conflict and communication a changing aissa in a globalizing world

ASIAN STUDIES CONFLICT AND COMMUNICATION A CHANGING ASIA IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services ASIAN STUDIES Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab Additional eBooks in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the e-book tab ASIAN STUDIES CONFLICT AND COMMUNICATION A CHANGING ASIA IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES LU ZHOUXIANG AND PETER HERRMANN EDITORS New York Copyright © 2016 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions to reuse content from this publication Simply navigate to this publication’s page on Nova’s website and locate the “Get Permission” button below the title description This button is linked directly to the title’s permission page on copyright.com Alternatively, you can visit copyright.com and search by title, ISBN, or ISSN For further questions about using the service on copyright.com, please contact: Copyright Clearance Center Phone: +1-(978) 750-8400 Fax: +1-(978) 750-4470 E-mail: info@copyright.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS Additional color graphics may be available in the eBook version of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Lu, Zhouxiang, editor | Herrmann, Peter, 1955- editor Title: Conflict and communication : a changing Asia in a globalizing world : social and political perspectives / editors: Lu Zhouxiang and Peter Herrmann Description: Hauppauge, New York : Nova Science Publisher's, Inc., 2016 | Series: Asian studies | Includes index Identifiers: LCCN 2016018880 (print) | LCCN 2016031925 (ebook) | ISBN 9781634852807 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781634852883 (ebook) | ISBN 9781634852883 (H%RRN) Subjects: LCSH: Social change China | Social change Japan | Social change Korea (South) | Communication Social aspects China | Communication Social aspects Japan | Communication Social aspects Korea (South) | Globalization Social aspects China | Globalization Social aspects Japan | Globalization Social aspects Korea (South) Classification: LCC HN733.5 C6427 2016 (print) | LCC HN733.5 (ebook) | DDC 306.095 dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016018880 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc † New York CONTENTS Foreword vii Introduction ix Lu Zhouxiang and Peter Herrmann Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Cohesion Instead of Integration – Shifting Borders and the Role of Communications Peter Herrmann Neo-Confucian Theory on the Self-Other Relationship: Rethinking the Concept of Responsibility Yinya Liu 17 Ideological Conflict and Communication in Sport between the Two Koreas Gwang Ok and Karam Lee 39 Political Responses to the Economic Crisis: China, Japan and South Korea Niall Duggan and Kamila Szczepanska 65 Engaging with the World: The History of China’s Participation in the World Fairs (1851–1915) Lu Zhouxiang 97 Globalisation, Americanisation and the Emergence of Consumer Culture in China: A Narrative Study of NBA Fans Fuhua Huang 115 vi Chapter Chapter Contents An Intra-Country Comparison of Chinese Business Leaders’ Personal Values Yuhui Gao 137 Mother-In-Law and Daughter-In-Law Relationships: A Cross Cultural Comparison Qin Bo and Cheng Chen 167 About the Authors 189 Index 193 FOREWORD Asia’s Rise has become an increasingly discussed and debated topic over the past decade The region’s fast growing economic, cultural and political influence has made it one of the pillars of the international order in this new era of globalization The power transition gives rise to the risk of conflict between rival countries, within and beyond Asia It also offers great opportunities for cross-cultural communication and integration This volume addresses this important and timely topic from social and political perspectives It presents a diverse set of topics including theoretical consideration of conflict and communication, philosophical discussion and cross-cultural comparison It also covers the problematic Sino-Japanese relations and relations between the two Koreas, the 2010 European Financial Crisis, the World’s Fair’s role in globalization and commercialization, and the NBA’s expansion in Asia The book offers a distinctive contribution to our knowledge and understanding of economic, political and ideological conflicts and exchanges across border and provides in-depth examination of the impact of globalization on Asia and of Asia’s role in global politics and economy I believe that this creative project has demonstrated its academic significance and we will look forward to sharing its academic achievements I hope you enjoy this volume and welcome all comments in what we hope will be a stimulating intercultural dialogue Fan Hong Professor of Chinese Studies Bangor University INDEX # 1988 Seoul Olympics, 52 2008 Beijing Olympics, 59 20th century, 31, 156 21st century, 66, 84, 89, 162 59th Moscow IOC General Assembly, 43 A abatement, 59 access, 12, 14 accounting, 140 activism, 87, 92 adaptation, 4, 88, 184 adjustment, 38, 95 Administration of South Korea, 43, 64 advertisements, 130 advocacy, 72 Africa, 41, 71 African-American, 129 age, 107 aggression, 52, 109 agriculture, 100 alienation, 14 alters, 68 altruism, 29 American culture, 120 AMF, 75 analytical framework, 184 anchoring, 12 ANOVA, 154, 155, 156 antagonism, 56 anthropocentrism, 14 anti-communism, 43, 44 anxiety, 14, 49, 184 appetite, 108 Argentina, 55 Arirang, 54, 58 articulation, 21, 35, 36 ASEAN, 70, 74, 75, 77, 78, 85, 93 Asia, 1, 2, 5, 40, 56, 61, 65, 66, 67, 69, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 110, 120, 124, 160 Asian countries, 83 aspiration, 60 assessment, 28, 164 assets, 184 assimilation, 9, 158 Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 70 athletes, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 57, 58, 64, 119 athleticism, 117 atmosphere, 49, 54, 56, 57 attitudes, 138, 139, 144, 157, 180, 182 Austria, 45, 50, 103, 112, 149 authenticity, 25, 51 authorities, 48, 57, 101 authority, 74, 172 194 Index automobiles, autonomy, 142 awareness, 11, 20, 22, 29, 37, 42, 103, 178 B background information, 70 badminton, 47 banking, 84, 126 banks, 74 barriers, 68 base, 41, 125, 184 beautification, behaviors, 160 Beijing, 52, 59, 80, 86, 100, 104, 105, 106, 111, 112, 116, 118, 126, 134, 135, 137, 139, 151, 153, 155, 156, 185, 186, 187, 188 Belgium, 53, 105 belief systems, 10 benefits, 72, 95, 174, 183 bias, 151 Bible, 172, 176, 186 bilateral, 74, 75, 77, 78, 84, 117, 118 bilateral relationship, 117 blogs, 90, 94 bottom-up, 69 boxing, 46, 47 Brazil, 67, 161 breakdown, 44 Britain, 98, 99, 103, 104, 124 brothers, 62, 124 Buddhism, 18, 20, 24, 26 bureaucracy, 127 Burma, 49 business ethics, 140 business strategy, 139, 157 C Cambodia, 30 campaigns, 130 capitalism, 106, 134 carbon, 133 case study, 123 casting, 77 catalyst, 41, 60 Celestial Empire, 100 central bank, 74, 85, 86 CFR, 90 challenges, 71, 87, 106, 139 Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI), 66, 67, 75, 77, 78, 85, 86, 87, 88, 93 Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralisation (CMIM), 75, 76, 77, 78, 83 Chiba, 53, 54 Chicago, 16, 118, 124, 125 children, 28, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176, 179 China, 5, 19, 40, 52, 53, 54, 61, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 149, 150, 151, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 192, 193 Chinese philosophy, 17, 38 Chinese women, 119, 169, 170, 177 Choi Cheol, 55 Chuang Tzu, 26 cities, 98, 106, 124, 126, 131, 137, 139, 151, 156, 174, 184 citizens, 51, 52, 106 citizenship, 73 civilization, 101 clarity, 167, 184 classes, 7, 40 classification, 31, 159 cleaning, 153 climate, 82, 89, 163 climate change, 82, 89 Index close relationships, 168 clusters, 151 coal, 152 codes of conduct, 80 cognition, 29 cognitive process, 139 Cold War, 42, 44, 51, 52, 53, 59, 60 collaboration, 54 collectivism, 127, 163, 164 colonial rule, 41 Colonialism, 41, 42, 110 command economy, 156 commerce, 98, 100, 103, 106, 108 commercial, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 112, 116, 130, 152 commercial war, 108 commodity, 106 commodity markets, 106 communication, 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 32, 117, 170 communication skills, 170 Communism, 40, 43, 44, 51, 61 communities, 106, 123 community, 9, 15, 49, 70, 71, 72, 99, 110, 115, 120, 123, 124, 188 compatibility, 146 compensation, 86 competition, 41, 45, 54, 61, 74, 76, 83, 84, 108, 128, 178, 180 competitive advantage, 48, 138, 157 competitiveness, 52 complexity, 73, 91, 169, 184 composition, 10 comprehension, 33 computer, computing, 154 conception, 68, 73, 74, 182 conference, 43, 85, 89 conflict, 15, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 51, 52, 59, 60, 61, 63, 144, 145, 161, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184 conformity, 146 195 confrontation, 39, 40, 45, 47, 48, 51, 56, 59, 60, 82 Confucianism, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 30, 37, 156 Confucius, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 37 congruence, 158 connectivity, 94 consciousness, 29, 30, 41, 104, 174 conservation, 137, 146, 154, 156, 157 consolidation, 4, 6, 86 construction, 56, 77, 97, 105, 184 consumer goods, consumers, 98, 108, 149, 161 consumption, 6, 11, 116, 131, 134, 135 contradiction, 14 controversies, 38, 161 convention, 180 convergence, 95, 156, 160 cooperation, 42, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 62, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 87, 90, 92, 95 coordination, 176 cost, 131, 132 cotton, creativity, 149, 152, 158, 162, 163 credentials, 78 crises, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 84, 87 criticism, 105, 187 cross-cultural comparison, 164 cross-cultural differences, 151 crowds, 105, 112 CSA, 128 CSR, 149, 165 Cuba, 3, cultivation, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 37, 38, 133 cultural differences, 151 cultural homogeneity, 39, 40, 45, 56, 58, 59, 60 cultural identities, 115 cultural values, 141, 143, 163 196 Index culture, 11, 44, 74, 97, 99, 104, 105, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 130, 133, 134, 135, 138, 140, 141, 143, 144, 147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 156, 159, 162, 163, 164, 169, 171, 172, 175, 176, 177, 184 currency, 77, 78, 80 Customs Service, 100, 101, 102, 104 cycles, 6, D decay, 109 decentralisation, 183 decision-making process, 70, 81 defence, 77, 127 deficiency, 79 democracy, 51, 129 democratism, 40 democratization, xi dependent variable, 154 depression, 6, 91 depth, 12, 26, 149 derivatives, 82 detachment, 26 developing countries, 80, 82, 88 developing economies, 84 developing nations, 80, 84 developmental process, dialogues, 23, 28, 74, 105, 109 dichotomy, 22 diffusion, 11, 115, 116, 122, 133, 134 dignity, 103 diplomacy, 40, 42, 43, 61, 63, 73, 74, 91, 94, 117 diplomatic policy, 44 direct investment, disappointment, 178 disaster, 90 discrimination, 28 dispersion, dissatisfaction, 179 distribution, divergence, 39, 152, 156 diversity, 137 divided nation, 60, 63 domestic agenda, 79 domestic economy, 183 domestic issues, 81 dominance, 47, 48, 116, 147, 180 draft, 78, 106 drawing, 30, 181 dream, 55, 113, 126, 132 dualism, 19 duality, 25 dynamism, 94 E East Asia, 24, 65, 67, 69, 75, 76, 78, 79, 84, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93, 110 echoing, 58 economic activity, xi economic assistance, 59 economic cooperation, 75 economic crisis, 67, 76, 81 economic development, 4, 6, 81, 106, 107, 156 economic growth, 4, 65, 66, 152 economic ideology, 162 economic integration, 78, 92, 93 economic policy, 49, 69 economic power, 66, 70 economic problem, 83 economic systems, 101 economics, 89, 97 education, 40, 63, 97, 100, 179 educational materials, 107 educators, 11 elaboration, 11, 141 elders, 147, 172 Elite Sport Policy, 48 elucidation, 14 e-mail, 115, 167 Emmanuel Levinas, 19, 38 empirical studies, 151 Index employees, 102, 141, 157 employment, 14 endangered, 108 enemies, 172 energy, 90, 178 energy security, 90 engineering, England, 138, 146, 149, 159 enlightenment thinker, 100, 103, 108, 109 entrepreneurs, 149, 160, 161, 162 environment, 4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 20, 68, 142, 147, 157, 164 environmental protection, 14 environments, equality, 144, 147 equilibrium, 79, 179 ethical issues, 19 ethics, 18, 30, 31, 32, 36, 140, 168, 169, 175, 176, 178, 184 ethnic minority, 152 etiquette, 177 Europe, 3, 46, 52, 55, 76, 83, 88, 102, 177 European Community, European Union, 3, 87, 149 everyday life, 11, 126 evidence, 67, 69, 138, 148, 158, 162, 163 evil, 30, 168, 177, 187 evolution, 67, 87 examinations, 169 exercise, 2, 43, 56, 71 expertise, exploitation, 104 exports, 66, 108 exposure, 122, 123, 127 external environment, 20, 68 externalities, 14 F fabrication, factor analysis, 140 factories, 100, 108 fairness, 144 197 faith, 34, 126, 127 families, 169, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 181, 183, 185, 186 family interactions, 173 family life, 184 family members, 171, 172, 174, 175, 179 family relationships, 169, 184 family system, 183 fear, 30, 173, 182 fears, 75 feelings, 175, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183 femininity, 180 fever, 123 filial piety, 172, 175, 176, 177, 180, 181 financial, 42, 65, 66, 67, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 105, 169 financial crisis, 65, 66, 67, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 89, 92, 94 financial institutions, 82 financial markets, 67 financial stability, 76, 78, 85, 89 financial support, 105, 169 financial system, 65, 66, 92 first generation, 120 First Opium War, 98 fitness, 47 flavour, 104, 108 flight, 49, 126 football, 3, 15, 52, 53, 56, 58, 62, 121, 122 force, 21, 34, 66, 73, 78, 80, 100, 116, 120, 122, 130 foreign affairs, 73, 79, 82 foreign direct investment, foreign policy, 67, 68, 69, 86, 88, 91, 93, 94 foreign trade, 98 formation, 4, 9, 11, 32, 44, 75, 77, 101, 171 foundations, 15, 143, 168 fractures, 14 framing, France, 45, 50, 99, 100, 102, 103 free trade, 66 freedom, 26, 29, 32, 36, 80, 182 198 Index friction, 173, 180 friendship, 54, 118, 147, 169 FSB, 80, 81, 82 funding, 39, 70, 105, 107 funds, 46, 106 furniture manufacturer, 149 G G, 15, 16, 28, 38, 62, 63, 64, 82, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 110, 111, 113, 135, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165 GDP, 66, 94, 95 genre, 99 geography, 116 Germany, 40, 46, 50, 63, 65, 68, 91, 93, 104 global economy, 66, 70, 80, 81, 82 global markets, 98 global security, 69 global village, 61 globalization, 41, 63, 135 God, 32, 33, 34, 35 goods and services, governance, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94 governments, 71, 77, 117 governor, 86 graph, 10 grass, 27, 164 grassroots, 121 Great Britain, 99, 103 Greece, greed, 89 green belt, grouping, 182 growth, 65, 66, 89, 130, 134, 152 Guangdong, 99, 120, 131 Guangzhou, 116, 128, 132 guidance, 164, 176 guiding principles, 144 H happiness, 40 harmony, 39, 41, 42, 51, 52, 129, 147, 173, 177, 180, 181 health, 147 hegemony, 3, 48 height, 46, 125 hiring, 157 history, 8, 18, 31, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 51, 52, 62, 74, 97, 99, 101, 109, 111, 112, 116, 119, 120, 124, 127, 134, 138, 170, 185 hobby, 133 homogeneity, 39, 40, 45, 54, 56, 58, 59, 60 honesty, 145 Hong Kong, 50, 74, 76, 100, 120, 128, 137, 139, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 162 host, 48, 49, 51, 99, 106 hostility, 41, 42, 46 House, 54, 105, 112, 113, 141, 160, 185, 187, 188 human, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 92, 116, 138, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 152, 156, 157, 159, 163, 164 human experience, 33 human nature, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24 human security, 92 human values, 138, 143, 159, 163, 164 Hungary, 4, 103 husband, 28, 168, 172, 173, 174, 180, 181, 182, 187 I ideal, 31, 32, 109, 128, 181 identification, 14 identity, 23, 26, 34, 39, 60, 67, 68, 69, 93, 97, 123, 128, 173, 181 ideological confrontation, 39, 40, 45, 56, 60 ideology, 39, 44, 61, 119, 133, 156, 162, 175, 177 image, 3, 58, 76, 97, 99, 105, 110, 125, 147 199 Index imagination, 129, 184 IMF, 66, 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84, 86, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95 imperialism, 41, 63, 107, 116 imports, 66 impulses, 147 in transition, 86 inauguration, 103 incongruity, 149, 161 independence, 12, 41, 104, 109, 169, 184 independent variable, 154 India, 66, 67, 85, 159 individual differences, 139 individualism, 12, 127, 128, 130, 134, 163, 164 individuality, 183 individuals, 5, 31, 67, 142, 144, 145, 176, 179, 183 Indonesia, 66, 78, 92 industrial revolution, 98, 110 industrialisation, 99, 102, 130, 174, 184 industries, 162 industry, 99, 100, 106, 113, 118, 130, 161 inequality, 140 information technology, inheritance, 110 insane, 126 institution building, 67, 93 institutionalisation, 75, 78 institutions, 9, 68, 70, 71, 72, 79, 80, 82, 83, 87, 97, 160 integration, 1, 2, 14, 16, 78, 92, 93, 98, 116, 152, 156, 187 integrity, 21 interference, 168, 179, 182 Inter-Korean Cultural and Sports Exchanges, 56 internalised, 22, 24, 72 international affairs, 73, 74 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 95 international community, 49, 70, 71, 72, 110 international competition, 46, 108, 121 international diplomacy, 42 international law, 112 International Monetary Fund, 66, 82, 93 International Olympic Committee, 42, 43 international relations, 59, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 86, 88, 89, 111 international trade, 98 internationalism, 99 interpersonal relations, 178 interpersonal relationships, 178 intervention, 182 intimacy, 145, 168, 183 inventions, 6, 105 investment, 45, 94 IOC, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 57 Iran, 50 Ireland, 3, 4, 17, 55, 65, 97, 137, 164 isolation, 31, 97, 110 issues, 9, 19, 23, 51, 54, 57, 70, 72, 81, 82, 84, 181, 187 Italy, J Jang Woong, 57 Japan, 41, 42, 46, 52, 53, 54, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 102, 103, 104, 108, 110, 111, 150, 159, 162, 191 Japanese rule, 41 job satisfaction, 157 Jordan, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134 justification, K Kenya, 58 Kim Dae-jung, 56, 57, 59 Kim Jung-il, 57 Kim Young-sam, 56 kinship, 168, 171, 172, 174, 182 200 Index knowledge-based economy, Korea, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95 L languages, 140 Latin America, 67, 77 laws, 106, 169, 173, 180 lead, 9, 18, 45, 77, 84, 100, 156, 173, 176, 179, 182 leadership, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 107, 160 learning, 24, 101, 109 Lee Ho-jun, 46, 47 Lee Myung-bak, 59 Legalism, 18 leisure, 40, 63, 99, 120, 122, 133 lens, 115, 116, 132 liberalism, 45 liberation, 41, 42, 45, 48, 51, 60 life experiences, 144 light, 26, 33, 54, 80, 106 liquidity, 76, 80 living arrangements, 173 living conditions, local authorities, 48 locus, 156 longitudinal study, 162 Louisiana, 105 love, 28, 125, 126, 133, 147, 175, 177, 178, 179, 182 loyalty, 104, 124, 126 Luo, 100, 106, 111 M Machiavellianism, 156 machinery, 107 magazines, 120 majority, 3, 79, 150, 152, 173 Makuhari Gymnasium, 53 Malaysia, 78, 92 management, 63, 80, 90, 139, 140, 148, 149, 151, 153, 157, 158, 161 Mandarin, 151, 154 manipulation, 62 MANOVA, 154 manufacturing, 99, 102, 106 marches, 59 marketing, 118, 120, 127, 130, 131, 132, 134, 140, 143, 158, 159, 161, 164 marketing strategy, 161 marriage, 168, 172, 174, 181, 183, 188 Mars, 100 Marx, Karl, 14, 16 masculinity, 182, 185 mass, 11, 41, 62, 99, 118, 122, 127, 133 mass communication, 99 mass media, 11 materialism, 130 materials, 99, 107 matter, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 21, 30, 159, 161, 177, 183 measurement, 123, 143, 160 media, 11, 102, 105, 108, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 127, 130, 133, 135, 168 mediation, 182, 187 memory, 22, 121 Mencius, 19, 20, 22, 25 mental ability, 20 mental state, 23 metaphor, 4, meter, 46 methodological individualism, 12 methodology, 24, 158 Mexico, 79 Miami, 124 Microsoft, middle class, 135 military, 41, 44, 59, 60, 69, 72, 73, 100 military government, 44 Minneapolis, 37 201 Index mission, 27, 101, 106 mobile phone, 12, 132 models, 105 modern technology, 102 modernisation, 99, 102, 103, 107, 116, 184 momentum, 82, 116 Mongolia, 152, 159 Moon, 84, 92 moral language, 19, 24 morality, 20, 21, 23 Moscow, 43, 44, 118 motivation, 70, 94, 145, 164 Mt Geumgang, 59 multidimensional, 22 multilateralism, 72, 73, 91 music, 130 mutual respect, 169, 180 Myanmar, 49 mythology, 131 N Nanyang Industrial Exposition, 106 narratives, 68 National Basketball Association, 115, 119, 135 national character, 159 national culture, 139, 140, 141, 142, 149, 162, 163, 164 national identity, 93 national image, 105 national interests, 52 national security, 145, 147 National Sovereignty, 103 nationalism, 41, 63, 100, 104, 106, 111, 112 Nationalism, 41, 63, 99, 100, 104, 106, 111, 112, 191, 192 nationalist sentiment, 104, 105, 108, 109 nationalists, 104 natural resources, 152 natural science, 158 neglect, 161 negotiation, 79 Neo-Confucianism, 18, 19, 21, 22, 26, 30, 37 neutral, 7, 74, 174 New Zealand, 75, 124 Nobel Prize, 170 North America, 160, 161 North and South Reunification Football Match, 58 North Korea, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 73 North Korean NOC, 43 Northeast Asia, 66, 67 nostalgia, 123 nuclear family, 173, 174, 179 O obstacles, 18, 177 OECD, 79 officials, 49, 52, 76, 77, 82, 101, 104, 105 online media, 169 openness, 119, 137, 146, 154, 156, 157 opportunities, 9, 49, 71, 79, 94 oppression, 41, 104 optimism, 64 organizational culture, 163 other, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 43, 45, 47, 54, 55, 60, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73, 76, 77, 83, 84, 97, 101, 103, 111, 117, 118, 119, 121, 124, 125, 126, 128, 138, 140, 142, 145, 152, 157, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184 otherness, 34 outreach, 6, 135 oversight, 80 oxygen, 202 Index P Pacific, 56, 66, 87, 89, 92, 94, 107, 110, 111, 112, 160 pain, 27 Panama, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112 Panama Expo, 108 parallel, parallelism, parenting, 187 parents, 28, 128, 147, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176, 178, 181 Park Chung-hee, 45, 47, 48 Park Jeong-cheol, 57 Park Myeong-chul, 57 participants, 31, 50, 106, 115, 128 peace, 29, 40, 42, 147, 156 pedagogy, 108 personal contact, 147, 153 personal identity, 128 personal values, 137, 138, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 152, 154, 156, 157, 159, 161, 163, 164 personality, 138, 163 personality factors, 163 personhood, 24 Philadelphia, 102, 112, 129 Philippines, 78 physical education, 40, 63 physical fitness, 47 ping pong diplomacy, 40 plastics, 133 platform, 17, 83, 84, 85, 98, 107 Plato, 23, 24, 38 playing, 1, 3, 15, 118, 122, 124, 127, 128, 131, 132, 134, 135 Poland, 124 policy, 41, 43, 44, 49, 51, 52, 56, 57, 62, 63, 67, 68, 69, 77, 79, 85, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 117, 165 policy makers, 69, 94 policy making, 68 politeness, 147 political ideologies, 60 political interests, 109 political leaders, 79 political system, 60, 152 politics, 40, 42, 48, 61, 63, 70, 86, 87, 89, 93, 94, 117, 135, 156, 182 population, 69, 73, 141, 178, 183 portraits, 125 Portugal, 52, 55, 104 positive mood, 56 poverty, 103, 109 power relations, 5, praxis, 12 prayer, 15 PRC, 117, 119, 131, 151, 162 precedent, 54 precedents, 41, 156 preparation, 30 preservation, 146 presidency, 59 President, 47, 48, 49, 52, 56, 57, 63, 107, 117 prestige, 49, 51, 140, 147 prevention, 76 primary school, 129, 131 principles, 19, 44, 72, 144, 176 productive capacity, 94 professionals, 149 profitability, 6, programming, 141 project, 30, 141 proliferation, 133, 169 propaganda, 43 prosperity, 4, 6, 40, 109, 113 protection, 14, 147 protectorate, 108 psychologist, 169 psychology, 158, 163, 164 public policy, 86 public service, 183 publishing, 120 Pyongyang, 44, 46, 50, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59 203 Index Q questionnaire, 154 R radiation, radio, 123 Rangoon, 49 rare earth elements, 152 ratification, 82 raw materials, 99 reactions, 22 reading, 102 reality, 8, 15, 22, 24, 25, 26, 173, 174, 177, 187 reasoning, 69 recall, 7, 132 reception, 117 recession, reciprocity, 175 recognition, 129, 147, 177 reconciliation, 40, 51, 52, 53, 54, 59, 60 recovery, 59, 82 rectification, 29 redistribution, 72 reform, 80, 82, 83, 92, 94, 95, 103, 107, 117, 118, 120, 123, 130, 186 reformers, 102, 104 regional cooperation, 75 regionalism, 67, 77, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 133 regulations, 84, 111, 162 relationship, 6, 17, 18, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 49, 59, 66, 90, 117, 124, 131, 140, 141, 148, 149, 158, 159, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188 relatives, 171 relevance, 4, 8, 74, 164 relief, 93 religion, 34, 140, 147 remodelling, Ren, 19, 23, 28, 29, 30, 71, 92 rent, replication, 141 reporters, 58, 64 reproduction, 181 Republic of China, 107, 109, 110, 117, 151, 158, 164, 190 reputation, 105, 109 requirements, 145, 174, 180 researchers, 139, 141, 153, 169 reserves, 75, 80, 152 resolution, 171, 180, 187 resource management, 157 resources, 4, 6, 8, 68, 71, 73, 80, 81, 94, 107, 147, 152, 178, 183 response, 11, 19, 21, 22, 24, 30, 31, 32, 36, 43, 58, 67, 75, 76, 77, 81, 83, 84, 87, 89, 103, 118, 151, 153, 156, 181 responsibility, 10, 17, 19, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 54, 73, 173, 175, 176, 178 restaurants, 107 restructuring, 79 retaliation, 44, 49 rhetoric, 131, 134 rights, 66, 84, 167, 176, 184, 186 rings, 6, 44 risk, 80, 81, 91 risk management, 80 Rivalry, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 77, 83 ROC, 107 Roh Moo-hyun, 52, 59 Role Theory, 65, 67, 69, 86, 88, 90, 93, 94, 190 root, 2, 175 rules, 71, 72, 74, 80, 128 Russia, 61, 67, 91, 99, 104, 150, 162 S sabotage, 49, 50 204 Index safety, 63, 78, 80, 84 sample design, 164 school, 18, 19, 20, 25, 68, 100, 116, 121, 122, 129, 131, 144, 153 science, 12, 98, 99, 101, 109, 140, 158 scope, 9, 10, 12, 19, 84 security, 69, 70, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 145, 146, 147, 156 seed, 20, 22 self, 4, 9, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 36, 37, 38, 52, 69, 91, 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 109, 122, 127, 129, 137, 142, 146, 147, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 163 self-concept, 69 self-conception, 69 self-cultivation, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 37 self-discipline, 147 self-enhancement, 137, 146, 154, 156, 157 self-identity, 26 self-knowledge, 25 self-perceptions, 163 self-promotion, 105 Self-Strengthening Movement, 99, 100, 102, 103, 107, 108, 109 sellers, 120 semi-structured interviews, 116 sensitivity, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30 Seoul, 44, 48, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 58, 62, 63, 82, 91 separateness, 35 services, 4, 80 shame, 20 shape, 5, 7, 81, 82 shock, 98 shoot, 61, 121 showing, 9, 36, 172, 177 sibling, 28 siblings, 171 signs, 82 silk, 99, 105, 109 silver, 46, 99, 105 Singapore, 78, 162, 164 Single Joseon Team, 42 small business, 149 SMS, 12 soccer, 55 social consequences, 145 social construct, 15 social development, 102 social environment, 142 social group, 182 social hierarchy, 28 social institutions, 97 social interaction, 145 social justice, 147 social life, 19 social norms, 23, 172, 178 social order, 176 social psychology, 158, 163 social quality, 1, 9, 11 social relations, 24, 176 social relationships, 24 social resources, 107 social roles, 140, 179, 183 social sciences, 144 Social Security, 186 social status, 147, 172 social structure, 68, 69, 178 social theory, 36 social welfare, 177, 183 socialism, 42, 45, 60 society, 8, 11, 13, 18, 23, 28, 34, 35, 36, 40, 67, 70, 97, 98, 103, 109, 129, 135, 140, 147, 156, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 187 sociology, 159 software, 124, 160 solidarity, 56, 60 solitude, 23 solution, 41, 181, 183 South Africa, 41 South America, 55, 71 South Korea, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 205 Index 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94, 191 Southeast Asia, 70, 74, 94 sovereignty, 72, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109 Soviet Union, 42, 44, 49 Spain, speech, 46, 47, 63, 112 spending, 133 spirituality, 145 spontaneity, 22 sport spectators, 121, 133 sporting heroes, 133 sports events, 45, 47, 51, 59, 60, 63 sports history, 127 Spring, 90, 171 stability, 20, 76, 78, 81, 85, 86, 90, 91, 107, 109, 147, 168, 173, 176 stagflation, 81 stars, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133 state, 2, 3, 23, 26, 29, 68, 70, 71, 72, 76, 77, 78, 83, 84, 86, 92, 99, 102, 104, 107, 110, 117, 174 states, 51, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 83, 84, 87, 138, 176 steel, stimulation, 146, 154, 156 stress, 19, 22, 26, 75, 91, 153, 163, 180 structure, 5, 8, 16, 19, 28, 30, 32, 35, 37, 66, 68, 70, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 128, 144, 146, 163, 164, 169, 174, 175, 178, 184, 185 style, 88, 101, 117, 120, 127, 128, 174 styles, 130, 134, 149, 159, 187 subjectivity, 20, 22, 23, 27, 29, 30, 32, 36, 37 substitution, 34, 35 succession, Sun, 131, 157 Sunshine Policy, 57, 59, 60 supervision, 43, 44 surveillance, 78 survival, 107, 108, 145 sustainability, 16 sustainable development, 3, 176 sustainable economic growth, sustainable growth, 89 sweat, 60 Switzerland, 44, 50, 51 Sydney IOC General Assembly, 57 symbiosis, 40 synthesis, 68 Syria, 91 systemic risk, 91 T Taegeukgi, 44 Taekwondo, 59 Taiwan, 149, 186 talent, 122 target, 153 tax collection, 100, 104 teachers, 143 teams, 47, 55, 56, 60, 117, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 128, 133 techniques, 68 technological change, 156 technologies, 100, 116, 133 technology, 6, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106, 109, 140 television advertisements, 130 television stations, 119 tension, 28, 36, 48, 73, 170 tensions, 1, 59, 170, 186 term plans, 39, 61 territory, 152 Thailand, 50, 78 thoughts, 23, 33, 34, 112, 171 Tibetans, 124 Tokyo Olympics, 43, 50 trade, 15, 56, 66, 73, 74, 80, 82, 84, 89, 94, 98, 99, 103, 106, 108, 126 trade union, 56 trading partners, 65 traditions, 20, 24, 67, 139 206 Index training, 43, 46, 54, 55, 118, 132, 153, 176 trajectory, 116 transcendence, 25, 138, 146, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157 transformation, 22, 24, 29, 30, 37, 41, 63, 72, 86, 97, 103, 109, 115, 116, 120, 121, 122, 130, 169, 183 translation, 5, 11, 12, 28, 29 transnational corporations, 130 transparency, 80 transportation, 99, 107 treaties, 99 Treaty of Nanjing, 98 true belief, 17 Twenty-One Demands of 19, 108 U unification, 29, 39, 40, 41, 44, 54, 60, 61, 88 Unification, 29, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 54, 60, 61, 63, 88 unified Korean team, 42, 43, 51, 52, 54, 55, 59, 60 unique features, 152 United Kingdom, 102, 179 United Nations, 43, 87 United States, 41, 85, 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, 107, 117, 150, 159, 162, 164 universality, 167 universe, 27 urban, 99, 131 urban areas, 131 urbanisation, 116, 174, 184 V valuation, 80 variables, 141, 153, 154, 157 vein, 11 vessels, 13 videos, 125 Vietnam, 78 violence, 3, 15 visions, 73 volleyball, 45, 46, 50, 61, 119 voting, 66, 80, 84, 86, 89, 95 W wages, walking, Wang Yangming, 19, 20, 26, 29, 30 war, 40, 45, 49, 52, 60, 104, 108, 157, 177 Washington, 81, 84, 86, 87, 90, 102, 111, 117, 118 Washington Consensus, 84 watershed, 140 weakness, 75, 109 wealth, 4, 100, 126, 140, 141, 147 weapons, 15, 45 web, 123 welfare, 145, 146, 147, 157, 169, 177, 178, 183 welfare system, 169, 177, 178 Western countries, 102, 103, 105, 108, 109, 131, 170, 175, 177, 183 wood, 105 work environment, 157 workers, 56 World Bank, 66, 70, 76, 80, 84, 86, 92, 94, 95 World Fair, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109 world order, 87 World Trade Organization (WTO), 66, 70, 85 world view, 100 worldwide, 126, 127 wrestling, 46 Y Ye Jiming, 58 young people, 15, 129, 178 Index Z Zhou dynasty, 172 207 ... communication today have to be looked for in other areas and, indeed, we may say, in re-wording Luhmann and also rewording the present framing topic, that looking at a changing Asia in a globalising... China’s participation in the World Fairs in the late Qing Dynasty era and xii Lu Zhouxiang and Peter Herrmann explains the role of the World Fair in facilitating communications between China and. .. cultures, arts and industrial and craft products, and to promote their homelands Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the World Fair has facilitated an increase in international trade, exchanges and