Reform of the history of state and law module under the context of the internationalization of law and legal education

In the time of globalisation, if we consider the students as the the customers as mentioned above, I myself think that we should teach ―what the students really need, not [r]

REFORM OF THE HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW MODULE UNDER THE CONTEXT OF THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF LAW AND

LEGAL EDUCATION

Nguyen Minh Tuan It is clear to confirm that history of state and law plays an important role in our legal training program Otherwise it is worth to discuss how we react to this subject, if it is suitable and how to promote the position of this module, how to make this module really necessary to the students under the context of the internationalization of law and legal education The following article introduces the author's views about this issue

1 Where to start before the trend of the Internationalization of law and legal education? Firstly from the reform of teaching, learning and evaluation

1.1 It is really necessary to stop the assessment requiring the students to learn by heart the lessons

Jan Klabbers and Mortimer Sellers indicate that the internationalization of law and of legal education are the inevitable result of changes in technology and communication that make global contacts and cooperation more possible Like most cultural changes, these developments may have negative as well as positive implications Law can be narrow and parochial, while universities from their inception have been attractive to foreigners and oriented towards the wider world.642

In the age of industry 4.0, the development of science and technology has changed our lives Requiring the students to remember so much information in detail is really out of date

What we should to train the students is that we should create ―a smart head", not "a head full of information, but incapable of analyzing, handling and applying‖ Therefore, it is necessary to stop the teaching method, that requires the students to copy and to memorize all information and then answer what the teacher has taught in class for his/her examinations

1.2 We need to stop teaching so much

As the aims of law should be justice and the common good, so the aims of the university should be truth and freedom of thought These shared values animate the universities and should guide the study of law.643

For a long time, the teaching of this module concentrate on only the knowledge, but I personally think that the capacity is much more important than the knowledge We can consider knowledge as "building materials", and capacity as "the ability to build a house" If you have building materials and not know how to build a house, it is not beneficial

I myself think that the teacher should require the students to master the typical events in the past as well as the most fundamental issues of each historical period only The students

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Assoc Prof Dr., School of law, Vietnam National University Hanoi

642 Jan Klabbers, Mortimer Sellers, The Internationalization of law and legal education, Springer, 2008, p 643

should acknowledge that ―less is more‖ They should master the knowledge and develop them according to their own understanding In addition, they should not pay much attention to the knowledge of history of state and law, not that of historical science It is also necessary to avoid providing so many events, dates or requiring the students to memorize all of them

1.3 It is better to encourage the students to be creative, critical and curious to learn history of state and law

How to make the lectures of history of state and law interesting is an important mission The teaching history of state and law will be disappointed and bored if what they were taught can not be directly related to what he or she later does in practice.About combining theory and practice, Gerald F Hess also discusses that experiential learning combines academic inquiry with real-life experiences Students can have real-life experiences with law outside the classroom in courts, agencies, and law offices Teachers can arrange for students to encounter real life in the classroom through newspapers, videos, actual legal documents, and speakers For effective experiential learning to occur, simply offering students the experiences is not enough Students must engage in an accompanying reflective process in which they glean meaning and lessons from the experiences Experiential learning includes two elements-real-life experiences and reflection They include clinics, externships, service learning, field trips, real life in class, collaborative learning exercises 644

The interaction beween the teachers and the students is very important The students should have chances to express their own ideas and the teachers should encourage them to that In addition, the students have the right to doubt, criticize and express their ideas or combine and compare the events in the past and in the present

Lecturers should not only focus on providing knowledge, but also aim at enhancing the capacity of critical thinking, recognizing new ideas, reasoning before studying other specific modules in the legal training program

Gerald F Hess has highly appreciated the effectiveness of the discussions He pointed out that: In law school, the core of student learning includes the substantive content, skills, and professional values critical to the education of an effective, ethical attorney He explains good discussions can be of great value to the learning process Discussion helps students to retain information at the end of the course, to develop problem-solving and thinking skills, to change attitudes, and to motivate additional learning about a subject In addition, discussion gives teachers feedback and ideas from their students 645 Saying another way, discussion and questioning are teaching techniques aimed at eliciting student participation The techniques feature two-way spoken communication between students and teacher and direct interaction among the students themselves When using these techniques, teacher and students consider a topic, problem, or issue and exchange information, experiences, ideas, opinions, reactions, or conclusions.646

644

Gerald F Hess, Steven Friedland, Techniques for Teaching Law, Carolina Academic Press, 1999, p 57

645 Gerald F Hess, Steven Friedland, Techniques for Teaching Law, Carolina Academic Press, 1999, p 3, p 55 646

1.4 Redesigning the forms of teaching and creating appropriate teaching methods, changing from passive to active model

Teaching History of state and law is not an easy work It is an art Therefore it is necessary to discuss and to practice more in this module The teachers can divide the class into groups Each one should discuss about a topic that the teachers provide By discussing the teachers and the students can share their knowledge and ideas from many different aspects ―Change by exchange‖ is the best way to develop the capacity and skills of the students

The more the students participate in collective activities, the more they will be self-confident and know how to get and master more knowledge from the others and from many sources In the industry 4.0, some necessary criteria of modern lawyers are practical, active and creative That is the reason why it is necessary to develop the capacity of self-learning and the capacity of applying the knowledge of this module about history of state and law to practice

The students should even be regarded as "historical actors", or "history makers" to discover new historical knowledge

Today, new skills are required in legal education as exemplified by the development of practical and experiential training methodologies It exists currently a trend that there are plenty of clinical programs, moot court competitions, study-abroad courses, debate clubs, and an increased reliance on non-legal disciplines such as economics, psychology, political science, anthropology, and sociology Today‘s law school graduates must have the skills to play the role of facilitators and problem solvers in international transactions They must also be able to act as liaisons between and among formally organized legal systems with differing national histories, customs, and experiences.647

What is of particular concern here is the type of cognitive skills that students need to acquire if they are to operate effectively as historians, such as critically analyzing secondary historical literature and evaluating the reliability of historical evidence Such skills no doubt have applicability beyond the academy, especially in the world of work, albeit for the great majority of students in nonhistorical contexts 648

1.5 Change of assessment criteria: Exams to test competence

I totally agree with the opinions of two authors Keith C Barton and Linda S Levstik in the book teaching History for the Common Good that students are expected to identify: They are asked to embrace connections between themselves and the people and events of the past Second, students are expected to analyze: They are asked to establish causal linkages in history Third, students are expected to respond morally: They are asked to remember, admire, and condemn people and events in the past Finally, students are expected to display: They are asked to exhibit information about the past.649

647 Jan Klabbers, Mortimer Sellers, The Internationalization of law and legal education, Springer, 2008, p 30 648 Bhuvan Garg, Teaching of History, Rajat Publications, New Delhi, 2007, p.257

I think that the requirements in the examinations should not test the knowledge, but the competencies (approaching the issues, analyzing, synthesizing and solving the problems)

The teaching activities must be changed to satisfy the requirements of the exams for developing the competency The most important thing in studying history of law is to understand the rules affecting it Therefore it is very necessary to change our mind from ―learning to pass the examinations‖ to ―testing to learn more‖

The contents of the exams should be more interesting and practical As I mentioned above, it is necessary to renew our thinking, so that the students should become "historical actors" or "history makers" to explore historical knowledge It means the content of the exams should not be merely the requirement about knowledge, it should be combined with the testing about the competences of understanding, analyzing, synthesizing and solving the problems For examples, the question may be about the requirement of analyzing a problem of state and law in the past and the ideas of the students if it happens in the future

2 Changing our behavior to students: They are considered as customers

Today, students have the right to choose modules Otherwise they have the right to choose lecturers and to assess the quality of lectures It is no longer the time when teachers are always right or the teachers are the ones who deliver the knowledge The source of information was in the past only from the teachers Now it has changed rapidly, the students can get knowledge from many other sources

The slogan "Students are regarded as center" does not mean that the role of the teachers is not important anymore, but in the fact the requirement for the teachers must be higher to sastify the demands of the society They must have the abilities of organizing, orienting all activities of the students and assist them to study best

Students have now more chances to access to many sources of information, a plenty of materials Especially if they are hard-working and have good foreign language ability, they can access and even know much more information than the teachers If the lecturers don‘t work hard and update knowledge, they will easily be outdated in his own professional problem

Teachers need to be constantly trained and practiced, fully equipped with teaching facilities and conditions so that they can ensure to implement the teaching activities

To be suitable to the trend of innovation today, the teachers are not the persons who impose the knowledge They are the ones who help the students to learn how to learn by themselves, how to approach and solve legal problems, how to analyze and synthesize the knowledge The teachers must take care of their students as customers and therefore pay attention to the quality of lectures to sastify the demands of the students

3 Acceptance of the equal competition to other modules: by self-renewal

other modules First of all we should change the teaching content Secondly, we should devide this module into many concrete parts suitable to demands of different students We should design the model of different issues, but there is no change of the nature of the historical structure

For example, the students will study the optical historical issues suitable to their study goals like history of public law, international law, business law, criminal law, civil law etc…We can design the program with the general and particular parts The general part includes the knowledge relating to the fundamental issues of legal history, and the particular one relating to the specific issues directly serving the concrete demands of students according to their studying fields The teachers must changr not only the teaching content, but also the teaching methods and methods of testing and evaluating modules

4 Mobilization of the support of the training institution: by quality, innovation and increace the practical character of this module

History of State and law is an obligatory module in the credit training programs for legal students at the School of Law, Vietnam National University Hanoi, including law, business law, and other new legal disciplines)

In fact, leaders of legal training units like School of law are not only facing to the competitive pressure between training institutions, but also the demand of lengthening the specialized modules

The duration of teaching History of state and law is now in danger of reducing to increase the duration for specialized modules and modules of skills

I myself think that all lecturers have to convince the training units and even fight for the maintenance of the History of state and law module in legal training institutions

School of law and other Universities of law are academic, not vocational training institutions Goal of training at the University level is academic If the module ―History of state of law‖ is deleted, the students – the young generation of our country – will be at risk of forgetting history of the nation and their origins Therefore they will surely not understand anything about the origin of the law before studying other modules Students will only grasp ―the top‖, but not ―the root‖ Once the roots are not stable, the tops will be also difficult to sustain If history of state and law is not considered as an important part of training program, it is definitely in my opinion a serious mistake and nothing c an be fixed or corrected for the future

5 Spreading the spirit, meaningfulness, importance of history of state and law to students and society

In order to spread the spirit of this module, it is necessary to connect the knowledge to the praxis in this module It is necessary to diversify types of practice for students to experience, through various forms of education such as group / individual activities, self-study, field work, study through the project, participating in projects, visiting heritage and museum

The history of the state and law module promotes the positive affect to society when it is re-considered that: this is a module which not only equips students with knowledge, but also focuses on training the ability to solve problems associating with situations of life, and promotes the ability of applying historical experiences into practice as well It is important for the students to understand that: History of state and law has a close connection to the present In order to find solutions to the current legal issues, it is extremely necessary to learn lessons from the past to understand the values, the rules from the past

Finally without the change of evaluation method the renovation is not successful The students must have the right to evaluate the necessity of this module, not the the lecturers or the training institutions There is no reason to delete a module that is highly evaluated and appreciated by learners In opposition to that, they should focus on developing and investing in it

In conclusion, It is necessary to have a long-term strategy for the renovation of the history of state and the law module and determination from the faculty members of law training institutions It is necessary to innovate the way of teaching, learning and evaluating towards capacity building; changing behaviors with learners, considering learners as customers; accept competition with other modules by self-renewal; mobilize and enlist the support of training institutions and spread the spirit, meaning, importance of state history and law to learners and society

REFERENCES

1 Bhuvan Garg, Teaching of History, Rajat Publications, New Delhi, 2007

2 Jan Klabbers, Mortimer Sellers, The Internationalization of law and legal education, Springer, 2008

3 Gerald F Hess, Steven Friedland, Techniques for Teaching Law, Carolina Academic Press, 1999