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Scientific Management reached maturity in the 1920s. The movement was assisted by Taylor’s disciples Carl Barth, Henry Gantt, and Morris Cooke. Other notable contributors to the evolution of Scientific Management were Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and Harrington Emerson.
THE EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT, 6TH EDITION Electronic Resource by: Regina Greenwood and Julia Teahen CHAPTER EIGHT Spreading the Gospel of Efficiency Others Involved in the Scientific Management Movement Carl Georg Lange Barth Henry L Gantt Frank Gilbreth Lillian Gilbreth Harrington Emerson Morris Cooke Carl Georg Lange Barth (18601939): The Most Orthodox Carl Barth was a mathematician who helped Taylor with some metal-cutting experiments He was probably a major influence in the writing of the “official” biography of Taylor Assisted in installing scientific management in various companies Carl Georg Lange Barth One company was the Franklin Motor Car Company which was noteworthy because it preceded Henry Ford’s moving assembly line Note: Scientific Management lost its importance to the auto industry once the assembly line was implemented Work was placed on a belt and individuals were no longer able to influence their output and therefore their Carl Georg Lange Barth Barth created a “slide rule” for every machine for scientific measurement Personal note: Barth would not let his son date because it would detract from his scientific work His son married after Barth’s death Henry L Gantt (1861-1919) The Most Unorthodox Gantt’s early work paralleled Taylor’s in his belief about worker selection, incentives to reward performance, mutuality of interests, etc Taylor and Gantt admired each other’s work Gantt was a prolific writer – over 150 titles Henry L Gantt Henry L Gantt: Task and Bonus System Implemented task work with a bonus to stimulate performance When he discovered that this provided little incentive beyond meeting the standard, he modified the payment plan He influenced Taylor because Taylor believed Gantt’s plan was better Rewarded supervisors when their employees came up to standard (rewarded development of employees) (Based on E P Earle’s work) Emphasized importance of morale, training, and development of employees Simplified Gantt Chart The Gantt Chart Ergonomics Frank Gilbreth is often called the “Father of Ergonomics.” The Gilbreths pioneered the use of devices, such as adjustable chairs and improved workstations, to ease strain on the body and reduce injuries Adjustable chair designed by F and L Gilbreth The End of the Partnership Frank died in 1924 Lillian continued to work even though it was difficult for a woman and to make a name for herself without Frank She spent the rest of her life (into her nineties) consulting and speaking all over the world Lillian Gilbreth Some Lillian Gilbreth Honors Only woman awarded the Gilbreth Medal (named for Frank and Lillian) Only woman awarded the Gantt Gold Medal Only woman Awarded the CIOS Gold Medal Earned over 13 graduate degrees between 1928-1952 in addition to her first degrees US Postage stamp issued in her honor in 1984 Harrington Emerson (1853-1931): Efficiency through Organization Harrington Emerson Emerson worked for the most part independently of Taylor but they corresponded and he was aware of Taylor’s ideas His experience as a consultant on railroads provided his qualifications at the Eastern Rate Case regarding the savings possible if scientific management methods were installed He founded Emerson Consultants which exists today Harrington Emerson’s Ideas Lack of organization was a major problem Emerson proposed the line-staff organization as a way of bringing staff knowledge to assist the line managers His line-staff idea was similar to Taylor’s desire to use the knowledge of functional foreman, but an improvement since it did not split the chain of command Harrington Emerson’s Ideas He took Taylor’s idea of setting performance standards and applied this to cost accounting Standards should be established for what the costs should be, rather than estimating costs from previous records Emerson provided 120% wages for 100% performance (the standard) and that increased if the worker produced more He wrote Twelve Principles of Efficiency in 1913 Of Emerson’s numerous “principles,” clearly defined ideals (objectives), participative decision making, and the proper use of staff stand out as the more unique of his ideas Morris L Cooke (1872-1960) The Gospel in Nonindustrial Organizations Worked closely with Taylor and became one of the four individuals Taylor considered his disciples Morris L Cooke Gantt, Barth, and Hathaway were the others Extended gospel of efficiency to education and government Morris L Cooke Taylor sent Cooke on various consulting assignments: In education – he felt that college administration was inefficient In government – Cooke became Director of Public Works for the City of Philadelphia and successfully implemented scientific management Cooke, as Director of Public Works for Philadelphia, was instrumental in making today’s city waterfront Morris L Cooke Used a stenographic transcript of Taylor’s talks at Boxly as the basis for his proposed book, Industrial Management His book became Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management Taylor assigned all royalties to Cooke Cooke would write other books, particularly in the field of public administration Morris L Cooke – Later Work Interested in leaders of organized labor working within scientific management ideas Suggested that management needed to “tap labor’s brains.” Worked with labor leaders in gaining better feeling about union-management cooperation Served Presidents F.D Roosevelt and Harry Truman in government Courtesy of the Pennsylvania Rural Electric Three Other Scientific Management Contributors Henri Le Chatelier (1850-1936) M Clarence Bertrand Thompson (18821969) Horace K Hathaway Henri Le Chatelier (18501936) Henri Le Chatelier French Engineer Le Chatelier helped to bring Scientific Management to France Stated that Shop Management was a more important work than the Origin of Species M Clarence Bertrand Thompson (1882-1969) Worked in France until 1948 Received the Legion of Honor for keeping French factories alive during the War Unlike Taylor, he believed Unions were important in instituting Scientific Management Principles After he left France, he received a Ph.D (around the age of 80) in biochemistry and worked in cancer research until he died, close to the age of 90 Horace K Hathaway Instituted Scientific Management principles into a whole system including accounting, planning, organization, and production scheduling His plan was essentially an ERP system Summary Scientific Management reached maturity in the 1920s The movement was assisted by Taylor’s disciples Carl Barth, Henry Gantt, and Morris Cooke Other notable contributors to the evolution of Scientific Management were Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and Harrington Emerson .. .CHAPTER EIGHT Spreading the Gospel of Efficiency Others Involved in the Scientific Management Movement Carl Georg Lange Barth Henry L Gantt... (18601939): The Most Orthodox Carl Barth was a mathematician who helped Taylor with some metal-cutting experiments He was probably a major influence in the writing of the “official” biography of. .. Scaffold This invention eliminated a lot of stooping by keeping the bricklayer at the same distance from the top of the growing wall The scaffolding was the first in Gilbreth’s attempts in reducing