A study on pragmatic equivalence in the english vietnamese translation of the story confession of an economic hit man by john perkins

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES & INTERNATIONAL STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES VŨ THỊ THANH HOA A STUDY ON PRAGMATIC EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF THE STORY “CONFESSIONS OF AN ECONOMIC HIT MAN” BY JOHN PERKINS (Nghiên cứu tính tương đương ngữ dụng dịch Anh- Việt tác phẩm “Lời thú tội Một sát thủ kinh tế” John Perkins) M.A Minor Thesis Field: English linguistics Code: 602215 Hanoi, 2009 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES & INTERNATIONAL STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES VŨ THỊ THANH HOA A STUDY ON PRAGMATIC EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF THE STORY “CONFESSIONS OF AN ECONOMIC HIT MAN” BY JOHN PERKINS (Nghiên cứu tính tương đương ngữ dụng dịch Anh- Việt tác phẩm “Lời thú tội Một sát thủ kinh tế” John Perkins) M.A Minor Thesis Field: English linguistics Code: 602215 Supervisor: Assoc.Prof.Dr LÊ HÙNG TIẾN Hanoi, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT PART I: INTRODUCTION Rationale of the study Purposes of the study Scope of the study Methodology Design of the study PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 What is Pragmatics 1.2 Pragmatic Markers 1.3 What is Equivalence in Translation 1.4 Pragmatic Equivalence 1.5 E A Nida’s response-based approach on Translation Quality Assessment 1.6 Pragmatic features of the source text and the receptor of the target text CHAPTER 2: PRAGMATIC MARKERS IN THE ORIGINAL TEXT 2.1 Functions of Pragmatic Markers in Rhetorical Structure 2.1.1 Emphasizer 2.1.2 Comment Msarker 2.1.3 Evidential Marker 2.1.4 Resumption Marker 2.1.5 Addition Marker 2.1.6 Concluding Marker 2.1.7 Evaluator 2.1.8 Topic Shifter 2.1.9 Clarifier 2.2 Functions of Pragmatic Markers in Sequential Structure 2.2.1 Opening segment boundary marker 2.2.2 Closing segment boundary marker 2.3 Functions of Pragmatic Markers in Inferential Structure 2.3.1 Contextual Constrainer 2.3.2 Monitoring Marker 2.3.3 Justification Marker 2.3.4 Face-threat mitigator CHAPTER 3: TREATMENTS OF PRAGMATIC MARKERS IN THE VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION 3.1 Treatment of pragmatic markers in Rhetorical Structure 3.1.1 Treatment of Emphasizer 3.1.2 Treatment of Comment marker 3.1.3 Treatment of Evidential Marker 3.1.4 Treatment of Resumption Marker 3.1.5 Treatment of Addition Marker 3.1.6 Treatment of Concluding Marker 3.1.7 Treatment of Evaluator 3.1.8 Treatment of Topic Shifter 3.1.9 Treatment of Clarifier 3.2 Treatment of pragmatic markers in Sequential Structure 3.2.1 Treatment of Opening segment boundary marker 3.2.2 Treatment of Closing segment boundary marker 3.3 Treatment of pragmatic markers in Inferential Structure 3.3.1 Treatment of Contextual Constrainer 3.3.2 Treatment of Monitoring Marker 3.3.3 Treatment of Justification Marker 3.3.4 Treatment of Face-threat mitigator 3.4 Analysis of the pragmatic equivalence in the translation with regards to pragmatic markers through a written discourse completion task 3.4.1 The participants 3.4.2 The instruments 3.4.3 Data analysis 3.4.4 Results PART 3: CONCLUSION Findings of the study Implications Recommendations for further research REFERENCES PART I: INTRODUCTION Rationale of the study Much ink has flown on discussing the term equivalence in translation It is the relationship between a source text (ST) and a target text (TT) that allows the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST It signifies any relation characterizing translation under a specified set of circumstances Equivalence was a relationship between two texts in two languages, rather than between the languages themselves It can be said that success of a translation is determined not only by the equivalence of meaning The degree of success also depends on some other factors like stylistic equivalence, pragmatic equivalence or textual equivalence The neglect of any equivalence for any possible reasons may affect or reduce the target readers‟ reception of a translation Therefore, it is required for a considerate translator to be aware of the SL text‟s pragmatic peculiarities and reproduce them in the target language one In practice, an important assumption which translators entertain seems to be one epitomized by something Eugene Nida said many years ago, echoing Jakobson (1959): “Anything which can be said in one language can be said in another, unless the form is an essential element of the message (Nida and Taber 1969:4).” The focus of the study will be put on pragmatic equivalence between the source and target language texts, which is indicated by taking pragmatic markers in both texts into consideration Accordingly, the book “Confessions of an Economic Hitman” (published in 2004) is chosen John Perkins lifted the veil on a world rarely seen by most people He took us on a tour of the costs and consequences of American corporate hegemony, dispelling myths of the „free market‟, and forcing us to peer deep into our own souls As Perkins states in his earlier works, "The world is as you dream it," so the question is, “what will you dream?” This book is translated into Vietnamese by a group of translators headed by Lê Đồng Tâm and has caught a great interest of certain Vietnamese readers 2 Purposes of the study The study sets out to obtain the purposes as follows: - To investigate the numerous functions of pragmatic markers in the ST as well as the treatment of these markers in the TT - To study the dynamic equivalence between the original text and its translation - To suggest some implications for teaching and learning of English in general and translation studies in particular Scope of the study The study is focused on dynamic equivalence between “Confessions of an Economic Hit Man” & its “Lời thú tội sát thủ kinh tế” More specifically, the study is confined to the relationship between pragmatic effect of pragmatic markers valid for different receiver groups and habits of using these markers as well as of choosing language style in different language pairs The ground for the investigation in this study is the notion of dynamic equivalence proposed by Nida & Taber (1969), Koller (1989), Baker (1992), Newmark (1981), Hatim and Mason (1990) and Monia Bayar (2007) and the conception of pragmatics and pragmatic markers suggested by Levinson (1983), Richards J.C, Platt J & Platt H (1992) and Fraser (1999) Methodology 4.1 Research Questions - What are pragmatic features of the source text and the receptors‟response to the translation text? - What are functions of pragmatic markers demonstrated in John Perkins‟s original work? Are these markers treated equivalently in the translation text? - To what extent are the original text and the translation pragmatically equivalent? 4.2 Methods On the one hand, this study will be conducted under the corpus-based analysis The aim of this method is to attempt to outline the existing territory occupied by a new field of research in translation studies The research techniques are gathering quantitative data via a survey questionnaire and presenting the results through statistics and tables On the other hand, the qualitative method will be resorted to as a supplementary one and not officially employed It will help understand the meaning of the numbers produced by quantitative methods Using quantitative methods, it is possible to give precise and testable expression to qualitative ideas This combination of quantitative and qualitative data gathering is often referred to as mixed-methods research 4.3 Data collection procedures To investigate the pragmatic equivalence between the original text “Confessions of an Economic Hit Man” and its Vietnamese translation, the following steps will be taken to collect data for the study: - doing document analyses to build up a strong theoretical framework for the study - conducting a survey according to DCT method to identify and collect all pragmatic markers explicit in the SL and TL texts In the DCT the discourse is structured so that part of it is left open and part closed A space is provided for subjects to supply speech act under investigation, but the response is provided in order to cue the respondent as to the appropriate nature of the speech act realization, i.e., the level of formality, and a description of the roles and relationship of the interlocutors Also the DCT is an effective means of studying the stereotypical perceived requirements for a socially appropriate response and is a good way to gain insight into social and psychological factors that are likely to affect speech and performance i.e it avoids those very context specific constraints that influence authentic data Cohen (1996, p.25) concludes that “discourse completion tests are effective means of gathering a large amount of data quickly, creating an initial classification of semantic formulas, and ascertaining the structure of speech act under consideration.” - holding discussions with colleagues in the field to investigate their viewpoints and experience in translating pragmatic markers 4.4 Data Analysis To facilitate the process of analyzing data, the inductive method has been employed Then, comparison and contrast between the original and its translation are made as well as detailed analyses are carried out so that a conclusion on the level of pragmatic equivalence between the original and translation can be reached Design of the study The study is composed of three main parts: the introduction, the development and the conclusion The introduction states the rationale, purposes, scope, methodology and design of the study The development consists of three chapters: Chapter one: Theoretical background Chapter two: Pragmatic markers in the original text Chapter three: Treatments of pragmatic markers in the Vietnamese translation The conclusion summarizes the main points discussed in the previous parts and puts forwards some implications for translation learning and practice PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 What is pragmatics? Some linguistics tend to take into consideration intensional definitions of pragmatics which are: "the study of the relations of signs to interpreters" (Morris, 1938: 84); "the study of indexical rules for relating linguistic form to a given context" (Bates, 1976: 3); "a theory that has as its subject matter the relationship between a language, its subject matter, and the users of the language" (Martin, 1971 : 138); "the theory of the relation between the language users and the language structure" (Apostel, 1971: 33); "the science of language use" (Haberland and Mey, 1977: 1) Others deal with extensional definitions: "Pragmatics is the study of deixis, implicature, presupposition, speech acts, and aspects of discourse structure" (Levinson, 1983:27); "Pragmatics, for a natural language, concerns 'illucutionary force', 'implicature', 'presupposition', and 'contextdependent acceptability'" (Gazdar, 1979: 2) Richards J.C, Platt J & Platt H (1992:284) regards Pragmatics as the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used Pragmatics includes the study of: a how the interpretation and use of UTTERANCES depend on knowledge of the real world b how speakers use and understand SPEECH ACTS c how the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and the hearer 1.2 Pragmatic markers Pragmatic markers are polyfuntional cues that predicate changes in the speaker‟s cognition, attitudes, and beliefs and facilitate the transmission of illocutionary hear and write what their advertisers want to read." (III,19,115) "Of course he was." I told her that I had asked Manuel whether he thought they were FARC or M-I9, referring to two of the most infamous Colombian guerrilla groups (III, 22,124) "Yes, but I could hardly hear his answer A Russian,' he said Of course, I assured him that he was right, that the inventor had been a Communist named Kalashnikov, a highly decorated officer in the Red Army I brought him around to understand that the people who wrote that note were Communists " (III,22,125) He sat back and, smiling, seemed to relax "Of course, books like your last one, about dealing with stress and such things, Sometimes they can even further a man's career As a consultant to SWEC, you are perfectly free to publish that sort of thing." He looked at me as though (III,27,171;172) Table Treatment of Resumption Marker "She lowered the spoon into her café leche, stirred, and then slowly licked the spoon."What else can they do? They need to learn about modern weapons and how to fight the soldiers who've gone through your schools Sometimes they sell cocaine in order to areperfectly expecting raise money for supplies How else can they buy guns? They're up against terrible odds Your World Bank doesn't help them defend themselves In fact, it forces them into this position." She took a sip of coffee “I believe their cause is just The electricity will help only a few, the wealthiest Colombians, and thousands will die because the fish and water are poisoned, after you build that dam of yours." (III,22,126) Table Treatment of Addition Marker "Let's just say you need to come up with a very optimistic forecast of the economy, how it will mushroom after all the new power plants and distribution lines are built That will allow USAID and the international banks to justify the loans You'll be well rewarded, of course, and can move on to other projects in exotic places The world is your shopping cart” (I,2,16;17) Table Treatment of Concluding Marker “…You're the one who predicts the future Your forecasts determine the magnitude of the systems they design — and the size of the loans You see, you're the key." (I, 2, 17) "Potentially much worse You see, this shah won't last much longer The Muslim world hates him Not just the Arabs, but Muslims everywhere— Indonesia, the United States, but mostly right people."(III,19,115) here, v "We'd be happy to see your company go bankrupt However, we'd rather see you leave Iran Just one company like yours, walking away, could start a trend That's what we're hoping You see, we don't want a bloodbath here, but the shah must go, and we'll try anything that will make that easier So we pray to Allah that you'll convince your Mr Zambotti to get out while there is still time." (III,19,116) Table Treatment of Evaluator "Surely this economy will boom,"… (I,5,30) "Surely," I protested, "you can't believe that the United States is antiIslamic" (II,7,45) "I don't think too highly of the shah's politics —his willingness to overthrow his own father and become a CIA puppet—but it looks as though he's doing good things for his country Perhaps I can learn something from him If he survives." (II,13,72) "Or maybe," I agreed, "it's about economics, not religion." (IV,32,192) Table Treatment of Topic Shifter "I'll be very frank with you, teach you all I can during the next weeks Then you'll have to choose Your decision is final Once you're in, you're in for life." vi (I,2,14) "We will take our time," one of the men chimed in, "and then like a snake we will strike." (II,7,46) "I wish I were Most of these girls have lost their families —fathers, brothers, husbands, boyfriends They grew up with torture and death Dancing and prostitution don't seem all that bad to them They can make a lot of money here, then start fresh somewhere, buy a little shop, open a cafe" (II,12,70) Table Treatment of Clarifier "You mean just keep quiet?" "Exactly Don't give them an excuse to come after you In fact, give them every reason to leave you alone, to not muddy the water." (III,22,129) "Besides, I like to write fiction It gives me much greater freedom." (III, 17,107) Table 10 Treatment of Opening segment boundary marker "Well, John, he knew he had no cause," he said of Hall, "so I demanded a very good severance package, and I got it Mac controls a huge block of voting stock, and once he made his move there was nothing I could do." Bruno indicated that he was considering several offers of high-level positions at multinational banks that had been our clients (III,25,146;147) vii "Oh, I've been around too," he said mockingly (I,5,31) => initiating utterances and relating them to the foregoing interaction "He just shrugged." Our eyes met "Oh, Paula, I detest myself for playing this role " (III,22,125) Table 11 Treatment of Closing segment boundary marker "Speaking of oil," he said He took another puff on his cigar and flipped past a couple of the note cards "We all know how dependent our own country is on oil Indonesia can be a powerful ally to us in that regard So, as you develop this master plan, please everything you can to make sure that the oil industry and all the others that serve it—ports, pipelines, construction companies—get whatever they are likely to need in the way of electricity for the entire duration of this twentyfive-year plan " (I,4,25) “…All of us will put our heads together then So, before we leave we gotta be absolutely certain we have all the information we'll need….” (I,5,29) "Now the other side," Fidel said "I've got official papers and you're a U.S citizen, so we can go." (II,11,65) "I was one." He shook his head, seemed lost in thought We sat in silence for a few minutes before he spoke again "I not like beggaring My child dies So I raise poppies." x(IV,32,193) viii "Quite simple He is your only real ally in the Middle East, and the industrial world rotates on the axle of oil that is the Middle East Oh, you have Israel, of course, but that's actually a liability to you, not an asset And no oil there Your politicians must placate the Jewish vote, must get their money to finance campaigns So you're stuck with Israel, I'm afraid However, Iran is the key Your oil companies — which carry even more power than the Jews — need us You need our shah—or you think you do, just as you thought you needed South Vietnam's corrupt leaders." (III,19,115) Table 12 Treatment of Contextual Constrainer "We must win the Indonesians over If they join the Communist bloc, well ." She drew a finger across her throat and then smiled sweetly (I, 2, 16) Table 13 Treatment of Monitoring Marker "You see, it is the same here," he said "The desert is our environment The Flowering Desert project threatens nothing less than the destruction of our entire fabric How can we allow this to happen?" (III,18,111) "You see, this man who calls himself the King of Kings is in reality satanic ix His father was deposed by your CIA with — I hate to say it — my help, because he was said to be a Nazi collaborator And then there was the Mossadegh calamity Today, our shah is on the route to surpassing Hitler in the realms of evil He does this with the full knowledge and support of your government." (III,19,114;115) Table 14 Treatment of Justification Marker “Fortunately, she kept her eyes on the coffee offices of an oil company—Occidental, I think He was protesting drilling on indigenous lands, in the forests of a tribe facing extinction — him and a couple friends…”(III,22,127) It did not, but I thought I remembered "About eighty million in the world, I believe." (IV, 32,193) "Can't get used to it," he muttered "I lost many customers, many friends My nephew died up there." He pointed at the blue sky "I think I saw him jump I don't know So many were jumping, holding hands and flapping their arms as though they could fly." (IV,32,191) Table 15 Treatment of Face-threat mitigator Bruno summoned me to his office and said, "You'll get loads of grief over this cup."Demonstrating dozen MAIN'S a pretty conservative place But I want you to know I think you're smart Torrijos will love it; I hope you're sending him a copy Good Well, these jokers here in this office, the ones who think Torrijos is a Socialist, really won't give a damn as long as the work flows in." (III,17,104) xi Pragmatic Questionnaire Dear All, I am doing a study on assessing the translation of pragmatic markers (Dấu hiệu dụng học) in the book “Lời thú tội Một sát thủ kinh tế” from the original one “Confessions of An Economic Hit Man” The purpose of this questionnaire is to find out what you would naturally say/ translate in the utterances/situations below Your completion of this questionnaire will also help to ensure the accomplishment of the study and is therefore highly appreciated Please feel free to write down, as you will not be identified Please read the given utterances carefully and choose the best translation for the underlined part Thank you for your assistance "In any case, you know we have a big project in Kuwait It'll be a while before you leave for Indonesia I think you should use some of your time to read up on Kuwait The Boston Public Library is a great resource, and we can get you passes to the MIT and Harvard libraries." (I, 2,13) A “Dầu nữa, thì anh cũng nên biết rằng , có dự án lớn Cơ t B “Dù trường hợp nào, anh biết đấy, có dự án lớn Cơ-t…” C “Bất ḷn nào, anh cũng phải biết rằng có dự án lớn Cô oét D Your own way: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… "I read the Spanish version the other day If it's anything like the English one, I think you'll find it very interesting." (III,22,130) A Nếu giống với tiếng Anh , em nghĩanh sẽ phát nhiều điều rất thú vị đấy xii B Em cho rằng anh sẽ thấy rất thú vị có gì giống với tiếng Anh C Nếu này có chút gì giống với tiếng Anh thì cược rằng anh sẽ thích D Your own way: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… “…After that — presto — the rains will return and the desert will bloom again Of course, in the process we will have to spend hundreds of millions of dollars." He smiled condescendingly "Companies like yours will reap huge profits." (III,18,110) A Tất nhiên, để làm được điều này , phải cần đến hàng trăm triệu đô la B Tất nhiên, trình này, sẽ hàng trăm triệu đô-la C Dĩ nhiên, tiến hành, sẽ hàng trăm triệu đôla D Your own way: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… "…In fact, it forces them into this position." She took a sip of coffee “I believe their cause is just The electricity will help only a few, the wealthiest Colombians, and thousands will die because the fish and water are poisoned, after you build that dam of yours." (III,22,126) A Em tin là lý khiến họ làm những việc vậy B Em tin nguyên nhân họ chỉ đơn giản có vậy C Tơi tin rằng mục đích họ là chính đáng D Your own way: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… xiii "Let's just say you need to come up with a very optimistic forecast of the economy, how it will mushroom after all the new power plants and distribution lines are built That will allow USAID and the international banks to justify the loans You'll be well rewarded, of course, and can move on to other projects in exotic places The world is your shopping cart” (I,2,16;17) A Thôi, chỉ cần biết là anh phải đưa được dự báo cự kỳ lạc quan về nề n kinh tế… B Chỉ nói thêm rằng, anh cần phải đưa dự báo thật lạc quan về nền kinh tế C Ví dụ anh cần đưa dự báo lạc quan về nền kinh tế D Your own way: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… “…You're the one who predicts the future Your forecasts determine the magnitude of the systems they design — and the size of the loans You see, you're the key." (I, 2, 17) A Anh thấy đấy anh là người quan trọng nhất B Anh thấy đấy, anh là người đóng vai trò quan trọng C Anh thấy đấy, anh là người quan trọng mà D Your own way: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… "I don't think too highly of the shah's politics —his willingness to overthrow his own father and become a CIA puppet—but it looks as though he's doing good things for his country Perhaps I can learn something from him If he survives."(II,13,72) A Có lẽ tơi có thể học được điều gì từ ông ta Nếu ông ta tồn được xiv B Có lẽ, tơi có thể học tập điều gì từ ơng ấy ơng ấy sống sót C Có lẽ tơi có thể học hỏi được điều gì từ ơng ta ơng ta tồn được D Your own way: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… "I'll be very frank with you, teach you all I can during the next weeks Then you'll have to choose Your decision is final Once you're in, you're in for life." (I,2,14) A Sau anh phải lựa chọn Quyết định anh là cuối cùng B Sau anh sẽ phải lựa chọn Cuối cùng là định anh C Rồi anh sẽ phải lựa chon Quyết định anh là cuối cùng D Your own way: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… "You mean just keep quiet?" "Exactly Don't give them an excuse to come after you In fact, give them every reason to leave you alone, to not muddy the water." (III,22,129) A “Ý em là chỉ giữ im lặng?” B Ý em là, chỉ cần giữ im lặng? C Ý em là chỉ cần giữ im lặng D Your own way: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… 10 "Well, John, he knew he had no cause," he said of Hall, "so I demanded a very good severance package, and I got it Mac controls a huge block of voting stock, and once he made his move there was nothing I could do." Bruno indicated that…(III,25,146;147) A John ạ, ông ta biết rằng ơng ta khơng có lý nào xv B Ô, John ạ, hắn ta biết hắn ta khơng có ngun nhân gì C Này, John, ơng ta biết ơng ta khơng có mục đích nào hết D Your own way: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… 11 “…All of us will put our heads together then So, before we leave we gotta be absolutely certain we have all the information we'll need….” (I,5,29) A Vậy là, trước rời khỏi phải hoàn toàn chắc rằng đã có đầy đủ tất thơng tin cần thiết B Do vậy, trước rời đi, phải hoàn toàn chắc chắn rằng, có tất những thơng tin cần C Vì vậy, trước đi, phải biết chắc chắn là đã có đủ thơng tin cần D Your own way: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… 12 "We must win the Indonesians over If they join the Communist bloc, well ." She drew a finger across her throat and then smiled sweetly (I, 2, 16) A Chúng ta phải lôi kéo người dân Inđônêxia về phí a mình Chà, họ mà không theo thì B Chúng ta phải dành chiến thắng trước người In-đô-nê-si-a Chà, mà bọn chúng theo Chủ nghĩa Cộng Sản thì… C Chúng ta buộc phải thắng người Indo Nếu họ gia nhập khối cộng sản… D Your own way: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… xvi 13 "You see, it is the same here," he said "The desert is our environment The Flowering Desert project threatens nothing less than the destruction of our entire fabric How can we allow this to happen?" (III,18,111) A Anh thấy đấy, tình hình cũng y vậy B Anh thấy đấy, trường hợp này cũng tương tự vậy C Anh thấy đấy, cúng D Your own way: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… 14 "Can't get used to it," he muttered "I lost many customers, many friends My nephew died up there." He pointed at the blue sky "I think I saw him jump I don't know So many were jumping, holding hands and flapping their arms as though they could fly." (IV,32,191) A Tơi nghĩlà tơi đã trơng thấy nhảy xuống Tơi khơng biết nữa Có người đã nhảy xuống , cầm tay và vẫy vẫy cánh tay thể họ biết bay vậy B Tơi nghĩ, tơi đã nhìn thấy nhảy xuống Tơi cũng khơng biết nữa…Có q nhiều người nhảy xuống, nắm chặt tay và giang rộng chánh tay cứ họ có thể bay vậy C Tơi cho là đã nhìn thấy nhảy không biết… nhiều người cùng nhảy, nắm tay và giang rộng tay thể họ biết bay D Your own way: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… 15 "…But I want you to know I think you're smart Torrijos will love it; I hope you're sending him a copy Good Well, these jokers here in this office, the ones who think Torrijos is a Socialist, really won't give a damn as long as the work flows in." (III,17,104) xvii A Những kẻ thích đùa công ty , những người nghĩlà Torrijos theo chủ nghĩa xã hội , sẽ chẳng quan tâm lắm đâu chừng nào công việc vẫn đổ về chơ B Những người hay nói đùa văn phòng này cho rằng Torrijos là người thuộc phe XHCN thực sự chẳng hề để tâm công việc đầy ắp C Ừ thì những kẻ hay đùa văn phòng cho rằng Torrijos theo XHCN sẽ chẳng để ý công việc cứ tuôn về D Your own way: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ... reproduction of one certain kind of pragmatic markers in Vietnamese in general and in the translation in particular 44 REFERENCES Apostel, Leo 1971 „Further remarks on the pragmatics of natural languages‟... markers on action and evaluations segments in the two language, English narrators use pragmatic markers more than Vietnamese narrators This may be explained by appealing to the syntactic, semantic and... language, of contextual consistency in the transfer, and of transformation in the receptor language, the message is preserved and the translation is faithful' 14 One can easily see that Nida