Ebook The properties of gases and liquids (Fifth Edition) the estimation of physical properties; pure component constants; thermodynamic properties of ideal gases; pressure-volume-temperature relationships of pure gases and liquids; pressure volume temperature relationships of mixtures; thermodynamic properties of pure components and mixtures; vapor pressures and enthalpies of vaporization of pure fluids; fluid phase equilibria in multicomponent systems.
Rzwan Uploaded by: Ebooks Chemical Engineering (https://www.facebook.com/pages/Ebooks-Chemical-Engineering/238197077030) For More Books, softwares & tutorials Related to Chemical Engineering Join Us @google+: http://gplus.to/ChemicalEngineering @facebook: https://www.facebook.com/AllAboutChemcalEngineering @facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/10436265147/ @facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Ebooks-ChemicalEngineering/238197077030 Digitally signed by Rzwan DN: cn=Rzwan gn=Rzwan c=United States l=US e=rizwankhan1donn@gmail.co m Reason: I am the author of this document Location: Date: 2013-06-02 19:40+03:00 THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS Bruce E Poling Professor of Chemical Engineering University of Toledo John M Prausnitz Professor of Chemical Engineering University of California at Berkeley John P O’Connell Professor of Chemical Engineering University of Virginia Fifth Edition McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2001, 1987, 1977, 1966, 1958 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 0-07-149999-7 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-011682-2 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069 TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise DOI: 10.1036/0070116822 Professional Want to learn more? We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here For more information about this title, click here CONTENTS Preface Chapter 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 Pure Component Constants 2.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Gases 3.1 Scope and Definitions / 3.1 Estimation Methods / 3.5 Method of Joback / 3.6 Method of Constantinou and Gani (CG) / 3.8 Method of Benson [1968; 1969] / 3.14 Discussion and Recommendations / 3.46 Heat of Combustion / 3.47 Chapter 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 1.1 Scope / 2.1 Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties / 2.2 Acentric Factor / 2.23 Boiling and Freezing Points / 2.26 Discussion of Estimation Methods for Pure Component Constants / 2.33 Dipole Moments / 2.34 Availability of Data and Computer Software / 2.35 Chapter 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 The Estimation of Physical Properties Introduction / 1.1 Estimation of Properties / 1.3 Types of Estimation / 1.3 Organization of the Book / 1.6 Chapter 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 vii Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships of Pure Gases and Liquids Scope / 4.1 Introduction to Volumetric Properties / 4.1 Corresponding States Principle / 4.5 Equations of State / 4.8 Virial Equation of State / 4.11 Analytical Equations of State / 4.17 Nonanalytic Equations of State / 4.25 Discussion of Equations of State / 4.31 PVT Properties of Liquids—General Considerations / 4.32 iii 4.1 iv CONTENTS 4-10 Estimation of the Liquid Molar Volume at the Normal Boiling Point / 4.33 4-11 Saturated Liquid Densities as a Function of Temperature / 4.35 4-12 Compressed Liquid Densities / 4.43 Chapter 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 7-7 7-8 7-9 7-10 7-11 7-12 7-13 7-14 Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Components and Mixtures 6.1 Scope / 6.1 Fundamental Thermodynamic Relationships for Pure Components / 6.1 Departure Functions for Thermodynamic Properties / 6.4 Evaluation of Departure Functions for Equations of State / 6.6 Heat Capacities of Real Gases / 6.16 Heat Capacities of Liquids / 6.17 Partial Properties and Fugacities of Components in Mixtures / 6.26 True Critical Points of Mixtures / 6.30 Chapter 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 5.1 Scope / 5.1 Mixture Properties—General Discussion / 5.2 Corresponding States Principle (CSP): The Pseudocritical Method / 5.5 Virial Equations of State for Mixtures / 5.8 Analytical Equations of State for Mixtures / 5.12 Nonanalytic Equations of State for Mixtures / 5.18 Discussion of Mixture Equations of State / 5.22 Densities of Liquid Mixtures at Their Bubble Point / 5.23 Densities of Compressed Liquid Mixtures / 5.26 Chapter 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships of Mixtures Vapor Pressures and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Pure Fluids 7.1 Scope / 7.1 Theory / 7.1 Correlation and Extrapolation of Vapor-Pressure Data / 7.3 Ambrose-Walton Corresponding-States Method / 7.7 Riedel Corresponding-States Method / 7.9 Discussion and Recommendations for Vapor-Pressure Estimation and Correlation / 7.11 Enthalpy of Vaporization of Pure Compounds / 7.13 Estimation of ⌬Hv from Vapor-Pressure Equations / 7.14 Estimation of ⌬Hv from the Law of Corresponding States / 7.16 ⌬Hv at the Normal Boiling Point / 7.19 Variation of ⌬Hv with Temperature / 7.23 Discussion and Recommendations for Enthalpy of Vaporization / 7.24 Enthalpy of Fusion / 7.25 Enthalpy of Sublimation; Vapor Pressures of Solids / 7.28 Chapter Fluid Phase Equilibria in Multicomponent Systems 8-1 Scope / 8.1 8-2 Thermodynamics of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria / 8.9 8.1 CONTENTS 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9 8-10 8-11 8-12 8-13 8-14 8-15 8-16 8-17 8-18 Fugacity of a Pure Liquid / 8.11 Simplifications in the Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Relation / 8.12 Activity Coefficients; Gibbs-Duham Equation and Excess Gibbs Energy / 8.12 Calculation of Low-Pressure Binary Vapor-Liquid Equilibria with Activity Coefficients / 8.19 Effect of Temperature on Low-Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibria / 8.22 Binary Vapor-Liquid Equilibria: Low-Pressure Examples / 8.23 Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Equilibria at Low Pressure / 8.32 Determination of Activity Coefficients / 8.42 Phase Equilibrium with Henry’s Law / 8.111 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria with Equations of State / 8.120 Solubilities of Solids in High-Pressure Gases / 8.158 Liquid-Liquid Equilibria / 8.159 Phase Equilibria in Polymer Solutions / 8.177 Solubilities of Solids in Liquids / 8.180 Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes / 8.191 Concluding Remarks / 8.193 Chapter 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-10 9-11 9-12 9-13 Viscosity 9.1 Scope / 9.1 Definitions of Units of Viscosity / 9.1 Theory of Gas Transport Properties / 9.2 Estimation of Low-Pressure Gas Viscosity / 9.4 Viscosities of Gas Mixtures at Low Pressures / 9.15 Effect of Pressure on the Viscosity of Pure Gases / 9.29 Viscosity of Gas Mixtures at High Pressures / 9.47 Liquid Viscosity / 9.51 Effect of High Pressure on Liquid Viscosity / 9.55 Effect of Temperature on Liquid Viscosity / 9.56 Estimation of Low-Temperature Liquid Viscosity / 9.59 Estimation of Liquid Viscosity at High Temperatures / 9.75 Liquid Mixture Viscosity / 9.77 Chapter 10 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12 v Thermal Conductivity 10.1 Scope / 10.1 Theory of Thermal Conductivity / 10.1 Thermal Conductivities of Polyatomic Gases / 10.2 Effect of Temperature on the Low-Pressure Thermal Conductivities of Gases / 10.18 Effect of Pressure on the Thermal Conductivities of Gases / 10.18 Thermal Conductivities of Low-Pressure Gas Mixtures / 10.29 Thermal Conductivities of Gas Mixtures at High Pressures / 10.35 Thermal Conductivities of Liquids / 10.42 Estimation of the Thermal Conductivities of Pure Liquids / 10.44 Effect of Temperature on the Thermal Conductivities of Liquids / 10.51 Effect of Pressure on the Thermal Conductivities of Liquids / 10.52 Thermal Conductivities of Liquid Mixtures / 10.56 Chapter 11 Diffusion Coefficients 11-1 Scope / 11.1 11.1 vi CONTENTS 11-2 Basic Concepts and Definitions / 11.1 11-3 Diffusion Coefficients for Binary Gas Systems at Low Pressures: Prediction from Theory / 11.5 11-4 Diffusion Coefficients for Binary Gas Systems at Low Pressures: Empirical Correlations / 11.9 11-5 The Effect of Pressure on the Binary Diffusion Coefficients of Gases / 11.12 11-6 The Effect of Temperature on Diffusion in Gases / 11.19 11-7 Diffusion in Multicomponent Gas Mixtures / 11.19 11-8 Diffusion in Liquids: Theory / 11.20 11-9 Estimation of Binary Liquid Diffusion Coefficients at Infinite Dilution / 11.21 11-10 Concentration Dependence of Binary Liquid Diffusion Coefficients / 11.33 11-11 The Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Diffusion in Liquids / 11.38 11-12 Diffusion in Multicomponent Liquid Mixtures / 11.41 11-13 Diffusion in Electrolyte Solutions / 11.43 Chapter 12 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 Surface Tension 12.1 Scope / 12.1 Introduction / 12.1 Estimation of Pure-Liquid Surface Tension / 12.2 Variation of Pure-Liquid Surface Tension with Temperature / 12.11 Surface Tensions of Mixtures / 12.12 Appendix A Property Data Bank A.1 Appendix B Lennard-Jones Potentials as Determined from Viscosity Data Appendix C Group Contributions for Multiproperty Methods C.1 Index follows Appendix C B.1 PREFACE Reliable values of the properties of materials are necessary for the design of industrial processes An enormous amount of data has been collected and correlated over the years, but the rapid advance of technology into new fields seems always to maintain a significant gap between demand and availability The engineer is still required to rely primarily on common sense, experience, and a variety of methods for estimating physical properties This book presents a critical review of various estimation procedures for a limited number of properties of gases and liquids: critical and other pure component properties; PVT and thermodynamic properties of pure components and mixtures; vapor pressures and phase-change enthalpies; standard enthalpies of formation; standard Gibbs energies of formation; heat capacities; surface tensions; viscosities; thermal conductivities; diffusion coefficients; and phase equilibria For most cases, estimated properties are compared to experiment to indicate reliability Most methods are illustrated by examples The procedures described are necessarily limited to those that appear to the authors to have the greatest validity and practical use Wherever possible, we have included recommendations delineating the best methods for estimating each property and the most reliable techniques for extrapolating or interpolating available data Although the book is intended to serve primarily the practicing engineer, especially the process or chemical engineer, other engineers and scientists concerned with gases and liquids may find it useful The first edition of this book was published in 1958, the second in 1966, the third in 1977 and the fourth in 1987 In a sense, each edition is a new book because numerous estimation methods are proposed each year; over a (roughly) 10-year span, many earlier methods are modified or displaced by more accurate or more general techniques While most estimation methods rely heavily on empiricism, the better ones—those that are most reliable—often have a theoretical basis In some cases, the theory is outlined to provide the user with the foundation of the proposed estimation method There are some significant differences between the current edition and the preceding one: Chapter includes several extensive new group-contribution methods as well as discussion and comparisons of methods based on descriptors calculated with quantum-mechanical methods Direct comparisons are given for more than 200 substances with data in Appendix A Chapter includes several new methods as well as updated Benson-Method tables for ideal-gas properties of formation and heat capacities Direct comparisons are given for more than 100 substances with data in Appendix A Chapter includes presentation of current equations of state for pure components with complete formulae for many models, especially cubics A new secvii Copyright © 2001, 1987, 1977, 1966, 1958 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click here for terms of use TABLE C-3 Second-Order Constantinou / Gani Group Contributions for Various Properties C.9 CpA2j CpB2j CpC2j cm3 molϪ1 J molϪ1 KϪ1 J molϪ1 KϪ1 J molϪ1 KϪ1 0.5830 0.3226 0.9668 Ϫ0.3082 Ϫ0.1201 8.5546 3.1721 Ϫ5.9060 Ϫ3.9682 Ϫ3.2746 Ϫ1.2002 2.1309 Ϫ2.0762 1.8969 4.2846 Ϫ22.9771 Ϫ10.0834 Ϫ1.8710 17.7889 32.1670 Ϫ0.0584 Ϫ1.5728 0.868 1.027 2.426 X X Ϫ0.568 Ϫ0.905 Ϫ0.847 0.00133 0.00179 Ϫ0.00203 Ϫ0.00243 Ϫ0.00744 X X 0.00213 0.00063 Ϫ0.00519 10.7278 4.9674 4.2945 Ϫ3.3639 Ϫ17.8246 Ϫ5.505 2.057 Ϫ0.00188 2.6142 4.4511 Ϫ5.9808 0.474 0.950 Ϫ0.073 0.00009 Ϫ1.3913 Ϫ1.5496 2.5899 Ϫ0.01150 1.472 0.699 Ϫ0.369 0.00012 0.2630 Ϫ2.3428 0.8975 0.00826 0.02778 4.504 1.013 0.345 0.00142 6.5145 Ϫ17.5541 10.6977 Ϫ0.002550 Ϫ0.01755 Ϫ0.00107 Ϫ1.1997 X Ϫ0.00009 Ϫ0.00030 Ϫ0.00108 Ϫ0.00111 Ϫ0.00036 Ϫ0.00050 0.00777 0.00083 0.00036 4.1707 X X 3.7978 X X X X Ϫ15.7667 X X Ϫ3.1964 0.00227 Ϫ0.00664 Ϫ0.00510 Ϫ0.00122 Ϫ0.01966 0.00664 0.00559 Ϫ0.00415 Ϫ0.00293 Ϫ0.00591 Ϫ0.11024 Ϫ0.11240 Ϫ0.114 0.005175 0.003659 0.001474 Ϫ0.002300 0.003818 Ϫ0.002480 0.004920 0.000344 0.000659 0.001067 X X Ϫ7.3251 X X X X Ϫ0.1174 X X X X 2.5312 X X X X 6.1191 X X Ϫ0.004880 Ϫ0.00144 0.00198 Ϫ6.4072 15.2583 Ϫ8.3149 Property tƒp2j tb2j tc2j pc2j vc2j Units K K K bar1/2 m3 kmolϪ1 w2j Ϫ0.1157 Ϫ0.0489 Ϫ0.5334 Ϫ0.5143 6.0650 1.3772 X 0.6824 1.5656 6.9709 1.0699 1.9886 5.8254 Ϫ2.3305 Ϫ1.2978 Ϫ0.6785 0.8479 3.6714 0.00400 0.00572 Ϫ0.00398 Ϫ0.01081 Ϫ0.02300 Ϫ0.00014 Ϫ0.00851 Ϫ0.00866 0.01636 Ϫ0.02700 0.01740 0.01922 Ϫ0.00475 Ϫ0.02883 Ϫ0.08632 0.17563 0.22216 0.16284 Ϫ0.03065 Ϫ0.02094 Ϫ0.860 Ϫ1.338 0.1798 0.3189 0.7273 0.4745 0.3563 0.1919 0.1957 0.3489 0.000488 0.001410 Ϫ0.001850 Ϫ0.005200 Ϫ0.013230 0.003714 0.001171 0.000424 0.002257 Ϫ0.009800 6.771 7.205 14.271 104.800 99.455 13.782 Ϫ9.660 15.465 6.342 7.466 16.224 94.564 92.573 5.733 Ϫ8.180 20.597 1.9913 0.1589 0.4402 0.004186 Ϫ0.00781 0.01648 Ϫ8.392 0.2476 0.0668 0.0167 Ϫ0.000180 Ϫ0.00098 0.00619 Ϫ0.5870 Ϫ0.1406 Ϫ0.5231 0.003538 0.00281 Ϫ0.2361 Ϫ0.0900 Ϫ0.3850 0.005675 Ϫ2.8298 1.4880 2.0547 Ϫ0.2951 Ϫ0.2986 0.7143 Ϫ0.6697 Ϫ3.1034 28.4324 0.4838 0.0127 0.0511 0.6884 Ϫ0.1074 0.0224 0.0920 0.5580 0.0735 Ϫ0.1552 0.7801 Ϫ0.2383 0.4456 2.1160 2.0427 Ϫ1.5826 0.2996 0.5018 2.9571 1.1696 Ϫ1.7493 6.1279 Ϫ1.3406 2.5413 Ϫ2.3598 Ϫ0.1977 Ϫ2.7617 Group j (CH3)2CH (CH3)3C CH(CH3)CH(CH3) CH(CH3)C(CH3)2 C(CH3)2C(CH3)2 membered ring membered ring membered ring membered ring membered ring CHnϭCHm — CHpϭCHk m, p ʦ (0,1), k, n ʦ (0,2) CH3ϪCHmϭCHn m ʦ (0,1), n ʦ (0,2) CH2ϪCHmϭCHn m ʦ (0,1), n ʦ (0,2) CH — CHmϭCHn or C — CHmϭCHn* m ʦ (0,1), n ʦ (0,2) Alicyclic side-chain CcyclicCm mϾ1 CH3CH3 CHCHO or CCHO* CH3COCH2 CH3COCH or CH3COC Ccyclicϭ0 ACCHO* CHCOOH or CCOOH* ACCOOH* CH3COOCH or CH3COOC COCH2COO or COCHCOO or COCCOO* CO — O — CO 0.0381 Ϫ0.2355 0.4401 Ϫ0.4923 hƒ2ji X Ϫ0.20789 Ϫ0.16571 X X 0.08774 X Ϫ0.26623 X 0.91939 gƒ2j hv2j V1iq kJ molϪ1 0.297 0.292 Ϫ0.399 Ϫ0.720 kJ molϪ1 kJ molϪ1 1.252 1.041 Ϫ2.792 Ϫ2.092 Ϫ1.062 Ϫ1.359 0.975 4.753 14.145 Ϫ3.173 1.279 12.245 Ϫ7.807 37.462 0.075 X 23.539 Ϫ2.602 2.149 10.715 Ϫ6.208 29.181 X 0.207 Ϫ0.668 0.071 0.744 Ϫ3.410 X 8.502 Ϫ3.345 X Ϫ16.097 Ϫ11.809 1.517 0.3148 Ϫ1.6454 Ϫ2.0262 TABLE C-3 Second-Order Constantinou / Gani Group Contributions for Various Properties (Continued ) CpA2j C.10 Property tƒp2j tb2j tc2j pc2j vc2j Units K K K bar1/2 m3 kmolϪ1 ACCOO* CHOH COH CHm(OH)CHn(OH)* m, n ʦ (0,2) CHm cyclicϪOH m ʦ (0,1) CHn(OH)CHm(NHp)* m ʦ (0,1), n, p ʦ (0,2) CHm(NH2)CHn(NH2)* m, n ʦ (0,2) CHm cyclic — NHp — CHn cyclic* m, n, p ʦ (0,1) CHnϪOϪCHmϭCHp* m ʦ (0,1), n, p ʦ (0,2) AC — O — CHm* m ʦ (0,3) CHm cyclic — S — CHn cyclic m, n ʦ (0,1) CHnϭCHm — F m ʦ (0,1), n ʦ (0,2) CHnϭCHm — Br* m ʦ (0,1), n ʦ (0,2) CHnϭCHm — I* m ʦ (0,1), n ʦ (0,2) ACBr* ACI* CHm(NH2) — COOH* m ʦ (0,2) Ϫ2.0198 Ϫ0.5480 Ϫ3.4235 Ϫ2.8035 Ϫ3.5442 Ϫ0.000540 Ϫ0.004390 Ϫ0.00777 0.000178 0.01511 0.0835 0.02605 hƒ2ji w2j X 0.03654 0.21106 gƒ2j kJ molϪ1 kJ molϪ1 Ϫ9.874 Ϫ3.887 Ϫ24.125 hv2j V1iq kJ molϪ1 cm3 molϪ1 CpB2j Ϫ1 CpC2j J molϪ1 KϪ1 J mol KϪ1 J mol KϪ1 X 2.4484 Ϫ1.5252 Ϫ0.0765 Ϫ7.6380 Ϫ0.00250 X X X X X X 0.00046 X X X X X X X Ϫ7.415 Ϫ6.770 Ϫ20.770 Ϫ1.398 Ϫ0.00092 0.320 0.00175 Ϫ3.661 X Ϫ1 0.00001 X X 0.1460 8.1795 0.3189 Ϫ0.5385 Ϫ0.6331 0.9124 9.5209 5.4941 0.3233 0.005052 0.006917 3.805 Ϫ0.02297 X X 0.366 Ϫ0.0690 Ϫ16.333 Ϫ5.487 2.7826 1.0682 5.4864 0.001408 0.00433 X Ϫ2.992 Ϫ1.600 X 2.5114 0.4247 2.0699 0.002148 0.00580 X 2.855 1.858 X 1.0729 0.2499 2.1345 Ϫ0.005950 Ϫ0.01380 Ϫ0.13106 0.351 8.846 2.311 Ϫ0.00179 X X X 0.2476 0.1175 0.1134 1.0159 Ϫ0.2596 Ϫ5.3307 Ϫ0.000880 Ϫ0.002250 Ϫ0.00045 X X Ϫ8.644 Ϫ13.167 Ϫ0.654 X X Ϫ0.00206 1.532 X X X X X X Ϫ0.2914 0.4408 4.4847 X X Ϫ0.01509 Ϫ0.329 Ϫ2.091 0.972 Ϫ0.00023 Ϫ2.7407 Ϫ0.0514 Ϫ0.1168 Ϫ0.4996 0.000319 Ϫ0.00596 X X X X X Ϫ1.6425 Ϫ0.3201 Ϫ1.9334 0.00510 X 11.989 12,373 X 2.5832 Ϫ1.5511 X Ϫ0.4453 Ϫ0.6776 Ϫ0.3678 X X Ϫ2.2974 Ϫ0.00832 Ϫ0.00341 Ϫ0.03078 X 12.285 11.207 11.740 X 14.161 12.530 X 1.4108 X X 2.8907 X X 0.009027 0.008247 X * Group could not be tested with substances available in App A 0.00397 0.00297 X 0.00001 X 4.626 0.00235 0.01203 X 11.1033 X Ϫ11.0878 X X Ϫ1.6978 1.0477 0.2002 X X 0.00178 0.00171 X X Ϫ2.2923 Ϫ0.3162 X 3.1142 2.3711 X Ϫ1.4995 Ϫ1.4825 Ϫ0.0584 Ϫ7.488 Ϫ4.864 X X X GROUP CONTRIBUTIONS FOR MULTIPROPERTY METHODS C.11 TABLE C-4 Sample Assignments for SecondϪOrder Groups (Constantinou and Gani, 1994) Group j Example Molecule (# of Groups) (CH3)2CH (CH3)3C CH(CH3)CH(CH3) CH(CH3)C(CH3)2 C(CH3)2C(CH3)2 membered ring membered ring membered ring membered ring membered ring CHnϭCHm —CHpϭCHk, m, p ʦ (0,1), k, n ʦ (0,2) CH3 —CHmϭCHn, m ʦ (0,1), n ʦ (0,2) CH2 —CHmϭCHn, m ʦ (0,1), n ʦ (0,2) CH—CHmϭCHn or C—CHmϭCHn, m ʦ (0,1), n ʦ (0,2)* Alicyclic sideϪchain CcyclicCm m Ͼ CH3CH3 CHCHO or CCHO* CH3COCH2 CH3COCH or CH3COC CcyclicϭO ACCHO* CHCOOH or CCOOH ACCOOH* CH3COOCH or CH3COOC COCH2COO or COCHCOO or COCCOO* CO—O—CO ACCOO* CHOH COH CHm(OH)CHn(OH), m, n ʦ (0,2)* CHmcyclic—OH, m ʦ (0,1) CHn(OH)CHm(NHp), m ʦ (0,1), n, p ʦ (0,2)* CHm(NH2)CHn(NH2), m, n ʦ (0,2)* CHmcyclic—NHp —CHncyclic, m, n, p ʦ (0,1)* CHn —O—CHmϭCHp, m ʦ (0,1), n, p ʦ (0,2)* AC—O—CHm, m ʦ (0,3)* CHmcyclic—S—CHncyclic, m, n ʦ (0,1) CHnϭCHm —F, m ʦ (0,1), n ʦ (0,2) CHnϭCHm —Br, m ʦ (0,1), n ʦ (0,2)* CHnϭCHm —I, m ʦ (0,1), n ʦ (0,2)* ACBr* ACI* CHm(NH2)—COOH, m ʦ (0,2)* 2-Methylpentane (1) 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane (2) 2,3,4,4-Tetramethylpentane (2) 2,2,3,4,4-Pentamethylpentane (2) 2,2,3,3,4,4-Hexamethylpentane (2) cyclopropane (1) cyclobutane (1) cyclopentane (1) cyclohexane (1) cycloheptane (1) 1,3 butadiene (1) 2-MethylϪ2ϪButene (3) 1,4 Pentadiene (2) 4-Methyl-2-Pentene (2) Propylcycloheptane (1) Ethane (only) 2-Methylbutylaldehyde (1) 2-Pentanone (1) 3-Methyl-2-Pentanone (1) Cyclohexanone (1) Benzaldehyde (1) 2-MethylButanoic acid (1) Benzoic acid (1) 2-Methylethyl Ethanoate (1) Ethylacetoethanoate (1) Acetic Anhydride (1) Ethyl benzoate (1) 2-Butanol (1) 2-Methyl-2-Butanol (1) 1,2,3-Propantriol (1) Cyclopentanol (1) 1-Amino-2-Butanol (1) 1,2-Diaminopropane (1) Pyrrolidine (1) Ethylvinylether (1) Ethylphenylether (1) Tetrahydrothiophene (1) 1-Fluoro-1-propene (1) 1-Bromo-1-propene (1) 1-IodoϪ1Ϫpropene (1) Bromobenzene Iodobenzene 2-Aminohexanoic acid * Group could not be tested with substances available in App A C.12 APPENDIX C for most properties ⌬H ƒЊ and ⌬G ƒЊ are at 298.15 K and atm ⌬Hv298 and Vliq are at 298 K For Second-Order groups, the letters k, m, n and p refer to the number of hydrogen atoms that can be attached to a carbon in a group; their range is given in the parenthesis following ʦ Bonds to other carbons or atoms will complete full coordination For example, the six forms of the group CH3 — CHmϭCHn, m ʦ (0,1), n ʦ (0,2) can be developed as: m n CH3 —CHmϭCHn 0 CH3 —CϭCϽ CH3 —CHϭCϽ 1 CH3 —CϭCH— CH3 —CHϭCH— 2 CH3 —CϭCH2 CH3 —CHϭCH2 No Other Groups Bonded ͉ ͉ ͉ The molecules CH3 — CHϭC(CH3)2 , CH3 — C(CH3)ϭCH(CH3), CH3 — C(NH2)ϭ CHCH2CH3 are among those which have this group at the Second Order The descriptions are written so that each index k, m, n and p can take on all values indicated Ccyclic is a carbon atom in a ring compound The 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7membered ring contributions are not used when aromatic First-Order carbons have been used Table C-4 shows at least one molecule that each Second-Order group appears in; determining Second-Order contributions can be challenging C-3 REFERENCES Constantinou, L., and R Gani: AIChE J., 40: 1697 (1994) Constantinou, L., R Gani, and J P O’Connell: Fluid Phase Equil., 103: 11 (1995) Joback, K G.: ‘‘A Unified Approach to Physical Property Estimation Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques,’’ S.M Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1984 Joback, K G., and R C Reid: Chem Eng Comm., 57: 233 (1987) Nielsen, T L.: ‘‘Molecular Structure Based Property Prediction,’’ 15-point Project Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark., Lyngby, DK-2800, 1998 INDEX Acentric factor, 4.6, 7.8 definition, 2.23 estimation: Constantinou / Gani, 2.24, C.4 corresponding states, 2.23 experimental, 2.23 recommendations, 2.25 table, A.5 Activity coefficient, 8.1, 8.12 binary models table, 8.16 correlations, 8.42 regular solution theory, 8.43 from group contributions, 8.73 ASOG, 8.74 UNIFAC, 8.75 infinite dilution, 8.48 data / review references, 8.49 SPACE model, 8.50 Margules model, 8.21 model parameters from data: azeotrope, 8.70 infinite dilution, 8.49 mutual solubility, 8.71 multicomponent models: table, 8.34 NRTL model, 8.15 Redlich-Kister model, 8.15 regular solution theory: binary, 8.43 multicomponent, 8.44 UNIQUAC model, 8.15 Wilson model, 8.15 Antoine equation, 7.4 extended form, 7.7 Aqueous electrolytes, 8.191 data / review references, 8.191 ASOG group contribution method for activity coefficients, 8.74 Athermal solution, 8.22 Azeotropes: activity coefficient model parameters from data, 8.70 data references, 8.69 Benson / CHETAH Method: ideal gas properties examples, 3.14, 3.40, 3.42 table of contributions, 3.15 Boiling point: group contribution methods: Constantinou / Gani, 2.27, C.4 Joback, 2.26, C.1 Marrero / Pardillo, 2.29 others, 2.30 Yalkowsky, 2.31 molecular descriptor methods: Jurs, 2.32 Katritzky, 2.32 others, 2.32–2.33 recommendations, 2.32–2.33 table, A.5 Bubble point, 8.128 Chapman-Enskog theory, 9.4 Chemical abstract number (CAS #), A.1 Chemical potential from equation of state, 6.27 Chemical theory: equation of state, 4.29 for phase equilibrium, 8.131 Chung et al method, 9.7, 9.25, 9.40, 9.47, 10.12, 10.23, 10.32, 10.38 Clapeyron equation, 7.1 Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 7.2 Cohesive energy density, 8.43 I.1 Copyright © 2001, 1987, 1977, 1966, 1958 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click here for terms of use I.2 Combining rules, 5.1 binary parameter, 5.5, 5.7 formulae, 5.4 Combustion, heat of, 3.47 Composition, 8.1 Composition dependence, 5.3 Compressed liquid density, 4.43, 5.26 Compressibility factor: corresponding states, 4.6 definition, 4.1 graphs, 4.3 Consolute temperature, 8.160 Constants: pseudocomponent, 2.2 pure-component, 2.1 software, 2.35 Corresponding states (CSP), 1.4, 2.2 enthalpy of vaporization, 7.16 for cubic equations of state, 4.22 for quantum fluids, 4.8 high-pressure mixed polyatomic gas thermal conductivity: Chung, et al method, 10.38 Stiel-Thodos method, 10.35 TRAPP method, 10.40 low-pressure mixed polyatomic gas thermal conductivity, 10.32 mixed liquid viscosity (Teja-Rice method), 9.85 mixtures, 5.5 three-parameter, 5.6 two-parameter, 5.6 multiple reference, 4.7 pressure effect on mixed gas viscosity, 9.46 Lucas method, 9.47 other, 9.46 TRAPP method, 9.47 pure component: three-parameter, 4.6 two-parameter, 4.5 pure liquid surface tension, 12.3, 12.8 thermodynamic properties, 6.6 vapor pressure Ambrose-Walton, 7.7 multiple reference, 7.8 Riedel, 7.9 viscosity: low pressure gas mixtures, 9.23 pure component low pressure gases, 9.9 Cox chart, 7.4 INDEX Critical pressure: group contribution methods: Constantinou / Gani, 2.5, C.4 Joback, 2.3, C.1 Marrero / Pardillo, 2.12 Wilson / Jasperson, 2.9 recommendations, 2.22 table, A.5 Critical properties: factor analysis, 2.20 molecular descriptor methods: Grigoras, 2.20 Jurs, 2.21 recommendations, 2.22 table, A.5 Critical temperature: group contribution methods: Constantinou / Gani, 2.5, C.4 Joback, 2.3, C.1 Marrero / Pardillo, 2.12 Wilson / Jasperson, 2.9 recommendations, 2.22 table, A.5 Critical volume: group contribution methods: Constantinou / Gani, 2.5, C.4 Joback, 2.3, C.1 Marrero / Pardillo, 2.12 Wilson / Jasperson, 2.9 recommendations, 2.22 table, A.5 Cubic equations of state, 4.17 critical properties as parameters in, 4.21 departure functions, 6.7 table, 6.9 excess properties from, 5.15 for phase equilibria, 8.137 formulations, 4.19 model selection, 4.24 obtaining parameters for: corresponding states, 4.22 regression of data, 4.22, 5.14 parameterizations, 4.18 T dependence, 4.20 temperature derivatives, 6.1 volume translation, 4.21 Data sources: aqueous electrolytes, 8.191 binary low-pressure gas diffusion coefficients, 11.9 INDEX enthalpy of fusion, 7.25 enthalpy of vaporization, 7.14 fluid-phase equilibria, 8.5 gas solubility, 8.113 gas viscosity, 9.4 high-pressure mixed polyatomic gas thermal conductivity, 10.35 high-pressure pure polyatomic gas thermal conductivity, 10.29 ideal gas properties, 3.47 infinite dilution activity coefficient, 8.49 internet, 1.2 liquid density, 4.32 liquid diffusion coefficients, 11.21 liquid heat capacity, 6.18 low-pressure pure polyatomic gas thermal conductivity, 10.18 mixed liquid thermal conductivity, 10.56 mixed liquid viscosity, 9.77 polymer solutions, 8.178 pure-component liquid thermal conductivity, 10.43 pure-component liquid viscosity, 9.51 pure component constants, 2.35 surface tension of pure liquids, 12.2 vapor pressure, 7.3 virial coefficients, 4.13, A.3 Density-dependent mixing rules, 5.12 Departure functions: from equation of state: table, 6.5 models, 6.6 Dew point, 8.128 Diffusion coefficients, 11.1 binary low-pressure gas: data / review references, 11.9 discussion of correlations, 11.12 empirical correlations (Fuller, et al.), 11.10 empirical correlations (Wilke-Lee), 11.10 polar gas from viscosities, 11.7 theory, 11.5 concentration dependence of liquid estimation methods, 11.33 definition, 11.3 driving force, 11.4 effect of pressure on binary gas, 11.12 effect of temperature on binary gas, 11.19 in electrolyte solutions, 11.43 in multicomponent gases, 11.19 I.3 in multicomponent liquids, 11.41 liquid: data / review references, 11.21 theory of, 11.20 liquid at infinite dilution: discussion, 11.33 Hayduk-Minhas method, 11.25 Nakanishi method, 11.27 other methods, 11.28 solvent viscosity effects, 11.32 Tyn-Calus method, 11.23 Wilke-Chang method, 11.21 mutual, 11.3 pressure dependence of liquid, 11.40 self-, 11.3 temperature dependence of liquid, 11.38 tracer, 11.3 Diffusion fluxes, 11.1 Dimensionless variables, 4.2 Dipole moment, 2.34 table, A.20 Electrolyte solutions, diffusion in, 11.43 Electrolytes, 8.191 data / review references, 8.191 Enskog theory for dense gas transport properties, 9.30 Enthalpy of formation, 3.2 Enthalpy change: from equation of state, 6.2 of liquids, 6.15 of reaction, 3.2 Enthalpy change of melting, table, A.20 Enthalpy change of vaporization, table A.20 Enthalpy of formation table, A.20 Enthalpy of fusion, 7.25 data / review references, 7.25 estimation methods, DannenfelderYalkowsk, 7.26 Enthalpy of sublimation, 7.28 Enthalpy of vaporization, 7.1, 7.13 at the normal boiling point: Chen method, 7.19 from vapor pressure relations, 7.19 Riedel method, 7.19 Vetere methods, 7.20 estimation: corresponding states, 7.16 from vapor pressure equations, 7.14 recommendations, 7.24 Entropy, absolute, 3.3 I.4 INDEX Entropy of formation, 3.3 Entropy change: from equation of state, 6.4 of liquids, 6.16 of reaction, 3.3 Equation of state (EoS): comparisons for phase equilibria: 8.157 nonanalytic forms, 4.8, 6.14 BWR and MBWR, 4.25, 5.18 chemical theory, 4.29, 5.20 perturbation models, 4.26, 5.18 PHCT, 8.132 PRSV, 8.137 SAFT, 8.156 Wagner, 4.25 analytical forms, 4.17 cubic, 5.12 descriptions of, 4.8 discussion of, 4.31, 5.22 errors with, 4.10 Gibbs energy from, 5.15 Helmholtz energy from, 5.15 model invariance, 5.22 recommendations, 4.32, 5.22 review references, 4.5, 5.2 virial equation errors with, 4.12 formulations of, 4.11, 5.8 Equilibria fluid-phase, 8.1 liquid-liquid from equations of state, 8.159, 8.167 solid-gas, 8.158 solid-liquid, 8.180 vapor-liquid: from equations of state, 8.120 low-pressure, 8.19 thermodynamics of, 8.9 Estimation contributions: atom, 2.2 bond, 2.2 group, 2.2 Eucken method for polyatomic gas thermal conductivity, 10.2 Excess Gibbs energy, 8.12 models: binary, 8.16 multicomponent, 8.34 multicomponent, 8.33 Excess Gibbs energy mixing rules: formulation, 5.14 matching to activity coefficients, 5.15 Excess properties and mixing rules, 6.7 Excess thermal conductivity pure polyatomic gas, 10.21 TRAPP method, 10.24 Factor analysis, 2.2 methods, 2.20 Flash calculation, 8.130 Flory-Huggins theory, 8.177 Fluid-phase equilibria, 8.1 bubble point, 8.128 data references, 8.5 dew point, 8.128 discussion, 8.193 flash: liquid-liquid, 8.165 vapor-liquid, 8.130 from chemical theory, 8.131 polymer solution, 8.177 review references, 8.2 with Henry’s Law, 8.111 Fluxes, 9.3 Freezing point: group contribution methods: Constantinou / Gani, 2.27, C.4 Joback, 2.26, C.1 Yalkowsky, 2.31 recommendations, 2.32–2.33 table, A.5 Fugacity from equation of state, 6.27, 8.9 Fugacity coefficient, 8.9, 8.121 from cubic equation of state, 6.28 from equation of state example, 6.29 from equation of state, 6.27 from Peng-Robinson equation of state, 8.138 from van der Waals equation of state, 6.29 from virial equation of state, 6.28 Gas constant, table, 4.2 Gas solubility, 8.112 Bunsen coefficient for, 8.112 correlations, 8.116 data / review references, 8.114 Ostwald coefficient for, 8.112 Gibbs-Duhem equation, 6.26, 8.12 Gibbs energy of formation, table, A.20 Group contribution methods: boiling point: Constantinou / Gani, 2.27, C.4 INDEX Joback, 2.26, C.1 Marrero / Pardillo, 2.29 Yalkowsky, 2.31 critical properties: Constantinou / Gani, 2.5, C.4 Joback, 2.3, C.1 Marrero / Pardillo, 2.12 Wilson / Jasperson, 2.9 freezing point: Constantinou / Gani, 2.27, C.4 Joback, 2.26, C.1 Yalkowsky, 2.31 mixture liquid viscosity: Grunberg-Nissan, 9.77 UNIFAC-VISCO, 9.80 pure-component gas viscosity, 9.11 pure-component liquid thermal conductivity (Sastri method), 10.45 pure-component liquid viscosity: Orrick-Erbar, 9.59 Przezdziecki-Sridhar, 9.72 Sastri-Rao, 9.61 Heat capacity: estimation for ideal gases: Benson / CHETAH, 3.14 Constantinou / Gani, 3.8 Joback, 3.6 estimation for liquids: corresponding states, 6.19 Ruzicka-Domalski, 6.19 for real gases, 6.16 of ideal gas, 3.1 table, A.35 of liquids, 6.17 recommendations, 6.24 table, A.35 Heat effects: of reactions, 3.1 of solid transitions, 3.2 Heat of combustion, 3.47 Henry’s constant, 8.51 gas solubility, 8.113 solute solubility, 8.118 Henry’s Law, 8.111 mixed solvent, 8.117 Huron-Vidal mixing rule, 5.16 Ideal gas properties: estimation methods: Benson / CHETAH, 3.14 I.5 Constantinou / Gani, 3.8 Joback, 3.6 Gibbs energy of formation, 3.3 heat capacity of, 3.1 Helmholtz energy of, 3.4 software, 3.47 Interfacial tension of binary liquid-liquid systems, 12.24 Intermolecular forces in transport properties, 9.3 Kinetic theory, 9.2 LCVM mixing rule, 5.18 Lennard-Jones potential, 11.6 parameter table, B.1 Linear solvation energy relation, 8.51, 8.118 for liquid partition coefficients, 8.177 Liquid: compressed liquid density estimation, 4.43 concentration dependence of diffusion coefficients, 11.21 estimation methods, 11.33 data / review references, 4.32 diffusion coefficients at infinite dilution: discussion, 11.33 Hayduk-Minhas method, 11.25 Nakanishi method, 11.27 other methods, 11.28 solvent viscosity effects, 11.32 Tyn-Calus method, 11.23 Wilke-Chang method, 11.21 diffusion in, data / review references, 11.21 mixture viscosity, 9.77 data / review references, 9.77 discussion / recommendations, 9.87 estimation (Grunberg-Nissan), 9.77 estimation (Teja-Rice), 9.85 estimation (UNIFAC-VISCO), 9.80 mixture thermal conductivity, 10.56 Baroncini, et al correlation, 10.57 data / review references, 10.56 discussion, 10.60 Filipov equation, 10.57 Jamieson,et al correlation, 10.57 power law method, 10.60 Rowley method, 10.58 molar volume at boiling point, estimation, 4.33 I.6 INDEX Liquid (Cont.): multicomponent diffusion in, 11.41 pressure dependence of diffusion coefficients, 11.40 pure-component thermal conductivity, 10.42 data / review references, 10.43 discussion / recommendations, 10.49 estimation (Latini, et al.), 10.44 estimation (other), 10.45 estimation (Sastri), 10.45 pressure dependence, 10.52 temperature dependence, 10.51 pure-component viscosity, 9.51 data / review references, 9.51 dynamic, 9.53 effect of temperature, 9.56 high pressure, 9.55 kinematic, 9.53 low temperature estimation, 9.59 recommendations, 9.75 pure component fugacity, 8.11 PVT properties, 4.32 saturated density, estimation, 4.35 surface tension of mixed, 12.12 surface tension of pure, 12.1 temperature dependence of diffusion coefficients, 11.38 theory of, 11.20 Liquid-liquid equilibria, 8.159 equations of state for, 8.167 NRTL model for, 8.163 polymer systems, 8.179 UNIFAC model for, 8.168 Liquid-liquid solubility, activity coefficient model parameters from data, 8.72 Liquid molar volume, table, A.20 Margules activity coefficient model, 8.21 Maximum likelihood parameter fitting, 8.30 Melting point (see freezing point) MHV1 and MHV2 mixing rules, 5.17 Mixing rules, 5.1 and excess properties, 6.7 binary parameters, 5.14 density dependent, 5.12 excess free energy, 5.12, 5.14, 8.142 Huron-Vidal, 5.16 LCVM, 5.18 MHV1 and MHV2, 5.17 Twu, et al., 8.151 Wong-Sandler, 5.16, 8.142 for liquid density models, 5.23 formulae, 5.4 van der Waals, 5.12, 8.137 Mixture properties, 5.2 composition dependence, 5.3 from equation of state, 5.2 true critical points, 6.30 estimation, 6.30 recommendations, 6.31 Molecular descriptors, 2.2 methods, 2.20 Near-critical systems: mixtures, 5.21 pure component, 4.9 models, 4.30 Normal fluid, definition, 4.6 NRTL activity coefficient model, 8.15 One-parameter activity coefficient models, 8.18 Parachor, group contributions to, 11.24 Partial properties from equation of state, 6.26, 8.1 Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state, 4.19 Perturbation equation of state, 4.26, 5.18 perturbed hard chain theory (PHCT), 4.28, 5.19 perturbed hard sphere chain theory (PHSC), 4.28, 5.19 statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT), 4.28, 5.20 Phase stability, 8.161 Pitzer acentric factor, 4.6 Polymer solutions, 8.175 data / review references, 8.178 Poynting factor, 8.11 Property estimation, 1.3 Pseudocritical method: three-parameter, 5.5 two-parameter, 5.5 QSPR, 2.2 methods, 2.20 Rackett equations for liquid density, 4.35, 5.23 Raoult’s Law, 8.12 Reaction: INDEX enthalpy change of, 3.2 entropy change of, 3.3 equilibrium constant for: definition, 3.3 sensitivity, 3.4 Gibbs energy change of, 3.3 heat capacity change of, 3.2 terminology, 3.1 Recommendations: acentric factor, 2.25 boiling point, 2.32–2.34 critical properties, 2.33 enthalpy of formation, 3.46 enthalpy of vaporization, 7.24 equation of state (EoS), 4.32, 5.22 freezing point, 2.32 Gibbs energy of formation, 3.46 high-pressure pure polyatomic gas thermal conductivity, 10.28 ideal gas heat capacity, 3.47 liquid heat capacity, 6.24 low-pressure pure polyatomic gas thermal conductivity, 10.15 low pressure mixed gas viscosity, 9.28 mixed liquid viscosity, 9.87 mixture true critical point, 6.31 pressure effect on mixed gas viscosity, 9.51 pressure effect on pure gas viscosity, 9.46 pure-component liquid thermal conductivity, 10.49 pure-component liquid viscosity, 9.75 pure-component low pressure gas viscosity, 9.14 saturated liquid density, 4.42, 5.24 surface tension of mixed liquids, 12.23 surface tension of pure liquids, 12.10 thermodynamic properties, 6.14 vapor pressure, 7.11 Redlich-Kister activity coefficient model, 8.15 Regular solution theory, 8.43 Regular solutions, 8.22 Saturated liquid: density estimation: Elbro method, 4.40 Rackett equations, 4.35, 5.23 recommendations, 4.42, 5.24 Second virial coefficients, estimation of: Hayden-O’Connell, 4.13, 5.12 I.7 others, 4.16, 5.12 Tsonopoulos, 4.14, 5.10 Soave cubic equation of state, 4.19 Solid solubility in liquids, 8.180 Solubility parameter, 8.44 SPACE model for activity coefficients at infinite dilution, 8.50 Standard state fugacity, 8.10 Standard state properties for reactions, 3.1 Surface tension: aqueous mixed liquid estimation, 12.17 mixed liquid thermodynamic methods, 12.20 nonaqueous mixed liquid estimation: discussion, 12.16 Macleod-Sugden, 12.13 of mixed liquids, 12.11 recommendations, 12.23 of pure liquids, 12.1 data / review references, 12.2 estimation via corresponding states (CSP), 12.3, 12.8 discussion, 12.1 Macleod-Sugden, 12.2 recommendations, 12.10 temperature dependence, 12.11 Symmetry number: for ideal gases, 3.41 in melting, 2.31 Thermal conductivity: high-pressure mixed polyatomic gas: Chung, et al method, 10.38 data / review references, 10.35 discussion, 10.42 Stiel-Thodos method, 10.35 TRAPP method, 10.40 high-pressure pure polyatomic gas, 10.18 Chung, et al method, 10.23 data / review references, 10.29 discussion / recommendations, 10.28 excess thermal conductivity, 10.21 TRAPP method, 10.24 low-pressure mixed polyatomic gas, 10.29 corresponding states, 10.32 discussion, 10.32 Mason-Saxena method, 10.31 Wassiljewa equation, 10.30 low-pressure pure polyatomic gas: Chung, et al method, 10.12 data / review references, 10.18 I.8 INDEX Thermal conductivity (Cont.): discussion / recomendations, 10.15 effect of temperature, 10.18 Eucken methods, 10.2 Roy-Thodos method, 10.5 mixed liquid thermal conductivity, 10.56 Baroncini, et al correlation, 10.57 data / review references, 10.56 discussion, 10.60 Filipov equation, 10.57 Jamieson, et al correlation, 10.57 power law method, 10.60 Rowley method, 10.58 pure-component liquid, 10.42 data / review references, 10.43 discussion / recommendations, 10.49 estimation (Latini, et al.), 10.44 estimation (other), 10.45 estimation (Sastri), 10.45 pressure dependence, 10.52 temperature dependence, 10.51 theory, 10.1 units, 10.1 Thermodynamic properties: corresponding states (CSP), 6.6 mixture, 6.14 pure component, 6.1 recommendations, 6.14 Third virial coefficients, estimation of, 4.16, 5.12 Transport properties of gases, 9.2 TRAPP method, 9.41, 9.47, 10.24, 10.40 UNIFAC group contribution method for activity coefficients, 8.75 UNIQUAC activity coefficient model, 8.15 Universal gas constant table, 4.2 van der Waals mixing rules, 5.12 Vapor-liquid equilibria from equations of state, 8.120 volume roots in, 8.125 low-pressure binary: effect of temperature on, 8.22 examples, 8.23 with activity coefficients, 8.19 low-pressure multicomponent, 8.32 examples, 8.36 thermodynamics of, 8.9 Vapor pressure, 7.1, 8.11 Antoine equation, 7.4 extended form, 7.7 corresponding states (CSP) Ambrose-Walton, 7.7 Riedel, 7.9 Cox chart, 7.4 data / review references, 7.3 recommendations, 7.11 table, A.47 Wagner equation, 7.5 Virial coefficients: data / review references, 4.13 second: cross, 5.9 pure, 4.13 third: cross, 5.12 pure, 4.16 Virial equation of state: departure functions, 6.7 table, 6.8 errors with, 4.12, 5.11 formulations: mixtures, 5.8 pure, 4.11 Viscosity: low pressure mixed gas: corresponding states, 9.23 Herning-Zipperer, 9.22 recommendations, 9.28 Reichenberg, 9.15 Wilke, 9.21 mixed liquid, 9.77 data / review references, 9.77 discussion / recommendations, 9.87 estimation (Grunberg-Nissan), 9.77 estimation (Teja-Rice), 9.85 estimation (UNIFAC-VISCO), 9.80 pressure effect on mixed gas, 9.47 Chung, et al method, 9.47 corresponding states (TRAPP), 9.47 Lucas method, 9.47 recommendations, 9.51 pressure effect on pure gas, 9.29 corresponding states (other), 9.45 corresponding states (TRAPP), 9.41 Enskog theory, 9.31 Lucas method, 9.35 polar gases, 9.39 recommendations, 9.46 Reichenberg method, 9.34 Stiel-Thodos method, 9.39 pure-component low pressure gas, 9.4 corresponding states (CSP), 9.9 INDEX data / review references, 9.4 estimation, 9.7 group contribution method, 9.12 recommendations, 9.14 theory, 9.4 pure liquid, / 51 data / review references, 9.51 effect of temperature, 9.56 high pressure, 9.55 low temperature estimation (OrrickErbar), 9.59 low temperature estimation (SastriRao), 9.61 low temperature liquid estimation (Przezdziecki-Sridhar), 9.72 recommendations, 9.75 units, 9.1 Volumetric properties, 2.2 Wilson activity coefficient model, 8.15 Wong-Sandler mixing rule, 5.16, 8.142 I.9 This page intentionally left blank ABOUT THE AUTHORS Bruce E Poling is professor of chemical engineering and associate dean of engineering at the University of Toledo (Ohio) He has taught and conducted research for over 30 years in the areas of thermodynamics, physical properties, and process design John M Prausnitz is professor of chemical engineering at the University of California at Berkeley He has extensive physical property experience as a consultant on petroleum, natural gas, petrochemical, cryogenic, and polymeric processes He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering John P O’Connell is the Harry Douglas Forsythe Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Virginia He has 35 years of experience in teaching, research, and consulting in physical properties and process design Copyright © 2001, 1987, 1977, 1966, 1958 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click here for terms of use ... THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS Bruce E Poling Professor of Chemical Engineering University of Toledo John M Prausnitz Professor of Chemical Engineering University of California... Equations of State / 4.8 Virial Equation of State / 4.11 Analytical Equations of State / 4.17 Nonanalytic Equations of State / 4.25 Discussion of Equations of State / 4.31 PVT Properties of Liquids? ??General... Estimation of the Thermal Conductivities of Pure Liquids / 10.44 Effect of Temperature on the Thermal Conductivities of Liquids / 10.51 Effect of Pressure on the Thermal Conductivities of Liquids