Translation strategies for the addressing forms between English and Vietnamese in the novel “Hunger” = Các chiến lược dịch từ xưng hô Anh-Việt trong tiểu thuyết "Đói"

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES TRƯƠNG THỊ HUYỀN TRANSLATION STRATEGIES FOR THE ADDRESSING FORMS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IN THE NOVEL “HUNGER” (Các chiến lược dịch từ xưng hô Anh-Việt tiểu thuyết “Đói”) MAJOR MASTER THESIS Major: English Linguistics Supervisor: Assoc Prof.Dr Le Hung Tien HANOI - 2019 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES TRƯƠNG THỊ HUYỀN TRANSLATION STRATEGIES FOR THE ADDRESSING FORMS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IN THE NOVEL “HUNGER” (Các chiến lược dịch từ xưng hô Anh-Việt tiểu thuyết “Đói”) MAJOR MASTER THESIS Major: English Linguistics Code: 8220201.01 Supervisor: Assoc Prof.Dr Le Hung Tien HANOI - 2019 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, herby certify that this project entitled Translation strategies for the addressing forms between English and Vietnamese in the novel “Hunger” (Các chiến lược dịch từ xưng hơ Anh-Việt tiểu thuyết “Đói”) is my original work I have duly acknowledged all the sources from which the ideas and extracts have been taken This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for degree of Master in English Language Hanam, 2019 Truong Thi Huyen Approved by SUPERVISOR Assoc Prof.Dr Le Hung Tien Date: i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thesis could not be completed without great contributions and support form the supervisor and a number or people Frist, I would like to express my sincere gratitue to my supervisor, Assoc.Prof Dr Le Hung Tien for his suppervision and great guidance, valuable encourage as well as comments during the time I did this research which help me possibe to complete this thesis I am also grateful to all my lecturers of Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies at the University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi who give me an opportunity and the best conditions to this research Last but not least, my special gratitute is for my family and my friends from whom I have received alot of spiritual encourage and material support ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II TABLE OF CONTENTS III LIST OF TABLE V LIST OF FIGURE V PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale Scope of the research Research objectives and research questions 3.1 Research objectives 3.2 Research questions Research significance Research method Thesis structure PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW Translation 1.1 Definitions of translation 1.2 Translation strategies Addressing forms 2.1 Definition of addressing forms 2.1.1 Pronouns 12 2.1.2 Names 15 2.1.3 Titles 16 2.1.4 Kinship terms 17 2.1.5 Endearment expressions 20 2.2 Translating addressing forms from one language to another 20 Previous Studies 25 CHAPTER II: RESEARCH METHOD 28 iii Research Approach 28 Data and Data Sources 29 Research Instruments 30 Data Collection Techniques 33 Data Analysis Techniques 34 CHAPTER III: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 35 Findings 35 1.1 The types of Addressing Forms 35 1.2 The Translation Strategies of Addressing Forms 36 Discussion 43 PART C CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 45 Summary of findings 45 Conclusions 45 Suggestions 47 3.1 For translator 47 3.2 For students majoring in translation 47 3.3 For researchers 47 REFERENCES 48 APPENDIX I iv LIST OF TABLE Table 1: English Pronouns System (according to Larson, 1984) 12 Table 2: Vietnamese Pronouns System by Ngo (2006) 12 Table 3: Example of Addressing People Using Names in English 15 Table 5: The Meanings and Usages of the Vietnamese Kinship Terms 18 Table 6: The Table Data Sheet 32 Table The Frequencies of Types of Addressing Forms in the novel “Hunger” 35 Table 8: The Translation Strategies of Addressing Forms 37 Table 9: Pronouns 37 Table 10 Names 38 Table 11: Titles 39 Table 12: Kinship Terms 41 Table 13: Endearment expressions 42 LIST OF FIGURE Figure The Diagram of Types of Address Terms 36 Figure The Diagram of Translation Strategies 42 v PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale Translation is one of important and not easy skills in the course of English learning, especially in the process of world economic integration today It is a crucial tool and plays important role in the life and in various fields such as communication, education, culture, tourism, economy as well as literature, ect Translation helps people from different countries be able to understand and connects together Depending on each field, proper and certain strategies and procedures are applied to gain a good translation Because translation is the process of transferring meaning, it is necessary to have great attention when translating from source language into target language to get the profound insight about the source language Translating from English into Vietnamese means transferring the meaning from English culture into Vietnamese culture Addressing forms are indispensable in any acts of communication In language in general, they express the hierarchical, attitude and emotional relationship between the persons involved in the conversation Therefore, the important thing is to select proper addressing forms in order to get a smooth and good conversation Almost English learners, however, face some difficulties in translating addressing forms from English into Vietnamese Like other fields, translation of addressing forms from English into Vietnamese is not easy which depends on various factors and elements such as culture and translation strategies The system of addressing forms in Vietnamese language is very rich and diverse which depends on each circumstance and relationship The rules of addressing in Vietnamese are also varied and complicated Personal pronouns, addressing forms referring to kinship are usually used in Vietnamese which cannot be found in English This is one of the difficulties in the course of translating such type of addressing forms from English into Vietnamese This forces the translator to focus, pay attention and find signs to distinguish and find words with the same meaning in two languages On the other hand, the cultural difference is also an element leading to different use of addressing forms in English and Vietnamese Cultural factors and social norms require each language to have a proper system of addressing forms In short, during communication, in English or Vietnamese, addressing forms should be selected and adjusted by each individual to suit the subject as well as the context of communication Hence, this paper is carried to refect the similarities and differences between the system of addressing forms in English language and Vietnamese language as well as translation strategies for translating the addressing form in the novel “Hunger” of Knut Hamsun Scope of the research Through the process of translation, various versions of target texts can be created from a source language The translation process is also impacted by different factors These factors can consist of translator behavior or cultural problem in which cultural factor has a big influence As a result, the translator must have good understanding on the background of each culture to have the best translation The addressing forms in the novel “Hunger” of Knut Hamsun and “Đói” of T.B.Tan are collected by the author to be used as research data Research objectives and research questions 3.1 Research objectives The research aims to:  Describe types of addressing forms that occur in “Hunger” of Knut Hamsun  Describe types of translation strategies used in “Đói” of T.B.Tan 3.2 Research questions Two following questions are formulated for this research: What types of addressing forms occur in “Hunger” of Knut Hamsun? What are the types of translation strategies used to translate addressing terms in “Đói” of T.B.Tan? Research significance The research is carried out to help the readers and English learners to take in the meaning of addressing forms effectively by understanding the notion of addressing forms, the types of addressing forms and the factors affecting the use of addressing forms and the similarities and differences of the system of addressing forms in English and Vietnamese language The result of this research also helps people understand that the use of different translation strategies will lead to the change of addressing forms It then will be a good reference for teachers and students as well as translators, writers of language who are interested in studying the addressing forms in linguistics in general and in translation in particular Research method Research procedures:  Developing a theoretical background  Collecting and synthesizing the system of addressing forms in both English and Vietnamese for analysis and comparison  Finding out the similarities and differences of the system of addressing forms between English and Vietnamese  Drawing out the common translation strategies for the addressing forms PART C CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS This part consits of the conclusions and suggestions which are the result from the analysis of types of addressing forms found in the novel and strategies employed by the translator in translating the addressing forms Summary of findings This research found five types of addressing forms in which titles account for 31.31%, followed by kinship terms with 23.23%, pronouns make up 20.20%, names occupy 19.20% and endearment expression account for 6.06% The comparison of addressing forms in the novel “Hunger” with its translation showed that there is a difference between the system of addressing forms in English and Vietnamese In order to fill this gap translator have used different strategies such as literal translation (70.1%), transcription (20.56%), deletion (2.80%), addition (6.54%), sometimes combining two translation strategies However, because addressing forms are not easy to translate, literal translation is the most common translation strategy observed in the translation of addressing forms from English into Vietnamese which could lead to a loss in meaning Conclusions This thesis focused on the translation of addressing forms from English into Vietnamese in the novel “Hunger” The theoretical background mentioned in chapter I, concluding the definitions of translation, strategies of translations, the definitions of addressing forms provides fundamental theories to the analysis of the thesis It was shown that different theorists suggest various definitions of translation strategies according to their different perspectives Moreover, it was mentioned that the translation strategies 45 proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet are used by the researcher in comparing between source text and target text The findings of the thesis shows that the most frequently found addressing forms in the novel is titles from four categorizations provided while the most frequently applied strategy is literal translation from strategies proposed Vietnamese differentiates the use of specific addressing forms depending on the relationship in family, occupational position and social status while English does not really concern about it From the research findings, it can bee seen that all types of addressing forms proposed by Trudgill (1993) and all translation strategies proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet are not all occurred and used in the text These findings also show that the target text of addressing forms tends to in equivalent meaning than non-equivalent meaning This proves the ability of the translator to translate addressing forms, the translator pay more attention in some certain translation strategies during translation, and the target text is acceptable by the target readers Research methods applied in this thesis are presented in Chapter II, including mixed methods, descriptive qualitative method and quantitative method The researcher collects data from both source text and target text, then describing and comparing them The comparison of addressing forms in the novel “Hunger” with its translation showed that there is a difference between the system of addressing forms in English and Vietnamese In order to fill this gap, different strategies such as deletion, transcription, literal and addition translation were used by the translator Because the addressing forms are not easy to translate, the literal translation is the most common translation strategy employed in the translation of addressing forms from English into Vietnamese which could cause a loss in meaning 46 Suggestions The findings of this research could be useful in translator training and translation courses at schools as well as researchers 3.1 For translator The translator plays an important role in conveying meaning to the target readers The way the translator transfer meaning from the source language to target language may employ some translation strategies It is important for the translator to choose the proper translation strategies to gain a good result of translation product The translator needs to pay special attention to the context and content before choosing translation strategies 3.2 For students majoring in translation It is necessary for the students to enrich their knowledge related to addressing forms and translation strategies to improve their skill for translation Addressing forms is related to cultural knowledge of both source language and target language Therefore, the students need to study more to be able to increasing their knowledge 3.3 For researchers Addressing forms are different by various countries and cultures It is suggested for the other researchers to same research to compare and improve the quality of the data, gain more knowledge related to the field that may impact on the translation strategies The researchers also should more deep activity in researching content and context to assess analysis Due to the limited knowledge, mistakes are unavoidable The researcher hopes to get sympathy and support as well as encouragement All remarks, comments and contributions to the researcher’s writer will be highly appreciated 47 REFERENCES Baker, M (1992) In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation London: Routledge Bell, R (1991) Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice London and New York: Longman Braun, F (1988) Terms of Address: Problems of Patterns and Usage in Various Languages and Cultures Berlin, New York, Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter Casning, J (2012) A Language of Metaphors Kingston, Ontario, Canada: acessed via http://knowgramming.com/nicknamese_pet_names_and_metaphors.htm Catford, J (1995) A Linguistic Theory of Translation London: Oxford University Press Chesterman, A (1997) Memes of Translation: The Spread of Ideas in Translation Theory Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Dunkling, L (1990) A Dictionary of Epithets and Terms of Address Beijing: Routeledge & World Publishing Corp Fasold, R (1990) The Sociolinguistics of Language Oxford: Blackwell Febriyanto, R (2016) Addressing Terms Translation Strategies, And Meaning Equivalence in Doyle's The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dianasari's Petualangan Sherlock Holmes Sastra Inggris-Quill, 2016 journal.student.uny.ac.id Garcez, P (1992) English Into Brazilian Portuguese: The Problems of Translating Address in Literary Dialogue Ilha Desterro Gerloff, P (1986) Second Language Learners' Reports on the Interpretive Process Germany: Narr Hatim dan Munday (2004) Translation, An Advanced Resource Book London: Routledge 48 Hatim, B & Masion, I (1990) Discourse and the Translator New York: Longman Hatim, B & Mason, I (1990) Discourse and the Translator New York: Longman Inez Probst Lucena, M (n.d.) A Brief Analysis of Forms of Address in the Translation of Animal Farm retrieved from the web December 19, 2009 www.periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/traducao/article/viewFile/5192/4616 Kelly, D (2005) A Handbook for Translator Trainers: A Guide to Reflective Practice Manchester, UK: St.Jerome Khani, S and Yousefi,R (2010) The Study of Addressing Terms and their Translation from Persian to English accessed from www.TranslationDirectory.com on October 24.2014 Krings, H (1986) Translation Problems and Translation Strategiesn of Advanced German Learners of French Germany: Narr Larson, M (1994) Translation and Linguistic Theory NY: Pergamon Press Lorscher, W (1991) Translation Performance, Translation Process and Translation Strategies Tubingen: Gunter Narr Lương, H V (1990) Discursive Practices and Linguistic Meanings: The Vietnamese System of Person Reference Amsterdam and Philadenphia: John Benjamins Maxwell, J (1992) Understanding and Validity in Qualitative Research Havard: Havard Educational Review Methven, A (2006) Discussion of the Difficulties in Translating Terms of Address in Chinese and English MA Chinese Translation Practice and Theory Newmark, P (1981) Approaches to Translation Tehran: Rahnama Newmark, P (1988) A Textbook of Translation Hertfordshire: Prentice HallInternational 49 Ngo, T (2006) Translation of Vietnamese Terms of Address and Reference Translation journal Ngo, T (2006) Translation of Vietnamese Terms of Address and Reference Translation Journal Retrieved December 15th, 2009 from http://accurapid.com/Journal/38viet.htm Nida, E (1969) The Componential Analysis of Meaning The Hague: Mouton Odber De Baubeta, P (1992) Modes of Address: Translation Strategies or the Black Hole Ilha Desterrro Picken, C (1989) The Translator's Handbook Richards, J.C Platt, J and Platt, H (1999) Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistic London: Longman Silverman, D (2011) Interpreting Qualitative Data: A Guide to the Principles of Qualitative Research London: SAGE Trudgill, P (1992) Introducing Language and Society London: Penguin English Vanderstoep, S & Johnston, D (2009) Research Methods for Real Life: Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass Wardhaug, R (2006) An Introduction to Sociolinguistics UK: Blackwell Publishing Wiersma, W (1995) Research Methods in Education: An Introduction Boston: Allyn and Bacon Xiao-uing, W (2007) On Address Term Translation from the Cognitive Perspective: Sino-US English Teaching USA RESEARCH MATERIALS “Hunger”of Knut Hamsun published in 1890 “Đói” translated from “Hunger” by Thái Bá Tân printed in Foreign Literature Magazine No in 2004 and published in 1994 by Labour and Social Publishing House 50 APPENDIX Appendix: The Data Analysis No Source Target text text Addressing forms Translation Strategies Nm Pr Tt Kin End Bw Ca Lit Tr Md Eq Adp T Th Cul Co De Na Ad I Tơi  He Ơng ta  He Lão ta  He Hắn  He Anh ta  She Cô ta  She Cô gái  You Cháu  They Họ  Nàng  10 She 11 We Cả hai  I  No Source Target text text Addressing forms Translation Strategies Nm Pr Tt Kin End Bw Ca Lit Tr Md Eq Adp T Th Cul Co De Na Ad 12 He Ngài  13 You Ông  14 She Bà ta  15 He Anh chàng  16 He Ông  17 You Anh  18 He Gã  19 You Chàng  20 Fabian Olsen Fabian  Onxen 21 Kant Kant  22 Renan Renan  23 Happolati Happolati  24 Gunnersen Gunnersen  II No Source Target text text Addressing forms Translation Strategies Nm Pr Tt Kin End Bw Ca Lit Tr Md Eq Adp T Th Cul Co De Na Ad 25 Christie Crixti  26 Andersen Anderxon  27 Gundersen Gunnersen  28 Tangen Tangen  29 Jens Olaj Ienx Clai  30 Hans Pauli Hanx Pauli  31 Pettersen Peterxon  32 Hermansen Hermanxen  33 Levion Levinxon  34 Emma Emma  35 Hierunf Kierulf  36 Mary Mary  37 Ilajali Ilaialy  38 Magelsen Magenxen  III No Source Target text text Addressing forms Translation Strategies Nm Pr Tt Kin End Bw Ca Lit Tr Md Eq Adp T Th Cul Co De Na Ad 39 Madam Tiể u thư  40 Madam Bà chủ nhà  41 Madam Bà   42 Miss Andersen 43 Miss Nagel 44 Mrs.Gundersen 45 Mr Christie  Công chúa Nagel Bà Gunnersen Ông Crixti       Cả hai 46 The Ladies người đàn  bà 47 Ladies Các bà  48 Ladies Quý bà  IV No Source Target text text 49 Two ladies 50 Gentlemen Addressing forms Translation Strategies Nm Pr Tt Kin End Bw Ca Lit Tr Md Eq Adp T Th Cul Co De Na Ad Hai người  đàn bà Quý ông  51 Young lady  52 This lady Cô gái này  53 Landlady Bà chủ nhà  54 Dancing- Ông thầ y master dạy múa 55 Master himself  Ông chủ  hiê ̣u 56 Sir  57 Sir Thưa ông  58 Good Lord Trời  59 Lord  V No Source Target text text 60 Lord 61 Lord 62 Lord God Addressing forms Translation Strategies Nm Pr Tt Kin End Bw Ca Lit Tr Md Eq Adp T Th Cul Co De Na Ad Đức chúa  trời Chúa  Đấng cứu  rỗi 63 God Trời  64 Creator Chúa  65 God Chúa  66 Holy Ghost Thánh thần  67 King Vua  68 Father 69 Son Đức chúa  cha Đức chúa  VI No Source Target text text Addressing forms Translation Strategies Nm Pr Tt Kin End Bw Ca Lit Tr Md Eq Adp T Th Cul Co De Na Ad 70 Her father Bố nó  71 Your father Bố cô  72 Wife’s father Bố vơ ̣  73 Landlady’s Bố đẻ bà father chủ  74 Husband Ơng chờ ng  75 My wife Vơ ̣  76 Wife Bà vợ  77 His wife Bà vợ  78 Sailor’s wife  79 Her mother Mẹ  80 My mother Mẹ  81 Her son  Câ ̣u bà  chủ VII No Source Target text text 82 Mother 83 Landlady’s son Addressing forms Translation Strategies Nm Pr Tt Kin End Bw Ca Lit Tr Md Eq Adp T Th Cul Co De Na Ad Bà mẹ  Con trai bà  chủ 84 The mother Bà chủ nhà  85 Mother Bà mẹ  86 His daughter Con gái  của ông 87 Sister Chị em gái  88 Older sister Chị gái  89 Your sister Chị cô  90 My sister Chị  91 Sisters Bà  92 Brother Ơng em  ơng ta VIII  No 93 Source Target text text A little, old Ông già bé man nhỏ 94 This little man 95 Young man Addressing forms Translation Strategies Nm Pr Tt Kin End Bw Ca Lit Tr Md Eq Adp T Th Cul Co De Na Ad  Con người  bé nhỏ Cái anh  96 My dear fellow Anh ba ̣n 97 Loved one 98 My dear women 99 He  Chàng yêu  quý của em Thưa bà  Lão  IX 