The semantics of color expressions in john milton’s poem paradise lost a conceptual metaphor based study

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES - TRẦN THANH PHƢƠNG THE SEMANTICS OF COLOR EXPRESSIONS IN JOHN MILTON’S POEM PARADISE LOST: A CONCEPTUALMETAPHOR-BASED STUDY (Ý NGHĨA CỦA NHỮNG CỤM TỪ CHỈ MÀU SẮC TRONG BÀI THƠ “THIÊN ĐƯỜNG ĐÃ MẤT” CỦA JOHN MILTON: NGHIÊN CỨU ẨN DỤ Ý NIỆM) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English linguistics Code: 60220201 HANOI - 2017 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES - TRẦN THANH PHƢƠNG THE SEMANTICS OF COLOR EXPRESSIONS IN JOHN MILTON’S POEM PARADISE LOST: A CONCEPTUALMETAPHOR-BASED STUDY (Ý NGHĨA CỦA NHỮNG CỤM TỪ CHỈ MÀU SẮC TRONG BÀI THƠ “THIÊN ĐƯỜNG ĐÃ MẤT” CỦA JOHN MILTON: NGHIÊN CỨU ẨN DỤ Ý NIỆM) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: Linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Prof Nguyễn Hòa HANOI - 2017 DECLARATION I hereby, certify the thesis entitled ―The semantics of color expressions in John Milton’s poem Paradise Lost: a conceptual- metaphor- based study ‖ is the result of my own research for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi The thesis has not been submitted for any degree at any other universities or institutions I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library can be accessible for the purposes of study and research Hanoi, 2017 Trần Thanh Phƣơng i ABSTRACT Every language has a set of basic color terms However, these color terms not divide the meanings of colors in the same place In other words, color expressions following Conceptual Metaphor Theory may have various meanings in different languages, and usually contains cultural and even theological background This paper aims to study the semantics of color expressions in John Milton‘s poem Paradise Lost The range of color terms is not very extensive as the study pays attention to only five colors red, blue, white, green and black These five colors develop a particular range of symbolic meanings with religious connotations However, the analysis of color terms requires considerable knowledge of various scientific subjects, hence, the study adopts an interdisciplinary approach as evidence on the meaning of color terms is obtained from literature, theology as well as cognitive science Specially, this article also represents the process of classifying, analyzing, mapping and conceptualizing the color expressions The findings of the study reveal that color vocabulary is structured into two concepts, namely of light and darkness At the same time, through analyzing these expressions, a short comparison between color expressions in English and in Vietnamese is described so as to make the research useful for learners ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor, Prof Nguyễn Hòa whose encouragement, guidance and support enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject and to accomplish the final version of the thesis as expected Especially, I owe my deepest gratitude to my family, friends, and colleagues whose encouragement helped me finish this work Last but not least, I offer my regards to all of those who supported me in any respect during the completion of the study iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration i Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………… … ii Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………… iii Table of contents.………………………………………………………………………… iv PART A: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………… 1 Rationale……………………………………………… Scope of the study……………………………………………………………… Aims of the study ………………………………………………… …………… Research question………………………………………………………… … … Organization of the study………………………………………………… …… .4 PART B: DEVELOPMENT Chapter I: Literature review ……………………………………………………….…… Chapter II: Theoretical background …………………………………………….…… .7 2.1 Cognitive linguistics …………………………………………………….….…… 2.2 Cognitive semantics ……………………………………………………….…… 2.3 Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Conceptual metaphor ……………….… .9 2.4 Types of conceptual metaphor ………………………………………… …… .11 2.5 Mapping …………………………………… ………………………………… .14 2.6 Image schemas ………………………………….……………….……………… 15 2.7 Prototype …………………………………………….…… ………………… … 16 2.8 Basic color terms and classification of colors …………………………….… 17 Chapter III: Methodology …………………………….……………………………… 18 3.1 Methods of the study …………………………………………………… ……… 18 3.2 Data collection instruments ………………………………………………… … 18 Chapter IV: Results and Findings ………………………………………………… 20 4.1.The concept of color terms in John Milton’s poem Paradise Lost ………… 20 4.1.1 The concept of black in John Milton’s poem Paradise Lost …… 21 4.1.1.1 BLACK IS HELL ………………………………………… …………… 21 4.1.1.2 BLACK IS DARKNESS ………………………………….………… 24 4.1.1.3 BLACK IS DEATH ……………………………….………… ……… 27 4.1.2 The concept of white in John Milton’s Paradise Lost:………………… …29 WHITE IS LIGHT ………………………………………… ……….… 29 iv 4.1.3 The concept of blue in John Milton’s poem Paradise Lost: ….……… .30 BLUE IS HEAVEN ……………………………………………………… 30 4.1.4 The concept of green in John Milton’s poem Paradise Lost….…….… .31 4.1.4.1 GREEN IS HOPE ………………………………… …….……… 31 4.1.4.2 GREEN IS LIFE …………………………… ………………….…… 32 4.1.5 The concept of red in John Milton’s poem Paradise Lost ………….… 32 4.1.5.1 RED IS BLOOD …………….…………………………………… 32 4.1.5.2 RED IS LOVE ……………………….…………… …………… … 34 4.1.6 The concept of light and darkness in John Milton’s poem……… .34 Paradise Lost PART C: Conclusion and suggestions for analyzing the meanings of color terms… 37 Recapitulation ………………………………………………………………….… 37 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………… ….… 38 Implications of the study………………………………………………………… 39 Limitations of the study ………………………………………………………… 40 Suggestions for further studies …………………………………… ……… 40 REFERENCES 42 APPENDIX I v PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale Color terms seem to be an extraordinarily interesting field of study not only for anthropologists, physiologists and psychologists, but also for linguists, who made a significant contribution to the study of color terms such as Brent Berlin and Paul Kay (Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution, 1969) and Doris L Payne (Color Terms, 2006) The current study is an attempt to investigate the semantics of color expressions in John Milton‘s poem Paradise Lost from a conceptual metaphor perspective The main justification for the study is that much attention has been paid to color terms with deep interest since prehistoric times from early cave paintings to literature Earlier studies show that, colors were used for treating common and rare diseases by the ancient Egyptians since they believed that colors had totally magical and completely healing power For instance, the Aztecs used red dyes red dyes in religious ceremonies (Tull, 2013: 336) As far as colors in literature are concerned, they convey deeper meanings to the words which, in turn, help to transform the written content into a more powerful instrument Therefore, colors are considered as a deep origin of symbolism as connotative meanings are evoked For example, color terms appeared in Roman and Greek poems for the symbolic purposes As in the Iliad and the Odyssey, it could be possible to come across an apparent reference to blue hair and green honey Smoley (2009: 151) mentioned: ―The poet probably meant to speak of what we would express as yellow honey‖ The second reason for the study concerned with its topic is that Paradise Lost published by John Milton in 1667 seems to be a long great poem in English language Moreover, it was recognized as are markable achievement shortly after it appeared, and has provoked a great deal of critical debate in the hundred years that people have been reading and thinking about it The final reason for the study is that cognitive semantics offers a system of image schemas (Johnson, 1987) which are used to structure the physical experience, and a number of metaphor which help to map the structure of a concrete source domain onto an abstract target domain These tools are useful in investigating the semantic meanings of color terms in the poem Paradise Lost Broadly speaking, there is a vast body of research conducted on color terms in distinct languages, even colors in literature from different cultures However, as regards the color lexicon based on conceptual metaphor in Milton‘s poem Paradise Lost, it has not been studied so thoroughly yet, therefore, this study is hoped to contribute something to the research of the semantics of color expressions from a conceptual metaphor perspective in John Milton‘s poem Paradise Lost Scope of the study First, this study mainly focuses on the great poem - Paradise Lost of the famous author - John Milton It is considered as an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet, John Milton (1608–1674) The first version, published in 1667, consisted of ten books with over ten thousand lines of verse A second edition followed in 1674, arranged into twelve books (in the manner of Virgil's Aeneid) with minor revisions throughout and a note on the versification It has been seen by critics to be Milton's major work, and helped solidify his reputation as one of the greatest English poets of his time The poem concerns the Biblical story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden The story opens in Hell, where Satan and his followers are recovering from defeat in a war where they waged against God Satan undertakes the mission alone and he journeys across chaos till he sees the new universe floating near the larger globe which is Heaven When Satan comes into the Garden of Eden, he sees Adam and Eve and starts to be jealous of them He overhears them speak of God's commandment that they should not eat the forbidden fruit and relates how the world was created so mankind could one day replace the fallen angels in Heaven After that Satan returns to earth and enters a serpent When finding Eve alone, he induces her to eat the fruit of the forbidden tree As a result, their innocence is lost and they become aware of their nakedness because Adam also eats the fruit In shame and despair, they become hostile to each other The Son of God descends to earth to judge the sinners, mercifully delaying their sentence of death Upon his return to hell, instead of a celebration of victory, Satan and his crew are turned into serpents as punishment Adam is saddened by these visions, but ultimately revived by revelations of the future coming of the Savior of mankind In sadness, mitigated with hope, Adam and Eve are sent away from the Garden of Paradise They come to the conclusion for the reason of choosing this poem in attempt to understand the semantics of color expressions in the poem is that Paradise Lost seems to be the best epic poem of John Milton through ten books The poem concerns the Christian story of the fall of Satan and his brethren and the rise of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden And, colors in Paradise Lost are deeply rooted into a religious scenario and they serve as a means to express the poet‘s religious convictions Second, this study mainly concentrates on terms containing color words in John Milton‘s poem Paradise Lost according to the eleven basic color terms, which arein alphabetical order such as ―black, blue, brown, green, grey, orange, pink, purple, red, white and yellow‖ It may come as no surprise that most of the data include the terms of spectral colors (red, blue and green) and achromatic colors (white and black) In this poem, black color takes precedence over red, blue and white colors Red color is used five times, blue with one time, green with two times, white with three times, and black with fifteen times Aims of the study On that account, an in-depth study is carried out to investigate the semantics of color expressions in John Milton‘s poem Paradise Lost from a conceptual metaphor perspective As a result, it is possible for Vietnamese learners to understand the meanings of color terms in the poem Paradise Lost and with reference to the use of color expressions in Vietnamese poetry Research questions Particularly, the study is aimed at answering the following question: PART C: CONCLUSION Recapitulation Colors come from light, while the sun is the mother of light No light, then nocolors appear Under the sun, colors not only beautify the great nature but also beautifyhuman life, for instance, white cloud in the sky, green sea in the earth, white snow in thewinter, and green field in the summer All the colorshave given aspiration to poets, andimagination to painters So far, we have found that various colors appear in manypoems and John Milton is not an exception This study has attempted over the previous sections to investigate the semantics meanings of colour terms, black, white, red, green,and blue, in John Milton‘s poem Paradise Lost Therefore, the quotations from Paradise Lost illustrate that color terms combine both with nouns and adjectives: Red Sea, red lightning, red right hand, black attendant Death, black mist, black air, black wings, black bituminous gurge,black tartareous cold infernal dregs, white wings, black Gehenna, black fire, blue firmament, the Earth’s green cape, black clouds, blackest grain, blackest insurrection, fiery red, celestial rosy red, radiant white (cf Appendix) These different combinatorial patterns have a considerable impact on the process of interpreting colors‘ meanings The semantic analysis of color terms in the poem could be claimed as the following conclusions In Paradise Lost, black color takes precedence over red, blue, green and white colors Black fire is disastrous and portrayed as a symbol of hell It evokes negative connotations as it is associated with rage and spiritual torment The black bituminous gurge refers to the dark abyss, the place where Satan‘sangels were imprisoned when they were expelled from Heaven Black Gehenna refers to a type of Hell In the epic, black color also connotes death By representing death as a black attendant, Milton 37 focuses on vice that death contains The poet compares death to a monster, Goblin, hellish Pest, Phantasm and the Sin-born Monster In Paradise Lost, God is portrayed with a radiant white light Green color stands for hope and life Hope is one of the complex subjects of the poem The blue firmament refers to Heaven, the dwelling place of God, which is characterized as a place of peaceful and harmonious existence In the poem, celestial rosy red symbolizes love, whereas red right hand evokes associations with violent anger and pertains to the punishing hand of God The Red Sea is a sign of danger and blood With regard to learners, most of them have little knowledge about various meaning of colors Particularly, they know little about the application and usage of various color terms This paper has notonly presented different meanings for colors in the poem Paradise Lost of John Milton but also provided some color expressions with the aim of comparing color usage in Vietnamese and English, which can inspire students Furthermore, it is hoped that the subject will open a window for students to enjoy English language Conclusion So far, color vocabulary is structured into two concepts, namely of light and darkness The concept of light relates to God and Goodness, whereas the concept of darkness to Satan and wickedness Moreover, color category plays a major role in order to express J Milton‘s religious ideas and believes The poet as a Christian believed in one supreme God, who created the Earth In Paradise Lost, the God is represented through the perspective of disobedience and through the Satan and fallen angels‘ point of view Last but not least, color is a powerful and important communication tool, and it is tied to religious, cultural, political and social influences Gärdenfors (2000) considers colors as special kinds of concepts There is an intimate relationship between human 38 mind, concepts and meanings It is clear that the conceptualization of colors relates to further aspect of human life and first begins in human mind At the same time, some color metaphors seem to be universal, and this is strong support for Lakoff and Johnson‘s claim about human conceptual system Based on life experience, emotions, qualities, problems, thought, and religions and so on, it is easy to think of the correspondences and mappings in term of correlating elements in source and target domains Then, metaphorical meanings of colors are formed Especially, explaining the conceptual meanings of color expression in the John Milton‘s poem Paradise Lost helps to under the non-verbal meanings of colors and has a deep insight into Christian imagery Implication of the study This study has generated a number of implications that would be of interest to linguistic researchers, trainers, educators, anthropologists and psychologists Several of these implications are discussed below First, the objective of the current study is to find out the meanings of color terms in the poem Paradise Lost based on conceptual metaphor theory Explicating the semantics of colors has practical implications for linguistic researchers especially in the linguistic training and learning environments Second, accurately analyzing color meanings in literature has practical implications for learners and teachers in realizing the similarities and differences in Vietnamese and English color terms in literature It is certain that color expressions are not exactly equivalent in both languages In other words, the difference of the meaning of colors in different languages and in different cultures has been actually originated from translation If the meanings of the color candirectly correspond in translation equivalence, it is easy to learn and teach For example, ―Tóc bạc, tóc trắng‖ in Vietnamese and ―white hair‖ in English, both show that ―white‖ in the two languages is used to describe ―hair‖; there is also no other meaning However, in the following 39 cases it would be rather difficult to translate and understand between two languages For instance, when a certain color is used as an adjective in Vietnamese but not in a similar way in English; or a certain color isused as an adjective in English but not in a similar way in Vietnamese; or a certain color is used as an adjective in English, but has a different meaning in Vietnamese; or colors are used metaphorically Therefore, in order to overcome the above difficulties, the knowledge of the semantics of colors is necessary for both teachers and learners Final, color meanings provoke a similar response in arousing students‘ interest not only in learning English but also in studying literature Limitations of the study Despite considerable devotion of time and efforts, the study cannot avoid some shortcomings which can be noted as follows The first limitation lies in the difficulty of understanding the poem Because the poem concerns the Christian story of the fall of Satan and the brethren and the temptation of Adam and Eve by Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden, it is may be hard for the researcher to understand deeply the content and the semantics of color terms in the poems Therefore, there could be some limitations in the process of color conceptualization Another drawback is that colors are among the words to which attention needs to be drawn However, conceptual knowledge of this sort is less easy to pin down than one might like to think Besides, there are less studies both in Vietnamese and English conducted about colors in general and colors in literature in particular Finally, a limitation worth acknowledging is that this study concentrated only on colors in the poem of Milton Paradise Lost, therefore, some comparison is made to help learners understand the use of color expression in Vietnamese poetry Suggestions for further study 40 Other researchers who also delve into the use of color terms in English may further look into the issues from different angles First of all, if time permits, researchers can investigate the meanings of a particular color in poems, stories and novels of an English author, or may focus on the semantics of color terms in English literature in a specific period of time such as some stories, some poems, novels of some authors in nineteenth century, for example In addition, apart from colors, a further study can be extended to other aspects of John Milton‘s poem Paradise Lost such as Paradise Lost and dream of other worlds and meanings of darkness and light in Paradise Lost Last but not least, other researchers may make a comparative study of the meanings of color terms in Vietnamese literature and English literature in order to have a deeper insight into the semantics of colors in different languages 41 REFERENCES English Ammer, C (2013) The American Heritage Dictionary of 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why in the east Darkness ere day‘s mid-course, and morning-light More orient in yon western cloud, that draws O‘er the blue firmament a radiant white‖ I (Milton, 1998: 186) ―Plato‘s Elysium, leaped into the sea, Cleombrotus; and many more too long, Embryos, and idiots, eremites, and friars White, black, and gray, with all their trumpery‖ (Milton, 1998: 50) ―Others, on silver lakes and rivers, bathed Their downy breast; the swan with arched neck, Between her white wings mantling proudly, rows Her state with oary feet; yet oft they quit‖ WHITE (Milton, 1998: 120) ―One way the self-same hour? why in the east Darkness ere day‘s mid-course, and morning-light More orient in yon western cloud, that draws O‘er the blue firmament a radiant white” (Milton, 1998: 186) ―His temple right against the temple of God On that opprobrious hill, and made his grove The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet thence And black Gehenna called, the type of Hell‖ (Milton, 1998: 12) ―Infernal thunder, and, for lightning, see Black fire and horror shot with equal rage Among his Angels, and his throne itself Mixed with Tartarean sulphur and strange fire‖ (Milton, 1998: 21) ―Scout far and wide into the realm of Night, Scorning surprise Or, could we break our way By force, and at our heels all Hell should rise With blackest insurrection to confound‖ (Milton, 1998: 22–23) ―Sad Acheron of sorrow, black and deep; Cocytus, named of lamentation loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegeton, II Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage‖ (Milton, 1998: 31) ―Or substance might be called that shadow seemed, BLACK For each seemed either—black it stood as Night, Fierce as ten Furies, terrible as Hell, And shook a dreadful dart: what seemed his head‖ (Milton, 1998: 33) ―Each cast at th‘ other as when two black clouds, With heaven‘s artillery fraught, came rattling on Over the Caspian,—then stand front to front Hovering a space, till winds the signal blow‖ (Milton, 1998: 34) ―Plato‘s Elysium, leaped into the sea, Cleombrotus; and many more too long, Embryos, and idiots, eremites, and friars White, black, and gray, with all their trumpery‖ (Milton, 1998: 50) ―Conception; sulphurous and nitrous foam They found, they mingled, and, with subtle art, Concocted and adusted they reduced To blackest grain, and into store conveyed‖ (Milton, 1998: 103–104) ―The black tartareous cold infernal dregs, Adverse to life: then founded, then conglobed Like things to like; the rest to several place Disparted, and between spun out the air‖ (Milton, 1998: 116) ―Thou mayest not; in the day thou eatest, thou diest; Death is the penalty imposed; beware, And govern well thy appetite; lest Sin Surprise thee, and her black attendant Death” (Milton, 1998: 122) ―Like a black mist low-creeping, he held on His midnight-search, where soonest he might find III The serpent; him fast-sleeping soon he found In labyrinth of many a round self-rolled‖ (Milton, 1998: 141) ―With adverse blast upturns them from the south Notus, and Afer black with thunderous clouds From Serraliona; thwart of these, as fierce, Forth rush the Levant and the Ponent winds‖ (Milton, 1998: 174) ―Thus Adam to himself lamented loud, Through the still night; not now, as ere Man fell, Wholesome, and cool, and mild, but with black air Accompanied; with damps, and dreadful gloom‖ (Milton, 1998: 177) ―Mean while the south-wind rose, and, with black wings Wide-hovering, all the clouds together drove From under Heaven; the hills to their supply Vapour, and exhalation dusk and moist‖ (Milton, 1998: 196–197) ―With him or under him to tyrannize Marching from Eden towards the west, shall find The plain, wherein a black bituminous gurge Boils out from under ground, the mouth of Hell‖ (Milton, 1998: 201) ―But I can now no more; the parting sun Beyond the earth’s Green Cape and Verdant Isles Hesperian sets, my signal to depart GREEN Be strong, live happy, and love, but, first of all (Milton, 1998: 186) What it devours not, herb, or fruit, or grain A darksome cloud of locusts swarming down Must eat, and onthe ground leave nothing green; Darkness must overshadow all his bounds (Milton, 1998: 388) IV ... conducted a study of ? ?A cognitive approach to the understanding of the six basic color words in Mandarin Chinese‖ The findings made it clear that colors and the semantics of color terms in these... from the conceptual metaphor perspective e Comparing color terms in English and Vietnamese to make a final conclusion of the semantics meaning of the colors 3.2 Data The main materials used in the. .. can be extended to other aspects of John Milton‘s poem Paradise Lost such as Paradise Lost and dream of other worlds and meanings of darkness and light in Paradise Lost Last but not least, other