Modern written arabic

Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com MODERN WRITTEN ARABIC: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR Modern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to the grammar of Modern Written Arabic The Grammar presents an accessible and systematic description of the language, focusing on real patterns of use in contemporary written Arabic Data is taken from actual written Arabic, both literary and non-literary, observed or published since 1990 Sources range from street signs to high literature This comprehensive work will be an invaluable resource for intermediate and advanced students of Arabic, and for anyone interested in Arabic linguistics or the way modern written Arabic works Features include: ‡ Comprehensive coverage of all parts of speech and syntactic constructions ‡ Full cross-referencing ‡ Authentic examples, given in Arabic script, transliteration and translation ‡ Detailed indexes in English and Arabic, and glossary El-Said Badawi is Professor of Arabic Language and Linguistics at the American University in Cairo Michael G Carter is Professor of Arabic at the University of Oslo Adrian Gully is Professor of Arabic Studies at the University of Exeter www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Routledge Comprehensive Grammars Comprehensive Grammars are available for the following languages: Cantonese Catalan Chinese Danish Dutch Greek Indonesian Japanese Modern Welsh Modern Written Arabic Slovene Swedish Ukrainian www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com MODERN WRITTEN ARABIC: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR El-Said Badawi, Michael G Carter and Adrian Gully www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com First published 2004 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group Transferred to Digital Printing 2010 © 2004 El-Said Badawi, Michael G Carter and Adrian Gully Typeset in Times and Akhbar by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Gully, Adrian Modern written Arabic: a comprehensive grammar/Adrian Gully, M.G Carter, El-Said Badawi p cm Includes index Arabic language ± Grammar Arabic language ± Textbooks for foreign speakers ± English I Carter, M.G II Badawi, El-Said M III Title PJ307.G85 2002 492.7'8242 ± dc21 2002068000 ISBN 0±415±13085±9 (pbk) ISBN 0±415±13084±0 (hbk) www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com CONTENTS Acknowledgements List of abbreviations x xi INTRODUCTION Readership Issues of definition Principles of the book Data, sources and principles of selection Relationship to other works Transliteration Presentation Translation Technical matters Arrangement and use 1 6 7 FORMS 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Phonology 1.2 Orthography 1.3 Punctuation 1.4 Morphology 1.5 Inflection 1.6 Uninflected words: particles 1.7 Uninflected and partially inflected nominals 1.8 Inflected classes 1.9 Verb morphology 1.10 Derived stems 1.11 Noun patterns, deverbatives 1.12 Morphosyntactic categories: number, gender, definiteness, case, agreement NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE 2.0 Noun phrase, general characterization 2.1 Adjectival qualification 2.2 Apposition 2.3 Annexation 2.4 Dependent elements 2.5 Adverbs and adverbials 2.6 Prepositions www.Ebook777.com 8 11 21 25 30 36 44 48 59 76 88 90 101 101 102 123 130 144 161 174 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Contents vi 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 Prepositionals Emphasizers Nominal determiners Verbal noun and participial phrases Comparatives and superlatives Cardinal numbers Ordinal numbers Miscellaneous numerical items Vocatives Exclamations Oaths and exclamations Negative nouns Coordination (phrasal) Other phrasal units THE BASIC SENTENCE 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Equational sentence 3.2 Equational sentence modifiers 3.3 Topic-comment sentences 3.4 Anticipatory pronoun ốamƠr al-DảQ ÃG7éBp 3.5 Separating pronoun ốamƠr al-faĐl f8>éBp 3.6 Negative equational sentences 3.7 Basic verbal sentence 3.8 Verbal agreement in number and gender 3.9 Agent emphasis 3.10 Aspect and tense 3.11 Transitivity and intransitivity 3.12 Passive verbs 3.13 Reflexive verbs 3.14 Reciprocity 3.15 Impersonal, auxiliary and modal verbs 3.16 kÂna ÃKàEHả 3.17 Verbs of becoming and duration 3.18 Verbs of existence 3.19 Verbs of non-existence 3.20 9HUEVGHQRWLQJàFDQảàEHDEOHảàZDQWả 3.21 Verbs denoting àDJDLQảàVWLOOảàQHDUO\ảàKDUGO\ảàDOPRVWả 3.22 Verbs of beginning and continuing 3.23 Other compound verbs and idiomatic structures 3.24 Miscellaneous verb phrases and structures 3.25 Optatives 3.26 Energetic form and oaths 3.27 Exclamatory verbs 3.28 Exclamatory sentences with wa- ¹, rubba óœ¥, kam g, and other interrogatives www.Ebook777.com 198 219 223 237 246 256 271 274 287 290 293 293 295 303 306 306 307 320 326 337 338 344 344 352 359 362 372 383 389 391 394 399 406 415 417 418 422 427 431 435 439 441 442 447 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Contents vii 3.29 3.30 3.31 Dependent noun objects and complements Restrictives ảLÂ Ô and ảL Ôof surprise 450 458 460 NEGATIVES 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Nominal sentences 4.2 Negatives in verbal sentences 4.3 Negative of k¢na ·K 4.4 Prohibitions 4.5 Optatives 4.6 Exceptives 4.7 Resumptive negatives 4.8 Negative interrogative sentences 4.9 CalquHàQRWRQO\EXWDOVRả 463 463 463 469 481 483 484 484 484 486 486 ADJECTIVAL AND RELATIVE CLAUSES 5.0 General principles 5.1 Relative clauses with indefinite heads 5.2 Relative clauses with definite heads 5.3 Nominal relative clauses ợ àKHZKRảDQGm K 5.4 The indefinite pronouns man h àWKDWZKLFKả 5.5 Idiomatic combinations 5.6 Further functions of relative m¢ K 5.7 Idiomatic combinations of relative m¢ K with prepositionals 5.8 Quasi-compounds with relative m¢ K as the second element 5.9 Compound subordinating conjunctions with m¢ K and preposition(al) 489 489 494 497 504 COORDINATED SENTENCES 6.0 Introduction 6.1 Asyndetic coordination 6.2 Syndetic coordination 6.3 With fa- àDQGVRảàDQGWKHQả 6.4 With ăumma g 6.5 With lÂkin(na) h@àbutả 6.6 With bal f 6.7 With ảDZ and ảDP ả àRUả 6.8 With ảLPP Kú 6.9 With l siyyam KBúE t àespeciallyả 6.10 With sawÂảXQ ảD, ảDP, or ảDZ ạ ảj àLWLV WKHVDPHZKHWKHURUả 6.11 With ỳatt kúàHYHQả 6.12 Negative coordinating conjunctions 539 539 539 541 551 557 558 560 562 565 566 www.Ebook777.com 506 513 516 518 521 523 567 569 571 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Contents viii SUBORDINATION 7.0 General principles 7.1 Classification of subordinate clauses 7.2 Nominalized and non-nominalized clauses 7.3 Circumstantial qualifiers 7.4 Final subordinate syndetic verbal clauses ð — and ¶DQQDó·— 7.5 ¶DQ· 7.6 Further simple subordinators 7.7 Comparative subordinators 7.8 Annexation of temporal and locative adverbs to sentences 575 575 575 577 579 587 588 617 634 635 CONDITIONALS 8.0 General conditional syntax àLIả 8.1 ảLQà 8.2 law la- 6jàLI>RQO\@ả 8.3 ảLGÂ Ô àLIảàZKHQả 8.4 Elliptical conditional wa-ảLOO tạàLIQRWả, if it is not WKHFDVHả 8.5 Indefinite conditionals 8.6 Concessive clauses 8.7 Conditionals in reported speech 636 636 638 645 653 663 664 669 670 EXCEPTIVES 9.0 General principles 9.1 istiănÂả mufarra\ à([FHSWLRQZLWKRXWDQWHFHGHQWả 9.2 istiănÂả muttaĐil à&RQWLQXRXVH[FHSWLRQảSRVLWLYH 9.3 istiănÂả muttaĐil à&RQWLQXRXVH[FHSWLRQảQHJDWLYH 9.4 Inter-clausal ảLOO t 9.5 Other exceptive elements 671 671 672 675 675 675 681 10 INTERROGATIVES, INDIRECT SPEECH 10.0 Introduction 10.1 Questions with ¶D— 10.2 Questions with hal f ợ àZKRả 10.3 man h 10.4 m KàZKDWả 10.5 m K in shortened form 10.6 ảD\\u úằ àZKLFK?ảàZKDt?ả 10.7 kam g  àKRZPXFK"ảàKRZPDQ\"ả 10.8 ảD\QDhàZKHUH"ả 10.9 kayfa cEàKRZ"ả 10.10 mat ìàZKHQ"ả 10.11 ảDQQ kúàKRZ"ả 10.12 Answers to questions 10.13 Rhetorical questions 10.14 Direct speech 685 685 686 690 691 693 695 698 698 699 700 700 701 701 703 710 www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Contents ix 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 Indirect speech Indirect questions Indirect yes±no questions Indirect questions with man h , mÂ[bÂ] Ô K 10.19 ảLbÂ Ô etc in yesno indirect questions 10.20 sawÂảXQũ j with indirect question syntax 716 720 722 11 HYPERSENTENCE AND DISCOURSE 11.0 Introduction 11.1 With resumptive fa- 6 11.2 Without resumptive fa- 6 with wa- ạàDQGả 11.3 wa-ảLOO fa- 6tạàRWKHUZLVHả 11.4 Parenthetical phrases and clauses 11.5 Cohesive reiteration 11.6 Explanation (tafs¥r) 11.7 Issues of style 11.8 Idioms involving repetition 723 723 723 728 729 730 731 732 732 738 12 LEXICON 12.0 Introduction 12.1 Loan words 12.2 Adjectival suffix -Ơ (nisba) 12.3 Adjectival suffix -ÂwƠ 12.4 Nouns with suffix -iyya 12.5 Compound structures 12.6 Negative compound nouns and adjectives 12.7 Compound adjectives 12.8 Extension of existing verbal patterns 12.9 Morphological innovations 12.10 Plurals 12.11 Lexical innovations 12.12 Semantic changes 740 740 740 744 746 749 751 754 756 762 765 766 768 768 Glossary Bibliography Arabic Index Index www.Ebook777.com 711 713 714 770 779 781 788 àamong girls and women [pred.] are those>VXEM@LQZKRPWKHPDQLIHVWDWLRQVRIPDVFXOLQLW\SUHGRPLQDWHả but this is not the sense of the example as recorded 5.5 IDIOMATIC COMBINATIONS The idiomatic combinations al-ảDPUX OODƠ ằX YT àWKH PDWWHU ZKLFKả and mimm KúBụ àIURP ZKDWả and annexation of emphasizers and quantifiers to m¢ K clauses The first is used as a calque of French ce qui, i.e when the head is itself a clause or at least a complex noun phrase, while mimm¢ KóBơ (= hơ + m¢ K, 1.2.2) is an H[WHQVLRQ RI WKH &$ SDUWLWLYH FRQVWUXFWLRQ µDPRQJ ZKLFK  VHQWHQFH¶ DV DQ LQYHUWHG SUHG JLYLQJ WKH VHQVH RI àLV RQH RI WKH WKLQJV ZKLFKả, àis something ZKLFK¶ FI 3.1.4) Under Western influence it is not uncommon to find these clauses preceded by a comma or some other separator, but this is not necessary 5.5.1 al-’amru llaÄ¥ »X›YT›, ‘[the matter] which’ Note that the rel clause itself is invariably a verbal sentence with al-¶DPUX YT› as its agent, and the normal rel structure (cf 5.2): www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 514 Modern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive Grammar maràÂtun li-ặalqi furaĐLàDPDOLQMDGƠdatin li-l-abÂbi al-ảDPUXOODƠ lam yataỳDTTDTEDàGX WƯKD#kK  u àWKHWDFWLFDOV\VWHPKDVVXIIHUHGIURPWKHDWWDFNVRIWKHIDQVLQWKHUHFHQW period, whichKDVDIIHFWHGWKHVSLULWRIWKHSOD\HUVả (referential pron incorporated in ảDăăara YúàitKDVDIIHFWHGả 5.5.2 mimmợ KúBụ, lit from what, i.e something which This is less specific than al-ảDPUXOODƠ ằXYT, though the function is the same, i.e to qualify a head which is a sentence One difference between the two is that mimm¢ K- can precede its referend, and thus has the same structure as the h + participle set in 3.1.4 (for which reason the mimm¢ K- clause will be treated as pred regardless of its position) Like al-ảDPUX llaƠ ằXYT, the agent of the rel clause is always the m KàWKDWZKLFKảRImimm K-: mimmÂPD\\D]DKXàLQGƠảDNăDUDảDQQDKXNÂna yaỳmilu naẵratan umliyyatan MEjềY;fBỗÃKiYằWC áZEKàwhat distinguished him in my opinion more, was that he used to take a FRPSUHKHQVLYHYLHZảOLWàIURPWKDWZKLFK>LQYHUWHGSUHG@LVWKHIDFW WKDW>VXEM@ả ODPQDàăXUàDO l-ặarƠđati l-ảDĐliyyati l-ỳuddi miĐra l-arqiyyati, mimm ảDăÂra dahata l-murÂqibƠna Y&M7ÊƠKK-MEY7Y8ÊạW$MEAqTM:Y%kA Y www.Ebook777.com Adjectival and Relative Clauses 515 àZHFRXOGQRWILQGWKHRULJLQDOPDSRI(J\SWảVVRXWKHUQERUGHUVwhich DURXVHGWKHDPD]HPHQWRIWKHREVHUYHUVảOLWà>LV@from whatDURXVHGả wa-lÂNLQQDKXảDQNDUDmimmÂGDIDàDO-zawjata l-jadƠdata li-l-lujảLảLO l-maỳkamati MB@3ộjAWW#MạZaÊK-Y@iúC@ạ àEXWKHUHIXVHGwhichLPSHOOHGWKHQHZZLIHWRVHHNUHIXJHZLWKWKHFRXUWả OLWà>LV@from whatLPSHOOHGả 5.5.3 Annexation of hơ and mỵ K Emphasizers (2.8) and quantifiers (2.9) are regularly annexed to m¢ K clauses (as annexation units they thus differ from those in which m¢ K is a suffix, see 5.9) ‡ kullu m¢ K úf àDOO RI ZKDWả FRQWUDVW ZLWK WKH FRQMXQFWLRQ kullam below, 5.9.10): bi-kulli m huwa sađỳiyyun l: jKf@ àZLWKall thatZDVVXSHUILFLDOảOLWàZLWKDOORIZKDWZDVVXSHUILFLDOả ỳawla kulli m laa wa-đÂEDPLQPDảNDOLQZD-marabin wa-àDbi l-ảDOỳÂni ÃK$TX ạY7ạfGhKạXKfàj àFRQFHUQLQJall that is delicious and tasty by way of food, drink and VZHHWVRQJV¶ (here also incorporating a m¢ h„„„K construction, see 5.4.4) bi-kulli m yaỳwƠhi ỳuznin wa-ảDVDQafƠfin cE> k ạÃZhijỗKf@ àZLWKall thatLWFRQWDLQVRIJULHIDQGWUDQVSDUHQWSDLQả (another m hK construction, see 5.4.4) EDàốu m K^ www.Ebook777.com Adjectival and Relative Clauses 517 mÂODP\DNXQMX]ảDQPLQGƠnihim gDCÊhZh@ặK àas long asLWZDVQRWDSDUWRIWKHLUUHOLJLRQả 5.6.2 With exclamatory verbs With exclamatory verbs (see further in 3.27) and the equivalent, m¢ K occurs at the head of a clause which is grammatically their agent, e.g VXUàÂna m KÃK Y àKRZTXLFNO\ảadda m KúW àKRZLQWHQVHả ka-ặilyatin sarađÂniyyatin VXUàÂna m taốÂàDIDWZD-takÂăaratàDarÂti l-marrÂti úY&Y7 YK@ạN> K9KÃK Y MEKY MEA àOLNHDFDQFHU cell, how quickly it doubled and multiplied tens of timesả If indeed a rel m K is involved (which is historically unlikely), the verb of surprise should also be mentioned once here (details in 3.27.1): mÂảD\VDUDO-VDàÂdata ÊKEàKRZHYHUảỳayăum KBEàZKHUHYHUả; see 8.5 on these generally For exclamatory ảD\\XP KBúàZKDWHYHUảZC1:155), reinforcing the absolute obj., see 3.28.3 5.6.4 The most x In annexation with elatives m KUHSURGXFHVLGLRPVRIWKHW\SHàWKHPRVW[WKDW FRXOGEHảFI2.11.5): ăumma qtarabat minnƠ ka-ảDOđafi, wa-ảDUDTTLP yaknu Ãj@KƠạc:GỉNẽg àWKHQVKHDSSURDFKHGPHlike the nicest and the most delicate [thing] that could ever beảOLWàRIWKDWZKLFKFRXOGEHả (see 2.3.7 on binomial annexation) 5.7 IDIOMATIC COMBINATIONS OF RELATIVE mỵ K WITH PREPOSITIONALS Other idiomatic combinations with prepositionals, excluding those which produce compound conjunctions (on which see 5.8) are: àDQP Kh pron and mostly written àDPP KúB àDIWHUảZLWKLGLRPDWLFWLPH expressions (but see also 10.18.2 for àDPP KB in indirect questions): àDPP qalƠlin yaduqqu l-bÂba wa-yXàƠGXàDO masÂPLàDK nafsa l-tawassulÂti u j[>KDộWCNK àLWZDVbased on the social difference between thHWZRSDUWLHVả OLWàZKDWZDVEHWZHHQả fawqa m KjàRYHUDQGDERYHZKDWảZC3:241): wa-qad jÂảDW-i l-natÂảLMXfawqa m tamannÂhu áKC1KjPoKCKWạ àDQGWKHUHVXOWVFDPHRXWabove whatKHH[SHFWHGả fƠm KBE àLQ ZKLFKả ZULWWHQ DV RQH ZRUG àFRQFHUQLQJả àLQ UHJDUG WRả (ZC3:189, 234): wa-fƠmÂ\DWDàDOODTXEL-àamaliyyÂti l-salÂmi fa-TDGảDNNDGDEDUQÂmaju l-ỳizbi Z$PKYWW?ảuKEAB