Phát triển khu công nghiệp sinh thái ở việt nam tt tiếng anh

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES TRAN DUY DONG THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECOINDUSTRIAL PARKS IN VIETNAM Major: Major Code: Management Economics 9340410 MANAGEMENT ECONOMICS DOCTORAL THESIS SUMMARY HANOI – 2020 The thesis is commenced at: VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Scientific Supervisors: Associate Professor, PhD Nguyen Bich Dat PhD Nguyen Dinh Chuc Scientific Commentor 1: Scientific Commentor 2: Scientific Commentor 3: The Thesis is to be defended before the Academy-level Evaluation Committee at Academy of Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi At …… on …./… 2020 The Thesis is available at: - The Academy of Social Sciences’ Library - The Hanoi National Library OPENING Rationality of the research subject The system of industrial zones, IZ(s), in Vietnam plays an important role in implementing the strategy of liberating the economy, attracting foreign direct investment, developing industry and encouraging exports By the end of 2019, the whole country has established 335 industrial zones, of which 260 industrial zones were put into operation and 75 industrial zones were in the process of land compensation and clearing They mostly concentrated in key economic regions of the Southeast and the River Delta Hong, and South West Tenants in the industrial park have contributed greatly to the enhancement of industrial production value, and actively contributed to the state budget, exporting portion and jobs creation According to the statistics of the Ministry of Planning and Investment, in 2019 sorely, the industrial zones generated a total value of about 219 billion USD, of which the export turnover was equivalent to 59% of the production value The export turnover in IZs reached nearly 130 billion USD, contributing nearly 50% of the total export turnover of the country Also during this period, enterprises in the industrial park contributes 128 trillion dong to the state budget Annually, enterprises in industrial zones create about 40-45% of the national industrial production value and created jobs for more than 3.5 million workers (accumulated total) In addition to the mentioned positive contributions, the rapid development IZ system is causing many challenges to the environment Nationwide, there are 29 industrial IZs, equivalent to 11% of the in-operation IZs, are in operating without a centralized wastewater treatment system Wastewater from several IZs is discharged directly to receiving sources without being treated, causing pollution to surface water as well as aquatic ecosystems, also, causing negative impacts on agriculture, fishery and drinking water resources The amount of solid waste discharged by enterprises in IZs is also increasing, in which, hazardous solid waste accounting for 20% of total waste In addition, air pollution is becoming more serious in such areas that use outdated technologies and not have exhale treatment systems Occupational diseases related to low respiratory system and senses are also common among workers and employees who are directly exposed to polluted environments in IZs Moreover, there has not been proper attention given by enterprises in the IZs and the IZ infrastructure developers to deal with sharing infrastructure services, reusing waste, wastewater and by-products to use energy more efficiently and apply cleaner production methods, increase competitiveness It is revealed that, in addition to continuing to maintain and promote the positive contributions of IZs to economic growth, focus on handling inside and outside IZ environmental issues, reducing waste and emissions in, recycling and byproducts reusing, efficiently using of resources and energy are crucial for all IZs Promoting the development of IZs in a sustainable direction, applying the approach of industrial ecology, realizing the circular economy in production, specifically the development of IZs, are the very approaches that contribute to solving environmental problems in the industrial production process Eco-industrial park(s) (EIP(s)) can be newly formed or transformed from existing IZs; they encourage the efficient use of energy resources, water, raw materials, reuse waste, reduce waste and encourage linkage among inside and outside IZ’s companies In the world, many countries have placed a focus on sustainable development of IZs on all three aspects of economy, society and environment Those countries have actively built mechanisms and policies to support enterprises in the IZs to share infrastructure services, reuse waste, wastewater and by-products to reduce production costs and increase competitiveness through promoting the EIP model The theoretical foundation of the EIP is built from the IZ development practice of IZs, industrial clusters, industrial production chains all around the world There have been many studies that share correlation to IZs such as industrial ecology, industrial symbiosis, industrial transformation or circular economy, but either in different times, or mentioned the connection among these concepts incomprehensively Those research have not place proper attention to such countries that have similar development conditions to Vietnam From the country’s sustainable development perspective, it is becoming increasingly imperation to minimize the negative impacts of the development of IZs, promote efficient use of energy, promote cooperation between enterprises, and enhance economic benefits for enterprises The above-mentioned objectives can be achieved through the establishment and development of EIP system, which promotes the ability to combine with reduce waste and emissions as well as recycling and reuse of products/byproducts, efficient use of resources and energy solutions at the enterprise From the state governance perception, the Government has issued a number of strategies in which sustainable development is a cross-cutting standpoint such as: Socio-economic Development Strategy 2010-2020, Green Growth Strategy 2010-2020, Sustainable Development Strategy for the implementation of the millennium goals (Agenda21) And, for the first time, the EIP model has been institutionalized in Decree No 82/2018 / NDCP dated 22nd May 2018 by the Government However, in order to implement this model, in practice, it is necessary to concretize technical criteria in all pillars of economy, environment and society, and to order the conditions to transform traditional IZs to EIPs It is to admit that enforcements at the central level (lack of mechanisms and policies, conflicts exist among legal regulations, yet to facilitate the formation and development of EIPs, ), and at the local level (unclear determination about duties of the Provincial People's Committee, the Management Board of the IZ, coordination mechanisms and possible incentives,…); More importantly, it is necessary to concretize the specific tasks to the IZ infrastructure developers and tenants, two direct beneficiaries These are urgent requirements that need to be sought out and settled after the Government has issued Decree No 82 to realize the EIP model For both the potential and necessity in development need and gaps in the legal system and state management for EIPs in Vietnam, PhD Candidate have preferred: “The Development of Eco-Industrial Parks in Vietnam” as management economics Ph.D thesis topic Research objectives and contents of the thesis 2.1 Research objectives The thesis aims to review and summarize understanding from theoretical studies and practical experiences in countries about EIPs and assess the current status of (E)IPs development in Vietnam to clarify the rationality, and thereby put on and propose solutions to establish and develop EIPs in Vietnam 2.2 Research contents To achieve the above objectives, the thesis identifies the specific research tasks that need to be conducted as follows: - Systematize theories of EIPs and the formation of EIPs from green fields and transformation of existing IZs - Research on international experiences about EIPs to draw lessons for the establishment of EIPs in Vietnam - Analyze and evaluate the formation and development of IZs in Vietnam in recent years to see the potentials and limitations in the development of IZs from the angles of EIP, and set out the possibility for EIPs in Vietnam - From the basis of theory, international experience and the current status of IZ development in Vietnam, proposing a number of policies and management solutions to promote the establishment and development of EIPs in Vietnam Research object and scope 3.1 Research object The thesis studies the development of EIPs from the transformation of traditional existing IZs 3.2 Research Scope - The thesis examines solutions to acknowledge EIPs from the perspective of state governance, focusing on sets of solutions: on governing and planning, institution and policies, and supporting measures for the development of EIP - The thesis researches and propose solutions to develop EIPs in Vietnam, nationwide - The thesis limits its time bound from 2011 to 2017 when assessing the current status of IP development in Vietnam and for 2020-2025 with vision to 2030 when proposing solutions and recommendations for implementation Research method and methodology of the thesis 4.1 Research methodology The thesis uses the dialectical materialistic methodology and examines the development of the EIPs according to the pairs of categories Nature - Phenomenon, Common - Unique, Content - Form, Ability - Reality and Cause - Result The contents of the thesis are the summary and reflection of practical points, systematic views and historical views of thesis author on research object, it is the development of the EIPs 4.2 Detail research methods Desk study and literature review: Collect and analyze research data including domestic and foreign literatures and topics that have been done They are primary studies, basic studies, theoretical and practical researches related to the contents of the thesis This method helps to review domestic and foreign studies on EIPs, generalizes the theoretical system of EIPs, the issues posed in the development of EIPs as well as experiences of other countries in transforming traditional IZs to become EIPs Systematic analysis: EIP is a concept related to many industries and fields; from economic to environmental, social and community administrative and governance The systematic analysis method considers the research object, EIP, as a system When analyzing the its components and elements, this helps to detect the integrity of the system, the elemental factors are studied as a "subset" So that, it helps also to analyze and have an understanding of the management solutions with more specific systems The thesis combines this method with the other results by qualitative methods to discuss, propose mechanisms and policies to build and develop EIPs in Vietnam that are mentioned in Chapter and Chapter of the thesis Comparison and differentiation: The thesis studies the object at two or more different times or at different locations in order to find differences, changing trends and factors affecting changes The thesis uses this method in comparing and contrasting the experiences of the development of EIPs in the world to draw lessons for its development in Vietnam and to capture the current development status of IPs in Vietnam to determine transformation potential Descriptive statistics: The thesis uses descriptive statistics to present and analyze different types of data collected from reality and from previous studies and investigations, such as the national statistical database on business investigation started from 2001 to present, the database on IZs in the period 2011-2017 of the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI), the database of studies on IZs in recent years The thesis also collects and describes the statistics of the pilot EIPs through official data sets of the General Statistics Office and the MPI Cost-Benefit Analysis: is a systematic method to calculate and compare the benefits and costs of implementing an activity (e.g project, policy, intervention, investment ) and to determine the correctness and feasibility of performing such activity The thesis applies this method to review the transformation in 04 industrial zones in Ninh Binh province, Da Nang city and Can Tho province through the evaluation of financial investment costs and economic, environmental benefits obtained from the implementation of EIP initiatives, thereby giving out suggestions for the expansion of transformation and scale up national level SWOT analysis: This is a useful tool to identify and evaluate the intrinsic capabilities and potentials (Strengths - Weaknesses) and evaluate prices of external factors affecting research subjects (Opportunities Threats) In the scope of the thesis, the author exploits the traditional SWOT method by identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges and weaknesses that affects EIP transitions in Vietnam before proposing a roadmap and transition solution Survey and expert consultation: The thesis uses this method to collect information about the piloting IPs At the same time, the thesis also employs expert opinions for sound analysis and policy proposals for the development of EIPs in Vietnam From the results, the thesis draws and highlights the assessments to come to conclusions The thesis implements and uses data collected from surveys to: 1) Get basic information about the pilot IPs 2) Consult with experts on the transition potential of EIPS 3) Understand the compliance toward EIP criteria of piloting IPs New scientific contributions of the thesis On the ground of generalization, analysis of the current situation, assessment transformation potential and collecting opinions of experts on IPs development and their transformation into EIPs Vietnam, the thesis contributes new academic points as well as scientific arguments as follows: i) Clarified the theoretical foundation of Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs) development; systematized the theory of EIPs as a basis for the assessment; and analyzed the possibility of transformation and development of EIPs in Vietnam; ii) Synthesized and proposed a more completed concept of EIPs; identified and systematized the factors affecting EIP development and initially addressed the structure of standards and classification for EIPs in Vietnam; iii) Pointed out important lessons from practices of different countries that may contribute to the establishment and development of EIPs in Vietnam; iv) Analyzed and assessed the development progress of industrial zones in Vietnam during the period 2011-2017 from the EIP view points: v) Proposed some fundamental solutions for the establishment and development of EIPs in Vietnam; The theoretical and practical significance of the thesis The thesis has deepened the theoretical basis of EIP that is applied in the world and deployed in Vietnam recently The thesis has evaluated the advantages and limitations in the development of IZs in Vietnam in terms of economy, society and environment aspects Since, it lays the foundation for the proposed development of EIPs as a solution towards the sustainable development of IZs The analysis and evaluation of the thesis contribute to the works of researchers, policy-makers and managers in providing an overall view of the causes, current status and solutions for EIP development from the current status of IZ development in Vietnam The thesis is considered as a systematic reference for developing policies and proposing an institutional and management system for EIP development Vietnam And moreover, the researches and analysis of the thesis have provided reference value for teaching, fostering and policy making for both research and policy-making institutions in the field of IZ in general and EIP particular in general in Vietnam Thesis structure Beside the Introduction, Conclusion, the Thesis includes chapters as follows: Chapter Literature review Chapter Theoretical foundation and international experience on the development of EIPs Chapter Current status of IZ development in Vietnam from the EIP characteristics Chapter Viewpoints, orientations, and recommendations for the establishment and development of EIPs in Vietnam CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 International literature review EIP definition: is formed from a new approach in dealing with environmental problems arising from production activities in IZs Industrial production and how humans meet their needs, both bring about better physical conditions for humans and also cause environmental and social problems that need to be addressed Around such an approach, a series of authors such as Cote (1995, 1998), Lowe, Ernest and Laurence Evans (1995) ecosystem, to the extent that overall resilience is achieved on the planet Circular economy is a concept or idea that is currently in development, with changeable nature, and with open boundaries The circular economy shares its origins with the concepts of sustainable production and sustainable consumption, but is complemented by different concepts, including industrial ecology With such an approach, the circular economy can be considered to be broader, encompassing industrial ecology, and covered some relevant concepts of sustainable industrial development and environmental protection away from the impacts of industrial activities such as industrial symbiosis and EIP 2.1.2 Industrial Ecology (IE): The fundamental task of the IE is to harmonize the inputs and outputs of industrial activities up to the limitations of the biosphere With a systematic and comprehensive approach, IE is one of the foundations for the sustainable industry and sustainable society development The back ground of IE is philosophy of a closed system, similar to natural ecosystems with characteristics: (1) Similar to biological systems; (2) The systematic viewpoint; (3) Change in technology; (4) The role of companies; (5) Reducing the use of raw materials and ecological efficiency; and (6) Non-stop evolving 2.1.3 Industrial symbiosis (IS): is a simulation of a natural ecological model of a symbiotic relationship where the exchange of materials and resources of an organism take place in a reciprocal way IS aims for lasting changes in the way that business networks take place and operate IS is the participation of diverse organizations in a network to promote ecological change and lasting cultural change, create and share knowledge for multilateral benefits Decree No 82/2018 / ND-CP of the Government, for the first time, defines “Industrial symbiosis in IZ is a cooperative activity between enterprises in an IZ or with enterprises in different IZs to optimize the use of inputs and outputs such as raw materials, water, energy, waste, scrap in the business process Through cooperation, enterprises form an exchange network of production factors, common use of infrastructure and services for production, improve technological processes and improve production efficiency of business activity" There are types of ISs summarized via practical implementation, they are: (1) IS of utility and sharing infrastructure; (2) IS of supply and placement of suppliers and customers; (3) IS of byproducts and waste exchange; (4) IS of services; (5) IS between Industry and Urban activities 2.1.4 IZ and IZ development: In the scope of the thesis, the IZ is understood as an area for industrial development under a specific plan, in order to provide synchronous infrastructure for the development of industrial production, ensuring harmony and relative balance between economic, social and environmental goals The IZ is licensed by the Government with its own technical and legal infrastructure system IZ development is understood the set-up of IZ’s infrastructure in order to create favorable conditions for production and business activities of the IZ developer and at the same time to develop production and business of tenants in IZs 2.1.5 EIP: is considered as a direction in the establishment of sustainable IZ, based on the principle of energy efficiency, closed materials flow and IS The thesis defines the EIPs as a IP that fully complies with relevant laws of the host country in terms of production, business, environment, labor and society In this IP, there is a community of cooperating manufacturing and service enterprises seeking for greater economic, social and environmental benefits through participation in cleaner production and resource efficiency, associate, cooperate in production to implement IS activities 2.2 Role of EIP EIP refers to the cooperation between industries, or "industrial symbiosis," in which energy and materials produced by an industry are consumed as input for other industry or business Through this cooperation, tenants in the IZ can reduce inputs consumption, use energy more efficiently, especially the application of cyclic production; this contributes to minimizing, towards eliminating, all kinds of waste in the production process It can be said that thanks to the symbiosis relationship, EIP can help to improve environmental performance, increase profits and promote regional economic development 2.3 Affecting factor to the establishment and development of EIPs 2.3.1 Objective factors: including technological progress, market supply and demand, environmental issues, mechanisms and policies, industry structure in industrial zones 2.3.2 Subjective factors: are stemming from the production and management activities of enterprises and play an important role in promoting the establishment and development of EIPs Specifically, they are science and technology qualifications, management qualifications, investment capacity, human resources, awareness of business owners 2.3.3 Stakeholders involved in the establishment and development of an EIP include: local management / authority, IZ management boards, tenants, industry associations, and environmental pollution management agencies education institutions, financial institutions, centralized service providers or IZ operators, local residents, workers in IZs, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, research institutions 2.4 Criteria to define EIP: The thesis proposes groups of criteria for EIP as following groups: - Compliance with applicable laws: compliance with minimum regulations, periodic reports, resource efficiency implementation and cleaner production - Economic criteria: reduce costs, increase revenue; Reduce raw material consumption, reduce energy consumption - Environmental criteria: emission reduction, waste reduction, industrial symbiosis - Social criteria: salary / benefits increase, social infrastructure in the IZ 2.5 International experience in EIP development 2.5.1 Overview of the establishment and development of EIP in the world The seeds of EIP were formed very early in Europe After World War II, in Denmark, Germany and Finland, firms in specific manufacturing sectors had integrated together to help saving resources and binding rising energy costs In the early 21th century, Japan, China and South Korea expanded their efforts to build IZs by supporting IPs with national policies as a means to increase competitiveness in the global market Until recently, EIP had become an outstanding global tool for new IZs, while the dissemination and development of EIP continued in more than 40 countries Since 2016, nearly a dozen EIPs are being implemented and up to now, more than 40 new EIP initiatives have been implemented globally under the framework of the UNIDO Global EIP Program Some case study for EIP development can be listed such as: - Kalundborg Industrial Park, Denmark: industrial symbiosis developed according to self-demand - Porto Marghera Industrial Park, Venice, Italy: failure of the application of IE, under the influence of endogenous (production degradation) and exogenous forces (change of regulations and policies) - Devens Industrial Park, Massachusetts, USA: Through controlling and addressing the economic needs and challenges of businesses in the region through various policies, Devens promotes and creates many remarkable economic, environmental and social values - EIPs of Korea: Since 2005, Korea has become one of the leading countries to develop an EI strategy in the Asia-Pacific region when implementing an EIP program within 15 years, with the main objective is the design of IS system, to convert traditional IZs into EIPs 2.5.2 Lesson-learns for Vietnam: Firstly, the State plays a very important role in building a legal setting and encouraging the development of EIPs; Secondly, the EIP is "an improvement process, not a targeted title", so the development of EIPs in Vietnam should be based on a transformation program with a long-term vision and specific steps, in which priority is given to IZs that are eligible and ready to change into EIP; Thirdly, the participation of enterprises in both top-down and bottom-up approaches; Fourthly, the identification of connection opportunities to expand relationships in both dimensions in wide and in depth; Fifthly, government support in conducting a feasibility assessment and the economic benefits for participating companies have helped reducing risks and costs and / or lead to new revenue from byproducts or exchanging recycled products from waste, thereby creating motivation to participate in the EIP program; Sixthly, it is necessary to develop a coordination mechanism to monitor inputs and outputs of the IZ on the use of energy, water, essential production materials, hazardous chemical management and reporting on annual basic; Seventhly, it is necessary to clearly define, from the beginning, an agency in charge of the EIP management CHAPTER CURRENT STATUS OF IZ DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM FROM THE EIP CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Overview of the development of IZs The establishment and development process of IZs in Vietnam can be mapped out into four phases, corresponding to changes in socio-economic development of the country and changes in policies towards IZ management They are: Phase (1991 - 1993): The primary stage; Phase (1994 - 1997): Establishment of IZs; Phase (1998 - 2003): Development of high-tech parks and border economic zones; Phase (2004 to present): expanding the development of IZs nationwide 3.2 The role of the IZ in socio-economic development: is analyzed by the thesis by considering the contents of the following topics: investment attraction; trade promotion state budget contribution; job creation, labor income generation; and impacts on economic restructuring 3.3 Evaluate the IZ development status from EIP perspectives 3.3.1 Economic sustainability The thesis evaluates the economic sustainability of the IZs according to the following criteria: The occupancy rate; Operational efficiency of businesses in the IZ; Scientific and technological activities of enterprises in the IZ; Satisfaction level of investors' needs; and the sustainability of economic spin-over of the IZs 3.3.2 Societal sustainability IZs have positively contributed to job creation for workers, with incomes higher than the average level of the economy 3.3.3 Environmental sustainability The thesis assesses the environmental sustainability of Vietnam's IZs according to the following subjects: Waste and waste water treatment; Air pollution; Noise pollution; Odor pollution; and resource efficiency of businesses in IZs 3.3.4 Conformability toward EIP criteria The thesis is one of the first to evaluate the ability of conformability toward the eight EIP criteria set by Decree 82/2018 / ND-CP1 The thesis examines 06 IZs, of which IZs meet out of criteria and IZs meet out of criteria In particular, only with the criteria 4, all assessed IPs have difficulty in doing self-assessment due to unclear definition of the Decree itself 3.4 Cost-Benefit analysis and transformation potential through pilot results 3.4.1 Resources efficiency and cleaner production in the business The thesis examines the transformation results of 04 IZs, namely Khanh Phu Industrial Park and Gian Khau Industrial Park (Ninh Binh), Hoa Khanh Industrial Park (Da Nang) and Tra Noc Industrial Park 1&2 (Can Tho) in an approach to improving resources efficiency and cleaner production (RECP) in manufacturing enterprises and implementation of ISs between enterprises in the IZ Within years, 68 enterprises in the four above- Criteria include: (1) Compliance with legal regulations; (2) Provide a full range of basic services; (3) Awareness and realization of RECP; (4) Reserve at least 25% of the industrial park's land area for greenery, transportation, and shared service infrastructure; (5) Industrial symbiosis; (6) Solutions to ensure housing and social, cultural and sport spaces for employees; (7) Coordination mechanism for input and output monitoring; (8) Exposition of environmental protection, social responsibility and community contributions reports mentioned IZs mobilized VND 108.3 billion for the implementation of the RECP solutions Each year, this group of 68 enterprises save more than million kWh of electricity, 37,145 m3 of water and other cuts in raw materials, thereby bringing economic benefits equivalent to more than VND 53 billion annually; and, payback period is within 21 months 3.4.2 Industrial symbiosis potential in IZ The thesis analyzes 18 IS proposals, total investment equivalent to VND 113 billion (single investment) and about VND 63 billion for operating cost in mentioned IZs The implementation of the ISs will bring about VND 92 billion VND of economic benefit When reviewing each proposal carefully, it shows that most of the solutions have low investment, payback period from 0.3 to 1.5 years After the payback period, the profit rate of operating these solutions is equivalent to 150% 3.5 SWOT analysis for EIP in Vietnam The thesis identifies and evaluates the intrinsic capacities and potentials (Strengths - Weaknesses) of the current status of IZ development toward EIP model in Vietnam Simultaneously, the external factors (Opportunities - Threats) affecting the transformation of IZs into EIPs in Vietnam are also analyzed and evaluated in detail CHAPTER VIEWPOINTS, ORIENTATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF EIP IN VIETNAM 4.1 International and domestic context affecting the development of EIPs in Vietnam 4.1.1 International context: The thesis analyzes factors such as the scarcity and degradation of resources, the commitments of governments in environmental protection and sustainable development initiatives and the ecological trend of economic activities of the countries, the impact of the 4.0 technology revolution, deep international economic integration, and especially, an emerging factor is the Covid-19 epidemic in 2020 which is the main international context affecting the development of EIPs in Vietnam 4.1.2 Domestic context: The thesis emphasizes the content of institutionalization of EIPs in Decree 82 besides other influencing factors such as climate change and national response program, industrial sustainable development orientation, free trade agreements Due to the openness of the economy, the tendency to choose clean and high technology investment as well as the positive change in the operating mechanism are prominent context factors affecting the development of EIPs in Vietnam 4.2 Viewpoints and requirements for the development of EIP in Vietnam from the perspective of state governance 4.2.1 EIP development viewpoints Firstly, to develop EIPs on the basis of compliance with the strategy, the national master plan, the national sector plan, the regional plan, the provincial plan, which includes the planning of the IZs Secondly, the development of EIPs should consider the priority and importance activities, step by step implementation in accordance with the potentials of each locality, each IZ IZ development must harmoniously combine all economic, social and environmental goals Thirdly, the development of EIPs ensures compliance with the trend and requirements of globalization and international integration Fourthly, to develop EIPs on the basis of harmonizing the interests of the State, investors, citizens and stakeholders Fifthly, to develop EIPs on the basis of ensuring the specific properties and transforming capacity of each IZ Sixthly, to promote the innovation of methods and industrial park management thinking toward the concentration, unity and simplification, removing institutional and administrative barriers for investment, production and business activities in the IZs, to encourage "one-stop shop” function of the Management Boards of the IZs 4.2.2 EIP development requirements Firstly, continue to improve institutions for management and development of EIPs2 Secondly, well exploit the existing IZs, employ a suitable transition roadmap for existing IZs to ensure sustainable development criteria in a prudent direction, with good preparation, with reference to national practices and flexible adjustment Thirdly, well prepare resources for the operation of the EIPs, especially to ensure high-quality labor, synchronous in-and-outside IZ infrastructure to meet the production requirements of enterprises as well as workers living demands Fourthly, improve the competitiveness of in-and-outside IZ enterprises, of local and regional economies in particular and of the whole country in general, to participate in the production value chain of strategic enterprises in the IZ 4.3 The EIP development orientation in Vietnam 4.3.1 Overall orientation (1) Renovating IZ management mechanisms and policies in the direction of openness, transparency, efficiency, ensuring compliance of enterprises in the IZ associated with the process of administrative procedure reform, reducing conditional business; clear decentralization and authorization (2) Create favorable conditions for enterprises in the IZ to implement linking, searching, training and exchanging of products measures; implementation of initiatives and measures to save natural resources, energy Including: (1) Renovating the management model of IZs towards modernization, increasing independence, strengthening decentralization, authorizing functions of tasks and powers of the Industrial Park Management Board in the direction of "one-stop shop”; (2) Complete institutional development of the EIP model; (3) Develop preferential policies to attract investment into EIPs in association with the outputs of enterprises in the EIPs; and (4) Develop a set of criteria for evaluating the efficiency of operations and ranking EIPs across the country and use renewable energy; exchange, recycle, and reuse by-products and waste (3) Encourage companies to develop additional and complete infrastructure systems and improve the quality of service provision shared in IZs (4) Encourage and create favorable conditions for enterprises in the IZs to comply social security and responsibility policies (5) Continue to improve the national business investment environment, enhance national competitiveness, especially improve the quality of human resources, establish synchronously infrastructure and internal capacities of enterprises in-and-outside the IZ 4.3.2 Development model: EIP development principles: The development of EIPs is based on principles: economic efficiency, compliance, association, synchronization and stability Basic activities of EIP: production and business, research and application, support and encouragement, and social development Roadmap to implement EIP: (1) Develop a plan to transform / develop the IZ into an EIP; (2) Implementation of the plan; and (3) Monitoring, evaluating, drawing lesson, adjusting the plan 4.3.3 Piloting sequence ton transform some existing IZs into EIP in Vietnam The transition can be divided into stages Stage 1: Preparation (2year period); Stage 2: Piloting transformation; and Stage 3: Expanding transformation The thesis proposes that the screening and selection of IZs with high potential for piloting can be based on the standards in Decree 82 and the additional standards proposed by the author of the thesis (detailed in the section 4.3.3 of Chapter of the full thesis) 4.4 Solutions to establish and develop EIP 4.4.1 Governing solution Firstly, enhance the direct guidance of superior agencies by adding additional functions and task of directing the development and transformation of existing IZs into the EIPs to the mandatory of the National Steering Committee for Industrial Park Development Secondly, the Ministry of Planning and Investment acts as the focal point assisting the Government and the Prime Minister in managing IZs and EIPs to be identified as the coordination and implementation agency for the transformation and development of EIPs Thirdly, the Provincial Management Board of IZs is the focal point for state management of EIPs in the province 4.4.2 Solutions on EIP development planning and construction planning Firstly, the orientation of the IZs, EIPs development and related provincial infrastructure is integrated in the provincial master plan (in accordance with the provisions of the Law on Planning 2017 and relevant plans) Secondly, complete IZ development master plan to ensure synchronous infrastructure in-and-outside the IZ and contents of the IZs development is also considered and integrated Thirdly, reviewing the IZ construction planning, implementation status of the existing IZ planning, examining the possibility of transforming existing IZs into EIPs according to defined criteria Fourthly, publicize the approved plans related to IZs, including the provincial plan, the sector plan, the subdivision plan and other plans related to the IZ in the area Fifthly, effectively deploy the approved plans, ensure the implementation progress and quality of infrastructure development, especially the shared infrastructure in order to soon realize EIP 4.4.3 Solutions for institutions and policies The thesis proposes to build or amend: i) legal documents regulates the EIP model3; ii) policies to support establishment of new EIPs; and iii) policies for EIP transforming 4.4.4 Supporting measurements In addition to the policy of supporting the establishment of a new EIP, it is necessary to implement comprehensive support measures (from finance to technology, human resources and business association) so that the IZs can meet the criteria of EIPs 4.5 Recommendations The thesis gives specific recommendations to related stakeholders, including the Government, local authorities, the IZ Management Board, IZ infrastructure developer and tenants Specifically, the thesis proposes 07 recommendations to the central government, 07 recommendations to the provincial governments, 04 recommendations to the provincial IZ management board, 04 recommendations to the IZ infrastructure developers and 02 recommendations to tenants in the EIPs With clear and concrete step-by-step proposals presented in the thesis, the establishment and development of EIP in Vietnam can be realized CONCLUSION AND PROPOSITION The thesis has successfully delivered its research objectives through clarifying the theoretical basis as well as the history of establishment of EIPs in the world, learnt from the experiences in EIP establishment and development of some countries, analyzed and evaluated the development of Including: i) Promulgating the Strategy for the development of IZs of Vietnam to 2030, with a vision to 2045; ii) Issue a document on the criteria for IZST (Decision of the Prime Minister or Circular of the Ministry of Planning and Investment); iii) Promulgating documents guiding the Government's Decree No 82/2018 / ND-CP dated May 22, 2018 on the management of industrial zones and EZs; iv) Amend and supplement documents on environmental management in the IP IZs in our country from the perceptions of EIPs, thereby proposing recommended solutions to achieve the goals of EIPs development in Vietnam The research results of the thesis have focused on clarifying the basic contents: Firstly, the thesis has reviewed, researched and overallized many literatures on EIPs to identify research foundation points that need to be researched so that it contributed greatly to both theory and practice of EIPs development in Vietnam Secondly, the thesis has synthesized, generalized and outlined the general theoretical base of the EIP The history, developments and connotations of IE have been explored, presented, analyzed and interpreted On that basis, the concepts, influencing factors, establishment and development, requirements and benefits from the development of EIs have been reviewed by the thesis Thirdly, the experiences in developing EIPs in the world have been analyzed and evaluated, with the aim of applying lesion-learnt into Vietnam These lessons are very important in designing, laying the foundation, and promoting the development of EIPs in Vietnam Fourthly, the development of IZs in Vietnam along with the concerns caused by the them has been presented, analyzed and evaluated by the thesis The advantages as well as limitations in IZs development from economic, social, and environmental sustainability perspectives as well as the causes of success and limitations in the development of EIPs in Vietnam have been concluded by the thesis to draw lessons for the development of IPs towards sustainability Fifthly, the recommendations proposed by the thesis are comprehensive, including aspects of governance and planning, institutions and policies, and supportive measures They are applicable into EIP planning and policy making works Specific recommendations to stakeholders, including the Government, local authorities, IZ management boards, IZ infrastructure developers and tenants were also presented and they help ensuring practicality of every recommendation With appropriate orientation, EIP will contribute to the realization of Vietnam’s sustainable development goals, improve the physical, spiritual and health of people lives, and limit the negative effects of the process of industrialization and expansion of IZs across the country In the process of researching and implementing this thesis, the author contemplates that the theme of EIPs is a worthy topic that needs to be studied both in depth and in wide However, within its research scope, thesis have not proposed a roadmap for the specific group of IZs that have had an establishment license but are still in the initial investment stage This is a group of IZs is grouped in "green field" category Therefore, the author indorses that this will the selected topic his postgraduate work future research / LIST OF RELATED PUBLICATION BY PhD CANDIDATE Tran Duy Dong (2019), “Implementation of the eco-industrial park initiatives through resource efficiency and cleaner production: and some issues, Journal of Economic and Forecast, Volume (3/2019) (Vietnamese) Tran Duy Dong (2019), “Experience in developing eco-industrial zones in Korea and lessons for Vietnam”, Journal for Regional Sustainable Development, book 3, Volumn1, March 2019 (Vietnamese) Tran Duy Dong, Guillaume Massard, Heinz Leuenberger (2018), “Standards requirements and a roadmap for developing-eco-industrial parks in Vietnam”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 1, p 88-91 Tran Duy Dong, Nguyen Dinh Chuc (2018), “Some initial results of EIP pilot transition in Vietnam”, Journal for Regional Sustainable Development, book 8, Volume 3, September 2018 (Vietnamese) Tran Duy Dong (2015), “Some issues regarding development policies of industrial parks, export processing zones and economic zones under the 2014 investment law and policy orientation toward 2025, vision to 2035” Journal of Vietnam Industrial Zones, Volume 177, June 2015 (Vietnamese) Duy Tran (Tran Duy Dong) (2015), “Synchronous Policies Housing for Workers in the development of industrial zones and export processing zones”, Journal of Vietnam Industrial Zones, Volume 177, June 2015 (Vietnamese) Tran Duy Dong (2008), “Performance of export-oriented small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in Vietnam”, Asian-Pacific Research and Training Network in Trade Working Paper Series, No 54, April 2008 (Co-author) Tran Duy Dong (2007), “Chapter 6: Determinants of Household Welfare, Social Welfare and Income Inequality in Vietnam”, Monograph “Social Issues in Transition and Economic Integration in Vietnam”, Labor Publishing House, 2007 (Vietnamese) ... thesis examines the transformation results of 04 IZs, namely Khanh Phu Industrial Park and Gian Khau Industrial Park (Ninh Binh), Hoa Khanh Industrial Park (Da Nang) and Tra Noc Industrial Park... lesion-learnt into Vietnam These lessons are very important in designing, laying the foundation, and promoting the development of EIPs in Vietnam Fourthly, the development of IZs in Vietnam along with... Journal of Vietnam Industrial Zones, Volume 177, June 2015 (Vietnamese) Tran Duy Dong (2008), “Performance of export-oriented small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in Vietnam”, Asian-Pacific