Tài liệu cung cấp đến các em học sinh ôn luyện các kiến thức về ngữ âm, âm câm trong tiếng anh, cách đánh dấu trọng âm, chuyển đổi từ hiện tại hoàn thành sang quá khứ đơn và ngược lại; sự hòa hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ Subject and Verb agreement; trường hợp dùng động từ ở số nhiều; cách chuyển từ câu thường sang câu điều kiện...
ÔN THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH Topic 1: Pronunciation and stress NGỮ ÂM NGUYÊN ÂM: VOWEL a Nguyên âm đơn: (vowel) Có 12 nguyên âm: / i: / read, see, meet, meal / i / sit, six, hit /u: / too, two, pool, school / u / book, put, could / ǝ / ago, porter, apartment / ɜ / learn, first, word /ɔ: / saw, nor, sort / ɔ / not, hot, got / ʌ / but, umbrella, come / a: / part, arm, farm, car / e / men, hen, lend / ỉ / man, hat, batman b. Ngun âm đơi: (Diphthong) / iǝ / here, near, fear / ei / name, came, page / ʊǝ / tour, poor, jury / ɔi / boy, coin, enjoy / ǝʊ / go, cold, load / eǝ / wear, care, hair / ai / nice, fine, rice / aʊ / how, cow, house, now PHỤ ÂM (CONSONANT) / b / bus, but, band / p / put, pen, pitch / k / candy, cook, can / d / day, deep, dance / t / take, turtle, tornado / g / get, goal, goat, go / s / soon, sun, sound / z / rise, music, prize / ʃ / sugar, sure, chef / ʒ / measure, pleasure, vision / tʃ / question, chips, church / dʒ / joy, age, large / f / fine, laugh, enough / v / heavy, veal, move / w / win, whale, one / j / your, yet, use / h / head, who, hand / θ / thank, thin, teeth / ð / this, they, father / m / mother, my, mountain / n / nowadays, net, beneath / ŋ / sing, thank, thing / l / long, lie, lifelong / r / red, wrong, proud ÂM CÂM TRONG TIẾNG ANH ( phần 1) Âm B câm: Âm B là một âm câm khi nó đứng cuối từ và đứng trước nó là âm M climb [klaim] : leo trèo comb [koum] : cái lược Âm C câm: Âm C là một âm câm trong cụm "scle" ở cuối từ muscle ['mʌsl] : cơ bắp Âm D câm: Âm D là một âm câm khi nó đứng liền với âm N Wednesday ['wenzdei] : thứ 4 Âm E câm: Âm E là một âm câm khi đứng cuối từ hope [houp] : hi vọng write [rait] : viết Âm G câm: Âm G là một âm câm khi đứng trước âm N foreign ['fɔrin]: nước ngoài Âm GH câm: Âm GH là một âm câm khi đứng trước âm T hoặc đứng cuối từ daughter ['dɔ:tə] : con gái light [lait] : ánh sáng Âm K câm: Âm K là một âm câm khi đứng trước âm N ở đầu knife [naif] : con dao know [nou] : biết Âm H câm: Âm H là một âm câm khi đứng sau âm W. trừ Who/ Whom/ Whose what [wɔt] : cái gì when [wen] : khi nào where/why : ở đâu/tại sao Ngoại lệ: Một số từ bắt đầu bằng âm H câm sẽ được dùng với mạo từ “an”. hour ['auə] : giờ heir [eə] : người thừa kế CÁCH ĐÁNH DẤU TRỌNG ÂM 1. Những danh từ và tính từ có 2 âm tiết thì trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất Ex: kitchen, active… Những động từ có 2 âm tiết thì trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 trừ những âm có cách đọc ngắn như: er, el, ow, Ex: accept, begin… Trừ: clever, travel, borrow… 2. Những danh từ và động từ có 3 âm tiết thì trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất nếu âm cuối cùng đọc dài Ex: company, interest, … Những danh từ và động từ có 3 âm tiết thì trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 nếu âm cuối cùng đọc ngắn như: er, el, ow, ic, op… Ex: discover, tomorrow… 3. Khi gặp các hậu tố: ic, ical, aphy, ogy, ity, acy, ian, id, ible, ish, ial, age, ure, ety, ion, ous, ior, iar, ence, iency, ient, ier, ict, ent: thì trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết trước các hậu tố này Ex: economic economical succession suggestion photography Biology ability democracy musician stupid Possible childish confidential (kín đáo) democracy structure dictation librarian experience premier relict (quả phụ) image society artificial superior efficiency republic mathematics courageous familiar convenient Ngo¹i trõ : cathonic (tồn diện) lunatic Arabic politics arithmetic (số học) vacate (bỏ trống) 4. Khi gặp các từ ghép: Từ ghép là danh từ: trọng âm rơi vào chữ đầu: VD: schoolbag Từ ghép là động từ và tính từ: trọng âm rơi vào chữ thứ 2: VD: understand, old fashioned, homesick airsick … Nhưng : bad temper short sighted well informed upstairs well done short handed north east down stream well dressed ill treated downstairs north west 5. Các từ có từ 3 âm tiết trở lên thì trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 3 tính từ “phải” qua “trái” VD: opportunity, geography, familiar,… Lưu ý: 1. Các tiền tố và hậu tố khơng ảnh hưởng đến trọng âm của từ: re , dis, un, in, il, im, ir, ness, ous, able, d, en, ful, less, ing, ment, ly VD: wonder > wonderful, patient > (im)patiently, predict > (un)predictable 2. – Trọng âm thường rơi vào các hậu tố: ain, ee, eer, ese, ique, ette, esque, oo, mental, end, ever, ade, oon, een VD: entertain, entertainment, Chinese, employee, engineer, unique, cigarette, picturesque, bamboo, fundamental, recommend, however, lemonade, typhoon, thirteen 3. Các từ 2 âm tiết bắt đầu bằng [A] thì trọng âm nhấn vào âm tiết thứ 2: abed about above aback again alone achieve alike alive ago asleep abroad aside abuse afraid 4. Các đại từ phản thân ln nhấn mạnh ở cuối từ : myself, himself, themselves Exercise Chọn từ có âm tiết được nhấn khác với các từ cịn lại: Exercise 1 A. admire B. honor C. title D. difficult A. describe B. struggle C. political D. society A. independence B. politician C. immortality D. different A. comfort B. nation C. apply D. moment A. ashamed B. position C. begin D. enemy A. influential B. creative C. introduction D. university A. profit B. suggest C. surrender D. report A. career B. majority C. continue D. education A. vocational B. employer C. minority D. reasonable 10 A. general B. opinion C. abroad D. surprise Exercise 2 A. realize B. improve C. possible D. comfortable A. important B. especially C. prefer D. influence A. mineral B. example C. diamond D. popular A. republic B. collector C. situation D. inscription A. protection B. separate C. develop D. encourage A. recognize B. stimulate C. activity D. adult A. intelligent B. direct C. desire D. satisfactory A. relationship B. command C. vocabulary D. island A. define B. idea C. express D. figure 10 A. suppose Exercise 3 A. individual A. carpenter A. necessary A. influence A. contain A. discover A. avoid A. forefinger A. involved 10 A. operation Exercise 4 A. redundant A. absolute A. machine A. unemployed A. furious A. return A. address A. estimate A. addition 10 A. aesthetic Exercise 5 A. physical A. conform A. percentage A. decay A. prefer A. amazing A. appear A. painter A. inspire 10 A. commodity Exercise 6 A. petroleum A. producer A. attract A. widespread A. direction A. product A. biological A. experiment B. expect C. unusual D. literary B. reputation B. revise B. achieve B. modern B. poisonous B. unhealthy B. gesture B. precise B. equal B. official C. experience C. ignore C. poetic C. consider C. chemical C. amount C. permit C. specific C. machine C. community D. scientific D. traditional D. communicate D. different D. scientist D. realize D. exact D. computer D. eventual D. efficiency B. harmony B. accuracy B. enthusiast B. necessity B. wonderful B. lottery B. millionaire B. medical B. exemplify B. particular C. grammatical C. obvious C. replace C. generosity C. reaction C. reward C. believe C. advice C. incredible C. disease D. essential D. original D. fortune D. represent D. honesty D. immediate D. mislead D. vegetables D. candle D. acceptability B. activity B. perhaps B. advantage B. purpose B. electricity B. ability B. audience B. energy B. resign B. material C. increase C. remove C. examine C. however C. invent C. performance C. government C. express C. dangerous C. deposit D. expectancy D. various D. influence D. invention D. collaborate D. television D. talented D. boundary D. exchange D. quality B. resource B. consume B. descend B. anxiety B. community B. convert B. expedition B. giant C. occur C. companion C. noticeable C. explode C. garbage C. efficient C. synthetic C. windmill D. anger D. situation D. control D. alternative D. utility D. dispose D. scientific D. software A. geometric 10 A. destroy Exercise 7 A. extent A. inadequate A. demonstrate A. secondary A. instead A. balcony A. flexible A. control A. geothermal 10 A. attendance Exercise 8 A. politics A. Japan A. consequently A. conference A. argument A. treatment A. affirm A. effort A. physiology 10 A. contribution Exercise 9 A. afloat A. chemistry A. sentimental A. pronounce A. muscular A. magnetic A. distraction A. probability A. emergency 10 A. natural Exercise 10 A. legacy A. numerous A. behavior A. mishap A. unspeakable A. expression A. development B. supply B. disappear C. potential C. development D. pollution D. independent B. synonymous B. available B. responsible B. expectation B. furious B. accident B. together B. giant B. experimental B. compulsory C. admit C. authority C. simplify C. supervision C. campaign C. mechanic C. domestic C. windmill C. elementary C. geography D. manuscript D. purpose D. celebrate D. sociologist D. apartment D. survey D. relaxed D. software D. geographical D. similar B. imaginary B. astronaut B. profile B. announcement B. definite B. prevent B. rely B. distinguished B. economics B. appropriate C. result C. unfortunate C. initiate C. arrival C. museum C. intelligent C. infection C. available C. nominate C. opportunity D. annoyed D. approximate D. project D. reception D. permanent D. acquire D. remedy D. luxurious D. competition D. anniversary B. superior B. original B. commonplace B. American B. instrument B. radiation B. considerable B. attitude B. encourage B. surplus C. passenger C. tribute C. mathematics C. soldier C. dramatic C. unpleasant C. recommend C. technological C. shortage C. dynamite D. contribute D. emphasis D. information D. prefer D. argument D. equipment D. description D. entertainment D. distraction D. decision B. illuminate B. recent B. predict B. evacuate B. accomplish B. response B. prevent C. humanity C. telescope C. occurrence C. vigorous C. emotional C. psychologist C. common D. commemorate D. forever D. environmental D. moderate D. tendency D. vehicle D. avoid A. supply B. reliever C. effective D. remedy A. familiar B. repellent C. antiseptic D. survive 10 A. ingenious B. device C. enormous D. dangerous Topic 2 : Tenses of the verb CHUYỂN ĐỔI TỪ HIỆN TẠI HỒN THÀNH SANG Q KHỨ ĐƠN VÀ NGƯỢC LẠI. 1. This is the first time I have seen him (đây là lần đầu tơi thấy anh ta ) =>I have never seen him before. ( tơi chưa bao giờ thấy anh ta trước đây ) Mẫu này có dạng : Đây là lần đầu tiên làm chuyện đó => chưa bao giờ làm chuyện đó trước đây The first time : lần đầu tiên Never before : chưa bao giờ trước đây 2. I started / begun studying English 3 years ago. (tơi bắt đầu học TA cách đây 3 năm ) => I have studied English for 3 years. ( tơi học TA được 3 năm ) Mẫu này có dạng : bắt đầu làm gì đó cách đây + khoảng thời gian => đã làm chuyện đó for + khoảng thời gian Nếu khơng có ago mà có when + mệnh đề thì giử ngun mệnh đề chỉ đổi when thành since thơi 3. I last saw him when I was a student.(lần cuối cùng tơi thấy anh ta là khi tơi là SV) => I haven't seen him since I was a student.(tơi đã khơng thấy anh ta từ khi tơi là SV ) Mẫu này có dạng : Lần cuối cùng làm chuyện đó là khi => khơng làm chuyện đó từ khi Last : lần cuối Since : từ khi 4. The last time she went out with him was two years ago (lần cuối cơ ta đi chơi với anh ta cách đây 2 năm ) => She hasn't gone out with him for two years (cơ ta đã khơng đi chơi với anh ta đã 2 năm nay ) Tương tự mẫu 3 nhưng khác phần sau thơi 5. It's ten years since I last met him.(đã 10 năm từ khi tơi gặp anh ta lần cuối ) => I haven't met him for ten years . ( tơi đã khơng gặp anh ta 10 năm rồi ) Mẫu này có dạng : Đã khoảng thời gian từ khi làm gì đó lần cuối => khơng làm việc đó được + khoảng thời gian 6. When did you buy it? ( bạn đã mua nó khi nào ? => How long is it since + S + Vp…? => How long have you bought? ( bạn đã mua nó được bao lâu ? ) Mẫu này có dạng : when : thì dùng q khứ đơn How long : thì dùng hiện tại hồn thành Bài tập vận dụng Viết lại câu khơng thay đổi nghĩa: 1) This is the first time he went abroad => He hasn’t 2) She started driving 1 month ago => She has 3) We began eating when it started to rain => We have 4) I last had my hair cut when I left her => I haven’t 5) The last time she kissed me was 5 months ago => She hasn’t 6) It is a long time since we last met => We haven’t 7) When did you have it? => How long ? 8) This is the first time I had such a delicious meal => I haven’t 9) I haven’t seen him for 8 days => The last 10) I haven’t taken a bath since Monday => It is 11. We last went to London two years ago We It’s The last time 12. This is the first time I have visited Hanoi I 13. I began learning English five years ago I have 14. I last saw her in 2010 15. I haven’t eaten this kind of food before 16. I started working for this company a year ago 17. I last read that book on November 20th. 18. I have never eaten with knives and forks before 19. It is 10 years since I last visited Dalat 20. She hasn’t phoned home for two weeks 21.She hasn’t gone out with him for 5 months. The last time …………………………………………………………………………… … 22. We haven’t seen such a cruel mother before This is the first ……………………………………………………………………….…… 23. It is two years since we last saw Mr. Jones. We haven’t ……………………………………………………………………….………… 24. This is the first time I have visited the USA. I haven’t …………………………………………………………………………………… 25. I have learnt English for 10 years now. I began ……………………………………………………………………………………… 26. She moved to London 20 years ago. She has ……………………………………………………………………………………… 27. The Pikes haven’t visited Paris for 2 years The last time ……………………………………………………………………………… 28. I stopped writing to him a week ago. I haven’t ………………………………………………………………… ………………… 29. Mary has learnt French for 6 years. It’s …………………………………………………………………………….……… 30. When did your father buy that car? How long …………………………………………………………………… …………… 31. I didn’t see her again for 3 years Three years has …………………………………………………………………………… 32. The last time I saw John was when he was leaving for Edinburgh John hasn’t …………………………………………………………………………… 33. They haven’t liked icecream since they ate too much and were sick They didn’t …………………………………………………………………………… 34. John’s career as a television presenter began five years ago John has ………………………………………………………………………………… 35. My uncle has been a worker in that factory for 10 years. My uncle started ……………………………………………………………………… 36. How long have your family read Tuoi Tre Newspaper? When did your ………………………………………………………………………… 37. My old friend started working on that farm in 2005. Since 2005, …………………………………………………………………………… 38. When did he start teaching Physical Education in this school? How long ……………………………………………………………………………… 39. My mother has had this washing machine for a long time My mother ……………………………………………………………………………… 40.My father stopped drinking champagne ten years ago. My father hasn’t ……………………………………………………………………… 41. Jane’s grandma hasn’t planted trees in the garden for 5 months Jane’s grandma stopped ……………………………………………………………… 42. I have never met a more warmhearted person than my mother is My mother is ………………………………………………………………………… 43. I have never seen such a bad film as that one in the cinema That is the …………………………………………………………………………… 44. We haven’t seen Mary since we left the university We last ……………………………………………………………………………… 45. The last time I went swimming was when I was in Spain I haven’t ……………………………………………………………………………… Supply the correct VERB TENSE : Someone (knock) at the door. Can you answer it? → Tom (work) at the moment, so he can’t answer the telephone. → The river (flow) after last night’s rain. → He (play) for Manchester United this season. → She (study) English at HaNoi university of Education these days. → She is at her best when she (make) big decision. → We (spend) next vacation in London. → Robert (arrive) tomorrow morning on the 10.00 train. → Look! The bus (leave). → 10 Mike (phone) me one hour ago. → 11 Michael (have) a word with Linda this morning. → 12 Old Ted (smoke) 20 cigarettes a day till he gave up. → 13 Stephen (talk) on the phone when I came in. → 14 I (watch) TV at 9:30 last night. → 15 While I was working in the garden, my son (play) video games. → 16 When he worked here. Simon always (make) mistakes. → 17 I (wonder) if you could give me a hand. → 18 I (paint) 4 chairs so far this morning. → 19 Frank (home) since he was a boy. → 20 Mai (live) in Ho Chi Minh City for five years now. → 21 My little sister (watch) “Sleeping Beauty” several times. → 22 The child (die) before the doctor arrived. → 23 We cleaned up the room as soon as the guests (leave). → 24 The secretary (finish) the report by 10:00 yesterday. → 25 Jane’s eyes are red. She (cry). → 26 This room is dirty. Someone (smoke) in here. → 27 How many languages John (speak)? → 28 Hurry up! The train (come). I don’t want to miss it. → 29 Angelina Jolie is a famous actress. She (appear) in several films. → 30 What time the next train (leave)? → 31 Monica (stay) with her sister at the moment until she finds a flat. → 32 There’s a strange in here. Mother (cook) something. → 33 The concert (start) at 7:15. → 34 Nora says she’s 17 but I (not believe) her. → 35 Sorry I’m late! That OK. I (wait) long. → 36 We did not go out because it (rain). → 37 Tuan, is it true that you (get) married next week? → 38 I (read) “Chicken Soup for the Soul” but I haven’t finished it yet. → 39 Alan took a photograph of Sandra while she (look). → 40 I (loose) my key. Can you held me to look for it? → 41 Last night Tina (read) in bed when suddenly she heard a scream. → 42 We (have) a party next week. Would you like to come? → 43 The red river (flow) very fast today much faster than yesterday. → 44 While my mother (cook) dinner the phone rang. → 45 I (know) your telephone number. → 46 Please don’t make so much noise. My son (sleep). → 47 The moon (move) round the Earth. → 48 Tracy (be) ill for a long time. → 49 Have you heard? Sophie (get) married. → 50 My father (work) for this company from 1999 to 2005. → Topic 3 : Subject and verb agreement & Tag question SỰ HỊA HỢP GIỮA CHỦ NGỮ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT A. TRƯỜNG HỢP DÙNG ĐỘNG TỪ Ở SỐ ÍT 1. Khi danh từ số ít, đại từ số ít, động từ ngun dạng, danh động từ… Ex: His sister likes dancing The danger of eating too much chips is unclear The President and CEO (Chief Executive Officer) is Mr. Smith The book is on the table. To work hard is necessary. Learning English is difficult but fun. 2. Khi chủ ngữ là những danh từ chỉ tiền bạc, thời gian và khoảng cách: Ex: Money is not all to keep a family happy 10 [S + exclaimed how + adj + the + n + be”] He said “How awful the day is!” He exclaimed how awful the day was Notes: Special cases: Trường hợp đặc biệt Khi đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp ta khơng đổi thì trong mệnh đề phụ ở các trường hợp sau dù mệnh đề chính ở thì “simple past” 1. Động từ trong câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định. He said “I was born in 1999” He said that he was born in 1999 2. Câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3 Hoa said “ If I were you, I wouldn’t come here.” Hoa said if she were me, she wouldn’t come there 3. Q khứ giả định: …wishclause, as if…… Maria said “I wish I were a boy” Maria said that she wished she were a boy 4. Might/ could/ should/ ought to/ used to/ would rather/ had better…ta giữ ngun. Ta vẫn có thể dùng “simple present” thay vì “simple past” khi diễn tả một thói quen hay một chân lý Ex: He said “I work late every morning” He said that he works late every morning Ex2: My teacher said “ The earth moves around the sun” - My teacher said that the earth moves around the sun Ex3: “ You’d better work hard” he said –> He said that I had better work hard. 5. Cấu trúc “it’s time + S + Vp + something”: Ex: “It’s time he woke up”, she said –> She said it was time he woke up Bài tập vận dụng 1. He said to her, “You are my friend.” _ 2. Johnny said to his mother, “ I don’t know how to do this exercise.” _ 3. “Don’t come back before 1 o’clock” advised my brother _ 4. “Cook it in butter”, Mrs. Brown said to her daughter _ 5.The pupils said’ “Teacher, give us better mark please” _ 6. “What a dirty face you have”, Ann said to her son _ 7. “Don’t you know how to behave? There must be no talking in lessons” the teacher told his students 48 _ 8. “I wonder who is coming on the excursion tomorrow. I do hope it won’t rain.” said she _ 9. “Do as you are told. You are a naughty boy.” Mr. John said to Hung _ 10. “It’s a very nice evening. Why don’t we go out for a walk?” Jim suggested _ 11. He says to me, “I’ll help you with your homework” _ 12. Hanh said to his son “You are my pride” _ 13. They said to us “ We won the first price last year” _ 14. Thanh said “We are having dinner.” _ 15. Peter said to them “ I can speak English.” _ 16. Ann says to us “ I was reading when you phoned me yesterday.” _ 17. Ha said “ I’m coming into your room now.” _ 18. Mary said “ Thanh is the tallest in our class.” _ 19. Binh said to Nga “ I’ll marry you next month.” _ 20. Tom said “ I’m going to meet Uncle Ton next week.” _ Bài tập ứng dụng 2: Em hãy chuyển những câu sau sang lối nói gián tiếp: 1.Mr. Vinh said “Don’t ride the bike in the school” _ 2. Ha said “Wait for us please.” _ 3. Hoa said “Take me to my home, Trung” _ 4. Ngoc said “Don’t eat snack in school.” _ 5. The teacher said “Do all your homework in workbook.” _ 6. Mrs. Huong said “Don’t eat too much meat.” _ 7. Hanh said “Shut up and do your exercise.” _ 8. Ha said “Listen to me please.” 49 _ 9. Nghia said “Don’t pull my leg, Binh.” _ 10. Peter said “Write to me soon, Mary.” _ 11. Hue asked “Do you like fish, Nga?” _ 12. Anne asked me “Are you a doctor?” _ 13. John asks his wife “Are you watching TV now?” _ 14. Alex asked my wife “Did you go out last night?” _ 15. Bell said “Can you tell me the way to the station, Watson?” _ 16. He asked me “Where do you live?” _ 17. Lan asked Binh “How old are you?” _ 18. Peter asked Mary “How long have you lived here?” _ 19. Hoa asked Mr. Brown “What time do you get up? _ 20. Trang asks me “Why do you leave me?” _ 21. Song asked Khai “How many people are there in your family?” _ 22. Obama asked Tam “What did you do last night?” _ 23. Oliver asked Alan “ Where are you going?” _ 24. Nina said to John “ How far is it from your house to school?” _ 25. Ann asked Tom “ What is your name?” _ 26. Bay asked Thao “ Which grade are you in?” _ 27. Nam asked Minh “ Why did you cry?” _ 28. Mr. Thang asked us “ Do you understand the lesson?” _ 29. Mrs. Mencken asked “ Which season do you like?” 50 _ 30. Tam asked me “ How do I do this sentence?” _ 31. “Switch off the TV,” he said to her _ 32. “Shut the door, Tom,” she said. _ 33. “Lend me your pen for a moment,” I said to Mary. _ 34. “Don’t watch latenight horror movies,” I warned them. _ 35. “Don’t believe everything you hear,” he warned me. _ 36. “Don’t make too much noise, children,” he said. _ 37. “Please fill up this form,” the secretary said _ 38. “Don’t hurry,” I said. _ 39. “Don’t touch that switch, Mary,” I said. _ 40. “Open the safe!” the raiders ordered the bank clerk. _ 41. “Please do as I say,” he begged me. _ 42. “Help your mother, Peter,” Mr. Pitt said. _ 43. “Do whatever you like,” she said to us. _ 44. “Don’t miss your train,” she warned them. _ 45. “Read it before you sign it,” he said to his client. _ 46. “Do sing it again,” he said. _ 47. “Don’t put your hands near the bars,” the zoo keeper warned us. _ 48.“Buy a new car,” I advised him. _ 49. “Don’t drive too fast,” she begged him. _ 50. “Don’t lean your bicycles against my windows, boys,” said the shopkeeper. 51 _ 51. “Come to the cinema with me,” he asked her. _ 52. “Cook it in butter,” I advised her. _ 53. “Don’t touch the gates, madam,” said the lift operator. _ 54. “Don’t argue with me,” the teacher said to the boy. _ 55. “Pull as hard as you can,” he said to him. _ 56. “Send for the Fire Brigade,” the manager said to the porter. _ 57. “Don’t lend her anything,” he advised us. _ 58. “Make a list of what you want,” she told us. _ 59. “Look at the paper,” he said to her. _ 60. “Stand clear of the doors,” a voice warned the people on the platform. _ 61. “See if you can find any mushrooms, children,” she said. _ 62. “Don’t go alone,” I warned her. _ 63. “Pay at the cash desk,” the shop assistant said to the customer. _ 64. The notice said, “Leave this space clear.” _ 65. “Remember to write to your mother,” I said to them. _ 66. “Think well before you answer,” the detective warned her. _ 67. “Do you like roses, Peter?” I said _ 68. “Are you watching a film on TV at this very moment?” said the mother to him _ 69. I asked my girlfriend, “Will you arrive at the airport next weekend?” _ 70. “Must I leave the party now?” said the guard _ 71. My teacher said to me, “Do you want good marks or bad marks?” 52 _ 72. “Did you see me at the ball last night?” the man asked his friends _ 73. The shop assistant said to him, “Did you buy the blue raincoat or red one?” _ 74. “Were you talking to your boyfriend at this time last night?” I said to my sister _ 75. I asked him, “Are you English? _ 76. “Have you ever eaten this kind of food?” said that man to his wife _ 77. Her son asked, “Do you take a train or a bus to work, mum?” _ 78. “Can you give me a lift to downtown, Adam?” she asked. _ 79. She asked her son, “Did you phone me last week?” _ 80. “Are you having a birthday party with your friends in the garden at present, Tom?” said his friend _ 81. The newcomer said, “Have you seen the new form teacher, Anna?” _ 82. What are you cooking in the kitchen, darling?” said the husband to his wife _ 83. I said to my friends, “What happened to you last week?” _ 84. She said to me, “How do you go to school?” _ 85. The man asked them, “How long have you been married?” _ 86. “What did they plant in the school garden last month, Mr. Brown?” said the principal _ 87. “When will you phone me?” said the girl to her boy friend _ 88. The man asked me, “Which one do you prefer the red car or the grey one?” _ 89. Dick said to me, “What are you talking about?” _ 90. Nancy asked, “Have you seen my grammar book?” Nancy wanted to know _ 91. Jennifer said to Peter, “What do you want?” _ 92. I wondered “Is what I’ve seen true?” 53 _ 93. “Who is talking to you on the phone?” the boss asked him _ 94. “To whom did this letter send?” said the man to Adam _ 95. “Why were you so lazy?” said the teacher to his pupil Topic 9 : Phrases and Clause of CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE I. Phrases of purpose: Cụm từ chỉ mục đích a. Mục đích khẳng định: …… để làm gì [S + Vc +…+ to / so as to / in order to + V …] Ex: I try to study to pass my next exam. (Tơi cố gắng học để đậu kỳ thi tới.) He hurried in order to catch the last train. (Anh ấy vội vả để bắt chuyến tàu cuối cùng.) He does morning exercises so as to improve his health (Anh ấy tập thể dục buổi sáng để nâng cao sức khỏe.) b. Mục đích phủ định: …… để khơng làm gì [S + Vc +…+ not to / so as not to / in order not to + V …] Ex: He got up early not to be late for school (Anh ấy dậy sớm để khơng bị muộn học.) They practice speaking English every day so as not to fail in the oral test (Họ luyện nói tiếng anh hang ngày để khơng bị trượt trong kỳ thi vấn đáp.) We left the house early so as not to miss the first train (Chúng tơi rời nhà sớm để khơng nhỡ chuyến tàu đầu tiên.) Cụm từ chỉ mục đích có thể đứng ở đầu câu Ex: In order for a film to be interesting, it must have a good plot (Để cho 1 bộ phim hay thì bộ phim đó phải có cốt truyện hay) In order for your child to be respectful, you must educate him very early (Để cho con bạn biết lễ phép, bạn phải giáo dục con bạn từ rất sớm) II. Clauses of purpose: Adverbial clauses of purpose: Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ mục đích a. Mục đích khẳng định: …… để làm gì Hiện tại: [S + Vs, es +…+ so that / in order that + S + will/ can/ may +V …] Ex: Lan gets up early so that she can do the housework before going to work (Lan dậy sớm để làm việc nhà trước khi đi làm.) Hiep studies hard in order that he can pass his exam (Hiệp học hành chăm chỉ để vượt qua kì thi.) Q khứ: [S + Vp, ed +…+ so that / in order that + S + would/ could/ might +V …] Ex: He talked loudly so that his father could hear what he said (Anh ấy nói to để bố anh ấy có thể nghe thấy anh ấy nói.) 54 Thanh passed the ball to Huy in order that he could score goal (Thanh chuyền bóng cho Huy để cậu ấy ghi bàn thắng.) b. Mục đích phủ định: …… để khơng làm gì Hiện tại: [S + Vs, es +…+ so that / in order that + S + will/ can/ may + not + V …] Ex: Tina reviews the lessons every morning so that she can’t get bad marks at school (Tina ơn bài vào mỗi sang để khơng phải nhận điểm kém.) Hoa gets up early in order that she won’t be late for class. (Hoa dậy sớm để khơng bị muộn học.) Q khứ: [S + Vp, ed +…+ so that / in order that + S + would/ could/ might + not + V …] Ex: He was in a hurry so that he could catch the bus (Anh ấy vội vã để có thể bắt xe bt.) She bought lots of souvenirs in order that she could give them to all her children Lưu ý: Khi chủ ngữ ở mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề chỉ mục đích khác nhau ta khơng được dùng cụm từ chỉ mục đích III. Các dạng bài tập: 1. Dạng 1: Nối hai câu có cùng chủ ngữ thành một câu có cụm từ chỉ mục đích hoặc mệnh đề chỉ mục đích Ex: Mary gets up early every morning. She wants to learn her lessons Mary gets up early every morning to learn her lessons. Mary gets up early every morning so that she can learn her lessons. We learn English. We want to have better communication with other people => We learn English in order to have better communication with other people => We learn English so that we will have better communication with other people 2. Dạng 2: Nối hai câu có cùng chủ ngữ thành một câu có cụm từ chỉ mục đích hoặc mệnh đề chỉ mục đích nhưng sau “want” có tân ngữ.(Object) Cụm từ: [S + Vc +…+ so as for + O + to / in order for + O + to + V …] ….để cho ai/ cái gì làm gì Mệnh đề: [S + Vs, es +…+ so that / in order that + S + will/ would +V …] Ex: He gave me his address. He wanted me to visit him He gave me his address so as for / in order for me to visit him He gave me his address so that I could to visit him They whispered. They didn’t want anyone to hear their conversation They whispered in order for noone to hear their conversation They whispered in order that noone could hear their conversation 3. Dạng 3: Đổi câu có cụm từ chỉ mục đích sang mệnh đề chỉ mục đích hoặc ngược lại Ex: He locked the door so as not to be disturbed He locked the door so that he would not be disturbed Hoa ran too fast in order that her friends could not catch her Hoa ran too fast in order for her friends not to catch her Linh went to school by bike in order to be on time Linh went to school by bike in order that she would be on time 55 Exercises: Sử dụng cụm từ chỉ mục đích và mệnh đề chỉ mục đích để nối cặp câu sau: 1. The clown took off his mask. He didn’t want to frighten the children 2. My father drove carefully. He didn’t want to cause accidents 3. Mr. Thomson is learning Vietnamese. He wishes to read The Tale of Kiều 4. Sue dutifully followed her parents’ advice. She didn’t want to cause trouble for her parents. 5. Please shut the door. I don’t want the dog to go out of the house 6. The farmer built a high wall around his garden. The fruit wouldn’t be stolen 7. The police stopped the traffic every few minutes. The pedestrians might cross the road 8. The notices are written in several languages. Everyone may understand them 9. I wish to have enough money. I want to buy a new house 10. Dick is practicing the guitar. He can play for the dance 11. She needs a job. She wants to support her old parents 12. He moved to the front row. He could hear the speaker better 13. She put the meat into the oven. She wanted it to be ready for dinner 14. The boys stood on the benches. They wanted to get a better view 56 15. We lover the volume of the radio. We don’t want to bother our neighbors 16. I’ll write to you. I want you know my decision soon 17. These men were talking in whispers. They didn’t want anyone to hear their conversation 18. The boy feigned to be sick. He hoped we didn’t make him work 19. The man spoke loudly. He wanted everyone to hear him clearly 20. Doris often goes home as soon as the class is over. She doesn’t want her mother to wait for her 21. John gets up early. He doesn’t want to be late for class 22. Mary hid the novel under her pillow. He didn’t want her father to see it 23. Alice prepares her lessons carefully. She wants to get high marks in class 24. The robber changed his address all time. He didn’t want the police to find him 25. They did their jobs well. They hoped the boss would increase their salary 26. You should walk slowly. Your sister can follow you 27. I’m studying hard. I want to keep pace with my classmates 28. We turned out the lights. We didn’t want to waste electricity 57 29. This pupil read only for short periods each day. He didn’t want to train his eyes 30. I whispered. I didn’t want to disturbed anyone RESULT 1. Các cấu trúc của “so that” và “such that” a. [S + V(c) + so + adj/adv + that + clause]: quá đến nổi Ex: She is so kind that everyone loves her He swam so strongly that he won the first prize The coffee is so hot that we can't drink it b. S + V(c) + such + a/an + adj + singular noun + that + clause Ex: Chuyển các câu từ (a) sang dạng (b) She is such a kind person that everyone loves her She was such a strong swimmer that he won the first prize NOTE: Với cấu trúc “so … that” khi chuyển thành “such that” ta biến động từ chính thành danh từ 2. Để diễn tả kết quả ta cịn có thể sử dụng các cấu trúc a. S + be/ V(c) + too + adj/adv + (for + O) + to + V… : (Q đến nổi (ai) khơng thể làm được gì) Ex: The coffee is too hot for us to drink it The car is too expensive for them to buy He run too fast for everyone to catch up with c. S + V(c) + adj/adv + enough + (for + O) + to + V… đủ … để làm gì It is cold enough for us to wear warm clothes He swam strongly enough to win the race The car is not cheap enough for them to buy The car is too expensive for them to buy Như vậy: S + V(c) + too + adj/adv + (for + O) + to + V… = S + not + Vc + adj/adv trái nghĩa + enough + (for + O) + to + V… She is too young to get married She is not old enough to get married Viết lại câu không thay đổi nghĩa: 1) The room is so tidy that it took us one hour to clean it => It is 2) The man is so fool that no one took any notice of him => He is 3) The film is so long that they can't broadcast it on one night => It is 58 4) The books are so interesting that we have read them many times => They are 5) The news was so bad that she burst into tears on hearing it => It was 6) The food was so hot that it turned my tongue => It was 7) There is so much rain that we can't go out => There is such 8) The boy is so fat that every calls him Stuffy => He is 9) The milk is so excellent that all the children want some more => It is 10) The weather was so warm that they had a walk in the garden => It was 11) There were so many people in the hall that we couldn't see him => There were such 12) The match was so exciting that all the fans shouted loudly => It was 13) They drank so much coffee that they couldn't sleep all night => They drunk such 14) Alice had so many exercises to do that she couldn't go out => Alice had such 15) The woman was so poor that she needed everyone's help => She was REASON Cách chuyển từ mệnh đề lý sang cụm từ Because + S (pronoun) + be + adj … Because of + Possessive + Noun Because she was ill, she couldn’t go to school Because of her illness, she couldn’t go to school Because + S (noun) + be + adj … Because of + the + adj Because the weather was hot, I couldn’t sleep well Because of the hot weather, I couldn’t sleep well Because + S (pronoun) + VERB + + Noun adv … Because of + Possessive + adj + Noun Because she behaves well, everyone loves her Because of her good behavior, everyone loves her Because + (S+ have) THERE + BE + 59 (a /an) + ADJ + NOUN Because of + Because + S (Pronoun) + Because of + Possessive (a/an) + ADJ + TO BE Noun + ADVERB + ADJ + + ADJ Noun Because she is extremely beautiful, everyone admires her Because of her extreme beauty, everyone admire her Because + S (Noun) + TO BE + V3 Because of + the Noun (V3) Because + S (Noun) + + of VERB + Noun + (ADVERB) Because of + a/ an/ the (ADJ) + NOUN + of + Noun (Noun) Because this boy behaved kindly, I love him so much Because of the kind behavior of this boy, I love him so much Because + S1 (Noun/ Pronoun) + VERB + O …., S2 +V2 +… (S1 # S2) Because of + possessive + (not) Ving + O …., S2 +V2 + … (S1 # S2) Because I am sick, I do not go out. Because of …………………………………………… Because the water is polluted, we can’t swim in that river Because of ……………………………………………………………………………… Because Nga has had a sore leg, she had difficulty in walking Because of ……………………………………………………………………………… Because he behaved badly, he found himself in trouble Because of ……………………………………………………………………………… Because it was snowing, we didn’t go out for a walk Because of ……………………………………………………………………………… Because of his good looks, he is popular with many girls 60 Because ………………………………………………………………………………… Because of his serious sickness, he couldn’t come to the class Because ………………………………………………………………………………… Because of too much exhaust fume, people have to wear gauze masks in the streets Because ………………………………………………………………………………… Because of their good performance, they won the first prize Because………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Because of your advice, we didn’t use that poisonous chemical Because ………………………………………………………………………………… CHUYỂN ĐỔI QUA LẠI GIỮA Although/ though despite / in spite of Ngun tắc chung cần nhớ là : Although/ though + mệnh đề Despite / in spite of + cụm từ Các cơng thức biến đổi từ mệnh đề sang cụm từ như sau: 1) Nếu chủ ngữ 2 mệnh đề giống nhau: Bỏ chủ từ ,động từ thêm ING Although Tom got up late, he got to school on time => Despite / in spite of getting up late, Tom got to school on time 2) Nếu chủ ngữ là danh từ + be + tính từ Đem tính từ đặt trước danh từ ,bỏ to be Although the rain is heavy, => Despite / in spite of the heavy rain, 3) Nếu chủ ngữ là đại từ + be + tính từ : Đổi đại từ thành sỡ hửu ,đổi tính từ thành danh từ ,bỏ be Although He was sick, => Despite / in spite of his sickness, 4) Nếu chủ ngữ là đại từ + động từ + trạng từ Đổi đại từ thành sở hữu, động từ thành danh từ ,trạng từ thành tính từ đặt trước danh từ Although He behaved impolitely, => Despite / in spite of his impolite behavior , 5) Nếu câu có dạng : there be + danh từ Hoặc : S + have + N Thì bỏ there be Although there was an accident , => Despite / in spite of an accident, 61 Viết lại câu không thay đổi nghĩa: 1) Although Tom was a poor student, he studied very well => In spite of his poverty, Tom studied very well 2) Mary could not go to school because she was sick =>Because of her sickness, Mary couldn't go to school 3) Although the weather was bad, she went to school on time => Despite the bad weather, she went to school on time 4) My mother told me to go to school although I was sick => In spite of my sickness, my mother told me to go to school 5) Because there was a big storm, I stayed at home => Because of the big storm, I stayed at home 6) Tom was admitted to the university although his grades were bad =>Despite the bad grades, Tom was admitted to the university 7) Although she has a physical handicap, she has become a successful woman => Despite having a physical handicap, she has become a successful woman 8) In spite of his good salary, Tom gave up his job => Although Tom get good salary, he gave up his job 9) Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep => In spite of not having finished the paper, he went to sleep 10) In spite of the high prices, my daughter insists on going to the movies => Even though the 11. Many people began to wearing jeans because they were cheap => Because of…… 12 ) Since he was careless, Tom lost the game => Because of…… 13) Although she behaves well, no one loves her Despite…… 14) Because of the cold weather, the crops are late this year => Because …… 15) Mary was worried because Tom was late => Because of…… 16) Tom walked slowly because his leg was bad => Because of…… 17) I came here because I want the English course => Because of…… 18) I went to school although it was hot Despite…… 19) Because the dust in the room, I can’t go in => Because of…… 20) Because of too much smoke, We have to wear masks => Because …… are high, my daughter insists on 62 ... Chủ ngữ là “everything, anything, something, nothing” thì câu hỏi đi dùng “it”. Và Nothing là chủ ngữ có nghĩa là mệnh đề giới? ?thi? ??u đang ở dạng phủ định, câu hỏi đi sẽ ở dạng khẳng định Ex: Nothing can happen, can it?... WHOSE : dùng cả cho người và vật This is the book .Its cover is nice > This is the book whose cover is nice > This is the book the cover of which is nice WHOSE :đứng trước danh từ OF WHICH : đứng sau danh từ ( danh từ đó phải thêm THE )... Khi danh từ đứng trước who ,which,whom là : + Danh từ riêng ,tên Ha Noi, which Mary, who is + Có this ,that ,these ,those đứng trước danh từ : This book, which + Có sở hửu đứng trước danh từ :