factors affecting the adoption of e-commerce model developed for small and medium enterprises in viet nam

Thai Nguyen University Southern Luzon State University Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of Philippines FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION OF E-COMMERCE MODEL DEVELOPED FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN viet nam A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Graduate School Southern Luzon State University, The Philippines and Thai Nguyen University, Socialist Republic of Vietnam In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor in Management By NGUYEN TIEN HUNG - FAT SLSU-DBA 6A (Hanoi) May 2013 Abstract E-commerce can be an important source of competitive advantage for most business organizations, especially small and medium enterprise sized (SMEs) This study examines the factors that influence e-commerce adoption in Vietnam SMEs By studying the ecommerce model advantage and SMES‟ Readiness to Adopt, this study proposed and validated a predictive model Developed from the technology acceptance model and other relevant researches in the area, the author identified six factors that influence electronic commerce adoption in VietNam as follows: Capacity of the firm to start e-commerce adoption; compatibility of e-commerce to the value, work practices, and technology at the firm; influence of managers on e-commerce adoption; effect of the ease of use on e-commerce adoption; effect of the usefulness on e-commerce adoption; and effect of effectiveness on e-commerce adoption To validate the research model, 200 questionnaires were collected from 200 SMEs in HaNoi i TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1:1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study 1.2 Statement of the Problems 1.3 Significance of the Study 1.4 Scope and Limitation CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Internet 2.2 E-commerce 2.3 E-Commerce Models 12 2.4 Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) 16 2.5 Technology Acceptance Model 18 2.6 Grandon and Perason's Model 20 2.7 Innovations Diffusion Theory (IDT) 23 2.8 Model of Factors Influencing Electronic Commerce Adoption and Diffusion in Small- & Medium-sized Enterprises 27 2.9 Model for Assessing E-commerce Success in SMEs 29 2.10 Conceptual Framework 33 CHAPTER III: 38RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 38 3.1 Research Design 38 3.2 Determination of sample size 38 3.3 Sampling design and techniques 39 3.4 Research instrument 39 3.5 Data processing method 40 ii CHAPTER IV:41 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 41 4.1 Respondents‟ profile 41 4.2 Factors afecting the adoption of e-commerce 45 4.3 Logistic Regression 55 CHAPTER V: 66SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 66 5.1 Summary of the findings 66 5.2 Conclusion 68 5.3 Recommendations 70 REFERENCES 71 QUESTIONNAIRE 73 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Descriptive analysis of the respondents Table 4.2: Business areas Table 4.3: Firms utilizing e-commerce and firms having a website Crosstabulation Table 4.4: KMO and Bartlett's Test Table 4.5: Rotated Component Matrix Table 4.6: KMO and Bartlett's Test Table 4.7: Rotated Component Matrix Table 4.8: Reliability Statistics Table 4.9: Item-Total Statistics Table 4.10: Reliability Statistics Table 4.11: Item-Total Statistics Table 4.12: Reliability Statistics Table 4.8: Reliability Statistics Table 4.9: Item-Total Statistics Table 4.10: Reliability Statistics Table 4.11: Item-Total Statistics Table 4.12: Reliability Statistics Table 4.13: Item-Total Statistics Table 4.14: Reliability Statistics Table 4.15: Item-Total Statistics Table 4.16: Reliability Statistics Table 4.17: Item-Total Statistics Table 4.18: Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients iv Table 4.19: Model Summary Table 4.20: Classification Table v LIST OF FIGURE Figure 2.1: Internet model Figure 2.2: B2B Business Model Figure 2.3: B2C Business Model Figure 2.4: C2C Business Model Figure 2.5: C2B Business Model Figure 2.6: Schematics of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) Figure 2.7: Acceptance Model TAM (Davis 1989) Figure 2.8: Research model (Grandon and Pearson, 2004) Figure 2.9: The common characteristics of IT innovation that influence intended Figure 2.10: Proposed Electronic Commerce Adoption Model for Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises Figure 2.11: Proposed model for assessing e-commerce success in SMEs Figure 2.12: Research model Figure 4.1 Business areas Figure 4.2 Business areas and firm utilize e-commerce Figure 4.3: Number of the firms have internet Figure 4.4:Research model after factor analysis vi CHAPTER INTRODUCTION For recent decades, Information technology (IT) has been changing the world by significantly contributing to fasten the globalization process in which all competitors come to have equal opportunities in a flattened world as well as creating a real revolution in every field of science and life The application of IT in production and business is not out of this trend either The concept of IT application in commercial activities, also known as e-commerce, came into the world and become a new trend E-commerce has been gradually replacing the old ways of doing business because of its variousprominent advantages, such as faster buying/selling procedure, lowered operational costs , more convenience for customers to place orders, increased efficiency with unlimited space and time properties, etc However, for developing countries in general and for Vietnam in particular, ecommerce is a relatively new thing although the development of this trend have been taking place in both width and depth It has not actually been completed for this area in State management The application in the enterprises as well as in the agencies and organizations is also at explorative level, to support the traditional business form or to combine these two forms with each other In fact, many enterprises have applied and developed e-commerce and some of them have become good models in this area such as VIETGO, a pricing joint stock company with e-commerce page www.vatgia.com; and Peaceoft solution company with website www.chodientu.vn, etc…Despite its increased popularity, the exploitation and application of e-commerce are always two sides of a problem: Firstly, we are in a transitional period from traditional business to e-commerce business method, so it is necessary to always make pragmatic and short-term comparison of the efficiency between these two methods Secondly, there also requires a different and more intellectual way of looking at e-commerce In order to successfully apply and develop e-commerce, it is required that negative aspects such as a fraudulence, distrust and sabotage, etc are limitted by raising public awareness, developing firms‟ policy, executing management of ecommerce .These things, however, have been difficult to control because of the fast, powerful and high-tech characteristics of e-commerce The development of e-commerce has happened in the same manner as the development of traditional commerce, in which the first step was unprompted as each individual, company, agency or organization realized its internal benefits then it became more advanced and multiform However, to expand and develop it to a high level as well as to create real benefits for society, it needs an intervention of “State hand” from the angle that these entities can not or not want to For the above reasons, there is a question to ponder how we develop and manage e-commerce in order to minimize the negativity and make optimal use of the positivity, and to successfully promote high efficiency to the society, the community, and each individual? 1.1 Background of the Study It can not be denied that benefits achieved by e-commerce have a great impact to the development of a nation‟s economy Many developed countries in the world, among which United States was the first, have created favorable conditions for ecommerce to be developed, leading human being in achiving great business results Although there are many problems needed to be solved in the application of ecommerce, the developed countries, realizing its huge advantages, has quickly emloyed and developed e-commerce with the expectation of achieving the foundation for digital economy Internet is changing the lifestyle and the way of working Internet creates good conditions for everyone, from university researchers and students in big cities to people in remote mountainous areas , in which everyone have the opportunity to access the same endless information resources Moreover, Internet also provides means of communication for people or places to carry out transactions at any time Enterprises with different scales all can communicate to their partners and customers via Internet Online activities help them quickly get necessary information, thereby improving the quality of products and services with low cost The Government of Vietnam has placed special emphasis on developing ecommerce and assigned the Ministry of Commerce to be the clue agency who is responsible for examining and constructing the projects of e-commerce development in Vietnam On 22/11/2001, the Center of Promoting Software Development, directly under Department of Vietnam Trade and Industry, opened the first training course named “E-commerce for Business” that was held free in Dong Nai with the purpose of helping enterprises step by step approach e-commerce and serve business activities on Internet Since an initial application of e-commerce still faces a number of difficulties, it is essential to create real power, which comes from the infrastructure for e-commerce, strategy to develop e-commerce business in small and medium enterprises, government support, and awareness of business e-commerce applications in business The intelligentsia needs to meet the requirements of specialty, and the cultural Std Items Factor Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Financial resources for adopting, implementing and supporting e-commerce Technology infrastructure supporting ecommerce Employee's technical expertise for adopting, implementing and supporting ecommerce Logistical capability for adopting ecommerce Sufficient inventory of products in order to give better services to the customers Level of employee resistance against ecommerce adoption Management‟s awareness about strategic importance of e-commerce Management‟s enthusiasms about ecommerce adoption 15- Learning to operate e-commerce would be easy 16- e-Commerce is flexible to interact with 17- Interaction with e-commerce is clear and understandable 18- It is easy to become skilful at using ecommerce 19- e-Commerce is easy to use 20- Using e-commerce enable the organization to accomplish specific task more quickly 21- Using e-commerce improve job performance 22Using e-commerce enhance effectiveness on the job 23- Using e-commerce make it easier to the job 24- Reduce cost of business operation 26- Providing customer more satisfying shopping experience 7- Consistency of culture organization with e-commerce 8- Consistency of e-commerce with value of organization 9- Consistency of e-commerce with preferred work practices 10- Consistency of e-commerce with business requirements in the organization X Mean Deviation Standardized data 3.50 0.93 0.93 0.54 3.54 0.78 0.78 1.89 3.71 0.78 0.78 0.38 3.67 0.96 0.96 2.42 3.39 0.81 0.81 2.00 1.48 0.61 0.61 4.14 4.13 0.77 0.77 1.14 4.20 0.78 0.78 -0.26 4.34 0.68 0.68 0.98 4.48 0.59 0.59 -0.81 4.37 0.58 0.58 -0.63 4.33 0.65 0.65 1.04 4.51 0.60 0.60 -0.85 4.51 0.60 0.60 0.82 4.41 0.70 0.70 0.84 4.66 0.50 0.50 0.69 4.44 0.65 0.65 0.87 4.57 0.55 0.55 -1.04 4.68 0.50 0.50 0.64 3.79 0.83 0.83 1.47 4.06 0.81 0.81 1.17 4.11 0.80 0.80 2.36 4.18 0.82 0.82 3.43 62 In Research model, we have Component Score Coefficient Matrix - Financial resources for adopting, implementing and supporting e-commerce - Technology infrastructure supporting e-commerce - employee's technical expertise for adopting, implementing and supporting e-commerce - Logistical capability for adopting e-commerce - Sufficient inventory of products in order to give better services to the customers - Level of employee resistance against e-commerce adoption - Management s awareness about strategic importance of e-commerce - Management s enthusiasms about e-commerce adoption - Learning to operate e-commerce would be easy - e-Commerce is flexible to interact with - Interaction with e-commerce is clear and understandable - It is easy to become skilful at using e-commerce - E-Commerce is easy to use - Using e-commerce enable the organization to accomplish specific task more quickly - Using e-commerce improve job performance - Using e-commerce enhance effectiveness on the job - Using e-commerce make it easier to the job - Reduce cost of business operation - Providing customer more satisfying shopping experience - Consistency of culture organization with ecommerce - Consistency of e-commerce with value of organization - Consistency of e-commerce with preferred work practices - Consistency of e-commerce with business requirements in the organization we multiply each Component 0.15 -0.12 0.05 0.05 0.19 -0.02 -0.03 -0.08 0.20 -0.02 -0.04 -0.09 0.16 0.01 -0.09 0.01 0.18 0.23 -0.13 -0.28 -0.19 0.05 -0.10 0.17 0.18 -0.04 0.03 -0.06 0.17 -0.06 0.08 -0.07 -0.04 -0.04 0.26 0.21 -0.10 -0.04 0.04 0.02 -0.01 0.36 -0.19 -0.09 -0.03 -0.02 0.28 0.22 -0.10 0.03 -0.02 -0.13 0.01 -0.01 0.27 -0.13 -0.05 -0.08 0.26 0.07 0.02 -0.16 0.40 -0.12 -0.01 -0.02 -0.13 0.09 0.30 0.13 0.02 -0.09 -0.02 -0.06 0.19 -0.01 0.00 -0.03 -0.12 0.31 -0.02 -0.04 -0.09 0.35 -0.05 -0.04 -0.05 0.37 -0.11 -0.08 -0.02 0.42 data variable have normalized to the corresponding coefficient in the matrix above After we calculate the total, we will have the value of each factors 63 Below is a standardize value that it have been coordinated with the coefficient of matrix components 1- Financial resources for adopting, implementing and supporting e-commerce 2- Technology infrastructure supporting ecommerce 3- employee's technical expertise for adopting, implementing and supporting e-commerce 4- Logistical capability for adopting e-commerce 5- Sufficient inventory of products in order to give better services to the customers 6- Level of employee resistance against e-commerce adoption 11- Management s awareness about strategic importance of e-commerce 12- Management s enthusiasms about e-commerce adoption 15- Learning to operate e-commerce would be easy 16- e-Commerce is flexible to interact with 17- Interaction with e-commerce is clear and understandable 18- It is easy to become skilful at using e-commerce 19- e-Commerce is easy to use 20- Using e-commerce enable the organization to accomplish specific task more quickly 21- Using e-commerce improve job performance 22- Using e-commerce enhance effectiveness on the job 23- Using e-commerce make it easier to the job 24- Reduce cost of business operation 26- Providing customer more satisfying shopping experience 7- Consistency of culture organization with ecommerce 8- Consistency of e-commerce with value of organization 9- Consistency of e-commerce with preferred work practices 10- Consistency of e-commerce with business requirements in the organization Giá trị nhân tố 0.08 0.35 Component -0.06 -0.05 0.03 0.02 -0.06 -0.14 0.08 0.38 -0.01 0.03 -0.02 -0.21 -0.03 0.03 0.35 0.46 -0.26 -0.55 -0.80 0.20 -0.43 0.71 0.20 -0.04 0.04 -0.07 -0.04 -0.04 0.03 0.02 0.25 -0.17 -0.02 -0.10 0.03 0.02 0.04 -0.02 0.01 -0.03 0.02 -0.23 0.30 -0.18 0.12 -0.10 -0.03 0.06 -0.02 0.11 0.01 -0.04 -0.01 -0.07 0.22 0.21 -0.11 0.06 0.02 -0.01 0.02 -0.11 -0.11 -0.09 0.28 0.26 -0.14 -0.09 0.02 0.10 -0.01 -0.04 0.12 0.00 0.00 -0.04 -0.17 0.45 -0.02 -0.04 -0.10 0.40 -0.12 -0.10 -0.12 0.87 -0.39 0.03 -0.27 -0.35 -0.07 -0.50 1.43 3.27 64 Fill factor values into the equation: E(Y/X)  * e (4.801* 0.03 1.051*(-0.35) 1.022 (-0.5)  2.560*3.27- 1.690) 1 e (4.801* 0.03 1.051 (-0.35) 1.022 (-0.5)  2.560*3.27- 1.690) * * E(Y/X)  388.896 99.7%  388.896 Thus, the probability of applications of e-commerce enterprise are 99.7% Thus, we can conclude that: This enterprise can deploy e-commerce applications From the results of this model, we can see the impact of these factors on the equation of e-commerce adoption as follows: The weight of these factors affects the equation e-commerce adoption Ordinal number Content Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor value 0.03 -0.35 -0.50 3.27 Weights influence 4.801 1.051 1.022 2.560 0.14403 -0.36785 -0.511 8.3712 Multiplication We see that, the weight of factor exerts the greatest influence on the adoption of e-commerce in this enterprise So in order to successfully adopt e-commerce, the enterprise has to increase compatibility of e-commerce for the value, work practices, and technology in the firm affects e-commerce adoption 65 CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The defined aim of this research was to test an e-commerce adoption model in Vietnam SMEs The objectives of this research have been classified as follows: - To find out influential factors on e- commerce adoption in Vietnam SMEs - To investigate relationship of advantage e-commerce factors with e- commerce adoption in Vietnam SMEs To achieve those objectives, the author employs the following models: Acceptance Model TAM, Grandon and Pearson e-commerce adoption model, Model of Factors Influences on Electronic Commerce Adoption and Diffusion in Small- & Medium-sized Enterprises (Chong Yee Ling), and Proposed model for assessing ecommerce success in SMEs (Fatima Ajmal, Norizan Binti Mohd Yasin) Based on those models and the information about e-commerce development in Vietnam MSEs in annual Vietnam e-commerce reports, the author built the model of e-commerce adoption in VietNam SMEs Based on the results from 200 survey respondents, the factors on ecommerce adoption in Vietnam SMEs were recognized 5.1 Summary of the findings The Factors Analysis were executed to graft groups and eliminate the items in factors, we achieved the following results In the factors analysis of SMEs‟ readiness to adopt, we removed the Improve customer service item, which had components extracted lower than 0.50 Thus, after factor analysis, the model "Research model" only factors affecting the development 66 of electronic commerce in small and medium-sized enterprises of Vietnam (Capacity of firm affects e-commerce adoption; The ease of use affects e-commerce adoption; The usefulness affects e-commerce adoption; Effectiveness affects e-commerce adoption; Compatibility of e-commerce for the value, work practices, and technology in the firm affects e-commerce adoption) After the factor analysis, we perform tests using Cronbach Alpha for each factor From testing this way, we can consider the items of factors have been linked or not The results of the analysis, all these factors have Cronbach Alpha coefficients greater than 0.6 Therefore, factors were achieved Cronbach Alpha coefficients and corrected iTerm - Total correlation as necessary,ensure conditions for the next model analysis In the following, we proceed with logistic regression analysis, which is used for predicting the outcome of e-commerce adoption based on predictor variables In Model chi-square: Reject the null hypothesis capacity of the firm = easeness = usefulness = compatibility = because the p-values is less than 0.05 The model is a good fitting model In the Model Summary, The value of -2 Log likelihood in step equals to 71.333 and it has the lowest value in step It‟s not hight Therefore, it demonstrates the pretty good relevance of overall model Nagelkerke‟s R2 is the most-reported of the R-squared estimates In our case, it is 0.853, indicating a moderately strong relationship of 85.3% between the predictors and the prediction In this study, 91.2% were correctly classified for the non e-commerce utilizing group and 87.2% for the e-commerce utilizing group Overall 89.5% were correctly classified 67 The Variables in the Equation table (Table 4.21) The Wald statistic and associated probabilities provide an index of the significance of each predictor in the equation In this case, we see that Capacity of firm contributed significantly to the prediction (p=0.000 and (B=4.801), Compatibility contributed significantly to the prediction (p=0.000 and B=2.56); Ease of use and Usefulness also have certain influence to the analysis results We have an equation from the regression coefficient:  P(Y  1)  Loge    - 1.690  4.801 H1  1.051 H2  1.022 H3  2.560 H5 P(Y  0)   H1 - Capacity of firm affects e-commerce adoption; H2 - The ease of use affects e-commerce adoption; H3 - The usefulness affects e-commerce adoption; H5 - Compatibility of e-commerce for the value, work practices, and technology in the firm affects e-commerce adoption 5.2 Conclusion Throughout this research, we have studied the factors that have influenced the development of electronic commerce researchers in the world through the development model of their e-commerce and based on the index information commerce in Vietnam (EBI INDEX) 68 Based on that, we have built these factors affect the development of e-commerce in small and medium enterprises in Vietnam from those factors, we attempted to build a model of e-commerce adoption for SMEs Vietnam Implications of this research study can be divided into implications for managers and implications for government In this research we have proposed and validated a predictive model for managers that suggest four determinant factors for e- commerce adoption in vietnam SMEs These factors, according to the rank order of importance, are: capacity of the firm easeness usefulness compatibility Therefore, managers who wish to adopt e-commerce should consider these factors in making their decision about adoption and try to improve those factors that are within their control By increasing financial resources for adopting, implementing and supporting ecommerce, and providing more technological infrastructure within their organization, improving computer-related skills , we will achieve the organizational readiness for adopting e-commerce In addition, the adoption of e-commerce are affected by consistency of ecommerce with preferred work practices, business requirements in the organization, 69 value of organization and culture organization therefore Construction business environment, work environment and enterprise culture fit with e-commerce is very important in the strategic application of e-commerce and business operations of the enterprise the adoption of e-commerce are affected by the managers who can decide ecommerce applications in the enterprise Thus, interventions toward changing managers‟ perceptions about e-commerce can be devised in order to increase the adoption/utilization of e- commerce by SMEs This is also an important implication for government in order to improve ecommerce utilization among Vietnam organizations 5.3 Recommendations Based on the above finding results, this research yields some following recommendations for the development of electronic commerce in small and medium enterprises in Vietnam Although the impact of the development of information technology in Vietnam and the world is very strong,Vietnam enterprises gradually applied ecommerce in the business activities of enterprises but most of the small and medium Vietnam enterprises has not really invested in electronic commerce due to limited knowledge or not know to investment in e-commerce development in enterprises of their own For the State: - Investment in development of information technology infrastructure: Upgrade communication system with broadband internet connection and stability; reinforce telecommunications service providers to ensure good service quality 70 - Propagation and dissemination of knowledge of e-commerce: Disseminate knowledge about e-commerce in the public media; universal knowledge of information technology and e-commerce in general education - Support for small and medium-sized enterprises: State build policies support for enterprise e-commerce applications; To organize seminars, training ecommerce knowledge to small and medium enterprises - Build the e-commerce legal system fully and fit For SMEs - Enterprise development strategy consistent with e-commerce: Focus on staff training to improve qualifications, skills using computers and the internet; Have organizational management strategic, product distribution strategies consistent with ecommerce; Have business leaders understanding and enthusiasm for the development of electronic commerce - Investment in information technology infrastructure: Build and upgrade the LAN system and enterprise' website; The enterprise has developed e-commerce should be encouraged to transfer technology and experience to other businesses This helps to develop e-commerce transactions and operation of electronic commerce more professional 71 REFERENCES A Books DAVIS, F D (1989) Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology MIS Quarterly, september, 319–340 Davis, F.D (1993) “User acceptance of information technology: system characteristics, user perceptions and behavioural impacts” International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 38, pp 475-487 Chong Yee Ling (),Model of Factors Influences on Electronic Commerce Adoption and Diffusion in Small & Medium-sized Enterprises, School of Information SystemsCurtin University of Technology, Australia Fatima Ajmal, Norizan Binti Mohd Yasin (2012), Electronic Commerce adoption Model for Small & Medium Sized Enterprises, IACSIT Press, Singapore GRANDON, E & PEARSON, J (2003) Strategic Value and Adoption of Electronic Commerce: An Empirical Study of Chilean Small and Medium Businesses Journal of Global Information Technology Management GRANDON, E & PEARSON, J (2004) Electronic Commerce Adoption: An Empirical Study of Small and Medium US Businesses Information and Management B Website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet http://tonydwisusanto.wordpress.com C Others Maryam Ghorishi (2009): “E-commerce adoption model in Iranian SMEs” , Master‟s thesis 14-21 Trần thị Cẩm Hải (2011) Master‟s thesis: “Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến việc ứng dụng thương mại điện tửtrong doanh nghiệp nhỏvà vừa địa bàn thành phố Đà Nẵng” Master‟s thesis Nguyễn Quốc Nghi, Hoàng ThịHồng Lộc, Lê ThịDiệu Hiền (2011) scientific journal 72 QUESTIONNAIRE Full Name:……………………………………………………… field of business: Manufacturing  Mercantile  services  Does your firm have an Internet service provider? Yes  No  Does your firm have a web site? Yes  No  Does your firm utilize e-commerce? Yes  No  Very low The following questions ask you about your assessment of the readiness to adopt e-commerce in your firm 1- Financial resources for adopting, implementing and supporting ecommerce Low Medium High Very high 2- Technology infrastructure supporting e-commerce 3- employee's technical expertise for adopting, implementing and supporting e-commerce 4- Logistical capability for adopting e-commerce -Sufficient inventory of products in order to give better services to the customers 73 6- Level of employee resistance against e-commerce adoption 7- Consistency of e-commerce with culture of organization 8- Consistency of e-commerce with value of organization 9- Consistency of e-commerce with preferred work practices 10- Consistency of e-commerce with business requirements in the organization 11- Management‟s awareness about strategic importance of e-commerce 12- Management‟s enthusiasms about e-commerce adoption The following questions ask you about your manager: 20-30 Year old 31-40 41-50 51-60 Over 60 Bachelor Master PhD 13- Age of your manager Diploma Education Higher national diploma 74 14- Education of your manager Strongly disagree The following questions ask you about your perceptions of adopting ecommerce 15- Learning to operate e-commerce would be easy Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree 16- e-Commerce is flexible to interact with 17- Interaction with e-commerce is clear and understandable 18- It is easy to become skilful at using e-commerce 19- e-Commerce is easy to use 20- Using e-commerce enable the organization to accomplish specific task more quickly 21- Using e-commerce improve job performance 22- Using e-commerce enhance effectiveness on the job 23- Using e-commerce make it easier to the job 24- Reduce cost of business operation 25- Improve customer service 26- Providing customer more satisfying shopping experience 27- Improve accessibility to more customers 28- Provide effective support role to operations 75 Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree 29- Support linkage with suppliers 30- Increase ability to compete 76 ... research on the small and medium enterprises (SMES) in Vietnam - The forms of ownership and types of enterprises: The enterprises of all forms of ownership and business types, except for the enterprises. .. of businesses using the internet, 100% of the small and medium enterprises in Vietnam have used the internet in the operation and management of the bride''s business career This proves that the. .. the e-commerce adoption models in general and the model presented by Grandon and Pearson are investigated in depth Second, theories supporting IT adoption models are examined Third, some of the