Impacts of migration and migrant’s gender on children’s school enrollment and child work in viet nam

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE HO CHIMINH CITY THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS IMPACTS OF MIGRATION AND MIGRANT’S GENDER ON CHILDREN’S SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND CHILD WORK IN VIET NAM BY VÕ THỊ THU HOÀI MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, APRIL 2014 i UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHIMINHCITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS IMPACTS OF MIGRATION AND MIGRANT’S GENDER ON CHILDREN’S SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND CHILD WORK IN VIET NAM A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By VÕ THỊ THU HOÀI Academic Supervisor Dr TRAN TIEN KHAI ii CERTIFICATION “I certify that the substance of this dissertation has not already been submitted for any degree and is not currently submitted for any other degree I certify that to the best of my knowledge and help received in preparing this dissertation and all source used, have been acknowledged in this dissertation” VO THI THU HOAI iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis would have not been fulfilled without special assistances from some individuals, group, family who have contributed to my studying process Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr Tran Tien Khai who continuously support of my M.A thesis by his patience, enthusiasm and immense knowledge His guidance helped me all the time to research and writing the thesis Secondly, I would like to thank Dr Truong Dang Thuy because of his dedicated support in research method during the time of this thesis All of his help strongly to find the solution and improves this paper Besides, my sincere thanks also go to Dr Nguyen Trong Hoai, Dr Pham Khanh Nam who supervised and motivated the Class MDE 17 to finish the course on time It is grateful to thank my classmates of MDE17 MDE18, VNP staffs for stimulating discussions, for the fun time we had together Last and not the least, I would like to express my grateful thank to my family who are always beside me, give me the birth and support me throughout my life April, 2014 VO THI THU HOAI Email: hoai.vtt@vnp.edu.vn iv ABSTRACT Accompany with development trend in over the world, migration flow plays important role in Vietnamese economy It contributes to the significant income and raises the living standard for household in the country, specially, in rural areas This paper tries to measure the impact of migration on children’s schooling enrollment and child work, addition to, determine how migrant’s gender matter in this impact The context is applied in rural areas in Vietnam with the dataset of VHLSS 2010 by Instrument variable method to deal with the problem of endogeneity of migration From the first stage of migrant indicator, it indicates that instrument historical migration network and number of male adults will impact on migrant indicator significantly and these instruments are the strong instruments The results show that the presence of migrant in the household will make the children take part in school more, at the same time make children work less Besides, not like others researches, gender of migrant and time of migrant using in household don’t have meaning with children’s welfare Keywords: migration, migrant’s gender, children’s school enrollment, child work v ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Research Objectives 1.3 Research question 1.4 Research scope 1.5 Structure of the research CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Definition of key concept 2.2 Theoretical literature 2.3 Empirical literature 2.4 Conceptual framework CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Endogeneity problem 3.2 Endogeneity of migration 3.3 Estimated equation 3.3.1 Validity of Instrument variable: 3.3.2 IVs methods 3.3.3 Estimated equa 3.3.4 Method to run IVs regression 3.4 Data 3.4.1 Source of data 3.4.2 Variables description and measurement: CHAPTER 4: OVERVIEW OF MIGRATION IN CASE OF VIETNAM 4.1 Socio-economic setting and migration in Vietnam 4.1.1 Migration aboa 4.1.2 Internal migrat 4.2 Characteristics of migrant vi 4.2.1 International migran 4.2.2 Internal migrant CHAPTER 5: EMPERICAL ANALYSIS 5.1.Descriptions of variables 5.2.Estimation results 5.3.Interpretation of results CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1.Conclusions 6.2.Recommendations: 6.3.Limitations REFERENCE APPENDIX vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Conceptual framework about impact of migration and migrant’s gender on children’s welfare Figure 3.1: Histogram of expenditure per capita a year Figure 3.2: Histogram of natural logarithm of expenditure per capita a year Figure 4.1: International migration trend from 2000 to 2010 (Department of oversea database) Figure 4.2: Number of male and female international migrant from 2006-2010 (IOM) Figure 4.3: Main destinations of international migrant from 2000-2010 (IOM) Figure 4.4: Structure of international migration labor of Viet Nam from 2006-2010 (IOM, 2011) viii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Description and measurement of variables 32 Table 5.1: T-test between household with non-migrant and household with migrant .48 Table 5.2: T-test between household with male migrant and household with female migrant 50 Table 5.3: Factors affecting migration indicator in the household (results of first stage regression of Instrumental variables) 53 Table 5.4: Factors affecting children’s school enrollment and child work (results of second stage regression of Instrumental variables) .56 ix ABBREVIATIONS BLUE: Best linear unbiased estimates DID: Difference in difference GSO: General statistic office IOM: International Organization for Migration IVs: Instrumental variables OLS: Ordinary least square PSM: Propensity score matching methods VHLSS: Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey UN: United Nations UNDP: United Nations Development Programme US: United Stages x 70 = 360 = 18 58 = 0.0 000 = 0.0 981 = 0.0 928 = 34307 h h pr E E J hi Hea 71 Source Model Residual Total c_labor H_migrant HH_school hh_age hh_gender h_csize h_child h_migrant1 h_migrant2 u ln_exp_pc pro_females hh_work Com_agri Enterprise Big_road Electro Market Ele_school Jun_school high_school Health_cen~r _cons The coefficient of predicted residual u from the first stage is significant, it proves that H_migrant variable has endogeneity Test the weak instrument in endogeneity (F-test) Ho: Migra_net = No_adult=0 F( 2, 3589) = 41.56 Prob> F = 0.0000  (Prob>F) chi2 = 0.0000 73  (Prob>chi2) F R-squared Root MSE Robust enr H_migrant HH_sch hh_ hh_gen h_cs h_ch h_migra h_migra ln_exp pro_fema hh_w Com_a Enterpr Big_r Elec Mar Ele_sch Jun_sch high_sch Health_ce _c Wald Test: Ho: Big_road = Electro = Market = Ele_school = Jun_school = high_school = h_migrant1 = h_migrant2 = 74 F( Prob> F =  (Prob>F) >α, accept Ho, chosen restricted model Restricted model of children school enrollment H_m pr E Hea Model of child work 75 = 360 = 24 62 = 0.0 000 = 0.1 207 = 0.1 158 = 31749 H_m h h pr E E J hi Hea Test heteroskedasticity: Breusch-Pagan / Cook-Weisberg test for heteroskedasticity Ho: Constant variance Variables: fitted values of c_labor chi2(1) = 558.00 Prob> chi2 = 0.0000  (Prob>chi2) F = 0.7303  0.68 Accept Ho, chosen restricted model 77 Restricted model of child work H_ p He Check multicollinearity 78 H_ fe t_ HH hh Mi No_ ln pro_ C Ent B Ele Jun high Healt 79 h_child c_labor enroll Migra_net No_male_ad ln_exp_pc pro_females hh_work Com_agri Enterprise Big_road Electro Market Ele_school Jun_school high_school Health_cen~r hh_work Com_agri Enterprise Big_road Electro Market Ele_school Jun_school high_school Health_cen~r Jun_sc~l high_s~l Health~r Jun_school high_school Health_cen~r There is no big correlation between the variables in the data, so we exclude the impact of multicollinearity in the model 80 81 ...THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS IMPACTS OF MIGRATION AND MIGRANT’S GENDER ON CHILDREN’S SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND CHILD WORK IN VIET NAM A thesis... impact of migration and gender of migrant on children’s school enrollment and child work like below: Migration School enrollment Figure 2.1: Conceptual framework about impact of migration and migrant’s. .. migrant’s gender on children’s welfare The layout of conceptual framework advices that children’s school enrollment and child work can be impacted by migration and interaction of migration and migrant’s