N ⋅π 2 b − a x − z − b − ⋅ ( ⋅ n − ) ⋅N b − a ⋅( ⋅n − 1) ⋅ p ⋅( −z) ⋅ ⋅N N 2 2 b − a b − a 2 π ⋅ x + z − b − ⋅( ⋅n − 1) + ⋅b − ⋅( ⋅n − 1) ⋅z ⋅N ⋅N ⋅b − N σx ( x , z) := n = ∑ b − b − a ⋅( ⋅n − 1) − x b − b − a ⋅( ⋅n − 1) + x ⋅N ⋅N p atan + atan ⋅ −z −z N ⋅π 2 b − a x − z − b − ⋅ ( ⋅ n − ) ⋅N b − a ⋅( ⋅n − 1) ⋅ p ⋅( −z) ⋅ ⋅N N 2 2 b − a b − a 2 π ⋅ x + z − b − ⋅( ⋅n − 1) + ⋅b − ⋅( ⋅n − 1) ⋅z ⋅N ⋅N 2b − ⋅b − N τ ( x , z) := ∑ n=1 2 2 b − a b − a 2 π ⋅ x + z − b − ⋅( ⋅n − 1) + ⋅b − ⋅( ⋅n − 1) ⋅z ⋅ N ⋅ N ω ( x , z) b − a ⋅( ⋅n − 1) ⋅ p ⋅x⋅z2 ⋅N N := ( σx ( x , z) − σz ( x , z) ) + τ ( x , z) ⋅ 2 σx ( x , z) + σz ( x , z) + ⋅c ⋅ sin( ϕ ) tan( ϕ ) Mức độ tiếp cận trạng thái gioi hạn đất đất đắp (Tải hình thang), áp lực nước lỗrỗng thặng dưtiêu tán hết- ổn định - có xét ảnh hưởng ứng suất trọng lượng thân đất p := 45.5 KN b := 15.56 ( m) a := 11.55 ( m) m2 N σz( x, z) := −γ ⋅ z + ∑ n =1 x := −10 , −9.5 10 z := −10 , −9.5 −0.1 N := 50 γ := 5.56 ϕ := 20π 180 c := b − b − a ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) − x b − b − a ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) + x 2⋅ N 2⋅ N + atan ⋅ p atan −z −z N ⋅ π 2 2 b −a ( ) x − z − b − ⋅ ⋅ n − b −a 2⋅ N ⋅ p ⋅ ( −z) ⋅ ( ) 2⋅-b − ⋅ ⋅ n − N 2⋅ N 2 b −a 2 b − a ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) ⋅ z2 π ⋅ x + z − b − ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) + 4⋅ b − 2⋅ N 2⋅ N N (1 − sin ( ϕ ) )⋅ γ ⋅ z + ∑ σx( x, z) := − n =1 b − b − a ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) − x b − b − a ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) + x 2⋅ N + atan 2⋅ N ⋅ p atan −z −z N ⋅ π 2 2 b −a ( ) x − z − b − ⋅ ⋅ n − b −a 2⋅ N ⋅ p ⋅ ( −z) ⋅ ( ) 2b − ⋅ ⋅ n − N 2⋅ N 2 b a b a 2 − − ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) ⋅ z π ⋅ x + z − b − + 4⋅ b − 2⋅ N 2⋅ N p ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) ⋅ N ⋅ x⋅ z 2⋅ N τ ( x, z) := 2 n =1 b −a 2 b − a ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) ⋅ z2 π ⋅ x + z − b − ⋅ ( 2⋅ n − 1) + 4⋅ b − 2⋅ N 2⋅ N N ∑ 4⋅ b − ω( x, z) := ( σx( x, z) − σz( x, z) ) + b −a 4⋅ τ ( x, z) 2 ( sin ( ϕ ) ) ⋅ ( σx( x, z) + σz( x, z) ) + 2⋅ c⋅ tan ( ϕ ) ... ✄ ✞ ✱ ❈ ✂ ✟ ✓ ✂ ✂ ✆ ✓ ✄ ✞ ✂ ✍ ✔ ✠ ✕ ✖ ✄ - 24 - CHƯƠNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP PHÂN CHIA VÙNG NỀN DƯỚI CÔNG TRÌNH THEO MỨC ĐỘ TIẾP CẬN TRẠNG THÁI GIỚI HẠN ✂ ✆ ✝ ✄ ✞ ✂ ✆ ✝ ✄ ✞ ✂ ✍ e ✾ ✗ ✚ ✠ ✄ ✝ ✂ ✂ ☎ ✆ ✲... ☛ ϕ) ✝ ✆ ✝ ✂ ☞ ☛ ✞ ❀ ✡ ✍ σ σ τ ✂ ✏ ☞ ϕ + ✒ ✍ ✞ ✟ ☛ ✂ 2.3/ Phương pháp xác định vùng công trình theo mức độ tiếp cận trạng thái giới hạn [5] ✍ ✤ ✂ ✆ ✝ ✢ ✄ ✄ ✞ ✞ ✟ ✣ ✁ ✡ ✂ ✁ ✂ ✄ ✂ ✂ ☎ ✠ a ✟ ✄ ✥... HỢP CÁC PHƯƠNG PHÁP ĐÁNH GIÁ KHẢ NĂNG CHỊU TẢI CỦA NỀN ĐẤT VÀ PHÂN CHIA VÙNG BIẾN DẠNG DẺO 1.1/ Điều kiện cân giới hạn lý thuyết xác định tải trọng lớn tác dụng lên đất điều kiện cân giới hạn 1.1.1/