A pragmatic analysis of person deixis in john kerry’s remarks on climate change

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES ********************* NGUYỄN KIỀU LƯƠNG A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF PER

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

*********************

NGUYỄN KIỀU LƯƠNG

A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF PERSON DEIXIS IN JOHN KERRY’S

REMARKS ON CLIMATE CHANGE

Một phân tích ngữ dụng về chỉ xuất về ngôi trong bài phát biểu của

John Kerry về biến đổi khí hậu

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS

Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201

HANOI - 2016

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

*********************

NGUYỄN KIỀU LƯƠNG

A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF PERSON DEIXIS IN JOHN KERRY’S

REMARKS ON CLIMATE CHANGE

Một phân tích ngữ dụng về chỉ xuất về ngôi trong bài phát biểu của

John Kerry về biến đổi khí hậu

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS

Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201

Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Ngô Hữu Hoàng

DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the thesis entitled “A pragmatic analysis of person deixis in

John Kerry’s remarks on climate” is the result of my own research for the Degree of

Master of Arts at the University of Languages and International Studies, Viet Nam

National University, and that this thesis has not been submitted for any other degrees

Hanoi, March 2016

Nguyễn Kiều Lương

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Associate Professor Dr Ngô Hữu Hoàng for helping me complete this study This paper would not have been accomplished without his expert, constant and valuable guidance and encouragement His patience and helpful criticism helped me confidently express my

ideas into this paper

I also wish to express my sincere thanks to all my lecturers at the Faculty of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies for their valuable lectures which have helped me a great deal in gaining a lot of theoretical as well as practical knowledge

My special thanks also go to my colleagues at Bill Gates International Secondary and High Schools for their enthusiastic help and support with my teaching schedule at school which gave me precious time to deal with my thesis

Finally, I would also like to express my deep gratitude and love to my devoted parents and my sister who gave me time and encouraged me to overcome all obstacles during the accomplishment of this study

ABSTRACT

This study is conducted to identify the person deixis used in John Kerry‟s Remarks on Climate Change and the purposes of its usage seen from political angle Qualitative research methodology is applied to analyze the data From the point of view

of several theoretical concepts in the field of pragmatics namely person deixis, referents, the role of context, person deixis in the speech is investigated according to its subdivisions The results reveal that “I” and “we” are dominantly employed by the speaker “We” functions to involve himself as participant while “I” functions as self positioning Following the evaluation of the results, a discussion of the person deixis usage and its role on political goals is presented which shows that “we” is employed to preserve friendship between John Kerry and the audience The last pages of this study are devoted for the implications for teaching and learning pragmatics as well as suggestions for further research

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Declaration ……… ……… … i

Acknowledgements ……… ………ii

Abstract ……… iii

PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale for the study 1

2 Aim and scope of the study 2

2.1 Aim of the study……… 2

2.2 Research questions……… 2

2.3 Scope of the study……… 2

3 Design of the study 2

PART 2 DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I A BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 4

1 Political discourse 4

2 Person deixis 5

2.1 Deixis……… ……….… 5

2.2 Person deixis……… ……… 6

2.3 The Role of Person deixis in Political Communication……… 8

3 The Role of Context in Using Deixis 10

3.1 The Situational Context/ Exophoric Reference 11

3.2 The Background Knowledge Context 11

3.3 Co-textual Context…….……… ……… 13

4 Political Discourse Propaganda 14

5 Related Study 15

CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY 16

1 Research methods and instruments 16

2 Data of the study 16

3 Data analysis 17

CHAPTER III FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 18

1 Kinds of Person deixis used in John Kerry‟s Remarks on Climate Change 18

2 Referents and Political Purposes of Person deixis used in John Kerry‟s Remarks on Climate

2.1 First Person deixis 19

2.1.1 First Person Singular 19

2.1.2 First Person Plural 23

2.2 Second Person Deixis 31

2.2.1 Second Person Singular 32

2.2.2 Second Person Plural 32

2.3 Third Person deixis 33

2.3.1 Third Person Singular 33

2.3.2 Third Person Plural 36

PART 3: CONCLUSION 1 Recapitulation 40

2 Implications of the study 41

2.1 Implication for teaching pragmatics……… ……….41

2.2 Implication on learning pragmatics……….41

3 Limitations of the study 42

4 Suggestions for further research 42

REFERENCES……….43 APPENDIX……….I

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1 US : United States

2 L2 : Second Language

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Subdivision of singular person deixis 7 Figure 2: Subdivision of plural person deixis 7

Figure 4: Kinds of person deixis used in John Kerry‟s Remarks on Climate

Figure 5: Occurrence of first person singular 20 Figure 6: Occurrence of first person plural 23 Figure 7: Occurrence of second person deixis 31 Figure 8: Occurrence of third person singular 33 Figure 9: Occurrence of third person plural 36

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale for the study

There is a close relationship between language and politics According to Adetunji (2006:1), the former is the medium which the society used for the purposes of communication and cohabitation while the latter is considered the ideas and activities used for gaining and exercising power in society In addition, Wodak and de Cillia (2006:709) claim that there is no clear-cut distinction between language and politics, and they are two overlapping subjects As a result, when investigating one of these subjects, the other also needs to be concerned

Wind et al (1989:26) highlights that deixis is a universal element of languages It is a linguistic phenomenon attracting much concern from linguists Deixis is used widely by people from all over the world, regardless of personality, the culture and country they come from However, the way people employ deictic expressions in their communication differs from one person to another owing to their distinctive characteristics, education level, social class, communicative purposes and so forth Among the five common types

of deixis in languages: person, time, place, discourse and social deixis, person deixisis is perhaps the worthiest considering as it deals with the roles participating in a speech event This study is aimed to investigate how person deixis is employed by John Kerry as

a speaker with great power and potential influence on the audiences

It is worth mentioning that in politics speaker normally adjust what they say to suit the social-political reaction they anticipate from the audience (Joseph, 2006:43) The forms of adjustment itself vary from metonymy to the use of person deixis (Beard,

2000:24-36) Person deixis, within its simplicity, contains broad interpretation since it is

interpreted based on its context, not dictionary meaning

The existence of significant meaning of deixis in a political speech leads to the belief that the deictic expressions in John Kerry‟s speech also have significant interpretation beyond their dictionary meanings That is why this speech is chosen to be analyzed

2 Aim and scope of the study

2.1 Aim of the study

The aim of this study is to enrich the knowledge of deixis in use, especially to investigate person deixis in political speech Consequently, communication can be enhanced

This study is expected to give significant knowledge to the students about political communication; hence, they can be more aware of statements coming from politicians In terms of English teaching, this study is expected contribute to the understanding of deixis and its use in an English utterance, especially when it is spoken by a native speaker

2.2 Research questions

To achieve the aim of this research, the following questions are set:

 What kinds of person deixis are used in John Kerry‟s remarks on climate change?

 What are the referents of person deixis used in John Kerry‟s remarks on climate change?

 What are the political communication purpose(s) achieved by using the person deixis in the speech?

2.3 Scope of the study

This small piece of work is not expected to cover all the aspects relating to deixis Owing

to the time constraint and knowledge of the writer, this study is limited to the use of person deixis in only one speech Other types of deixis namely spatial, temporal, social, and discourse deixis are beyond the scope of the study

3 Design of the study

Part 1 – Introduction mentions some suggestions and fundamental ideas to lead in the

main part of the thesis Chapter I includes “the rationale of the study”, “the aim of the study”, “the research questions”, “the method of the study”, “the scope of the study”, and

“the design of the study”, respectively

Part 2 – Development contains of three chapters

Chapter I – A background to the study deals with the theoretical background that

inspires the thesis and the related literature review of person deixis in political

communication

Chapter II – Methodology presents the methodology and procedure in data collection

and analysis applied in this study The writer describes her research design and the way she collected, classified and analyzed the data

Chapter III - Findings and Discussion analyzes the collected data then withdraws the

final conclusions of the thesis Further discussion on findings will be presented with examples that emerge from the data analysis as well as the personal interpretations and comments from the author

Part 3 - Conclusion gives the summary of the thesis by providing answers to the

research questions presented Implications for teaching and learning pragmatics derived from the thesis are also revealed in this chapter Finally, the writer will review the limitations of this study and make suggestions for further research

PART 2 DEVELOPMENT

is just a part” (Fairclough, 1989: 24)

According to Schaffner (1996), political discourse, as a sub-category of discourse in general, can be based on two criteria: functional and thematic Political discourse is a result of politics and it is historically and culturally determined It fulfills different functions due to different political activities It is thematic because its topics are primarily related to politics such as political activities, political ideas and political relations

Van Dijk (2009: 1) emphasized that a discourse cannot be fully understood without understanding its context Therefore, in order to achieve a comprehensive analysis, the context of the John Kerry‟s remarks on climate change was explained The writer focused

on information about the speaker, John Kerry and the situation when the text was delivered

On February 1, 2013, John Forbes Kerry was sworn in as the 68th Secretary of State of the United States, becoming the first sitting Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman to become Secretary in over a century Secretary Kerry joined the State Department after 28 years in the United States Senate, the last four as Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee As Secretary of State, all his speeches received much attention from the public Among those speeches, the writer chose his Remarks on Climate Change as the data for analysis John Kerry‟s remarks on climate change were

delivered to a group of students and government officials at on February 16, 2014 at an American cultural center in Jakarta, Indonesia The speech was delivered a day after the U.S and China issued a joint agreement saying that they had agreed on steps to carry out commitments to cooperate closely in reducing the effects of climate change U.S officials were hoping that other nations, particularly those in the developing world, will follow suit John Kerry chose Indonesia for the first of what is to be a series of speeches

on the topic partly because as he said in his speech, this country, as an archipelago of more than 17,000 islands, was “on the front lines of climate change” and some of the most vulnerable to the effects of global warming In his speech, John Kerry highlighted that climate change is real and call Indonesian people and authorities to step up effort to combat it

2 Person deixis

It is believed that language does not only possess a specific structure but also a variety of functions These language functions belong to the field of pragmatics which concerns with the study of meaning as communicated by speaker (or writer) and interpreted by listener (or reader) Pragmatics is closely related with the context or setting of an utterance instead of the structure of the utterance itself An utterance is interpreted not only based on its words‟ meaning, but also based on its context or factors outside of the denotative meaning itself Such scope of Pragmatics would include the study of deixis

2.1 Deixis

According to Yule (1996: 9), deixis is the technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances The term deixis is gained from the Greek word meaning pointing or indicating (Levinson 1983: 54) It signifies different things to different people (Cruse 2000: 319)

“Deixis introduces subjective, attentional, intentional and of course dependent properties into natural languages” (Levinson in Horn/Ward 2006: 97) In

context-relationship between language and context is reflected in the structures of language themselves, is through the phenomenon of deixis” (1983: 54) The importance of deictic information in interpreting utterances is best demonstrated by what happens when such information is missing (Fillmore 1975: 38-39 in Levinson 1983: 54)

Deixis is traditionally divided into three categories: person, time, and place deixis

In Yule (1996) and Cruse (2000), the term „temporal deixis‟ is used instead of „time deixis‟ and the term „place deixis‟ is replaced by „spatial deixis‟ Following Lyons (1986, 1977a) and Fillmore (1972b, 1975), Levinson adds to the traditional categories two more deixis types: discourse (or text) deixis and social deixis (1983: 62) As the purpose of this study is analyzing person deixis, the writer only reviews theoretical background about person deixis

2.2 Person deixis

The different roles that individuals play in the speech event (speaker, addressee, and other) are directly reflected by the grammatical category of person (Levinson in Horn/Ward 2006: 112) The two semantic features of speaker inclusion (S) and addressee inclusion (A) capture the traditional person paradigm: first person (+S), second person (+A, -S), and third person (-S, -A) Additionally, Levinson emphasizes that “although person deixis is reflected directly in the grammatical categories of person, it may be argued that we need to develop an independent pragmatic framework of possible participant roles, so that we can see how and to what extent these roles are applied in different languages” (1983: 68)

Yule (1996: 11) suggests that in deictic terms, third person is not a direct participant in basic (I-you) interaction (outsider) which results distant Thus, third person pronouns are consequently distal forms in the term of person deixis She also mentioned that for pronoun “we” there is potential ambiguity which is possibly cause misinterpretation There is exclusive” we” (speaker plus other(s), excluding addressee) and an inclusive “we” (speaker and addressee include) Furthermore, Levinson (1983: 69) mentions that “we” does not always mean plural: the inclusive-exclusive distinction also

appear in “let‟s go” (inclusive-to some friends) and “let us go” (exclusive-to someone who has captured the speaker and friends)

The summary of person deixis kinds is tabulated as follow:

Figure 1: Subdivision of singular person deixis

SINGULAR

First person I Me Myself My mine

Second person You You Yourself your yours

Third

person

Masculine He Him Himself His his Feminine She Her Herself Her hers Neuter It It Itself Its its

Figure 2: Subdivision of plural person deixis

PLURAL

First person We Us Ourselves our ours

Second person You You Yourself your yours Third person They Them Themselves their theirs

(Source: Cornelius Puschmann: Thank you for thinking we could: Use and function of interpersonal pronouns in corporate web logs [12/28/09])

2.3 The Role of Person deixis in Political Communication

It has been mentioned that deixis, within its simplicity, contained broad meaning

of interpretation, especially when it comes to political field It is based on the idea that in order to gain voice from the society, the way of communicating with the society must be arranged as interesting as possible to make a lasting impression to the recipient Therefore, when deixis is applied in a speech, it is believed to give significant contribution to the overall impact of the speech

Beard (2000: 24) claims that pronoun preference is always important for the use of political persuasion For example, pronoun „your‟ can mean given an immediate sense that the reader (s) is being addressed personally and the use of pronoun „we‟ for inclusion and exclusion Furthermore, Beard (2000: 44-45) points out essentially five ways politicians can introduce a measure that they intend to apply, they are:

 First person singular pronoun “I‟ as in “Today I intend to reduce taxes by 20 percents”

 First person plural pronoun „we‟ as in “Today we intend to raise the taxes by a mere 5 percent”

 Referring to position, like “The Chancellor must raise taxes for the long-term good

of the nation‟s economy” or the role as part of the government: “The government must raise taxes ”

 No agentive pronoun at all and only use agentless passive without direct responsibility for action given, as in “Today it has been found necessary to raise taxes by 20 percent.”

 Using metonymy: “This budget will help all those on low incomes.”

Referring to number one and two, it means that when politicians make a speech, they have two sets of first pronouns They can use first person singular (I, me, myself, or mine) or first person plural (we, us, ourselves, and ours) According to Beard (2000: 45), the first person plural forms can have a range of references:

 They can refer to „I‟ plus one other; i.e we = the leader+ vise

 They can refer to „I‟ plus a group; i.e we = the leader + government and/ or political party

 They can refer to „I‟ plus the whole country; i.e we = the leader + society

 They can refer to „I‟ plus the rest of humanity; i.e we = the leader + people everywhere

Not only does Bread mention two sets of first pronouns but he also clarifies the advantage and disadvantage when using them:

 Singular pronouns (I/me/myself/mine)

Advantage:

- show a clear sense of personal involvement on the part of the speaker, which is especially useful when good news is delivered

Disadvantages:

- show all too clearly where blame lies if something goes wrong

- can be seen as too self- important, with the individual speakers placing themselves above or outside the collective responsibility of their colleagues

 Plural pronouns (we/us/ourselves/ours)

The various objectives of the use of pronoun above make politicians and their speech writers have some difficulties in making decision of right time to use pronouns that will keep appearing in their speeches including:

 How much responsibility are prepared to take on themselves?

 How much responsibility for success are they wiling to share with other colleagues?

 How confident are they that the whole groups of people share their views?

 How much responsibility for failure are they prepared to accept as their own?

(Bread 2000: 45-46) Finally, if we summarize all the explanation above, we can find an easy way to see how those points give significant effects to the overall speech content

3 The Role of Context in Using Deixis

Hymes (1964) in Brown and Yule (1983: 38) specifies the features of context

which may be relevant to the identification of a type of speech event They are addressor and addressee “The addressor is the speaker or writer who produced an utterance and

the addressee is the hearer or the reader who is the recipient of the utterance” (Brown and Yule 1983: 38) Knowing who are the speaker and the hearer makes it possible for analysts to predict and interpret his/her utterance by extra linguistic factors of both the speaker and the hearer, thus the more analysts know about the features of context, the more likely he is to be able to predict what is likely to be said (Brown and Yule 1983: 38-40) Context covers the identities of participants, the temporal and spatial parameters of the speech event, the beliefs, knowledge and intention of the participants in the speech event (Levinson 1983: 6)

There are three kinds of context that influence the interpretation of an utterance; they are the situational context, the background knowledge of context, and the co-textual context

3.1 The Situational Context/ Exophoric Reference

Situational context means that the surroundings or the situation can provide the meaning

to a word, so the words do not have to be explicitly stated (Cutting 2002: 57) The example of situational context is as follow:

There is a conversation between A and B who are sitting with the curtains drawn

A: God it‟s hot here

B: Is it?

C: Yeah, really Are you shutting out this lovely sunshine?

(Cutting 2002: 55) A‟s “God it‟s hot here” has place deixis “here” pointing to the room that they are in B and C know that A means the room, not the whole building or the whole city The sentence “are you shutting out this lovely sunshine?” contains spatial deixis pointing to the sunshine shining through the curtains (Cutting 2002: 56) In those examples, A does not say “it‟s hot here in this lecturer room” and C does not say “Are you shutting out this lovely sunshine that is coming through the curtains at the window behind you?” because the hearer have known the place they refer to

3.2 The Background Knowledge Context

Background knowledge context means that speakers assume a common knowledge of the course, knowledge that is only known by the members of the speakers There are two kinds of background knowledge context; they are cultural general knowledge and interpersonal knowledge

3.2.1 Cultural general knowledge

According to Cutting, cultural general knowledge is a common knowledge that most people carry with them in their minds, about areas of life (2002: 5) For example:

B, an Englishman, had planned to go to Spain for Easter but could not afford the tickets; he tells A, a Scottish woman, that he ended up going hill walking in Arran,

an island off the west coast of Scotland

A: So you went to Arran A bit of a come-down isn‟t it! (laughing)

B: It was nice actually Have you been to Arran?

A: No I‟ve not Like to go

B: Did a lot of climbing

A: (heh) B: I went with Francesca and David

A: Uhuh?

B: Francesca‟s room-mate And Alice‟s – a friend of Alice‟s from London There were six of us Yeah we did a lot of hill walking We got back Michelle and I got home she looked at her knees They were like this Swollen up like this Cos we did this enormous eight hour stretch

A: Uhm

(Cutting 2002: 3)

In this example, when B said that he and his friends went „hill walking‟, that they walked for eight hour there, or that the walk was strenuous enough to make somebody‟s knees swell, A does not appear to be surprised because A and B share cultural knowledge about the low mountains on the island (Cutting 2002: 5)

3.2.2 Interpersonal background knowledge

Interpersonal background knowledge refers to specific and possibly private

knowledge about the history of the speakers themselves (Cutting 2002:5) In example (11), it is clear that both A and B know who „Michelle‟ is: B would have told A in

previous conversation that his wife‟s name is „Michelle‟ Cutting also states that knowledge acquired through previous verbal interactions or joint activities and experiences is interpersonal knowledge (2002:6)

3.3 Co-textual Context

Co-textual context is the context of the text itself, known as the co-text (Cutting 2002: 8) It means that the context is not depending either on the environment nor the speaker, yet the composition of the text itself There are two kinds of co-text, they are endophoric reference/ endophora and exophoric reference/ exophora

The summary of reference is as follow:

4 Political Discourse Propaganda

Beard (2000: 53) believes that making a speech is a vital part of the politician‟s role announcing policy and persuading people to agree with him This is in line with the purpose of a speech that the speech maker attempts to convince the recipients to agree with the content of the speech, therefore, the language in political speech has been arranged well for the audience‟s further political action

In the past years, many researchers have studied “propaganda technique” One of the noticeable theories about propaganda was developed by Horold D Lasswell, a political science professor at the University of Chicago in 1927 He explains that the multiplication of those stimuli which are best calculated to evoke the desired responses may be said to be concerned with the propagandist, and with the nullification of those stimuli which are likely to instigate the undesired responses The problem of the propagandist is to multiply all the suggestions favorable to the attitudes which he wishes

to produce and strengthen, and to restrict all suggestions which are unfavorable to them

In this sense of the word, suggestion refers to cultural material with a recognizable meaning instead of individual psychology which to mean the acceptance of an idea without reflection (Lasswell 1927: 630-631)

There are four major objectives of propaganda (Lasswell, 1927, in Pinkerton, 2006: 26), they are:

1 To mobilize hatred against the enemy

2 To preserve the friendship of allies

3 To preserve the friendship and, if it is possible, to procure the cooperation of neutrals

4 To demoralize the enemy

There are seven propaganda devices of propaganda, they are name calling, glittering generality, transfer, testimonial, plain folks, card stacking and ban wagon (Sproule, 2001:136)

"we" is sheerly an appeal to "ideological common sense" (Fairclough 1989: 88), a subtle conscription suggested by the speech's opening salutation "Fellow Nigerians"(a formulaic introduction made popular by Nigerian military coup announcers for public acceptance

In sum, there is an essential difference between the situations of deixis in Texts A and B While the speaker in Text A seeks an acceptance from and a collaboration with the audience, the speaker rejects the ways of and vilifies the referent "he", in Text B Text A

is thus speaker-inclusive, a macro-text of "inclusion" Text B presents a self-exclusive speaker Text B is, as such, a macro-text of "exclusion"

Another research on the same topic titled “From solidarity to antagonism: The uses of the second-person singular pronoun in Chinese political discourse” is conducted

by Kuo in 2002 Kuo (2002) has explored the use of deixis for indexing political debates Two televised debates of the 1998 Taipei mayoral election were analyzed He reports that the frequency of the second-person singular pronounce “ni” (you) in the second debate is increasing significantly in comparison to the first debate His study shows that the use of second-person plural “ni” (you) is deployed differently by the candidates Kuo suggests that the different uses of “ni” in the two debates signal the change of interactive goal of the debate from establishing or reinforcing solidarity with the audience to expressing

CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY

1 Research methods and instruments

Working as the descriptive research, the study employs qualitative method as the major technique From some descriptive research types of study, a document analysis is used since the information obtained in this study is document in the form of speech transcript Qualitative research is best chosen for this study since the data used is deictic expressions

in the form of words Therefore, the frequency of the person deixis that appeared is only used to explain the pattern of the deixis occurrence Along with document analysis, referencing to publications is considered one of the most fundamental techniques since it provides the theoretical and empirical bases for this study

In qualitative research, the researcher with or without any other personal helping is considered as the main determiner in collecting the data (Lichtman 2009: 16; Merriam 2009: 39) This thesis is a qualitative study; therefore, the researcher will be the instrument and she will use the documentary evidence in the analysis She will not use any questionnaire to solve the problem

2 Data of the study

The data of this study is the person deixis in the form of words and phrases used in the speech The transcript of the speech is obtained from John Kerry‟s remarks on climate change on the website of U.S Department of State

The writer focuses on the transcript to find the person deixis used in the speech In order to find out all the instances of person deixis, she used the tool “Find” in Microsoft Word To verify the result, she used a website called Writeword This website offers Word Frequency Counter, which counts the number of words used in a text and frequency The results are listed from the words with the highest occurrence to the one with the lowest occurrence The writer compared the results from Microsoft Word with those from the website to assure that they were exactly the same Later on, she classified

the person deixis based on the subdivision which is divided into first personal, second personal and third personal To find what person deixis were used in the speech, the writer analysed the person deixis that exists from each paragraph

3 Data analysis

Basing on the data collected, the writer sets an analysis procedure as follow:

 Step 1: recognizing and categorizing the person deixis

Subsequence to identifying the data as shown on the data collection technique, the person deixis is classified into three categories: first personal, second personal, and third person deixis Each category is constituted of two subdivisions: singular and plural

 Step 2: analyzing and illustrating data

At the next phrase, the data collected from the previous step is analyzed to find the corresponding referents by seeing the context that comes with the data It is necessary to note that not all the instances of person deixis were analyzed and discussed in this paper The writer only chose the significant instances The findings of the referents are obtained through the concept of context subdivision as a means of finding the referents for deixis The context itself is seen from the context inside the text (endophora) and context outside the text (exophora) If the person deixis is not exophoric, it will be further analyzed to determine whether it is anaphoric or cataphoric

After finding the referents of the person deixis used, the classified data are then analyzed by describing the purpose of person deixis employed in the speech based on theory on political communication objectives as well as the personal experience of the writer

CHAPTER III

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter deals with the data analysis, findings as well as discussion of those findings There are two parts which answer three research questions The first part deals with the first research questions: what kinds of person deixis were deployed in the speech? The second part answered the last two questions, that is to discover the referents

of person deixis and purposes of using person deixis in the speech

1 Kinds of Person deixis used in John Kerry’s Remarks on Climate Change

After analyzing the text, kinds of person deixis found in the text were summarized in the following figure

Figure 4: Kinds of person deixis used in John Kerry’s Remarks on Climate Change

Kinds of person deixis Person Deixis Occurrence Frequency (%)

First person singular

Third person singular

2.1 First Person deixis

First person deixis is divided into first person singular and first person plural First person plural refers to the speaker of an utterance, either including the addressee or the

excluding the addressee

2.1.1 First Person Singular

First person singular covers the pronoun of “I”, “me”, and “myself”, “my” and

“mine” However, there are only three of them occurs in this speech; they are pronoun

“I”, its objective form “me” and its possessive form “my” All together, there are 41 occurrences of the first singular deixis in the speech Person deixis “I” refers to subject as self pointing to the speaker, here, John Kerry and “me” shows object position which also refers to John Kerry Figure 5 summarizes the results obtained for John Kerry‟s use of first personal singular deixis in the speech

Figure 5: Occurrence of first person singular

Person deixis Occurrences Frequency %

the same place anyway

What a pleasure to be here at America, where we are looking at all of the air

conditioning pipes running right through here I love it The spirit and feel of this

place is very special and it‟s wonderful to see our friends up here from Kalimantan and also everybody from Sumatra Thank you very much for being with us Can you hear me? Yeah! Wave! Do a few selfies, everybody will Anyway, it‟s really a

pleasure to be here I see a lot of iPads up in the air sort of flashing away

These paragraphs were used by John Kerry to express his gratitude to every student who attended the event at American cultural center in Jakarta These lines are exophoric since when John Kerry mentioned the person deixis “I‟, there is no mentioned referent before

or after the text, but it is still clear that “I” refers to himself as the speaker, as the Secretary of State However, the way he called the Ambassador Robert Orris Blake, Jr as

“Robert” and other audience as “friends” created a cozy atmosphere It made the event similar to a gathering between students at a university because the Secretary and the Ambassador once were students at university Therefore, the person deixis “I” here referred to John Kerry not only as a Secretary of State but also as a senior student and as

a friend of the audience

Unlike the paragraphs analyzed above, the following paragraph revealed a more specific use of the pronoun “I” It can be seen that “I” referred to John Kerry as the Secretary of

State as he emphasized that “This year, as Secretary of State, I will engage in a series of

discussions on the urgency of addressing climate change…” After getting closer to the audience by addressing himself as part of the audience, John Kerry introduced the main topic of the event that was “climate change” with an emphasis on his status in politics as Secretary of State As the result, the reliability and importance of the speech were increased since those words were delivered by the representative of a leading country, the United States of America

This year, as Secretary of State, I will engage in a series of discussions on the

urgency of addressing climate change – particularly on the national security

implications and the economic opportunities And I want you to think about those But I wanted to start right here, in Jakarta, because this city – this country – this

region – is really on the front lines of climate change It‟s not an exaggeration to say to you that the entire way of life that you live and love is at risk So let‟s have

a frank conversation about this threat and about what we, as citizens of the world, need to be able to do to address it

There was not only one time John Kerry highlighted his position as Secretary of State When John Kerry wanted to sharpen his arguments and increase trust from the audience, his political status was emphasized

When I think about the array of global climate – of global threats – think about

this: terrorism, epidemics, poverty, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction – all challenges that know no borders – the reality is that climate change ranks right up there with every single one of them And it is a challenge

that I address in nearly every single country that I visit as Secretary of State, because President Obama and I believe it is urgent that we do so…

hear is that it‟s going to be too expensive to be able to address climate change I

have to tell you, that assertion could not be less grounded in fact In fact, it‟s exactly the opposite…

All the instances of “I” in the speech were used to refer to the speaker, Secretary of State John Kerry, except the following case

“Every bit of evidence I‟ve seen persuades me that we are on a course leading to

tragedy.”

“I” here did not refer to John Kerry In order to clarify the special use of the pronoun “I”

in this case, it is necessary to refer to the paragraph from which this sentence was picked

Maurice Strong, and he told us – I quote him: “Every bit of evidence I‟ve seen

persuades me that we are on a course leading to tragedy.”

The first three “I”s were obviously referred to John Kerry but the last one was deployed

to refer to Maurice Strong Since John Kerry quoted the whole sentence from Maurice Strong, the referent of “I” was Maurice Strong, not John Kerry This means that the risk

of climate change is undeniable because it is conclude from scientific evidence The name of a scientist and his own words brought about the reliability of what John Kerry talked about Furthermore, it made the argument more objective since it was not only John Kerry‟s ideology One more time the reliability of the speech was increased

Finally it can be concluded that John Kerry uses “I” for different functions He

appreciated his audience from coming, as a citizen who were aware of the threat of climate change and as a pioneer in the battle against climate change Therefore, it can be concluded that, on the one hand, “I” used for clarifying his position compared with the others, and for framing his good public image towards the audience It made the Indonesians believed in what he said because every word was assured by his political position as the representative of the State On the other hand, “I” also referred to John Kerry as an individual like other people This narrowed the distance between him and others and made what he said closely related to the audience

The number of occurrences of “my” and “me” in the text was three and eight respectively, a very small portion in comparison to 133 instances of “I” All the person deixis “my” and “me” consistently referred to only one referent that is John Kerry

Well, my friends, that conference was in 1992 And it is stunning how little the conversation has really changed since then

Can you hear me? Yeah! Wave! Do a few selfies, everybody will

It‟s really a pleasure for me to be able to be back in Jakarta, back in Indonesia, where you have one of the richest ecosystems on Earth

2.1.2 First Person Plural

First person plural covers person deixis “we”, “us”, “ourselves”, “our” and “ours” Three out of five categories were deployed in the speech Figure 6 summarizes the results obtained for John Kerry‟s use of first personal plural deixis in the speech

Figure 6: Occurrence of first person plural

Person deixis Occurrence Frequency (%)

Person deixis “we” refers to first plural pronoun which can refer to the speaker plus other/others Others here can mean the addressee and can be non- addressee Therefore, person deixis “we” is divided into two subtypes, they are inclusive “we” (speaker and the addressee) and exclusive “we” (speaker and another individual or group who are not the addressee)

This is special Ambassador Blake, thank you for doing this Thank you all for coming here today I want to welcome all of those of you who are tuning in

elsewhere, some of you who are watching on a home webcast, and we‟re delighted

to have you here It‟s really a pleasure for me to be able to be back in Jakarta, back

in Indonesia, where you have one of the richest ecosystems on Earth And you live

in a country that is at the top of the global rankings for both marine and terrestrial biodiversity, and you have a human ecosystem that includes some 300 ethnic groups, speaking at least 700 languages – extraordinary place

This is the second paragraph in the speech in which John Kerry switched from the first singular deixis “I” to personal plural pronoun “we” The deixis “we” is anaphoric and exclusive since it refers to a thing that comes before it, that is John Kerry and Ambassador Blake However, when looking at the context of this speech, the referent of

“we” here was not simply understood as John Kerry and Ambassador Blake As this speech was delivered at an American cultural center, the personal deictic expression “we” would refer to not only John Kerry and Ambassador Blake but also all the members of the center who cooperated to hold this event, or more general, “we” here referred to the

US government

Another exclusive use of “we” can be found in the following paragraph

Now, as I‟ve already acknowledged, I am the first one to recognize the

responsibility that the United States has, because we have contributed to this problem We‟re one of the number – we‟re the number two emitter of greenhouse

gas emissions The number one is now China The fact is that I recognize the

frankly, before we understood the consequences Nobody set out to make this

happen This is the consequence of the industrial revolution and the transformation

of the world, and many of the advances that we made that have changed the world for the better came from these steps But now we do know the attendant

consequences that are linked to these actions

In the excerpt above, nine instances of “we” did not refer to John Kerry and the US government; they actually referred backward to the phrase “the United States” which meant all the Americans It meant that John Kerry, as a member of the US society, and the people of the US had the same experience of “industrial revolution and the transformation of the world” and now they were all aware of the negative consequences Furthermore, it was found out that person deixis “we” was used in repetition in this extract, stating nine times “we”, he seemed to emphasizing his position This repetition functioned to create stylistic and can create such confidence that John Kerry is really a part of the American society In their broadest reference, these deixis can show the politician in touch with all of the country (Bread 2000:45) Additionally, the use of repetitive “we” here highlighted the consistency in ideology among American people and demonstrated that they were all responsible to “erase the bad habits” This helped to build

up the trust from the audience in what the US would do because they were willing to accept the responsibility for what they had done

The use of “we” to refer to the United States could be frequently found in the speech

At the same time, Americans have actually doubled the amount of energy we are creating from wind, solar, and geothermal sources, and we‟ve become smarter about the way we use energy in our homes and in our businesses A huge amount

of carbon pollution comes out of buildings, and it‟s important in terms of the lighting, in terms of the emissions from those buildings, the air conditioning – all these kinds of things thought through properly can contribute to the solution As a