Preview chemistry chemical reactivity, 10th edition by john c kotz paul m treichel john townsend david treichel (2018)

Preview Chemistry Chemical Reactivity, 10th Edition by John C Kotz Paul M. Treichel John Townsend David Treichel (2018) Preview Chemistry Chemical Reactivity, 10th Edition by John C Kotz Paul M. Treichel John Townsend David Treichel (2018) Preview Chemistry Chemical Reactivity, 10th Edition by John C Kotz Paul M. Treichel John Townsend David Treichel (2018) Preview Chemistry Chemical Reactivity, 10th Edition by John C Kotz Paul M. Treichel John Townsend David Treichel (2018) Preview Chemistry Chemical Reactivity, 10th Edition by John C Kotz Paul M. Treichel John Townsend David Treichel (2018)

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 Periodic Table of the Elements Hydrogen H MAIN GROUP METALS 1.0079 1A (1) 2A (2) Lithium Beryllium Li TRANSITION METALS Uranium 92 U METALLOIDS Be 6.941 9.0122 Sodium Magnesium 12 11 Na Mg 3B (3) 4B (4) 5B (5) 6B (6) 7B (7) 22.9898 24.3050 Potassium 19 Calcium 20 Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese 22 23 24 25 21 39.0983 40.078 44.9559 K Ca Rubidium Strontium 37 38 Rb Sr Sc Yttrium 39 Ti 47.867 V 50.9415 Cr 51.9961 Mn 54.9380 Y Zr Nb Hf Ta Tc W Re 132.9055 Francium 87 137.327 138.9055 178.49 180.9479 183.84 186.207 Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium 105 107 88 104 106 89 Fr Ra 88.9059 91.224 92.9064 Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum 57 72 73 Mo 87.62 Barium 56 Ba La Ac (223.02) (226.0254) (227.0278) Note: Atomic masses are IUPAC values (up to four decimal places) Numbers in parentheses are atomic masses or mass numbers of the most stable isotope of an element Atomic weight 8B (8) (9) (10) Iron 26 Cobalt 27 Nickel 28 55.845 58.9332 58.6934 Fe Co Ni Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium 45 40 41 42 43 44 46 85.4678 Cesium 55 Cs Symbol 238.0289 NONMETALS Atomic number Rf (265) Lanthanides Actinides Db (268) 95.96 (97.907) Tungsten Rhenium 75 74 Sg (271) Bh (270) Ru 101.07 Osmium 76 Os Rh Pd Ir Pt 102.9055 106.42 Iridium Platinum 77 78 190.23 192.22 195.084 Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium 108 109 110 Hs (277) Mt (276) Ds (281) Cerium 58 Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium 59 60 61 63 62 140.116 140.9076 Ce Pr Nd 144.242 Pm (144.91) Sm 150.36 Eu 151.964 Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium 92 94 90 93 95 91 Th Pa U Np Pu Am 232.0381 231.0359 238.0289 (237.0482) (244.664) (243.061) For the latest information see: http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AtWt/ Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 8A (18) Helium 4A (14) 5A (15) 6A (16) 7A (17) 4.0026 He hydrogen atoms Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon 10 oxygen atoms 10.811 Aluminum 13 12.011 Silicon 14 14.0067 15.9994 Phosphorus Sulfur 15 16 18.9984 Chlorine 17 20.1797 Argon 18 Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar 1B (11) 2B (12) 26.9815 28.0855 30.9738 32.066 35.4527 39.948 Copper 29 Zinc 30 Gallium 31 Germanium 32 Arsenic 33 Selenium 34 Bromine 35 Krypton 36 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.63 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.798 Silver 47 Cadmium 48 Indium 49 Tin 50 Iodine 53 Xenon 54 107.8682 Gold 79 112.411 Mercury 80 114.818 Thallium 81 Zn Ag Au Cd Hg carbon atoms 3A (13) B Cu Standard Colors for Atoms in Molecular Models Ga In Tl Ge Sn 118.710 Lead 82 Pb As Se Antimony Tellurium 51 52 Sb 121.760 Bismuth 83 Bi Te Br I 127.60 126.9045 Polonium Astatine 85 84 Po At nitrogen atoms chlorine atoms Kr Xe 131.293 Radon 86 Rn 207.2 208.9804 (208.98) (209.99) (222.02) 196.9666 200.59 204.3833 Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Rg (280) Cn (285) Nh (286) Fl (289) Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium 66 67 65 64 Gd Tb Dy Ho Ts Og Erbium 68 Thulium 69 Ytterbium Lutetium 71 70 167.26 168.9342 173.045 174.9668 Er Tm (293) Yb (294) Lu 158.9254 Curium 96 Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium 97 100 98 99 101 102 103 Cm Bk Cf 164.9303 Lv (292) 157.25 (247.07) (247.07) 162.50 Mc (289) Es (251.08) (252.08) Fm Md (257.10) (258.10) No Lr (259.10) (262.11) Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 10th Edition Chemistry & Chemical Reactivit y John C Kotz State University of New York College at Oneonta Paul M Treichel University of Wisconsin–Madison John R Townsend West Chester University of Pennsylvania David A Treichel Nebraska Wesleyan University Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it This is an electronic version of the print textbook Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, Tenth Edition John C Kotz, Paul M Treichel, John R Townsend, and David A Treichel Product Director: Dawn Giovanniello Product Manager: Lisa Lockwood Content Developer: Peter McGahey © 2019, 2015 Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher Product Assistant: Nellie Mitchell For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Marketing Manager: Janet Del Mundo Content Project Manager: Teresa L Trego For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Digital Content Specialist: Alexandra Kaplan Art Director: Sarah B Cole Manufacturing Planner: Rebecca Cross Intellectual Property Analyst: Christine Myaskovsky Library of Congress Control Number: 2017945488 Intellectual Property Project Manager: Erika Mugavin Student Edition: ISBN: 978-1-337-39907-4 Production Service and Composition: Graphic World, Inc Loose-leaf Edition: ISBN: 978-1-337-39921-0 Text/Cover Designer: The Delgado Group Cover Image Credit: © Kevin Schafer/ Minden Pictures Cengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan Locate your local office at www.cengage.com/global Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01  Print Year: 2017 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Contents PART ONE THE BASIC TOOLS OF CHEMISTRY PART FIVE THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS Basic Concepts of Chemistry  xxviii 20 Environmental Chemistry—Earth’s Environment, Energy, and Sustainability  916 21 The Chemistry of the Main Group Elements  958 22 The Chemistry of the Transition Elements  1020 23 Carbon: Not Just Another Element  1064 24 Biochemistry  1116 25 Nuclear Chemistry  1148 Let’s Review: The Tools of Quantitative Chemistry  28 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions  58 Chemical Reactions  122 Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information about Chemical Reactions  172 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Energy and Chemical Reactions  228 PART TWO ATOMS AND MOLECULES The Structure of Atoms  276 The Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends  310 Bonding and Molecular Structure  350 Bonding and Molecular Structure: Orbital Hybridization and Molecular Orbitals  412 PART THREE STATES OF MATTER 10 Gases and Their Properties  450 11 Intermolecular Forces and Liquids  490 12 The Solid State  526 13 Solutions and Their Behavior  564 PART FOUR THE CONTROL OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS 14 Chemical Kinetics: The Rates of Chemical Reactions 608 15 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Equilibria  670 16 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: The Chemistry of Acids and Bases  708 17 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Other Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria  760 18 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Entropy and Free Energy 814 19 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Electron Transfer Reactions 858 List of Appendices A Using Logarithms and Solving Quadratic Equations A-2 B Some Important Physical Concepts  A-6 C Abbreviations and Useful Conversion Factors  A-9 D Physical Constants  A-13 E A Brief Guide to Naming Organic Compounds A-15 F Values for the Ionization Energies and Electron Attachment Enthalpies of the Elements  A-18 G Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures A-19 H Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Acids at 25 °C A-20 I Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Bases at 25 °C A-22 J Solubility Product Constants for Some Inorganic Compounds at 25 °C  A-23 K Formation Constants for Some Complex Ions in Aqueous Solution at 25 °C  A-24 L Selected Thermodynamic Values  A-25 M Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25 °C  A-32 N Answers to Study Questions, Check Your Understanding, and Applying Chemical Principles Questions A-36 Index and Glossary  I-1 iii Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Contents Preface  xix L et’s Review: The Tools of Quantitative Chemistry  28 PART ONE THE BASIC TOOLS OF CHEMISTRY 1 Temperature Scales  29 Length, Volume, and Mass  31 Basic Concepts of Chemistry  xxviii 1.1 Chemistry and Its Methods  Energy Units  33 A Scientific Mystery: Ötzi the Iceman  Goals of Science  Standard Deviation  36 States of Matter and Kinetic-Molecular Theory  Matter at the Macroscopic and Particulate Levels  Significant Figures  38 Mixtures: Heterogeneous and Homogeneous  APPLYING CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 2: Ties in Swimming and Significant Figures  48 1.4 Elements  1.5 Compounds  10 1.6 Physical Properties  12 CHAPTER GOALS REVISITED 49 KEY EQUATIONS 49 Extensive and Intensive Properties  14 Conservation of Energy  18 APPLYING CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 1.1: CO2 in the Oceans  19 CHAPTER GOALS REVISITED 20 Problem Solving by Dimensional Analysis  43 Graphs and Graphing  44 Problem Solving and Chemical Arithmetic  45 APPLYING CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 1: Out of Gas!  47 Pure Substances  1.7 Physical and Chemical Changes  15 1.8 Energy: Some Basic Principles  17 Mathematics of Chemistry  37 Exponential or Scientific Notation  37 Dilemmas and Integrity in Science  1.2 Sustainability and Green Chemistry  1.3 Classifying Matter  A Closer Look: Energy and Food  34 Making Measurements: Precision, Accuracy, Experimental Error, and Standard Deviation  34 Experimental Error  35 Chemistry and Change  Hypotheses, Laws, and Theories  Units of Measurement  29 STUDY QUESTIONS 50 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions  58 2.1 Atomic Structure, Atomic Number, and Atomic Mass  59 KEY EQUATION 21 Atomic Structure  59 STUDY QUESTIONS 21 Atomic Number  60 Relative Atomic Mass  60 Mass Number  60 iv Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 2.2 Isotopes and Atomic Weight  62 APPLYING CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 2.3: Argon—An Amazing Discovery  103 Determining Atomic Mass and Isotope Abundance 62 CHAPTER GOALS REVISITED 104 Atomic Weight  63 2.3 Key Experiments: How Do We Know the Nature of the Atom and Its Components?  66 The Periodic Table  68 Features of the Periodic Table  68 A Brief Overview of the Periodic Table and the Chemical Elements  69 2.4 A Closer Look: Mendeleev and the Periodic Table 70 Molecules, Compounds, and Formulas  74 Formulas 75 Molecular Models  75 Naming Molecular Compounds  76 KEY EQUATIONS 106 STUDY QUESTIONS 106 3.1 Introduction to Chemical Equations  123 3.2 3.3 3.4 Ions 78 Formulas of Ionic Compounds  81 Names of Ions  83 Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Water  133 3.5 Precipitation Reactions  135 Net Ionic Equations  137 3.6 Acids and Bases  139 Acids and Bases: The Arrhenius Definition  140 Properties of Ionic Compounds  84 2.6 A Closer Look: Naming Common Acids  141 A Closer Look: Hydrated Ionic Compounds  85 Atoms, Molecules, and the Mole  86 Acids and Bases: The Brønsted–Lowry Definition 142 A Closer Look: Amedeo Avogadro and His Number  87 Reactions of Acids and Bases  144 A Closer Look: Sulfuric Acid  145 Atoms and Molar Mass  87 Molecules, Compounds, and Molar Mass  89 2.7 A Closer Look: The Mole, a Counting Unit  90 Chemical Analysis: Determining Compound Formulas  93 Oxides of Nonmetals and Metals  146 3.7 Gas-Forming Reactions  147 3.8 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions  149 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions and Electron Transfer 150 Percent Composition  93 Oxidation Numbers  151 Empirical and Molecular Formulas from Percent Composition 94 Recognizing Oxidation–Reduction Reactions  153 Determining a Formula from Mass Data  97 2.8 Instrumental Analysis: Determining Compound Formulas  99 A Closer Look: Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743–1794 124 Balancing Chemical Equations  125 Introduction to Chemical Equilibrium  128 Aqueous Solutions  131 Ions and Molecules in Aqueous Solutions  131 2.5 Ionic Compounds: Formulas, Names, and Properties  77 Chemical Reactions  122 3.9 A Closer Look: Are Oxidation Numbers “Real”? 153 Classifying Reactions in Aqueous Solution  155 Molar Mass and Isotopes in Mass Spectrometry  100 A Closer Look: Alternative Organizations of Reaction Types  156 APPLYING CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 2.1: Using Isotopes: Ötzi, the Iceman of the Alps  102 APPLYING CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 3.1: Superconductors 158 APPLYING CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 2.2: Arsenic, Medicine, and the Formula of Compound 606  103 APPLYING CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 3.2: Sequestering Carbon Dioxide  159 Determining a Formula by Mass Spectrometry  99 APPLYING CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 3.3: Black Smokers and Volcanoes  159 CHAPTER GOALS REVISITED 160 STUDY QUESTIONS 162 Contents v Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information about Chemical Reactions  172 4.1 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions: Stoichiometry  173 5.1 Energy: Some Basic Principles  229 Systems and Surroundings  230 4.2 Reactions in Which One Reactant Is Present in Directionality and Extent of Transfer of Heat: Thermal Equilibrium  230 Limited Supply  177 A Stoichiometry Calculation with a Limiting Reactant 177 5.2 Specific Heat Capacity: Heating and Cooling  231 4.3 Percent Yield  180 4.4 Chemical Equations and Chemical Analysis  183 A Closer Look: What is Heat?  233 Quantitative Aspects of Energy Transferred as Heat 234 Quantitative Analysis of a Mixture  183 Determining the Formula of a Compound by Combustion 185 4.5 Measuring Concentrations of Compounds in 5.3 Energy and Changes of State  236 5.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics  240 A Closer Look: P–V Work  242 Solution  188 Enthalpy 242 Solution Concentration: Molarity  188 Preparing Solutions of Known Concentration  191 4.6 4.7 4.8 A Closer Look: Serial Dilutions  193 pH, a Concentration Scale for Acids and Bases  194 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solution—Fundamentals  196 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solution—Titrations 198 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Energy and Chemical Reactions  228 State Functions  244 5.5 Enthalpy Changes for Chemical Reactions  245 5.6 Calorimetry 247 Constant-Pressure Calorimetry, Measuring ΔH 247 Constant-Volume Calorimetry, Measuring ΔU 249 5.7 Enthalpy Calculations  251 Hess’s Law  251 Energy Level Diagrams  252 Titration: A Method of Chemical Analysis  198 Standard Enthalpies of Formation  254 Standardizing an Acid or Base  200 Enthalpy Change for a Reaction  255 Determining Molar Mass by Titration  201 A Closer Look: Hess’s Law and Equation 5.6  256 Product- or Reactant-Favored Reactions and Thermodynamics  257 Titrations Using Oxidation–Reduction Reactions  202 4.9 Spectrophotometry 203 Transmittance, Absorbance, and the Beer– Lambert Law  204 5.8 Spectrophotometric Analysis  205 APPLYING CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 5.1: Gunpowder 258 APPLYING CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 4.1: Green Chemistry and Atom Economy  207 APPLYING CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 5.2: The Fuel Controversy—Alcohol and Gasoline  259 APPLYING CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 4.2: Forensic Chemistry—Food Tampering  208 CHAPTER GOALS REVISITED 260 APPLYING CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 4.3: How Much Salt is There in Seawater?  209 STUDY QUESTIONS 262 KEY EQUATIONS 261 APPLYING CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 4.4: The Martian  209 CHAPTER GOALS REVISITED 210 KEY EQUATIONS 211 STUDY QUESTIONS 212 vi Contents Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it ... THE CONTROL OF? ?CHEMICAL? ?REACTIONS 14 Chemical Kinetics: The Rates of Chemical Reactions 608 15 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Equilibria  670 16 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: The Chemistry. .. Chemistry? ?? 28 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions  58 Chemical Reactions  122 Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information about Chemical Reactions  172 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Energy and Chemical. .. Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Energy and Chemical Reactions  228 State Functions  244 5.5 Enthalpy Changes for Chemical Reactions  245 5.6 Calorimetry 247 Constant-Pressure Calorimetry, Measuring