Translation as cultural transfer the case of translating idioms of food and drink

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POST-GRADUATE DEPARTMENT **0** ĐÀO MAI LAN TRANSLATION AS CULTURAL TRANSFER: THE CASE OF TRANSLATING IDIOMS OF FOOD AND DRINK (DỊCH THUẬT NHƯ SỰ CHUYỂN ĐỔI VỀ VĂN HÓA: ỨNG DỤNG TRONG VIỆC DỊCH THÀNH NGỮ VỀ ĐỒ ĂN THỨC UỐNG) M.A MINOR THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 HANOI - 2010 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POST-GRADUATE DEPARTMENT **0** ĐÀO MAI LAN TRANSLATION AS CULTURAL TRANSFER: THE CASE OF TRANSLATING IDIOMS OF FOOD AND DRINK (DỊCH THUẬT NHƯ SỰ CHUYỂN ĐỔI VỀ VĂN HÓA: ỨNG DỤNG TRONG VIỆC DỊCH THÀNH NGỮ VỀ ĐỒ ĂN THỨC UỐNG) M.A MINOR THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor: Assoc Prof., Dr Lê Hùng Tiến HANOI - 2010 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Rationale……………………………………………………………………………… Aims of the study……………………………………………………………………… Limitation of the stuy………………………………………………………………… Method of the study…………………………………………………………………… Design of the study…………………………………………………………………… DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER ONE: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND LANGUAGE ANDCULTURE…………………………………………………… 1.1 Definition of language and culture………………………………………………… 1.2 The relation between language and culture………………………………………… TRANSLATION…………………………………………………………………… 2.1 Definition of translation…………………………………………………………… 2.2 Translation Process and Methods…………………………………………………… IDIOMS AND TRANSLATION…………………………………………………… 10 3.1 Definition of idioms………………………………………………………………… 3.2 The interpretation of idioms………………………………………………………… 3.3 Idioms versus proverbs……………………………………………………………… 3.4 Culture in idioms and its relation to the transfer in translation…………………… CHAPTER TWO: CULTURAL TRANSFER THROUGH TRANSLATION OF IDIOMS OF FOOD AND DRINK Idioms of food and drink…………………………………………………………… 18 1.1 Criteria for idioms of food and drink……………………………………………… 1.2 Syntactical feature of idioms of food and drink…………………………………… 1.3 Cultural features of idioms of food and drink……………………………………… Cultural transfer through translation of idioms of food and drink………… 23 2.1 Idiomatic equivalence……………………………………………………………… 2.2 Conceptual equivalence…………………………………………………………… 2.3 Lexical equivalence………………………………………………………………… 2.4 Semantic and pragmatic equivalence……………………………………………… Suggestions of some strategies in translating idioms of food and drink………… 31 CONCLUSION Review of the study…………………………………………………………………… 35 Suggestions for further studies……………………………………………………… 36 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………… 37 INTRODUCTION Rationale Since human’s society developed, there has been a trend of integration between people and nations People living together in the world need to help each other to gain economic development, political stabilization and equality That, the need of understanding between people and nations has increased Translation constitutes an essential tool for better communication, better understanding each other Of all the translation work, translating idioms seems to be the most challenging since it is a meaning-based translation which makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language ( SL) text in the natural forms of the target language (TL) To deal with translating idioms, one must have good cultural background of not only the SL but also of the TL Therefore, mastering translation theory in general and strategies of translating idioms in particular is very important to learners and translators Being interested in idioms for a long time, I choose idioms as my thesis topic Due to the limited time and knowledge, I just focus on how culture transfers through the process of translating idioms of food and drink When searching for equivalence in translation to see how cultural transfer occurs, some strategies of translating idioms of food and drink will be discussed to overcome the difficulties of idiom translation Aims of the study The study has the following aims:  considering how cultural transfer occurs through the process of translating idioms of food and drink;  suggesting some practical strategies in translating idioms of food and drink Limitation of the study Due to the limited time and knowledge, I cannot cover all aspects of idiomatic expression of food and drink in this study Thus, I just focus on the cultural transfer through the idiomatic translation and suggest some strategies of translating English – Vietnamese idioms of food and drink and vice versa Method of the study To achieve these aims, I have consulted many dictionaries and books of languages, idioms, proverbs, etc in both English and Vietnamese in which whatever relating to idiomatic expressions of food and drink is taken into consideration One hundred idioms of food and drink in Vietnamese and another hundred idioms of food and drink in English which are thought to be widely used are selected for the study For English idioms, a number of reference books were consulted, but the main ones are Longman Dictionary of Idioms (1998), Collins Cobuild Idioms Dictionary (2002), Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Tiếng Anh (2008) These books were selected because they contain a large number of idioms of food and drink Vietnamese ones were selected from Từ điển Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Việt-Anh (2006), Kể chuyện thành ngữ Tiếng Anh (2006) Then a comparative analysis is designed to point out how cultural transfer occurs through the translation Design of the study Apart from Introduction and Conclusion, the study is organized around two chapters Chapter one attempts to look into the nature of culture, culture in relation with language and translation Later, the chapter presents an overview of translation theories developed by well-known authors with certain basic theoretical items such as definition of translation, the process, and methods of translation The chapter ends by taking idioms into consideration: the definition of idioms, the interpretation of idioms, idioms versus proverbs, culture in idioms and its relation to the transfer in translation Chapter two deals with the translation of idioms of food and drink Firstly, how cultural transfer occurs through idioms translation is studied by looking for stylistic equivalence, conceptual equivalence, lexical equivalence, semantic and pragmatic equivalence After that, the chapter mentions some of the translation strategies for translating idioms of food and drink CHAPTER ONE: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Language and culture 1.1 Definition of language and culture Language is a factor that distinguishes man from other animals For existence, human being must work hard to produce goods, food, clothes, machines and other materials… Through out the duration of working, people need to exchange goods, the experience of producing and also the information of all fields of the life That’s why language appeared Language is a means of communication and it is the best way for human to express their thoughts and feelings To have a better understanding of language, let’s study the definition of language stated in the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (1995): “ Language is a system of sounds, words, patterns, etc… used by humans, nations, or group of people to communicate thoughts and feeling manner of expressing ideas.” According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: “A language is a particular kind of system for encoding and decoding information In its most common use, the term refers to so-called "natural languages" — the forms of communication considered peculiar to humankind In cognitive science the term is also sometimes extended to refer to the human cognitive facility of creating and using language Essential to both meanings is the systematic creation and usage of systems of symbols—each symbol referring to linguistic concepts with semantic or logical or otherwise expressive meanings.” From these definitions we can see how important the language is in the process of communication To serve my purpose, I suggest here another definition: Language is the means of expressing thoughts and feelings Now, we move to the definition of culture Culture can be seen as all human activities Some people look at culture as the collective programme of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another Someone concluded that “there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture” In many ways it is correct: culture is everything Because culture is so broad in its scope, many definitions have been suggested Let us examine some of these definitions so that we might understand them better Anthropologists Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952) reviewed some five hundred definitions, phrasings and concepts and proposed the following definition: “Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behaviour acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups… the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the other hand, be considered as products of action, and on the other as conditioning elements of further action” Another definition by Byram (1998) runs as follows: “A society’s culture consists of whatever it is one has to know or believes in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members Culture is not a natural phenomenon; it does not consist of things, people’s behaviour or emotions It is rather an organization of these things It is the form of things that people have in mind, their models of perceiving, relating and otherwise interpreting them” I believe that these definitions are broad enough to include most of the major territory of culture However, for the goals of this paper, I think my conclusion is good enough that “Culture is the people’s ways of thinking, behaving, talking, valuing things and working” 1.2 The relation between language and culture Language and culture are said to be interwoven Language is a part of culture and culture is a part of language It is difficult to separate one from the other If it were desirable to separate the two, the significance of either language or culture would be lost That’s why two individuals taking part in the communication must have a shared knowledge of both culture and language Misunderstanding may occur if we violate a grammatical rule of language But it is more serious if we violate a social usage It is apparent that language is a means to describe culture it belongs to and parallelly, culture’s development enriches language For example, before the bicycle was introduced to Vietnam, there was no word to express it But when the Vietnamese got acquainted with it, they borrowed the word “bicycle” and either borrowed or invented words to describe the bicycle parts Therefore, the vocabulary of language was enriched along parallel line with the development of culture Language usages follow culturally determined patterns The patterns not only influence the order in which people use words to form phrases, they also influence thinking patterns The use of language to describe time, for instance, differs from culture to culture Western societies perceive time as something that can be kept, saved, lost or waste Therefore, time system is exactly divided and being on time is extremely important In the Vietnamese language, the time system is more complicated and the verb system is such that only context can indicate time This different perception directly affects the translation from Vietnamese language into Western languages and vice versa We can see that language is distinctly a form of human cultural behaviour Language helps us understand not only one another but culture as well If one uses a language well, one must know the culture that uses the language This is because the ability to react with speakers of another language depends not only on language skills but also on comprehension of cultural habits For example, in Vietnamese culture, it is considered polite behaviour to ask someone at first meeting about his or her age and marital status But this way of talking is not acceptable in other culture like English, Australian and American culture In learning language, we can see that language is a key element of any culture Language is a part of social life As a result, every expression such as greeting, addressing…are affected by culture This aspect should be paid attention to when we translation Byram (1998) said that: “It is readily assumed that exposure to language will lead to some kinds of cultural learning… Thus as learners learn about language they learn about culture and as they learn to use a new language they learn to communicate with other individuals from a new culture” That also means that cultural difference leads to the differences in the way and the perception of communication which is the expression of language For example, in the Vietnamese, Chinese and Thai languages, the greeting “where are you going?” is appropriate instead of “Hello” “Good day” However, it may be inappropriate in other cultures like Western culture; it may be regarded as a curious question So, if Vietnamese people think in Vietnamese way and express themselves in their own cultural way while communicating with native speakers of Western cultures they may annoy them Therefore, it is obvious that if we don’t pay attention to cultural differences while translating and interpreting, the inevitable result of the translation is something of misunderstanding Translation 2.1 Definition of translation Though the role and history of translation can be easily agreed upon, it is almost impossible to find an undisputed definition of translation From different directions, there can be various definitions Translation, by dictionary definition, consists of changing from one form to another, to turn into one 'own or another' language (The Merriam - Webster Dictionary, 1974) Some authors have given the following different definitions of translation: “Translation, as a process of conveying messages across linguistic and cultural barriers, is an eminently communicative activity, one whose use could well be considered in a wider range of teaching situations than may currently be the case” (Tudor, 1987) “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.” ( Newmark, 1988) As implied in the definitions above, translation is basically a change of form (which is usually referred to as the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs etc, which are spoken or written) In translation the form of the source language (the language of the text that is to be translated) is replaced by the form of the target language (the language of the translated text) The purpose of translation is to transfer the meaning of the source language (SL) into the target language (TL) This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure It is meaning which is being transferred and must remain unchanged Only the form changes Moreover, translation not only involves understanding the general meaning of the communication, but calls upon the ability to understand the culture of the communication Despite the great variety of definitions, we can still have an overall view of what translation is by combining the most essential aspects of those definitions The below quoted definition from “Training Translators and Conference Interpreters” by Weber (1968) is not quite satisfactory but appears as one of the most widely agreed: “Translation is the transposition of a text written in a source language (SL) into a target language (TL) The translated version must be absolutely accurate in meaning, contain all nuances of the original, and must be written in clear, elegant language that can be easily understood by the reader Needless to say, punctuation spelling and grammar must be flawless” It must be noted that this definition is mainly for the sake of translation theory, since in practice, there are few translation versions that can be “absolutely accurate in meaning” and “ contain all nuances of the original” People are different in all aspects so the message perceived by the reader is frequently not identical to the message meant by the writer There are numerous elements that cause this distortion of the message and crossculture is one of the major ones And minimizing this distortion in meaning is the aim of all academic activity, translation can be defined as a process which is rendering a written text into another language and a product which is an artistic and scientific result of the translating activity 2.2 Translation Process and Methods Translation is the process to transfer written or spoken source language (SL) texts to equivalent written or spoken target language (TL) texts The basic purpose of translation is to reproduce various types of texts, comprising literary, religious, scientific, philosophical texts etc in another language and thus making them available to wider readers, to a greater number of target audiences and to bring the world closer However, translation is not an easy job If language is just a classification for a set of general or universal concepts, it will be of course very easy to translate from a source language to a target language But translation covers not only word for word translation but 34 may either omit or play down a feature such as idiomaticity at the point where it occurs in the source text and introduce it elsewhere in the target text This strategy is not restricted to idiomaticity or fixed expressions and may be used to make up for any loss or meaning, emotional force, or stylistic effect which may not be possible to reproduce directly at a given point in the target text Using the typical phraseology of the target language- its natural collocations, its own fixed and semi-fixed expressions, the right level of idiomaticity, and so on- will greatly enhance the readability of your translations Getting this level right means that your target text will feel less 'foreign' and, other factors being equal, may even pass for an original But naturalness and readability are also affected by other linguistic features 35 CONCLUSION Review of the study The previous chapters have presented how cultural transfers through the process of translating idioms of food and drink Idiomatic equivalence, conceptual equivalence, lexical, semantic and pragmatic equivalence have been searched for the sake of examining at what stage of translating culture transfers Here are some of the findings: In terms of idiomatic equivalence, both English and Vietnamese have corresponding idiomatic expressions that render the same idea, so in the process of translation one idiom is substituted for another Culture transfers on the way translator uses his/her cultural background to look for the idiomatic equivalent in the TL which has the same function as the SL idiom In the process of looking for conceptual equivalence, once again we see culture transfers through the idiom translation Each language has its own way to express concepts basing on people’s lifestyle, experience, history… so having good cultural knowledge gives much help to translators In terms of lexical equivalence, although idioms of food and drink are formed with words related to food or drink, not much task is dealt with word transfer but cultural transfer Words related to food and drink are cultural and therefore, only a few of the idioms keep the same word in their translation Here, nearly all of the idioms use the strategy of omission in their translation into the TL Most idioms of food and drink use a kind of food or drink to describe or compare things or people with other ones Words which express the same concept with the idioms are chosen for the translation Once again, cultural transfer occurs while the translator chooses the right word to express the idiomatic meaning of the idioms in the SL In terms of semantics and pragmatics, the equivalents are met in those of the same concepts but presented in different forms Idioms contain both literal meaning and idiomatic meaning Cultural transfer occurs by the way the translator uses his background knowledge of the culture of the TL to look for the equivalents 36 Suggestions for further studies The translation of idioms of food and drink is interesting as much as it is challenging enough for translators Being limited in time and lacking practical experience, I can not ensure that I have satisfactorily and thoroughly discussed the fields within this small study, a study on culture transfers through translation of idioms of food and drink However, only semantic equivalence and syntactical equivalence have been examined There are still other important issues open for further studies, such as: + Users’ attitudes + conditions of idioms using + The relationship between the user and the readers/hearers + The effects of using idioms the user makes to the readers/hearers In summary, there should be more specific and practical studies concerning English-Vietnamese cross-cultural translation and vice versa to facilitate mutual understanding between the two nations in a world of interdependence and co-operation today 37 REFERENCES ENGLISH Baker, M (1992), In Other Words London: Routledge Bảo, Bùi, & Thu, Đặng (1999), Interpreting and Translation Course Book Hanoi: Education Publishing House Bassnett, S (2002), Translation studies London: Routledge Byram, M (1989) Cultural Studies in Foreign Language Education, Philadenphia Multilingual Matters Ltd., 22-36 Cobuild, C (2002), Collins Cobuild Idioms Dictionary, HarperCollins Publisher Duff, A (1989), Translation, Oxford University Press, 124 Hinkel, E (Ed.) , (1999) Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning Cambridge: Cambridge University Press International Translation Bureau™ (2003), Frequently asked questions: What is translation Retrieved April 25, 2006, from http://www.itbtranslation.com/faqs.html Karamanian, A.P (January, 2002), Translation and Culture Translation Journal, (1) Retrieved May 13, 2006, from http://accurapid.com/journal/19culture2.htm 10 Keysaz, B., and Bly, B (1995), “ Instuitions of the Transparency of Idioms: Can One Keep a Secret by Spilling the Beans?”, Journal of Memory and Language 34, 89-109 11 Kroeber, A.L., and Kluckhohn, C (1952), Culture – Acritical review of concept and definition, Harvard University Peabody Musem Of American archeology and Ethnology Papensd 47, 181 12 McMordiew, J.S (1983), English Idioms and How to Use Them Moscow: Vyschaja Shkola 13 Moon, R (1998), Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English: a Corpus-Based Approach Oxford: Clarendon Press 14 Newmark, P (1988), A Textbook of Translation New York: Prentice Hall 15 Newmark, P (1995), A textbook of translation, Phoenix ELT 16 Shi, A (July, 2004), Accommodation in Translation, Translation Journal, (3) 38 Retrieved May 18, (2006), from http://accurapid.com/journal/29accom.htm 17 Sieglinde E P (2008), “Translation as Intercultural Transfer: The Case of Law”, SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation, vol 3, no 18 The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (1995), Oxford University Press 19 Tudor, I (1987), A framwork for the translational analysis of texts, the Linguist, Spring, 20 20 Zakhir, M (n.d) Translation Procedures (October 2008), Retrieved June 2009, from http://www.translationdirectory.com/articles/article1704.php VIETNAMESE 21 Phạm Bình (1993), Từ điển Tục ngữ, Thành ngữ Anh Việt, NXB Hải Phòng 22 Lê Đạt (2006), Kể chuyện Thành ngữ Tiếng Anh, NXB Tổng hợp Đồng Nai 23 Nguyễn Hùng (2005), Hướng dẫn kỹ thuật dịch Anh – Việt Hanoi: Social Sciences Publishing House 24 Nguyễn Hùng Tuyển tập Thành ngữ, tục ngữ ca dao Việt – Anh thông dụng http://www.ebook.edu.vn 25 Nguyễn Khánh (2008), Sổ tay thành ngữ tục ngữ tiếng Việt, NXB Giáo dục 26 Nguyễn Lân (1994), Từ điển Thành ngữ tục ngữ Việt Nam, NXB Khoa Học Xã Hội 27 Tiêu Minh (2006), Đi tìm Điển tích Thành ngữ, NXB Thơng 28 Bùi Phụng (2006), Thành ngữ Việt Anh, NXB Văn Hóa Sài Gòn I APPENDIX 1: ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE IDIOMS OF FOOD AND DRINK Alike as two peas Giống đúc, giống hai giọt nước Apple of your eye Con mắt Apple pie order Hết sức gọn gàng, ngăn nắp Apples and orangesSo sánh không cách As cool as a cucumber Không nao núng Back to the salt mine Quay trở lại làm việc Bad egg Banana republic Người bị xem thiếu chân thực khơng tin cậy Quốc gia nhỏ bé có kinh tế phụ thuộc vào việc xuất trái Banana skin Nguyên nhân gây khó khăn lúng túng 10 Bear fruit Sinh 11 Big cheese 12 Nhân vật tai to mặt lớn, chóp bu, nhân vật quan trọng Bread and butter Miếng ăn, kế sinh nhai 13 Breadwinner Người trụ cột gia đình, lao động chính, cần câu cơm 14 Bring home the bacon 15 Người trụ cột gia đình, lao động chính, cần câu cơm Làm đoan trang Butter wouldn't melt in their mouth II 16 Chalk and cheese Hoàn toàn khác nhau, khau hẳn 17 Cheap as chips Rẻ bèo 18 Chew the cud Nghiền ngẫm, ngẫm nghĩ Nói chuyện phiếm, tán dóc 20 Cream of the crop Phần tốt vụ thu hoạch Nịnh hót ai, bợ đỡ để 21 Curry favour cầu ân huệ 19 Chew the fat 22 Different kettle of Người vật khác hẳn người vật fish đề cập trước 23 Don't cry over spiltKhóc thừa milk 24 Easy as beans 25 Easy as pie 26 Easy peasy 27 Eat humble pie 28 Eat someone alive 29 Egg on your face Dễ vô cùng, dễ bỡn, dễ trở bàn tay Dễ vô cùng, dễ bỡn, dễ trở bàn tay Dễ vô cùng, dễ bỡn, dễ trở bàn tay Phải xin lỗi, phải nhận lỗi, chịu nhục Chinh phục, lợi dụng Ngớ ngẩn Lời nói khơng ăn thua 30 Fine words butter (so với hành động) no parsnips Có liên quan, dính líu 31 Finger in the pie 32 Fish in troubled waters 33 Flat as a pancake Nước đục thả câu, đục nước béo cò, lợi dụng thời Nhạt nhẽo, vô vị III 34 Food for thought 35 Forbidden fruit 36 From soup to nuts 37 Full of beans 38 Go bananas 39 Go fry an egg 40 Go nuts 41 Good egg 42 Grain of salt 43 Gravy train 44 Half a loaf is better than no bread 45 Hard cheese 46 Hard nut to crack 47 (You cannot) Have your cake and eat it too 48 hot potato 49 Icing on the cake there is no head on that beer it is as flat as a pancake If something is food for thought, it is worth thinking about or considering seriously Something enjoyable that is illegal or immoral is forbidden fruit If you something from soup to nuts, you it from the beginning right to the very end If someone's full of beans, they are very energetic If you go bananas, you are wild with excitement, anxiety, or worry (USA) This is used to tell someone to go a way and leave you alone If someone goes nuts, they get excited over something A person who can be relied on is a good egg Bad egg is the opposite If you should take something with a grain of salt, you shouldn't necessarily believe it all ('pinch of salt' is an alternative) If someone is on the gravy train, they have found and easy way to make lots of money It means that getting part of what you want is better than getting nothing at all (UK) Hard cheese means hard luck difficult to understand (often a person) If someone wants to have their cake and eat it too, they want everything their way, especially when their wishes are contradictory a controversial or difficult subject This expression is used to refer to something good that happens on top of an already good thing or situation Điều đáng suy nghĩ Thứ ước ao bị cấm không cho phép; cấm Tất thứ Đầy lực, hăng hái, sôi Rất tức giận Đi chỗ khác, đừng quấy rầy Say mê, thích thú điều Người tin cậy Nửa tin nửa ngờ, bán tín bán nghi Cách kiếm tiền bất chính, lợi bất Có cịn khơng Sự khơng may, thất bại; hồn tồn đáng buồn Một vấn đề khó giải quyết, người khó chơi Được Vấn đề khó giải quyết, vấn đề nan giải Điều may mắn hay tuyệt vời đến sau điều may mắn hay tuyệt vời khác IV Tất việc tóm tắt gọn lại Lâm vào hoàn cảnh 51 In a pickle đáng buồn, gặp rắc rối Đang tình trạng 52 In the soup rắc rối, gặp khó khăn 53 It's no use crying Khóc chẳng ích over spilt milk 50 In a nutshell 54 Keen as mustard Hăng say 55 Know which side Biết rõ chỗ có lợi cho mình, biết rõ đứng phía one's bread is có lợi cho buttered on 56 Know your onions Thạo nghề mình, nắm vấn đề 57 Life is just a bowl Cuộc sống thật đẹp, sống hạnh phúc of cherries 58 Like peas in a pod Giống hai giọt nước, giống đúc 59 Like taking candy Rất dễ dàng from a baby 60 Like two peas in a Giống hai giọt nước, giống pod đúc Chú ý, nỗ lực làm 61 Make a meal nhiều xứng đáng cần có 62 Meat and drink 63 Mutton dressed as lamb 64 Nest egg 65 Not give a fig Là niềm vui Cưa sừng làm nghé Số tiền để gây vốn, số tiền dự trữ Khơng quan tâm, cóc cần V 66 Not know beans about Khơng biết 67 Not my cup of tea Điều khơng thích 68 Nutty as a fruitcakeGàn bướng, quái gở 69 One bad apple One bad Con sâu bỏ rầu nồi canh apple spoils the barrel 70 one smart cookie Một người thông minh Chật nêm 71 Packed like sardines 72 Pie in the sky 73 Piece of cake 74 Pinch of salt Một kiện dự kiến khó xảy Việc ngon ơ, việc dễ làm (Một nhúm muối) thêm mắm thêm muối 75 Polish the apples Xu nịnh Qua thử thách biết 76 Proof of the pudding is in the dở hay eating 77 Pull the fat from theCứu vãn tình vào lúc nguy ngập fire 78 Put all your eggs inMột còn, ăn ngã không one basket 79 Quarrel with bread Bỏ nghề ni sống mình, ngược lại với and butter quyền lợi VI 80 Recipe for disaster Kế hoạch dẫn đến tai họa 82 Salt in a wound Tuổi trẻ nông nổi, tuổi trẻ thiếu kinh nghiệm Xát muối vào vết thương 83 Salt of the earth Người tử tế 84 Save someone's bacon Cứu lấy thần xác 81 Salad days 85 Sell like hot cakes Bán chạy tôm tươi 86 Separate the wheat Phân biệt tốt xấu, phân biệt hay dở from the chaff 87 Sour grapes Nho xanh chẳng đáng miệng người phong lưu 88 Sow your wild oatsTrải qua thời kỳ theo đuổi thú vui bừa bãi lúc trẻ 89 Spill the beans Để lọt tin tức VII 90 để mặc xác Stew in your Bị own juices 91 đinh đóng cột Sure as eggs Chắc is eggs 92 Teach your Trứng khôn vịt grandmother to suck eggs 93 Lắm thầy thối ma, Too many cooks sãi không đóng spoil the broth cửa chùa Two peas in aGiống pod hai giọt nước, giống đúc Upper crust Tầng lớp thượng lưu, tầng lớp xã hội Báccart bỏ lý thuyết Upset the apple 94 95 96 97 Hành động cách Walk on eggshells thận trọng dè dặt 98 Xứng đáng với tiền Worth your salt kiếm Được You can't have yourcái cake and eat it 99 100 Muốn You can't make an đạt mục đích phải chịu gian nan omelette without breaking eggstổn thất VIII APPENDIX 2: VIETNAMESE – ENGLISH IDIOMS OF FOOD AND DRINK Ai ma ăn cỗ 10 11 12 13 Ao sâu tốt cá Áo ấm cơm no Ăn bơ làm biếng Ăn cám trả vàng Ăn cay uống đắng Ăn cáy bưng tai Ăn rào Ăn táo rào sung Ăn cháo cầm Ăn cháo đái bát Ăn chó lơng Ăn chực địi bánh chưng 14 Ăn cỗ trước, lội nước sau 15 16 Ăn cơm gà gáy, cất binh nửa ngày Ăn cơm nói chuyện cũ (eat new rice, tell the old story) Speak of the old days in the present situation; reminisce 17 Ăn cơm nhà vác ngà voi 18 Ăn cướp cơm chim 19 Ăn hương ăn hoa 20 Ăn mày địi xơi gấc 21 Ăn mận trả đào 22 Ăn mật trả gừng 26 23 Ăn miếng chả trả miếng bùi 24 Ăn bát cháo chạy ba quãng đồng 25 Ăn nói cà riềng cà tỏi Ăn muối chuối chát Of two evils, choose the lesser; choose the least of two ills 27 Ăn ốc nói mị 28 Ba người sỏi đá thành cơm 29 Bạn bè xơi thịt 30 Bình cũ rượu 31 Cà cuống chết đến đít cịn cay IX 32 33 34 35 Cà riềng cà tỏi Cao lương mỹ vị Cắn cơm không vỡ Cơm tẻ mẹ ruột 36 Cơm tẻ no xơi vị chẳng thiết 37 Câm hến 38 Chén chén anh 39 Chén tạc chén thù 40 Có nếp có tẻ 42 60 41 Cơm bưng nước rót Cơm chẳng lành canh chẳng Discord between husband and wife 43 Cơm hàng cháo chợ 44 Cơm niêu nước lọ 45 Cơm no rượu say 46 Cơm thừa canh cặn 47 Cơm đen vận túng 48 Củi quế gạo châu 49 Chạy tôm tươi 50 Chán cơm nếp nát 51 Dây cà dây muống 52 Dùi đục chấm mắm cáy 53 Đâm bị thóc chọc bị gạo 54 Đo lọ nước mắm đếm củ dưa hành 55 Được diếc tiếc rô 56 Gạo châu củi quế 57 Gạo chợ nước sông 58 Giá áo túi cơm 59 Giật đầu cá vá đầu tôm Hàng thịt nguýt hàng cá(the butcher hates the fish dealer); something out of envy 61 Hàng tôm hàng cá 62 Kén cá chọn canh 63 Khát nước đào giêngs 64 Khơng có cá lấy rau má làm ngon 65 Khơng ưa dưa có giịi 66 Láu tơm láu cá 67 Liệu cơm gắp mắm X 68 69 70 71 one’s means Mạnh gạo bạo tiềnWhen you are rich you are powerful A heavy purse makes as light heart Mạt cưa mướp đắng Màu mỡ riêu cua Mật ruồi nhiều 72 Mật chết ruồi 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 Mèo mù vớ cá rán Mọc lên nấm Một sâu bỏ rầu nồi canh Mượn gió bẻ măng Nát tương Nằm gai nếm mật Nem công chả phượng 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Ngọt mía lùi Nhạt nước ốc Nhẵn củ tỏi Quần nước sáo áo cháo lòng Rách xơ mướp Rán sành mỡ Rành rành canh nấu hẹ Rượu ngon chẳng nệ (kể) be sành Rượu vào lời 89 90 91 92 Sẻ áo nhường cơm Sơn hào hải vị Thuộc cháo Tiền trao cháo múc 93 94 95 96 97 98 Trà dư tửu hậu Tránh vỏ dưa gặp vỏ dừa Tre già măng mọc Trồng cà cà Trứng chọi với đá Trứng khôn vịt 99 100 Vặt đầu cá vá đầu tôm Xấu từ trứng ... of idioms of food and drink, the author looked for the equivalence of the idioms of food and drink of both languages to see how cultural transfer occurs As equivalence is so broad to study, the. .. cultural transfer occurs through translation of idioms of food and drink Cultural transfer through translation of idioms of food and drink Nowadays, in the global trend, if one learner of foreign... forms as ? ?idioms of food and drink? ?? The idioms of food and drink may relate to a certain kind of food or drink as “ butter and cheese”, “good egg”, “bad egg”, “fish in troubled water”… or food and