SỰ HÌNH THÀNH VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN ĐƯỜNG LỐI CÁCH MẠNG DÂN TỘC DÂN CHỦ NHÂN DÂN CỦA ĐẢNG CỘNG SẢN VIỆT NAM

OAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI TRirdNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN ^s ^ * ^ * s i ; HiNH T H A N H V A P H A T TRiiN • OI/ONG L6\ CACH MANG DAN TOC DAN CHO NHAN DAN COA DANG CONG SAN VIET NAM Di TAI KHOA HOC QX.97.05 •^ -^ Nguoi thiic hien: LE MAU HAN Ha Noi - 2003 iMUC LUC Md DAU NOI DUNG L Nhiing tien de v6 kinh te, chfnh tri va giai cap Chinh sach khai hoa thirc dan Sir chuyen bien giai cap IL Con ducmg each mang Ho Chi Minh IIL Sii lanh dao ciia Dang Cong san Viet Nam IV Cuong linh, chien luge each mang cua Dang L Cuong linh each mang dau tien cua Dang Du an luan cuong chanh tri cua Dang (10/1930) Chfnh cuong cua Dang Lao dpng Viet Nam (2/195(^) V Dai doan ket dan tpc, xay dung mat tran thdng nhat rong rai VI Kien tao co quan quy6n lire Nha nuoc cao nhat va lap chinh phii nuoc Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa Qudc hpi - CO quan quy^n luc cao nhat cua nudc Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa Chfnh phu nuoc Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa - Chfnh phii doan ket thdng nha^t dan tpc VIL Khdi nghia dan tpc va chien tranh giai phong dan tpc Khdi nghia dan tpc Chien tranh giai phong dan tpc 5 10 16 26 37 37 43 50 58 82 82 106 114 114 127 KET LUAN 141 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 145 MO DAU Dang Cong san Viet Nam Hd Chf Minh sang lap va ren luyen la dpi tien phong cd td chiic va la td chiic cao nhat ciia giai cap cong nhan Viet Nam Dang la ngudi ke thiia va nang len tSm cao mdi truydn thdng cua dan tpc, ket hpp gia tri tinh than truydn thdng Viet Nam vdi chu nghia MacLenin, chu nghia yeu nudc cua chu nghia qudc te v6 san, lay chu nghia MacLenin va tu tudng Hd Chf Minh lam ndn tang tu tuong va kim chi nam cho mpi hanh dpng ciia Dang Ngay tii mdi ddi, Dang da trd ngudi lanh dao nhat cuoc dau tranh cua nhan dan Viet Nam de giai phdng dan tpc, giai phdng xa hpi va giai phdng ngudi, ket hpp doc lap dan tpc vdi chu nghia xa hpi vi muc tieu cao ca va vi dai cua dan tpc la dgc lap, tu Dang la ngudi dai bieu trung cho loi fch cao nhat ciia giai cap cdng nhan, nhan dan lao dpng va cua ca dan tpc Dang Cong san Viet Nam - nhu Hd Chi Minh da ndi; ''Khdng co loi ich nao khac ngoai loi ich cua nhan dan va Td qudc", Chung ta cd the tii hao rang sudt may chuc nam each mang, Dang ta da chap nhan mpi hy sinh gian khd, kien quyet va bdn bi lanh dao cuoc dau tranh cua dan tpc Vi vay, Dang ta da ''trd hinh thiic td chiic cao nhat cua quan chiing lao dpng, hien than cua tri tue, danh du va luong tam ciia dan tpc"' Dang ta dupc nhan dan tin tudng, coi la dpi tidn phong giac ngo cua minh Dang lanh dao each mang, lanh dao xa hpi bang cuong linh, chidn lupc, cac dinh hudng ve chinh sach va chii truong cong tac, bang tuyen truydn, thuyet phuc, van dpng, td chiic va kiem tra, bang hanh dong tidn phong guong mau ciia dang vien, trudc het la cuong linh, chien lupc each H6 Chf Minh: Toan tap, tap 7, Nxb CTQG H., 1995 tr 517 mang Cuong ITnh va chien lupc each mang dan tdc dan chu nhan dan cung nhu each mang xa hdi chii nghia ciia Dang ta dupc xay dimg dudi anh sang ciia Iy luan Mac-Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chf Minh va bd dd cua ngudn gia tri van hoa truydn thdng Viet Nam phii hpp vdi hoan canh thtic tidn ciia da't nudc va qudc te qua mdi thdi ky each mang Cuong linh each mang xac dinh cac nguydn tac va phuong hudng « chfnh tri, ciing vdi cac chii truong, chfnh sach ciia Dang phan anh cang dung dan qua trinh phat trien cua each mang Viet Nam Cuong linh ciia Dang la su van dung va phat trien sang tao ly luan Mac-Lenin vao thiic tidn ciia dat nudc, la su ket hpp tu tudng nhan van truydn thdng Viet Nam vdi chu nghia Mac-Lenin qua trinh lanh dao each mang Viet Nam, Hd Chf Minh da tiing ndi: Dang truydn ba ly luan Mac-Lenin vao nhan dan ta, cd ly luan soi dudng thi quan chiing hanh dpng mdi diing dan, mdi phat trien dupc tai nang va luc lupng v6 ciing tan cua minh; Dang ket hpp ly luan vdi kinh nghiem va thuc hanh ciia each mang Viet Nam; Dang ap dung lap trudng, quan diem va phuong phap Mac-Lenin ma giai quyet cac van de thuc te ciia each mang Viet Nam; Dang phai cd tinh than khoa hpc va tinh than each mang rat cao, phai hieu rd lich sii xa hpi, phai quyet tam ph^n dau cho giai cap va nhan dan, phai tin tudng vao luc lupng va sang kidn cua quan chiing, phai gom gop tu tudng, kinh nghiem, sang kien va y chf ciia quan chiing, sdp xep nd he thdng, rdi lai ap dung vao quan chiing Chfnh nhd cd chii nghia Mac-Lenin va tu tudng Hd Chf Minh lam nen tang, cd cuong linh, dudng ldi va chfnh sach each mang diing dan, sang tao ndn Dang Cong san Viet Nam da trd dpi tidn phong cd td chiic va la td chiic cao nhat ciia giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan lao dpng Dang thuc su la hien than ciia tri tue, danh du va luong tam ciia dan tpc Dudi ngpn cd ciia chii nghia Mac-Lenin va tu tudng Hd Chf Minh, Dang Cong san Viet Nam da dupc nhan dan tin tudng va thiia nhan la dpi tidn phong cua minh Vi vay Dang da khoi dupc ngudn luc lupng va siic sang tao cua nhan dan, phat buy dupc ndi luc ciia dan tdc, ket hpp siic manh dan tpc vdi siic manh qudc te, khdng ngimg tidn len gianh dupc nhiing thang Ipi cd y nghia lich sir va cd tfnh thdi dai sau sac L NHtJNG T I £ N Bi vt KINH i f , CHINH TRI VA GIAI CAP Chinh sach khai hoa thirc dan Vao khoang giua the ky XIX tro di, cac nudc de qudc Au, My da 1^ lupt d^y manh vide xam chiem thupc dia trdn quy md rong Idn Budc vao the ky XX, viec phan chia thd' gidi da kd't thiic Chi tinh eudng qudc Idn la Anh, Nga, Phap, Diic, My, Nhat, nam 1876 cd didn tfch thupc dia la 40,4 trieu km^ va dan sd thupc dia la 273,8 trieu Den nam 1914, cac eudng qudc dd da chiem mot khu vuc thupc dia rdng 65 trieu km^ vdi sd dan la 523,4 trieu (so vdi dien tfch chfnh qudc cua hp la 16,5 trieu km^ va sd dan la 437,2 trieu) Rieng didn tich thupc dia cua Phap la 10,6 trieu km*^ vdi sd dan la 55,5 trieu (so vdi didn tfch nudc Phap la 0,5 trieu km* vdi sd dan la 39,6 tridu^) Sd lieu trdn la nhiing phac hpa rat co ban va rd net ve buc tranh phan chia the gidi ciia chii nghia de qudc Dam may den khdng Id va day dac ciia chii nghia de qudc da bao che bau trdi the gidi Sir ap biic va xu hudng thdn tinh dan tpc ciia chii nghla dc qudc da tang Idn rd ret Sir xuat khau tu ban vao cac nudc thupc dia ciia chii nghia de qudc da lam cho nhung quan he xa hpi cii bien ddi mot each can ban Cac nudc bi ldi cudn vao dudng tu ban chu nghia Su ap biic dan tpc va thdn tfnh dan tpc cang tang da tao ndn mau thuan dan tpc vdi ban de' qudc thuc dan cang sau sac, sir thiic tinh vd y thiic dan tpc va phong trao phan khang dan tpc cang tang Idn manh me Vd mdi lien he giua chii nghia dd' qudc vdi su ap biic dan tpc va xu hudng di thdn tinh da dupc Ru-ddn-pho Hin-phu-dinh (ngudi Ao) tdng ket mot each dung dan tii nam 1910 rang: "Ddi vdi cac nudc viia mdi tim dupc ciia bpn dd' qudc - tiic la cac nudc thupc dia thi tu ban nhap khau lam cho nhimg mau thuan manh Idn ciia cac dan tpc dang thiic tinh vd y thiic dan tpc va chdng lai ngoai xam; su phan khang dd cd thd dd dang bien nhirng bien phap nguy hidm nham chdng lai tu ban nudc ngoai Nhtmg quan he xa hpi cQ ddu dupc each mang hoa mot each can ban; tinh trang biet lap ndng nghiep hang ngan nam ciia cac dan tpc diing ngoai ria lich su bi pha tan; cac dan tdc cung bi ldi cudn vao ldc tu ban chii nghia Ban than chu nghia tu ban dan dan tao cho cac dan tdc bi chinh phuc cac phuong tidn va phuong phap tu giai phdng Va muc dich tdi cao trudc cua cac dan tdc chau Au la lap qudc gia dan tpc thdng nha't lam cdng cu thuc hien tu kinh te va tu van hoa, thi cung trd muc dich ciia cac dan tdc bi chinh phuc dd"\ Xet trdn binh didn the gidi, tir giua the ky XIX trd di, Viet Nam da chiu tac dpng ciia bdi canh lich su dd ra't sau sdc Giiia liic chii nghia tu ban the gidi da phat trien chu nghia de qudc va dang md rdng the luc cua nd trdn nhieu luc dia, thi nudc Viet Nam dang vao dinh didm khiing hoang ciia chd' dp phong kid'n Chinh liic dd, dan phao ciia chii nghla nghia dd' qudc da ban sup tri muc nat ciia vua quan nha Nguydn Chiing da ky hiep udc dau hang Sau hoan cdng cuoc xam lupc, thiet lap bd may thdng tri, thuc dan Phap da tien hanh hai dot khai thac thupc dja Idn d Viet Nam, Lao va Campuchia nham cudp doat tai nguydn, bdc lot nhan cdng re mat, cho vay nang lai loi nhuan tdi da cho bpn tu ban ddc quyen cua chii nghia de' qudc Phap Sau Chid'n tranh the gidi lan thii nha't, vdi kd' hoach khai thac thupc dia lan thii hai Albert Sarraut trinh bay dupc nghi vien Phap nhat tri (4/1921) va chfnh phu Ddng Duong ddng tinh thi vide dau tu cua cac nha doanh nghiep Phap vao Ddng Duong dupc gia tang vdi mot sd vdn rat Idn Bpn Phap d Ddng Duong da thuc hien mot chinh sach ddc quyen trdn cac - v.I Lenin: Chu nghia dequoc giai doan tot ciing cua chu ngkia lu bdn, Nxb Tien b6 M., 1975 tr 137 nganh kinh td' chu yeu ddc quydn chie'm doat rudng da't, de lap ddn dien, ddc quydn khai md, ddc quydn ndi ngoai thuong, ddc quyen kinh doanh cac nganh che bie'n, ddc quyen van tai, ddc quyen ngan hang Ta't ca cac doanh nghiep trudc chid'n tranh dupc md rdng va nhieu cdng ty doanh nghiep mdi dupc lap them Cho den nam 1929, d Viet Nam, tu ban Phap da cd 30 cdng ty ndng nghiep, 46 cdng ty cdng nghiep, 19 cdng ty md, 31 cdng ty thuong nghiep"^ Ta't ca cac cdng ty dd deu nam dudi su kiem soat cua tap doan tu ban tai chfnh Idn la Ngan hang Ddng Duong ciing mot sd tap doan khac cd quan he vdi Ngan hang Ddng Duong, Su xuat khau tu ban, vide du nhap chii nghia tu ban theo kieu thuc dan va chinh sach ddc quyen kinh te cua thuc dan Phap da dua den nhiing bien ddi Idn vd tinh chat ndn kinh te ciia nudc ta Mac dii thuc dan Phap van tri phuong thiic bdc lot kinh te theo kieu phong kien ldi thdi, song mot hp da dat phuong thiic kinh te tu ban chii nghia theo kieu thuc dan triim len dat nudc ta, thi ta't ca cac mat kinh te, xa hpi va giai cap d nudc ta ddu bi ldi cudn vao quy dao phat trien ciia chii nghia tu ban thuc dan, ndn kinh te Viet Nam bi mat ddc lap va hoan toan Id thupc vao ndn kinh te nudc Phap va bien ddi mot nen kinh te cd tinh chat tu ban thuc dan - phong kien Ve chinh tri, thuc dan Phap da thuc hien mot che dp chuyen che dien hinh de dan ap va thdng tri nhan dan ta Mpi quydn hanh deu nam tay cac quan chiic ngudi Phap tii Toan quydn, de'n thdng sii, thdng ddc, kham sii va mot bp may bao luc gdm quan dpi, canh sat, mat tham Vua quan Nam trieu la cdng cu bii nhin tay sai cua thuc dan Bp may chinh quydn thuc dan thiet lap trdn co sd ciia su cau ket chat che giiia chii nghia de qudc va cac the luc phan dpng d cac nudc trdn ban dao Ddng Duong nham phuc vu cho ' Ru-ddn-pho Hin-phu-dinh: Ticbdn idi chinh, Vien, 1910 Ban dich tieng Nga M 1912, tr 338- 339 Xem V.l Lenin: Chu nghla de quoc giai doan tot cung ciia chii nghla nc bdn Nxb Tien bo, M 1975, tr 210 chinh sach khai thac thudc dia tan bao ciia Phap Chinh sach xam lupc va thdng tri cua thuc dan Phap tir d^u de'n cudi ddu nhupm day mau cua ngudi Ddng Ducmg song ludn ludn dupc chiing che day bang nhiing cham ngdn ke "khai hoa van minh", binh dang bac ai, dan chu va cdng ly Vach tran ban cha't chinh sach thdng tri dd ciia chii nghia thuc dan Phap, Hd Chi Minh da vie't: "Ddng Duong la cd gai cung, r^t xiing dang vdi nudc me Phap Me cd gi cd na'y: Ddng Duong cd chfnh phu cua nd, nhiing bao dam cua nd, cdng ly cua nd Cdng ly dupc tupng trung bang mdt ba ddm, mot tay cam can, mot tay c^m kie'm Vi dudng t\x Phap den Ddng Ducmg xa qua xa de'n ndi sang dupc tdi dd thi can can da mat thang bang, dia can da chay long va bien nhiing ta'n thudc phien hoac nhimg chai rupu ty, ndn ba d^m cdng ly tdi nghiep chi cdn lai ddc cai kiem de chem gid't"\ Ve giao due, chinh quyen thuc dan Phap vira su dung va cai tao he thdng dao tao, thi cu cii, vura lo dao tao ldp tri thiic tan bao de thay the Vdi chinh sach ngu dan de dd bd thdng tri, thuc dan Phap da han che vide phat trien nganh giao due d Ddng Duong Hau het nhan dan ta la khdng biet chii Danh gia vd nen giao due cua thuc dan Phap d Viet Nam, Hd Chi Minh viet: "Trudng hpc lap khdng phai de giao due cho nidn An Nam mot nen hpc van tdt dep va chan thuc, md mang tri tue va phat trien tu tudng cho hp.- Ngoai muc dfch giao due de dao tao phai, thdng ngdn va vidn chiic nhd dii sd can thiet phuc vu cho bpn xam lupc, ngudi ta da gieo rac mot nen giao due ddi bai, xao tra va nguy hiem hem ca su ddt nat niia, vi mdt ndn giao due nhu vay chi lam hu hong lam mat tinh net cua ngudi di hpc, chi day cho hp bid't siing bai nhiing ke manh hon minh, day cho •* p Isoart: Le phenomene nanonnal vietnamien, Pariss 1961 Xem: Lich sirViet Nam, tctp II KHXH 1985.tr, 157 ' H6 Chi Minh: Toan tap, sdd, t , tr nidn ydu mdt Td qudc khdng phai la Td qudc cua minh va dang ap biic minh"^ Bao chi, hdi hpp, lap hpi, tu tu tudng ddu bi bdp nget Bi d^u ddc ca vd tinh thdn lan thd xac, bi bit mdm, bi giam ham, ngudi ta cd the tudng rang cac "bay ngudi" a'y cii mai mai bi diing lam dd de td' cac ong than tu ban, rang bdy ngudi dd khdng sdng niia, khdng suy nghi niia va la v6 dung vide cai tao xa hpi, "Khdng: Ngudi Ddng Duong khdng chet, ngudi Ddng Duong van sdng sdng mai mai, Su tan bao cd he thdng ciia bpn tu ban thuc dan khdng thd lam td lidt siic sdng, cang khdng the lam td lidt tu tudng each mang ciia ngudi Ddng Duong Ngudi Ddng Duong khdng dupc hpc, diing thd', bang sach vd va bang didn van, nhung ngudi Ddng Duong nhan su giao due bang each khac Dau khd, ngheo ddi va su dan ap tan bao la nhung ngudi thay nha't ciia hp va thdi co cho phep hp se bid't td xiing dang vdi nhiing ngudi thay ciia hp"^ Ndi tdm lai, chinh sach thudc dia ciia Phap da thuc hien d Vidt Nam (va ca Ddng Ducmg) la d^ly manh khai thac, bdc lot nang nd vd kinh td', chuyen che tan bao vd chinh tri, kim ham va nd dich vd van hoa nham phuc vu cho bpn tu ban liing doan Phap, chii khdng phai la dem den cho nhan dan ta sir "khai hoa van minh", khdng phai la "khai hoa va cai tao theo kieu phuong Tay" Cai gpi la "sii mang khai hoa" chinh la su khai thac thupc dia dam mau cua bpn thuc dan bang ludi Id, hpng siing, gia treo cd va ham hiep phu nti Ndi vd su khai hoa va cac nha "khai hoa" thuc dan, Hd Chi Minh da td cao: "Khi ngudi ta da la mot nha khai hoa thi ngudi ta cd thd lam nhirng vide da man ma cu van la ngudi van minh nha't"^ va nd'u dan ban xii khdng nhin nhuc dupc, viing Idn, thi mot cuoc dSm mau dupc tien hanh Cac nha ^ H6 Chf Minh: Toan tap, sdd, t L tr 399 ' H6 Qii Minh: Toan tap, sdd, t tr 9-10 ' U6 Chf Minh: Toan tap, sdd, t tr 56 ldn ddi vdi chung la d chd cd le nao mdt quan ddi cdn non tre dugc trang bi bang vu ydu kem lai dam nd sung tdn cdng mdt ddi quan vien chinh cd nhiing phuang tidn chien tranh hien dai! Ta da khdng sg, da chii ddng tie'n cdng, tid'n cdng kip thdi, dung cam va kidn quyet, vdi quyet tam tha hy sinh tdt ca chii nha dinh khdng chiu mdt nudc, nha't dinh khdng chiu lam nd Id theo ldi kdu ggi khang chidn cua Hd Chi Minh Ldi kdu ggi cua Ngudi la tidng ggi ciia non sdng ddt nudc da ddng thd'u nhiing nidm sau xa va cao dep nha't trai tim va khdi dc ciia mgi ngudi Viet Nam yeu nudc, khoi day manh me chu nghia dan tdc truyen thdng, Idng tu hao dan tdc, chii nghia anh each mang va tri tue ciia ngudi Viet Nam, lam cho ca dan tdc mdt khdi diing len, kien eudng chie'n ddu bang mgi thir vu cd sdn, vdi mdt y thirc chinh tri tu giac, mdt lap trudng each mang kidn dinh, va vdi mdt nidm tin khang chien lau dai, gian khd, hy sinh nhung nhdt dinh thdng lgi Dd chinh la uu thd chinh tri tinh thdn, la "lgi the nhdt ma ta gianh dugc khdi ddu chien tranh tren ca nudc"'°^ LTU the chinh tri tinh thdn dd da bien siic manh vat chdt bao dam cho qudn va dan ta kien tri chien ddu thd bi bao vay, chien ddu bdng siic manh tu luc tu eudng khdn ludng ciia dan tdc, vdi tinh thdn ddc lap tu chii va nghi lire sang tao, viia danh viia phat trien luc lugng, viia phat tridn khoa hgc va nghe thuat quan su Viet Nam, nghe thudt chien thdng quan xam luge hiing manh Dd la nghe thudt chien tranh nhdn dan, chidn tranh toan ddn thdi dai Hd Chi Minh Khoa hgc va nghe thuat quan sir ciia Hd Chi Minh, cua Viet Nam da: - Phat huy siic manh ciia toan dan, siic manh cua qua khir va siic manh cua hien tai hudng ve mdt tucmg lai dat nudc dugc hoan toan dpc lap, mgi ion Vo Nguyen Giap: Chien ddu vdng vay Mxb QDND - Nxb Thanh men H 1995, tr 43 132 ngudi ciing cd cam an mac, cung dugc hgc hanh, dugc or do, dm no, hanh phiic Mgi ngudi phai dugc td chiic lai, phai doan ket lau dai mdt Mat tran ddn tdc thdng nhdt rdng rai ma co sd la cdng, ndng va lao ddng tri dc mdt dang each mang va tri me lanh dao - Phat huy siic manh danh giac cua toan dan, siic manh chien thdng ciia mdt dan tdc nhd dd'i vdi mdt tdn dd qudc xam luge cd siic manh ldn vd vat chdt, vd phuang tien chien tranh hien dai Quan diem chidn tranh nhan dan, toan dan danh giac dugc the hien mdt each cd diic song rd ret vdi ldi van gian di ma hiing hdn cd kha nang phat huy cao dd siic manh phi thudng va dc sang tao cua qudn chiing Hd Chi Minh neu ldi hich cim nudc 19-12-1946: ""Hai dong bdo! Chiing ta phai diing len! Bdt ky dan dng, dan ba, bat ky ngudi gia, ngudi tre, khdng chia tdn giao, dang phai, ddn tdc He la ngudi Viet Nam thi phai diing len danh thuc dan Phap de ciiu Td qudc Ai cd sung dung sung Ai cd guam diing guom, khdng cd guom thi dimg cudc, thudng, gdy gdc Ai cung phai siic chdng thuc ddn Phap ciru nudc" Quan diem ciing la phuang chdm hanh ddng ciia toan qudn, toan dan ta sudt cudc khang chien Chu ddng, kip thdi thay ddi phuang thirc ddu tranh each mang, phat ddng cudc khang chien toan qudc theo phuang chdm khang chien lau dai vdi nghe thuat chien tranh nhan dan, toan ddn danh giac theo Ldi keu ggi todn qudc khdng chien ciia Hd Chi Minh la diem xudt phdt cho moi thdng lgi ve sau cua cudc khang chien toan qudc chdng thuc dan Phap xdm luge 133 Tir phat ddng toan qudc khang chien (19-12-1946) den ky kdt hiep nghi Giomevo (21-7-1954), nhdn dan Viet Nam da tien hanh mdt cudc chie'n tranh nhan dan, chie'n tranh giai phdng dan tdc vi ddc lap thdng nha't, vi ndn dan chii cdng hoa va gay mdm mdng cho chii nghia xa hdi Ngay tiir tieng sung khang chien toan qudc bung nd, Hd Chi Minh da ldi keu ggi khang chien Dd la ldi hich cim nudc, la cuong linh khdng chie'n ciia Dang Ban Thudng vu Trung uong Dang da nhanh chdng cdng bd ban chi thi Toan qudc khang chien Tdng Bi thu Ban Chdp hanh Trung uang Dang Trudng Chinh da cdng bd tac phdm Khdng chien nhdt dinh thdng lai Cac tai lieu dd da vach dudng ldi, phuang cham khang chien de ddn ddt quan va dan ta cudc chidn dau keo dai han ba nghin gian khd va hy sinh de bao ve quyen ddc ldp cua ddn tdc va us cua nhdn ddn Vdi y chi "Tha hy sinh tdt ca, chii nhdt dinh khdng chiu mdt nudc, nhdt dinh khdng chiu lam nd le", nhdn ddn ca nudc tir Nam den Bdc da nhdt te diing len khang chidn vdi moi phuang tien va vu cd sdn tay, ke ca gay tdm vdng vdt nhgn, chien ddu kien eudng va anh diing, thdng minh va sang tao, lay it ddnh nhieu, vita ddnh vi(a xdy dung, phdt tnen luc lugng tit nho den ldn, tit yeu den manh, vita vdt nhgn khoa hgc nghe thudt ddnh gidc, nghe thudt tien cong tit nho den ldn, tit ddnh du kich den ddnh chinh quy, tien cong chien thudt, tien len tien cong chien dich, tien cong vd phdn cong chie'n luac, gidnh thdng lai tit nho den ldn ddn den chien cong lich su Dien Bien Phu vT dai Trai qua chin ndm khang chien ddy gian khd va hy smh, chung ta da loai khdi vong chien dau tren nira trieu quan ciia thuc ddn Phap Hang ngan xe quan su hang tram may bay, tau chien, cac loai phao ciia dich bi pha huy Chinh phu Phap phai tieu phi vao cudc chien tranh xam luac Ddng Duong khoang ngan ty phorang, 2,6 ty ddla vien tra cua My va tdng chi 134 huy qudn ddi Phap d Ddng Duong da ldn lugt thua tran, gdp phdn lam cho 20 ldn ndi cac cua Phap bi dd Cudi ciing, Chinh phii Phap budc phai thira nhdn ddc ldp, chii quydn, thdng nhdt, toan ven lanh thd cua Viet Nam vd ca cua Lao, Campuchia, phai chdp nhdn nit quan khdi Viet Nam, Lao va Campuchia Quan va dan Viet Nam da danh bai cudc chien tranh xam luge cua dd qudc Phap Day la: "Ldn ddu tien lich sir, mdt nudc thudc dia nhd yeu da danh thdng mdt nudc thuc dan himg manh Dd la mdt thdng lgi ve vang ciia nhdn ddn Viet Nam, ddng thdi ciing la mdt thdng lgi ciia cac lire lugng hoa binh, ddn chu va xa hdi chii nghia tren the gidi"'°^ Thdng lgi vi dai ciia cudc khang chien chdng thuc dan Phap va can thiep My da bao ve va phat trien qua ciia Cach mang Thang Tam, giai phdng hoan toan midn Bdc, chdm diit hdn ach thdng tri ciia thuc ddn Phap trdn da't nudc ta, dua each mang Viet Nam chuyen qua mdt giai doan mdi, giai doan xay dung midn Bdc theo dudng xa hdi chii nghia va tien hanh each mang giai phdng dan tdc d mien Nam, hoan ddc lap dan tdc, dan chii va thdng nhdt ddt nudc Thdng lgi lich sir ciia su nghiep khang chien va xdy dung che dd ddn chu cdng hoa la ket qua tdng hgp ciia nhieu nhdn td tao nen Dan tdc Viet Nam da hinh va phat trien Idu dai lich sir, cd Idng ndng nan yeu nudc, y chi dpc lap tu eudng, kien eudng bdt khudt, diim bgc doan ket thdng nha't, co tinh nghia ddng bao sdu nang Chii nghia ddn tdc, gia tri tinh thdn truydn thdng la mot ddng luc ldn cua ddt nudc, la diem tua virng bdn cho Viet Nam tao nen nhimg chien cdng hien hach lich sir, bao ve va xay dung mdt qudc gia dpc ldp Siic manh truyen thdng duac nang len tdm cao each mang cua thai dai Hd Chi Minh, gan ket ca "" H6 Chi Minh: Todn tdp sdd t 10 tr 12 dan tdc mdt td chiic Mat tran dan tdc thdng nhdt rdng rai - Mat tran Lidn Vidt - tao ndn mdt ddng luc mdi, siic manh each mang mdi ndn da dua khang chidn ddn thdng lgi, kidn qudc ddn cdng Ca ddn tdc dai dodn kdt, ddng tam hidp luc chidn d£u va xay dung vi ddc lap, thdng nhdt, dan chii, phii eudng Id siic manh vd dich ciia Td qudc Dii dich tan, xao quydt nhu thd nao di niia, dung vao biic tudng dd thi chiing ciing nhdt dinh thdt bai Su nghidp khang chid'n va kien qudc dd dugc dang each mang tien phong ciia giai cdp cdng nhan va nhan dan lao ddng, Hd Chi Minh dung ddu, lanh dao Dang cd dudng ldi chinh tri va qudn su diing ddn, doan kdt nhdt tri, lien hd mdt thidt vdi nhdn dan, chidn da'u dGng cam va sang tao Qua trinh lanh dao khang chien va kien qudc la qua trinh xay dung va ren luydn Dang ngang tdm ddi hdi cua lich sir, bao dam cho Dang hoan xudt sdc sii menh ciia minh vdi dan tdc va qudc td Luc lugng toan dan dugc ddng vien va tap hgp cac doan thd qudn chiing, Mat tran Lien Viet la luc lugng tien hanh khang chien toan dien va xay dung chd mdi, la ca sd de td chirc va thuc hidn chien luge toan dan khang chidn, dac biet luc lugng vu trang godm ba thir quan lam ndng cdt cho toan dan danh giac Luc lugng vu trang nhan dan ddng vai trd quyet dinh tieu diet luc lugng dich tren chien trudng; danh bai mgi chien luge, chie'n thuat quan su, giai phdng ddt dai, de bep y chi ciia dich, dua khang chidn dd'n thdng lgi Luc lugng cdng an nhan dan dugc td chirc thich hgp vdi yeu cdu cua khang chie'n va xdy dimg chd dd mdi, la mdt ddi qudn trung vdi Td qudc, tdn vdi nhiem vu, kien quydt khdn kheo ddi vdi dich Do la mdt cdng cu sdc ben cudc ddu tranh chdng phan each mang va cac tdi pham khac, chdng bgn gian diep cua de qudc va tay sai, bao ve Nha nudc, bao ve Dang, bdo ve nhdn ddn, bao ve hau phuang khang chien 136 Chinh quyen dan chii nhan dan, mdt chinh quyen ciia dan, ddn va vi ddn dugc ciing cd ldn manh Dd la mdt cdng cu td chirc toan dan khang chid'n va xay dung che mdi Chinh quyen dan chii nhan dan cd mdt co sd chinh tri viing manh la khdi dai doan ket toan dan tap hgp Mat tran Lidn Viet, cd mdt cdng cu bao luc sdc ben la luc lugng vu trang nhan dan va cdng an nhan dan Co quan nha nudc tdi cao la Qudc hgi va Hdi ddng Chinh phd, d cac dia phuang la Hdi ddng nhan dan va Uy ban khang chien hanh chinh dugc kien toan phu hgp vdi yeu cdu khang chien va kien qudc Bd may chinh quydn khdng nhung dugc td chiic thich hgp vdi thuc tien khang chien kie'n qudc, ma cdn cd mdt ddi ngu can bd nhdn vien dugc sang Igc thir thach qua Id lira khang chien Dd la mdt bd may chinh quyen manh me, liem khiet va biet lam viec, doan ket, tdn my phuc vu khang chidn, phuc vu Td qudc va nhdn ddn, dugc ddn lin, dan phuc va ddn yeu Cd mdt che xa hdi mdi - che ddn chii nhdn ddn dugc xdy dung va ren diic tien trinh khang chien, dii siic tu bao ve va chien thdng ke thu xdm luge Xdy dung che mdi cung chinh la xdy dung hdu phuang cua khang chidn Hdu phuang khang chien cang md rdng va viing chdc vd mgi mat, bao dam sir chi vien cang ldn siic ngudi, sire ciia va ca tinh thdn tu tudng chinh tri cho tien tuyen chien dd'u va chidn thdng Su lidn minh chien ddu keo son cda ba dan tdc anh em Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia cang bdn viing nhdm chdng ke thu chung la thuc dan xdm luge Phap va can thiep My Su lien minh chien ddu sang cua cac luc lugng yeu nudc va each mang ciia ba nudc anh em tren ban dao Ddng Duong la mdt didn hinh cua chu nghia qudc te vd san, duac xay dung va vun trdng bang xuang mau cua hang van can bg, chien si each mang Cudc khang chien cua Viet Nam duac su giup dd cua nudc Cong hoa nhan dan Trung Hoa, Lien Xd, cac nudc xa hpi chii nghTa, cua Dang 137 Cdng san va nhan dan Phap ciing cac luc lugng dan tdc dan chu d chau A va thd gidi Thdng lgi ciia su nghiep khang chien va kidn qudc da md mdt thdi ky phat tridn mdi ciia dan tdc ta tren dudng hoan each mang dan tdc dan chu cdng nhan, tien len xay dung mdt nudc Viet Nam hoan toan ddc lap, thdng nhdt, dan chu va phii eudng theo dudng each mang cua cdng nhan Mac-Lenin va tu tudng Hd Chi Minh TCr nam 1954 ddn nam 1975, quan va dan Viet Nam dudi su lanh dao ciia Dang da tidn hanh cudc khang chien chdng My ciiu nudc dd giai phdng mi^n Nam, bao ve m.ien Bdc, thdng nhdt dd't nudc Day la mdt cudc chidn tranh ciiu nudc dai nhdt, ac liet va phiic tap nhdt lich sir chdng ngoai xam ciia dan tdc Chiing ta da tien hanh cudc khang chien lau dai, vugt qua bao khd khan thir thach, ke ca nhiing sai 1dm khuyet diem, ldn lugt danh bai cac chie'n luge chien tranh ciia de qudc My, gianh thdng lgi timg budc, tien len gianh toan thdng, thu giang son ve mdt mdi Thdng lgi vi dai cua cudc khang chie'n chdng My, ciiu nudc la qua tdng hgp cua mdt loat nhan td Dd la: Su lanh dao diing ddn cua Dang diing ddu la Chu tich Hd Chi Minh, dudng ldi giuong cao nggn cd dgc ldp dan tdc va chii nghia xa hdi, tidn hanh ddng thdi chien luge each mang xa hdi chu nghia d mien Bdc va chien luge each mang dan tdc dan chu nhan dan d mien Nam, song trudc mdt nhdm muc tieu chung va bao triim la chdng My ciiu nudc, giai phdng midn Nam, bao vd mien Bdc, thdng nhdt Td qudc Ddy la nggn cd nhdt de tdp hgp luc lugng, siic manh cua ddn tgc diing len chien ddu vdi y chi "Khdng cd gi quy han ddc lap, tudo!" Xay dung dugc khdi doan ket thdng nhdt ddn tpc rdng ldn, thdng nhdt y chi, thdng nhat hanh ddng, cd td chirc thich hgp, doin ket Bde-Nam, doan 138 ke't qudn ddn, dac biet la su doan ket nhdt tri toan Dang, trudc het la doan ke't cua Ban Chdp hanh Trung uong, cua Bd Chinh tri, bd tham muu cao nhdt ciia toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan Viet Nam xay dung luc lugng vu trang nhan dan lam ndng cdt cho toan ddn, toan dang danh giac di ddi vdi xdy dung luc lugng cua ddi quan chinh tri qudn chiing, td chirc luc lugng cua ca nudc danh giac Phat huy manh me vai trd va hidu luc cua Nha nudc Viet Nam ddn chu Cdng hoa va sau ca Chinh phu Cach mang Idm thdi Cdng hoa midn Nam Viet Nam, cua chinh quydn cac cdp viec td chirc, dieu hanh thuc hien cudc chie'n dd'u chdng My cim nudc Xdy dung can cii dia each mang, hau phuang khang chien vung chdc, ddc biet la xdy dung hau phuang mien Bdc xa hdi chu nghia, ddn siic ngudi siic cua cho mien Nam tien tuydn ldn, thuc hien xudt sdc nghia vu hdu phuang, cdn cii dia each mang cua ca nudc Thuc hien chien luge chien tranh nhan dan, toan dan danh giac Danh bang luc lugng quan sir va lire lugng chinh tri, ket hgp ddu tranh chinh tri vdi ddu tranh qudn su, ket hgp khdi nghia vdi chien tranh, danh dich tren ba viing chie'n luge: riing niii, ddng bdng va thi, danh dich bdng ba miii t ^ cdng: qudn su, chinh tri va binh van, ket hgp ba thii quan, kdt hgp chidn tranh du kich vdi chien tranh chinh quy, ket hgp danh ldn, danh vira, danh nhd, ndm virng phuang cham chidn luge danh lau dai ddng thdi biet tao thdi CO va ndm viing thdi co md nhiing tran tien cdng chien luge lam thay ddi cue dien chie'n tranh tien len tdng tien cdng va ndi day, danh bai quan dich gianh thdng lgi vd ta Phuang phap each mang va phuang thiic, nghe thuat chien tranh nhdn ddn cua Viet Nam cugc khang chien chdng My ciiu nudc la su ke thira va phat tridn cao cua hgc thuyet chidn tranh nhdn dan, hgc thuyet quan su 139 Viet Nam thcfi dai H6 Chi Minh Gia tri ve quan diem va l^ luin cua no CO gia tri vung ben cho hien va mai sau cua chiing ta Khoi nghia dan tCc va chien tranh giai phong dan tdc la mdt di^n hinh sang tao cua H6 Chi Minh, cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam vide phat tri^n tu tucmg bao luc va chien tranh each mang theo hoc thuyd't quan su cua chii nghia Mac-L6nin tren ca sa tu tucmg quan su tmydn thdng va thuc tidn each mang giai phong dan tdc Vidt Nam th^ ky XX, 140 K£T LUAN Budc vao thd ky XXI, nhin lai tidn trinh lich sir han nira the ky sau ciia thd ky XX da qua dudi nggn cd quang vinh cua Hd Chi Minh, cua Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam Ngudi sang lap, ddt nudc ta da tien nhirng budc nhay vpt vi dai chua timg cd lich sir Bdng cudc Cach mang Thang Tam 1945, nhan dan ta da lat nhao ach thdng tri ciia Phap-Nhat va phong kien quan chu, dung nen nudc Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hod, nha nudc dan tdc dan chu ddu tidn d Ddng Nam A Cudc khang chien chdng thuc dan Phap va can thiep My vdi chien thdng Dien Bien Phu (1954) chdn ddng dia cdu da vang len hdi chudng bao tir ciia he thdng thuc ddn cu tren pham vi the gidi Tiep theo la cudc khang chien chdng My, ciiu nudc keo dai hon hai thdp ien ddn de'n cudc Tdng tidn cdng va ndi ddy miia Xudn nam 1975 vdi dinh cao thdng lgi la chie'n dich Hd Chi Minh lich sir, giai phdng phd Sai Gdn, hoan cudc each mang ddn tdc ddn chii ca nudc, thdng nhdt td qudc Khang chien ket thuc, toan ddn ta budc vao thdi ky xdy dung lai ddt nudc "dang hoang hon, to dep hon" theo dudng Hd Chi Minh chi ddn tir nhiing nam 20 cua the ky XX Cach mang xa hdi chu nghia d mdt nudc vdn la thudc dia, kinh te ndng nghiep lac hdu, lai phai trai qua hai cudc chien tranh keo dai den 30 ndm, qua la khd khan chua timg cd tien Id lich sir nhan loai Han nua, sir nghiep each mang xa hdi chu nghia ciia chiing ta didn bdi canh he thdng xa hdi chu nghia bi khiing hoang nang ne ddn den sir sup cua Lien Xd va mot loat nudc xa hdi chu nghia d Ddng Au da anh hudng ldn den each mang Viet Nam Bdi the tir cudi nhimg nam 70, dat nudc ta lam vao cudc khiing hoang kinh te-xa hdi nghiem va k.io dai, dat Dang ta va che dp xa hdi chii nghia Viet Nam trudc nguy ca hiem ngheo mdi Song nhd ban chat each mang va khoa hpc cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam Hd Chi Minh sang ldp va ren luyen, mdt dang dugc tdi luyen v^ chinh tri, viing vang ve tu tudng va td chire, toan tam, toan luc phuc vu nhan dan, phuc vu Td qudc, da tap tmng tri me cua toan Dang, todn dan tim dudng, vach hudng de dua ddt nudc thoat qua thir thach hie'm ngheo lich sir Dudi anh sang cua dudng ldi ddi mdi dugc vach tai Dai hdi dai bidu toan qudc ldn thii VI (12-1986), sau hon 15 nam phdn ddu thuc hien cdng cudc ddi mdi, chiing ta da thu dugc nhiing tuu to ldn Nudc ta da thoat khdi cudc khung hoang kinh te-xa hdi nghiem trgng va keo dai, da cd nhung tien dd cdn thiet dd' chuydn sang thdi ky phat trien mdi, ddy manh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa ddt nudc Thanh tuu ddi mdi khdng chi la niem tu hao to ldn cua toan Dang toan dan ta, ma la niem vui chung cua ban be qudc te da ludn theo doi timg budc phat trien ciia dd't nudc ta su nghiep ddi mdi Cd the ndi nhirng tuu, nhimg budc tien lich sir ciia ddn tdc hon nira the ky qua bdt ddu tir Cach mang Thang Tam 1945 vdi viec ldp nudc Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa den trudc het la Dang Cong san Viet Nam da Idy chu nghia Mac-Lenin va tu tudng Hd Chi Minh lam nen tang, da xua't phat tir thuc tidn ddt nudc va thiroi dai de vach cuong linh, chie'n luge, dudng ldi, chii truong each mang diing ddn, sang tao Chii nghia Mac-Lenin khdngphai la mot tin didu, nhiing khudn mdu bdt bie'n, bdt mpi ddn tpc phai dap theo, ma la mdt kim chi nam hanh ddng, la mot khoa hpc each mang, sang tao va phat trien Toan bd quan diem cua Mac, nhu Ang-ghen da dac biet chii y la mdt phuang phap, la nhimg diem xudt phat cho viec nghien ciiu them va phuang phap cho cac nghien ciiu sau Lenin da neu ro, hpc thuyet ciia Mac thi chii nghia vat bien chimg la mot phuang phap nhdt khoa hpc, chii nghia vat lich sir cua Mac thi khdng bao gid c6 tham vpng giai thich tat ca, khdng co tham vong vd ly cho rdng da tim cai chia khoa cho tat ca mpi d khoa lich sir ma chi cd y mudn vach mdi phuang phap nhat khoa hoc de giai thich lich 142 sii Vi vdy, van dung hgc thuyet Mac vao ddu tranh each mang "nhimg ngudi mac-xit chdc chdn la chi mugn ciia hgc thuyet Mac nhimg phuang phap quy bau ma ndu khdng cd thi khdng the hieu dugc nhiing quan he xa hdi ""° Hd Chi Minh bdng thidn tai va tri md cua minh da tiep thu nhirng gia tri tu tudng cua nhan loai, dac biet la hgc thuyet Mae-Lenin vdi thai khoa hoc va sang tao Ngudi da neu nhiing uu diem ciia chu nghia Mac la phep bien chiing vat Va vdi quan diem bien chiing nay, tir nam 1924, Hd Chi Minh da neu mdt luan didm vd ciing ddc dao ngoai su suy nghi binh thudng ciia chiing ta la cdn phai bd sung co sd lich sir cua chu nghia Mac bang each them vao dd nhiing tu lieu ma Mac d thdi ky ciia dng khdng the cd dugc Mac xdy dung hgc thuyet ciia minh tren ca sd triet hgc lich sir chau Au, chii chua phai la toan the nhan loai nen phai "Xem xet lai chii nghia Mac ve CO sd lich sir ciia nd, cung cd nd bdng ddn tdc hgc phuang Ddng Chii nghia ddn tdc la ddng luc ldn cua dat nudc Phat ddng chu nghia dan tdc ban xii nhan danh Qudc te Cong san " la "mdt chinh sach mang tinh hien thirc tuyet vdi Gid day, ngudi ta se khdng the lam gi dugc cho ngudi An Nam ndu khdng dua tren cai ddng luc vi dai, va nhdt cua ddi sdng xa hdi ciia hp" Chinh nhd cd tu khoa hpc bien chimg vat dd ma Dang Cong san Viet Nam Hd Chi Minh sang lap va ren luyen, va chinh Ngudi da true tiep chi dao Dang xdy dung Cuong linh, dudng ldi each mang dung ddn, sang tao de ddn ddt nhdn ddn ta tien len gianh nhirng thdng lgi lich sir vi dai, tao nen nhimg budc nhay vgt lich sir each mang giai phdng ciia dan tpc Viet Nam Tir thuc tien thdng lgi mdy chuc nam ddu tranh each mang da qua cho phep chiing ta co ca sd de ket ludn bai hpc kinh nghiem co gia tri khoa hoc va thuc tien ndng hdi rdng: Su lanh dao dung ddn ciia Dang la nhan '° V.I Lenin: Todn tdp Nxb Tien bd M 1974, t 1, tr 239 143 td hang ddu bao dam thdng lgi cua each mang Viet Nam Dang khdng cd lgi ich nao khac ngoai vide phung su Td qudc, phung su nhdn ddn Dang phai ndm viing, van dung sang tao va phat trien chu nghia Mac-Ldnin va ur tudng Hd Chi Minh, khdng ngiing lam giau tri tud, ban linh chinh tri va nang luc td chiic ciia minh dd dii siic giai quydt cac vdn d6 thue tien each mang dat Mgi dudng ldi chii truong cua Dang phai xudt phat tir thuc te, tdn quy luat khach quan 144 TAI LifiU THAM KHAO Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam: Bdo cdo chinh tri cua Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang Ddng tai Dai hdi dai bieu toan qudc ldn thii: IV, Nxb Su That, Ha Ndi, 1977 Dang Cdng san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Ddng todn tap Tap 1-22, Nxb CTQG, Ha Ndi, 1999-2002 Dang Lao ddng Viet Nam: Vdn kien Dgi hgi ldn thit HI, Tdp 1, Ban Chdp hanh Trung uong Dang, Ha Ndi, 1960 Hd Chi Minh: Todn tap, Tap 1-12, Nxb CTQG, Ha Ndi, 1995-1996 Hoang Van Hao: Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve Nhd nudc kieu mdi Su hinh thdnh vd phdt trien, Nxb CTQG, Ha Ndi, 1995 Le Mdu Han: Cdc cuang ITnh cdch mang ciia Ddng Cong sdn Viet Nam, Nxb CTQG, Ha Ndi, 2001 Pham Van Ddng: Ho Chi Minh, mot ngudi, mot ddn tgc, mot thdi dgi, mot su nghiep, Nxb Su That, 1990 Pham Van Ddng: Nhiing nhdn thuc ca bdn ve tu tudng Ho Chi Minh, Nxb CTQG, Ha Ndi, 1998 Phung Him Phii: Chien luac dgi dodn ke't Ho Chi Minh, Nxb CTQG, Ha Ndi, 1995 10.Trdn Van Giau: Thdnh cong cua chu nghia Mdc-Lenin tu tudng Ho Chi Minh, Nxb Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, 1993 11.Trinh Nhu: Ve dudng gidi phong ddn tgc ciia Ho Chi Minh Nxb CTQG, Ha Ndi, 1996 12 Vidn Lich sir Qudn su: Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve dung nudc vd giii nudc, Nxb Qudn ddi Nhdn ddn Ha Ndi, 2000 13.Vd Nguydn Giap: Cugc chien ddu vdng vdy, Nxb CTQG, Ha Ndi, 1998 14 Vd Nguydn Giap: Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh vd dudng cdch mang Viet Nam, Nxb CTQG, Ha Ndi, 2000 15.Vii Dinh Hoe: Phdp quyen nhdn nghia Ho Chi Minh, Nxb Van hod Thdng tin, Ha Ndi, 2001 146