Tài Liệu [Anh].No1

CẨM NANG CẨM NANG ÔN TẬP THI TỐT NGHIỆP ÔN TẬP THI TỐT NGHIỆP Name : ----------------------------------------- Structures Examples 1. Mất bao nhiêu thời gian để … : It + Takes / Took + Object +Time+ To Infinitive . S + spend / spent + time + V-ing 2.The extra object “It” : S + V + It + Adj / Noun / Noun Phrase + To Infinitive . Verbs : think , made , find , feel , believe , consider , prove… 3. Clauses and phrases of purpose : Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ mục đích. @ Phrases of Purpose : cụm từ 3.1  Main clause + To / So as to / In order to + Verb ( bare infinitive ). 3.2 Main clause + Not to / So as not to / In order not to + Verb ( bare infinitive ). 3.3  Main clause + In order [ for + Object ]+ ( not ) to infinitive . ( Khác chủ ngữ ) @ Clauses of Purpose : mệnh đề can / could 3.4 Main clause + so that / in order that + S + (not)+Verb (bare infinitive). will / would 4. Clauses and phrases of result : Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ kết quả. 4.1 @ Clauses of result : * S + V + So + Adj / Adv + That + Clause.( S+ can / could + (not) +Verb ( bare infinitive) ) * S + V + Such + (A /An) + Adj + Noun + That + Clause. 4.2 @ Phrases of result : * S + V + Too + Adj / Adv + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive . 1. Eg : She walks to school in thirty minutes. It takes her thirty minutes to walk to school.  She spends thirty minutes walking to school. 2. Eg : Translating into Vietnamese is a good method . I think It a good method to translate into Vietnamese. 3. Eg : 3.4@Banks are developed so that they can keep people’s money safe. 3.1 To keep people’s money safe , Banks are developed . 3.4@The farmer built a high wall around the garden in order that the fruits would not be stolen. 3.3 In order for the fruits not to be stolen , The farmer built a high wall around the garden. 3.2@My father drove carefully in order not to cause accidents. 3.4 My father drove carefully so that he would not cause accidents. Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ mục đích có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính . 4. Eg : @The exercises were so difficult that the students can’t finish them.  They were such difficult exercises that the students can’t finish them.  The exercises were too difficult for the students to finish them.  The exercises were not easy enough for the students to finish them. @The tea was too hot for him to drink .  The tea was so hot that he could not drink it.  It was such hot tea that he could not drink it.  The tea was not cold enough for him to drink. * S + V + Adj / Adv + Enough + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive . ( Xem thêm phần bổ xung trang 10 ) 5. Wish Clauses : Mệnh đề ao ước. 5.1 @Future wish : S + wish + S + would / could + Verb ( bare inf ) . 5.2 @ Present wish : S + wish + S + were (not) / Verb (cột 2 / ed) / didn’t verb (bare infinitive) . 5.3 @ Past wish : S + wish + S + Had (not) + Verb (pp) . 6. Clauses and phrases of reason /concession : Mệnh đề&cụm từ chỉ lí do/ sự nhượng bộ  Because / although / though …  Because of / In spite of / despite 6.1 S + be + adj Possessive + noun 6.2 The / possessive +N+ be + adj The / possessive + adj + N 6.3 S + V (tenses ) + … ( Possessive ) + ( not ) + V-ing @Nếu 2 mệnh đề nối với nhau bằng “BUT” . Khi viết lại câu với Although / though , ta chỉ cần bỏ “BUT” rồi đưa although / though vào mệnh đề đầu. ( Xem thêm phần bổ xung trang 9 ) 7. Comparision of Adjectives and Adverbs : Câu so sánh 7.1 @ Equal Comparisions : S + V + as / so + adj / adv + as + noun / pronoun. 7.2 @ Unequal Comparisions : Short adj / adv + er S + V + + than + noun / pronoun. More + long adj / adv 5. Eg : 5.1 I can’t speak English fluently . I wish I could speak English fluently 5.2 My friends don’t take part in the game. I wish my friend took part in the game. 5.3 I didn’t know that Alice was ill. I wish I had known that Alice was ill. 6. Eg : 6.1 Because he is lazy , he often gets bad marks .  Because of his laziness , he often gets bad marks . 6.2 Because the husbands were absent ,women went to work in factories. Because of the absent husbands ,women went to work in factories. Because of the husbands’ absence , women went to work in factories. 6.3 Although she didn’t ask him , he helped her.  In spite of her not asking him , he helped her. @ It was raining heavily , but the boys were playing football. Although/though It was raining heavily,the boys were playing football. 7. Eg : @Mary is certainly more intelligent than her sister . Mary’s sister is certainly not so intelligent as Mary / her. @You don’t speak English as fluently as she . She speaks English more fluently than you (do). @Today is not sunny as yesterday . Yesterday is sunnier than today. @I know him better than you . You don’t know him so well as me. @Nobody in the team plays football so well as Tom. Tom is the best football player in the team. @The sooner you leave , the earlier you will arrive. The hotter it is , the more miserable I feel. Notes : 1. Good / well better  the best 2. Bad / badly worse  the worst 3. Many / much more  the most 4. Little less  the least 7.3 @ Superlatives : Short adj / adv + EST S + V + the + + ( prepositional phrase ) Most + long adj / adv 7.4 @ Double comparations: so sánh kép : Càng … càng °The + short adj / adv + er + S + V , The + short adj / adv + er + S + V. °The more + long adj / adv + S + V , The more + long adj / adv + S + V. 8. Reported speech : Câu tường thuật 8.1 @Commands : (+) : S + asked / told + O + To Infinitive + O… (_) : S + asked / told + O + Not to Infinitive … 8.2 @Statements : S + told / said to + O + S + V ( lùi thì ) … 8.3 @Questions : 1° Yes / no questions : wanted to know S + asked + O + If/Whether + S + V ( lùi thì ) … wondered 2° Wh _ questions : wanted to know S + asked / told + O + Wh+ S + V ( lùi thì ) … wondered Notes : Khi gặp câu đk loại 2 & 3 , câu có thời gian xác đònh cụ thể không lùi thì . 9. Đổi thì khi viết câu : 9.1 @ Started/Began+to inf/V-ing+time ago. Has/have+V(3/ed) +since/for+time. Has/have+been+V- ing+since/for+time. 9.2 @ S + has / have + not + V ( 3 / ed ) +(O)+ since / for + time.  S + last + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + time ago. 5. Far further/farther (KC)  the further/farther (KC) 8. Eg : 8.1 @“Hurry up , Lan” He told Lan To hurry up. 8.1 @“Don’t leave the room” He ordered them Not to leave the room. 8.1 @"Be modest if you are a good pupil”,said my father. My father told me to be modest if I was a good pupil. 8.2 @"I ‘ll take these with me”,he said. He said he would take those with him. 8.3 @"Did you phone me yesterday ?”Peter asked Mary. Peter asked Mary If/Whether she had phoned her the day before / the previous day. 8.3 @The teacher asked “Which book are you taking , John?”. The teacher wanted to know which book John was taking . Thay đổi trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn và thời gian cho phù hợp.  This  That  These  Those  Here  There  Now  Then  Today  That day  Ago  Before  Tonight  That night  Yesterday  The day before / The previous day  Tomorrow  The day after / The following day  Next week  The week after / The following week 9. Eg : 9.1 I started studying English six years ago.  I have ……………………………………………………………………… 9.2 They have not gone on a picnic for many months.  They last …………………………………………… 9.3 She has never seen him before.  It is the …………………………………………………………………………………… 9.2 The last time I met him was two weeks ago .  I …………………………………………………………………… 9.4 I have never heard such a beatiful song before.  This is ………………………… Trang 2 10. Eg: He gets up early in the morning and he is used to it .  It ‘s + time + since + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O).  The last time + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + was + time ago. 9.3 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + O + before. This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + O. 9.4 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N + before. This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N. This / It is the most + long adj + N + S + has / have + ever + V ( 3 / ed ) . the short adj + EST + N + S + has / have + ever + V ( 3 / ed ) . 10. Các cấu trúc liên quan đến “USE” : 10.1 @Be used to / get used to + V-ing / Noun : Quen với 10.2 @Be used to + V (bare inf) / Be used for + V-ing : Được dùng để 10.3 @Used to + V (bare inf) : Đã từng 10.4 @Use sth up / Be used up : Sử dụng / được sử dụng hết 10.5 @Use sth + To infinitive : Sử dụng để 11. Inversion : Cấu trúc đảo ngữ. Khi các trạng từ mang nghóa phủ đònh ( Seldom , Rarely , Never , No sooner , Hardly , Not until , No longer … ) được đặt ở đầu câu. Phải đảo ngữ trợ từ. 12. Subject and Verb agreement : Hòa hợp chủ ngữ & động từ 12.1  Singular subjects  Singular verbs : chủ ngữ số ít  đ.từ số ít  Plural subjects  Plural verbs : chủ ngữ số nhiều  đ.từ số nhiều 12.2 @ Chủ ngữ số ít : 10.1  He is used to getting up in the morning. Originally, tennis was an indoor game. 10.3  Tennis used to be an indoor game. English coversation in class. 10.1  Those students are used to English coversation in class. People use gold for guaranteeing the value of the paper money. 10.2  Gold is used for guaranteeing the value of the paper money. 10.4  Some people believed that the world’s resources could be used up. 10.5  We can use this knife to cut … 11. Eg : I seldom come there at night. Seldom do I come there at night . People didn’t discover Aids until 1981. Not until 1981 did people discover Aids. We have never seen such a wonderful sight before. Never have we seen such a wonderful sight before. She had not gone to bed until her father got home from work. Not until her father got home from work had she gone to bed. 12. Eg : 1. A box of cigarettes (contain) ---------- 20 pipes. 2. There (be) ---------- very few cultural activites here. 3. My trousers (be) ---------- too long. 4. None of the students (finish) ---------- the exam yet. 5. Physics (study) ---------- mechanics,heat,light,sound and electricity. 6. That you like the food I cook (encourage) ---------- me very much. 7. A number of the students (fail) ---------- in the exam. 8. The United States (have) ---------- the population of 250 million. 9. Collecting stamps (be) ---------- my brother’s hobby. 10. The singer , along with her manager (be) ---------- going to the party tonight. 11. Cattle (be) ---------- allowed to graze on the village common. 12. Two years (be) ---------- a long time to be without a job. 13. Neither his parents nor his teacher (be) ---------- satisfied with his result. 14. Three miles (be) ---------- too much to run in a day.  Các danh từ chỉ : tiền , khoảng cách , thời gian , bệnh tật ( measles ,mumps ,rickets…) , môn học ( physics , mathematics , economics , politics , statistics ,linguistics , athletics …) , danh từ riêng (Athens, the Philippines, Wales , the United Nations , the United States, Brussels …) ,tựa đề của sách/truyện ( TOM and JERRY ) ,các danh từ không đếm được , V- ing / To infinitive phrases , mệnh đề , Each / every… / no… / one … Động từ chia số ít : is , was , has , does not , V s/es. 12.3 @ Chủ ngữ số nhiều :  Các danh từ tận cùng bằng“S”(trừ những trường hợp trên ) : clothes-trousers- jeans… , the+Adj (the deaf ,the rich , the poor …) , People / police / poultry / cattle / team / staff / chilren / women / public / audience … , Both / many / several / few / some / a large number - a mount of … Động từ chia số nhiều : are , were , have , do not , V (inf.) 12.4 @ Các trường hợp dùng từ nối :  Either or Neither + S 1 + nor + S 2 V depends on S 2 Not only but also  S 1 + with / together with + S 2 V depends on S 1 as well as / along with  S 1 + in / on / of + S 2 V depends on S 1  A number of + Noun  Plural verb The number of + Noun  Singular verb  There + be + Noun  Be phụ thuộc vào Noun  All / some / none / plenty / half / most / the rest / a lot / lots + of + Plural noun  Plural verb All / some / none / plenty / half / most / the rest / a lot / lots + of + Singular noun  Singular verb 13. Active and passive voice : 15. Writing letter (make) ---------- her happy. 16. “Romeo and Juliet” (be) ---------- shown at Dong Khoi Cinema last month. 17. Not only my brother but also my sisters (be) ---------- here. 18. Nobody (have) ---------- cleaned the floor for months. 19. The production of dyes,perfumes and explosives (have) ----- made a lot of progress. 20. Every boy and girl in this room (know) ---------- the answer. 21. The news that I listened to on the radio last night (be) ---------- very interesting. 13. Eg : @ People speak Enghish all over the world.  Enghish is spoken all over the world. @ Is she making a new dress for her mother ?  Is a new dress being made for her mother ? @ The boys broke the window and took away some pictures .  The window was broken and somes pictures were taken away by the boys . @ You must clean the wall before you paint it .  The wall must be cleaned before it is painted . Eg: 13.1& 13.2 He can’t see anything. --> Nothing can be seen ( by him ) . Eg: 13.3 John gave me a present. --> I was given a present by John . --> A present was given for me by John. Eg: 13.4 Alice saw Ann last week. --> Ann was seen by Alice last week. Mr Smith found the boy in the park. --> The boy was found in the park by Mr Smith. Câu bò động Tenses Active  Passive 1. Simple present 2. Simple past ° S + V ( s/es ) + O ° S + V ( 2 / ed ) + O ° S + am / is / are + V ( pp ) ° S + was / were + V ( pp ) 3. Present continuous 4. Past continuous ° S + AM / IS / ARE + V- ing ° S + WAS / WERE + V- ing ° S+Am/Is/Are + Being +V ( pp ) ° S+Was/Were + Being +V ( pp ) 5. Present/past perfect ° S + HAS / HAVE + V ( pp ) HAD ° S+ Has / Have + Been+ V ( pp ) Had 6. Modal verbs ° S + MODAL + V ( bare inf ) ° S + MODAL + Be +V ( pp ) Modals : can,could,will,would,shall,should,may,might,must,used to,have to,has to,had to… 13.1 Chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là :I,we,you,he,she,it,they,people,someone,somebody… Khi đổi sang câu bò động là: by me,us,you,him,her,it,them,people,somebody….thì bỏ đi. 13.2 Chủ ngữ câu chủ động là anybody , anyone , anything … khi đổi sang câu bò động phải chuyển thành nobody , no one , nothing … và chuyển động từ sang ngược thể . 13.3 Nếu trong câu chủ động có 2 tân ngữ, một trong 2 tân ngữ có thể làm chủ ngữ trong câu bò động. 13.4 By + O đứng trước trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và đứng sau trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn trong câu bò động . 13.5 Nếu tân ngữ trong câu bò động chỉ sự vật , sự việc thì dùng giới từ “with” thay cho “by” trước tân ngữ đó . 13.6  Dạng nhờ bảo ( Causative forms ) : Active : S + have + O ( người ) + bare infinitive + O ( vật ). S + get + O ( người ) + to infinitive + O ( vật ). Passive :  S + have / get + O ( vật ) + V (pp) + by O (người). Eg :13.5 Smoke filled the room --> The room was filled with smoke . Eg : 13.6 I had him repair my bicycle yesterday. --> I had my bicycle repaired ( by him ) yesterday. Eg : 13.6 I get her to make some coffee. --> I get some coffee made ( by her ). 14. Eg : 1. I don’t know the reason . She left school fot it.  I don’t know the reason ( for Which ) ……………………. she left school . 2. This is the house . We often stay in this house in the summer.  This is the house ( in WHICH ) ……………………. we often stay in the summer . 3. Can you arrange the time ? We can have another discussion at that time.  Can you arrange the time ( at WHICH ) …………………. we can have another discussion ? 4. The man is my father . I respect his opinion best.  The man ……………………. opinion I respect most is my father . 5. The taxi driver is friendly . He took me to yhe airport.  The taxi driver ……………………. took me to the airport is friendly . 6. Mary and Margaret are twins . You met them yesterday.  Mary and Margaret , ……………………. you met yesterday , are twins . 7. I look at the moon . It was very bright that evening.  I look at the moon ……………………. was very bright that evening . 9. That is the man to ……………………. I spoke this morning. Trang 4 15. Eg :  If you are not careful , you will cut yourself with that knife.  If I knew the answer , I would tell you .  If we had had a map , we would not have got lost . 1.  If you had learnt / learned hard , you wouldn’t have failed the exam last year .  Had you learnt / learned hard , you wouldn’t have failed the exam 14. Relative clauses : Mệnh đề liên hệ 14.1 @ WHO : used for people ( Subject )  WHO + Verb 14.2 @ WHOM : used for people ( Object )  WHOM + S + Verb him,her,them,you,us,me… 14.3 @ WHOSE : used to show possession  WHOSE + Noun his,her,their,your,our,my… 14.4 @ WHICH : used for things ( Subject / Object )  WHICH + ( S ) + Verb 14.5 @ WHERE : used to modify a place  At / In / On + WHICH , there 14.6 @ WHEN : used to modify a noun of time  At / In / On + WHICH , then 14.7 @ WHY : used to introduce a reason  The reason , for the reason Notes :1. Nếu có các cụm từ : Neither of them ,All of them ,Some of them , Any of them …  Neither of / All of / Some of / Any of … + which / whom 2. Chỉ sử dụng WHOM or WHICH sau các giới từ. 3. Không được dùng THAT trong mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn. (có dấu phẩy ) 15. Conditional clauses : If clauses Main clauses  Real condition : Có thật S + V(s/es) / am,is,are S + will/shall/can/may (not) + V(bare inf)  Present unreal condition : Không thật ở hiện tại S + V(2/ed) / were(not) S + would/could/should/might (not) + V(bare inf) Didn’t + V(bare inf) last year . 2.  If she does not water these trees , they will die .  Unless she waters these trees , they will die . If we had more rain , our crops would grow faster.  Unless we had more rain , our crops would not grow faster. 3.  Be calm , or you will make a wrong decision.  If you are not calm , you will make a wrong decision. Without the sun , man would live in the darkness.  If there were not the sun , man would live in the darkness.  as if / as though : dường như S + V + as if / as though + S + V 2 hay had +V 3/ed Ex: She talked as if she were my mother. She talked as though she had just met a ghost. - give up: stop doing / having sth: ngưng, từ bỏ - glance at sb/ sth: take a quick look at: liếc nhìn - go away: đđi khỏi - go by : trôi qua ( time ) - go off: nổ ( bomb ), bắn ( gun), reo ( clock ) - go on: continue : tiếp tục - go out: stop burning/ shining: tắt - grown up: become an adult - hold up : làm trở ngại - hurry up: làm nhanh - invite sb to/ for sth: mời - jot down = note down : ghi tom tat - keep on = continue : tiep tuc - keep up : giữ vững duy trì, tiếp tục - laugh at sb/ sth: cười, trêu chọc, chế nhạo - leave somewhere for. . .: rời - talk to / with sb about/ of sb/ sth: nói, bàn, thảo luận - throw sth at sb/ sth: ném, chọi vào - throw away: discard vứt, ném, liệng - throw sth to sb: chuyền - try out : test : thử nghiệm - turn down: giam, khong chap nhan - take off : cất cánh, cởi ra - turn off: switch off : tắt (đèn, quạt. ), shut off - turn on: switch on: mở (đèn, quạt . . ) - turn round: quay lại - turn up : mo lon, đđến - wash up: wash the  Past unreal condition : Không thật ở quá khứ S + had (not ) + V(3/ed) S + would/could/should/might (not) + have + V(3/ed) Notes : 1. Đối với câu điều kiện loại 2 (were) hoặc loại 3 ( had+V 3/ed ) , ta có thể đảo ngữ và bỏ “IF”. 2.  Unless = If … not : If clauses  Unless Thể phủ đònh  khẳng đònh ( mệnh đề chính không đổi ) Thể khẳng đònh  khẳng đònh (đổi động từ trong mệnh đề chính sang ngược thể ) 3.  V (bare inf) + O + or + Clause  If + Clause ( phủ đònh ) , Clause Clause + by + V-ing  If + Clause ( khẳng đònh ) , Clause Without + N / N phrase ,Clause  If there be not + N / N phrase ,Clause 16. Phrasal Verbs : Cụm động từ - apply to sb for sth: nộp đđơn đđến. . . xin. . . - ask sb for sth: hỏi xin ai/ yêu cầu ai về - take after: resemble: trông giống như - call back: gọi lại - call up : goi dien - catch up ( with) :đđuổi kịp, bắt kịp - come up : xay ra, phat sinh - cool off: nguội lạnh đđi, giảm đđi ( nhiệt tình) - discuss sth with sb = have a discussion about sth: thảo luận về - drop in: ghe tham - explain sth to sb: giải thích - fall behind: bị tụt đđằng sau - fill in : đđiền vào ( mẫu đđơn) - fill up: do day - find out: discover information - get along (with): have a good relation ship with - get in / on : enter a car/ taxi. . .buoc len - get over : recover : bình phục - get off: leave a bus/ train. . . buoc xuong - listen to sb/ sth: lắng dishes: rửa chén - watch out (for): be careful - write to sb: viết thư gởi ai - put on: dress yourself in sth: mặc vào - put off = call of : postpone - run into = come across : tinh co gap - speak up : nói to lên - search sb/ sth for sb/ sth: khám, xét, tìm - sit down: ngồi xuống - speak to/ with sb about/ of sb/ sth: nói với ai về  Lose track of : ………………………………………  Give place to : ………………………………………  Give way to : ………………………………………  Put a stop to : ………………………………………  Pay attention to : ………………………………………  Put an end to : ………………………………………  Lose touch with : ………………………………………  Make room for : ………………………………………  Make a fuss over / about : ………………………………………  Make allowance for : ………………………………………  Keep pace with : ………………………………………  With To : acceptable , accustomed , agreable , contrary , harmful , kind , likely , lucky , open , pleasant, important , similar. …… + TO  With Of : afraid , ahead , aware , capable , confident , full…… + OF  With For : difficult , late , useful , perfect , available. … + FOR  With About : sad , confused , serious … + ABOUT 19. Eg : 1 As time go --------- , my memory seems to get worse. 2 He went --------- the burglars. 3 We are going --------- for a few days for the holiday. 4 The price of petrol is going -------- because the cost of the exploitation is too high. 5 Go --------- your composition carefully before you hand it in. 6 The dog wanted to go --------- toward the fire. 7 Despite the bad weather , the picnic will go ---------. nghe - get through (with): ket thuc - get up: thc dy - give back: tra lai - give in: nhng b, chu thua - lie down: nm xung( ủ ngh ngi) - leave out : omit - look after = take care of = to care for : chm soực, troõng nom - look out (for): be careful - look sth up: tra cu - make up : invent a story:ba ra - make up of : chiem, tao thanh - make use of : su dung - pay back: tra lai - pick up : nhat, don - point at/ to sb/ sth: ch - put away: dat cho khac - put back: dat tro lai 17. Verb + Noun phrase + Preposition : Catch sight of : Lose sight of : Make fun of : Make use of : Set fire to : Take account of : Take care of : . Take notice of : Take advantage of : Take note of : 18. Prepositions following adjectives : Caực giụựi tửứ theo sau tớnh tửứ With At : clever , present , quick , skilful. + AT With With : acquainted , crowded , friendly , popular. +WITH With In : interested , rich , successful + IN With From : absent , different , safe + FROM 19. Two word verbs with GO : Go over : look at sth carefully , inspect sth. Go out : stop burning , be extinguished. Go on : take place,happen. continue without changing. continue speaking,after a short pause. 8 The gun went -------- by accident. 9 The fire has gone --------- . 10 The alarm clock went --------- at five olock. 11 There was a power failure and all the lights went ---------. 12 The bomb went --------- in a crowded street. 13 Tom is a very studious pupil.He always goes --------- all his leson every day. 14 Why dont you go --------- working.The examination has drawn near. 20. Examples : In 1994 , In the nineteenth century , In the morning , In the 1970s , In summer , In November At 7.00 , At midnight , At Christmas , At Easter , At the weekend On 19 July , On Monday , On Sunday evening , On my birthday , On Christmas Day 21. Eg : I have lived here for 2 years / since 1991. Complete the phrases with For or Since : ______ 1984 ______ two oclock ______ ten years ______ then ______ a long time ______ Wednesday ______ hours ______ my birthday ______ last week 22.2 -S / -ES: a, We pronounce the final syllable as : s after / p , k , f , t , H / sounds. Eg: tapes , cakes , froofs , pets , months b, we pronounce the final syllable as : iz after / z , dZ , S , tS , s , ks / sounds. Eg: mazes-noses,oranges-bridges , dishes-crashes , matches-speches , buses- classes , taxes-boxes. c, Another sounds , we pronounce the final syllable as :z Eg: songs , tables , hands , lessons , dreams Exercises : baths windows knocks skirts names  Go off : be fired , explode.  Go by : ( of time ) pass.  Go back : return.  Go away : leave a place.  Go along : progress,develop.  Go ahead :  be carried out , take place.  begin to do sth without hesitation.  Go after : chase or pursue somebody.  Go up : (of prices) become higher.  Go down : (of prices) become lower. 20. Prepositions : In In , , At , At , On On  In is used with : years,centuries,parts of the day,decades,seasons,months.  At is used with : times,holidays,weekends.  On is used with : dates,days of the week,special days.  No preposition is used with : Expressions with Ago , Tonight , This morning … , tomorrow , tomorrow morning … , yesterday , yesterday morning … , last … , next … . 21. Since & For :  Since + a point in time. [ mốc thời gian ]  For + a period of time. [ khoảng thời gian ] 22. Pronunciation : 22.1  “-ED”: a,When the verbs ends in /t / or /d / sounds,we pronounce the final syllable as:“id” Eg: needed , wanted , decided , posted , added , waited , included , provided … b, After / s , S , tS , k , p , f, x / sounds , we pronounce the final syllable as :“t” Eg: stopped,cooked, missed , laughed , pushed , wacthed , packed , washed , boxed c, Another sounds , we pronounce the final syllable as :“d”  masses  pages  spoons  depths  matches  noises  bells  babies  thiefs  potatoes  Verbs followed by Gerund: Theo sau bởi động từ V-ing  Verbs followed by Either the Infinitive or the Gerund : cả hai hình thức 1. Enjoy : thích 2. Avoid : tránh 3. Be Worth : đáng 4. Mind : làm phiền / ngại 5. Postpone / Delay : trì hoãn 6. Miss : lỡ / nhỡ 7. Be Busy : bận 8. It’s no use / good : chẳng có ích/ lợi 9. Hate = Detest : ghét 10. Can’t Bear / Stand : k o thể chòu được 11. Have fun / a good time 12. Consider : xem / coi như 13. Keep : giữ / vẫn 14. Be Accustomed To : quen với 15. Practice : luyện tập 16. Look forward to : mong chờ 17. Get used to / Be used to : quen với 18. Suggest : đề nghò 19. Forgive : tha thứ 20. Quit : thôi / ngừng 21. Discuss : thảo luận 22. Help / can’t help : có thể nhòn 23. Admit : thừa nhận 24. Recollect : hồi tưởng 25. Appreciate : thưởng thức 26. Resist : chòu đựng 27. Tolerate : tha thứ 28. Recall : nhớ lại 29. Mention : đề cập / nói đến 30. Have difficulty : gặp khó khăn 31. Waste : lãng phí 32. Complete : hoàn tất / thành 33. Deny : từ chối 34. Recommend : khuyên 35. Understand : hiểu / biết 36. Resent : không bằng lòng 37. Risk : mạo hiểm 38. Sau giới từ / mạo từ / tình từ sở hữu @Chú ý:  The verbs may be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund with little or no difference in meaning : Finish / Start / Begin / Love / Prefer / Hate/ Dislike / Like / Continue / Can’t Bear / Can’t Stand