Nghiên cứu hóa học và hoạt tính sinh học của hai loài tai chua (garcinia cowa roxb ex choisy) và đằng hoàng (garcinia hanburyi hook f ) ở việt nam tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY …………***………… NGUYEN THI KIM AN RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF TWO SPECIES GARCINIA COWA ROXB EX CHOISY AND GARCINIA HANBURYI HOOK F GROWING IN VIETNAM Major: Chemistry of natural compounds Code: 9.44.01.17 SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL DOCTORAL THESIS HA NOI – 2020 This thesis was completed at Graduate University of Science and Technology - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Supervisors: Assoc.Prof PhD Ngo Dai Quang Institute of Natural Products Chemistry – Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Prof PhD Tran Thi Thu Thuy Institute of Natural Products Chemistry – Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Examiner 1: Assoc.Prof PhD Phan Minh Giang University of Science – Vietnam National University Examiner 2: Prof PhD Le Mai Huong Institute of Natural Products Chemistry – Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology The thesis defense was monitored by the Graduate University level Board of Examiners, held at: Graduate University of Science and Technology - 18 Hoang Quoc Viet - Cau Giay - Ha Noi At ……… , ….………………… 2020 The thesis is available in Vietnam National Library and Library of Graduate University of Science and Technology INTRODUCTION The urgency of the thesis Today, natural health protection and treatment aids are increasingly popular because they are safe to use because they have fewer side effects than synthetic products Many natural compounds have been studied and isolated, determined their chemical structures and proven to have many important biological activities These studies not only contribute to the knowledge of compounds in nature, but also contribute to the detection of potential compounds, thereby building a conservation plan and development of suitable species with the climate and soil of Vietnam With a predominantly hot and humid climate, Vietnam is a suitable habitat for many valuable medicinal plants that have been used in folklore Many species of the genus Garcinia have been used as medicinal herbs, for example, dried yellow gamboge is used to treat cancer, hemostasis, deworming, respiratory inflammation Many Research on the chemical composition of species of the genus Garcinia has shown that their main chemical composition is xanthone with many valuable biological activities such as cancer cell inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial properties, In Vietnam, the two trees of the genus Garcinia are the plant of the genus Garcinia (Garcinia cowa Robx ex Choisy) and the tree gooseberry (Garcinia hanburyi Hook f) of the Guttiferae family grow and develop very well, distributed in many localities across the country [1] In the world, there have been many studies on the chemical composition and biological activity of these two species, but the sour ear tree (Garcinia cowa) and the rhubarb (Garcinia hanburyi) growing in Vietnam have not been collaborated fake any research The research objectives of the thesis With the aim of searching for bioactive compounds from plants of the genus Garcinia in order to contribute to the scientific basis for further research in the pharmaceutical field, the thesis focuses on studying two species of the genus Garcinia is Garcinia cowa and Garcinia hanburyi Therefore, the thesis: "Chemical research and biological activity of two species of tai chua (Garcinia cowa Roxb Ex Choisy) and dang hoang (Garcinia hanburyi Hook F) growing in Vietnam." is implemented with the following main contents: - Isolation of compounds from Garcinia cowa latex - Isolation of compounds from the latex and stems of Garcinia hanburyi - Determination of the chemical structure of isolated compounds - Investigate the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of gambogic acid as a basis for semi-synthesis of some derivatives of gambogic acid - Investigate some biological activities of the compounds obtained The main research contents of the thesis - Isolation and structural determination of compounds from Garcinia cowa latex and resin, tree trunks Garcinia hanburyi - Investigate some of the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of gambogic acid - Synthesize some derivatives of gambogic acid on the basis of esterification and amide reaction - Evaluation of antioxidant activity of compounds isolated by ABTS and DPPH methods - Evaluation of enzyme α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of some substances isolated from Garcinia cowa plant - Evaluation of cytotoxic activity of substances isolated and synthesized on some cancer cell lines such as liver cancer (Hep-G2), lung (LU-1), rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (RD), colorectal (HT-29), HeLa cells (HeLa) CHAPTER OVERVIEW An overview of domestic and international researches on the following issues: 1.1 General introduction to the genus Garcinia 1.1.1 Plant characteristics of the genus Garcinia 1.1.2 Uses 1.1.3 Chemical composition of genus Garcinia 1.1.4 Biological activity of substances isolated from genus Garcinia 1.1.5 Chemical research on Garcinia genus in Vietnam 1.2 Overview of the tai chua Garcinia cowa 1.2.1 Morphological and distributional characteristics 1.2.2 Chemical research and biological activities 1.3 Overview of the dang hoang Garcinia hanburyi 1.3.1 Morphological and distributional characteristics 1.3.2 Chemical research and biological activities 1.4 Overview of gambogic acid 1.4.1 Chemical structure 1.4.2 Gambogic acid inhibitory activity of cancer cells 1.4.3 Semi-synthetic and bioactive test of GA derivatives CHAPTER SUBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY This section describes in detail the sample handling, extraction residue method, chromatographic procedure and compound isolation; methods for determining the chemical structure of compounds; methods of examining some kinetics and thermodynamics of gambogic acid and testing methods of biological activity 2.1 Research subjects Garcinia cowa latex was collected in Quy Chau district - Nghe An and Phu Quoc - Kien Giang in December 2015 Template number GC2015128 is kept at Institute of Natural Products Chemistry Garcinia hanburyi resin and stem barks were collected in Phu Quoc district - Kien Giang in December 2015 Template number GH2015129 is kept at Institute of Natural Products Chemistry Both species were species identified by TS Nguyen Quoc Binh - Vietnam Museum of Nature - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 2.2 Research Methods 2.2.1 Methods of isolation of substances The isolation of substances from extracts of plant parts is done by different chromatographic methods such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), normal column chromatography (CC) with a stationary phase of silica gel (Merck), inversion column chromatography with stationary phase RP-18 (Merck) and molecular sieve chromatography for stationary phase is sephadex LH-20 (Merck) 2.2.2 Structure determination method The structure of isolated and semi-synthetic compounds was determined by combining physical parameters with modern spectroscopic methods • High resolution mass spectrometry HRESIMS • One-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectra • Melting temperature • Pole rotation angle [α]D 2.2.3 Methods of kinetic investigation of amorphous materials The most common methods for examining mirror-state kinetics of amorphous materials are differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) 2.2.4 Activity evaluation methods 2.2.4.1 Assessment method of antioxidant resistance ABTS and DPPH • Methods of assessment of antioxidant activity ABTS: Antioxidant activity by ABTS of a reagent conducted according to the method of Saeed N with a small change • DPPH antioxidant activity assessment Antioxidant activity by DPPH was conducted according to the method of Brand Williams [219] with modified The antioxidant capacity of ABTS and DPPH method of research samples is calculated as follows: % Free radical clearance = (OD control - OD sample) * 100 / OD control (%) In which: OD Control: Well absorbance does not contain reagents OD sample: Absorbance at the reagent well 2.2.4.2 Method of assessment of enzyme α-glucosidase inhibitory activity • Principle: Based on the p-nitrophenyl-a-D-glucopyranoside cleavage reaction under the action of aglucosidase enzyme, the yellow p-nitrophenol product is produced: p-nitrophenyl-a-D-glucopyranoside a-Dglucose + p-nitrophenol The absorbance of the reaction mixture at 410 nm at 30 minutes after the reaction indicates the amount of p-nitrophenol product produced, which in turn reflects the enzyme a-glucosidase activity • The test sample's ability to inhibit a- glucosidase enzyme is determined by the formula: % inhibition = [A (control) - A (test sample)] / A (control) x 100% IC50 is the reagent concentration that inhibits 50% of the activity of the enzyme a-glucosidase, calculated using Tablecurve software 2.2.4.3 In vitro cytotoxic activity evaluation method • Methods of screening MTT activity • Active screening method of SRB CHAPTER EXPERIMENTAL The experimental section describes in detail the processing of extract sediment samples, isolation of clean substances from G cowa latex and from G hanburyi resin and stem This section also describes the process of investigating some of the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of gambogic acid, the synthesis of derivatives of gambogic acid Spectral data and the physical numbers for isolates and synthesizers are also presented here 3.1 Isolation of substances from G cowa plants G cowa latex (3,0 kg) Đập nhỏ, sấy 45oC ngày Dried G cowa latex (2,8 kg) Ngâm MeOH (3 L x times) nhiệt độ phòng, kết hợp siêu âm Residue (500,0 g) Ngâm DCM (3 L x times) DCM residue (96,7 g) MeOH residue CC-SiO2, DCM-MeOH (100:0 to 0:100, v/v) GCN1 (22,4 g) GCN2 (37,5 g) GCN3 (15,9 g) GCN3.1 GCN3.2 GC5 14,2 mg GCN1.4 GCN1.3 GC18 160 mg GCN2.2 GCN2.4 GC11 20 mg GC13 45 mg GC8 230 mg GC7 40 mg GC9 120 mg GC14 850 mg GC16 37 mg GCN1.6 GCN1.8 GC12 1,43 g GC10 260 mg GCN2.10 GCN2.6 GCN2.8 GC1 80 mg GC3 8,3 mg GC2 13,5 mg GC4 9,8 mg GC15 28 mg GCN2.11 GC17 12,1 mg GC6 25,8 mg Figure 3.1 Diagram of isolation of substances from DCM extract of G cowa latex G cowa latex (3.0 kg) is a brown solid, which, after being purchased, is crushed into small lumps and dried in an oven at 45°C for three days to remove moisture The result was 2.8 kg of dry plastic Extracted dried G cowa latex in MeOH (3 L x times) at room temperature using conventional ultrasound-assisted technique for two days Perform the extraction again times, each time L MeOH The extract is filtered through a filter paper, collected and stored at low pressure solvent to obtain 500 g of total residue in the form of black brown resin The total residue extracted with DCM solvent (500 mL x 3) at room temperature combined with ultrasound obtained 96.7 g of DCM residue and the insoluble residue was MeOH residue 3.2 Isolation of substances from G hanburyi plant 3.2.1 Isolation of substances from stem materials The material obtained from G hanburyi (2.5 kg) stems were cylindrical, straight or crooked segments of 10-30 cm long, 0.5-1.0 cm in diameter The collected materials were cut into small pieces, dried for three days in an oven at a temperature of 45oC to completely remove water, and obtained 2.1 kg of dry material Then the material is ground into powder, extracted with MeOH (3 L × 3) at room temperature using conventional ultrasoundassisted technique at 40ºC The extract is filtered and collected and then vacuum-distilled at low pressure to obtain 325.0 g of total MeOH residue in dark brown resin This residue is dissolved and extracted with DCM (500 mL × 3) After evaporation to remove solvents at low pressure, DCM extraction residue (71.9 g) was obtained, the remaining insoluble in DCM was MeOH residue G hanburyi sterm barks (2,5 kg) Cut int small pieces, dry at 45oC in days Dried G hanburyi sterm barks (2,1 kg) Extracted with MeOH (3 L x times) at room temperature using conventional ultrasound-assisted technique at 40ºC Residue (325 g) Extracted with DCM (500 mL x times) MeOH residue DCM residue (71,9 g) CC-SiO2, n-hexane-EtOAc (100:0 to 3:1, v/v), DCM-EtOAc (15:1 to 3:1, v/v) and DCM-MeOH (9:1 to 1:2, v/v)) GHT1 3,4 g GH6 30 mg GHT2 GHT3 GHT4 11,9 g GH1 820 mg GHT5 GHT6 7,4 g GHT7 7,5 g GHT8 9,5 g GH8 30 mg GH3 10 mg GH2 470 mg Figure 3.2 Diagram of isolation of substances from DCM extracts of G hanburyi stem barks 3.1.2 Isolation of substances from resin of Garcinia hanburyi The resin is in the form of pale yellow aqueous suspension, weighing 500 g The resin was added to a flask, acetone was added and concentrated in vacuo to remove the water from the sample, resulting in 356.0 grams of dry resin Extracted the dry resin in MeOH (3 L x times) at room temperature using conventional ultrasoundassisted technique Extracts were filtered through a filter paper, collected and distilled the solvent at low pressure to obtain 257.0 g of total residue in the form of a yellow-brown resin The total residue extracted with DCM solvent (500 mL x 3) at room temperature combined with ultrasound obtained 89.0 g of DCM residue and the remaining insoluble in DCM was MeOH residue Liquid G hanburyi resin (400 g) Add acetone, concentrated in vacuo Dried G hanburyi resin (356 g) Extracted with MeOH (3 L x times) at room temperature using conventional ultrasound-assisted technique Residue (257 g) Extracted with DCM (500 mL x lần) MeOH residue DCM residue (89,0 g)CC-SiO2, n-hexane-EtOAc (100:0 to 3:1, v/v), DCM-EtOAc (15:1 to 3:1, v/v) and DCM-MeOH (9:1 to 1:2, v/v)) GHN4 23,4 g GH5 38 mg GH7 300 mg GHN6 29,6 g GHN8 10,8 g GHN10 15,1 g GH1 930 mg GH2 270 mg GH4 750 mg Figure 3.3 Diagram of isolation of substances from DCM extract of G hanburyi latex 3.3 Synthesis of GA derivatives 3.3.1 Investigation of thermodynamic and kinetic properties of gambogic acid in the state of the mirror and in the state of super-cold solution Before conducting the fusion, the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of gambogic acid in the glass state and the supercooled state were investigated according to the method described in section 2.2.3 at the Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Poland aims to evaluate the response of GA to the properties of the active ingredient that can be used as a medicine The thermodynamic properties of gambogic acid were measured on a Mettler-Toledo differential scanning calorimeter using STARe software The instrument is equipped with a ceramic sensor with 120 thermocouples (thermocouples) and a cooling system using liquid nitrogen The instrument is calibrated for temperature and entanpi using standard indium and zinc Samples were examined in aluminum crucibles, 40 µL in size All measurements were made in a temperature range of 273-373 K with a heating rate of 10 K / The wide-spectrum dielectric spectrum (BDS) of gambogic acid was measured on a Novo-Control GmbH Alpha high-performance frequency analyzer operating in the frequency range 10−1 to 106 Hz and within the temperature range 153-411 K The Quattro thermal controller can control the heating process with an error of less than 0.1 K The diameter of the samples is 15 mm and the distance between the glass state gambogic acid molecules is 0.1 mm 3.3.2 Synthesis of GA derivatives The synthesis reactions of GA ester and amide derivatives are carried out according to the figure 3.4 diagram between GA and R-H agent, alcohol or amine, using DDC / DMAP catalysts to activate the acid group The alcohols involved in the reaction include methanol and ethanol; The amines involved in the reaction include diallylamine, piperidine, morpholine, 1- (4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl) -piperazine, 1- (2,5-difluoro-benzyl) piperazine, thiophene-2-ethylamine, furfurylamine O O 30 HO 34 33 29 R 35 28 24 27 O O O 32 O R-H 40 38 37 20 36 DCC/DMAP 39 O 18 17 16 O 14 25 23 22 13 O 12 OH O 26 31 19 O 21 11 10 OH O Figure 3.4 GA ester / amide derivative scheme 3.3.2.1 Synthesis of GA ester derivatives Mixture of GA (100 mg; 0.16 mmol), DMAP (2,925 mg; 0.024 mmol), DCC (49.5 mg; 0.24 mmol) and MeOH or EtOH (1.6 mmol) in THF (3 mL) are stirred at room temperature for h The reaction solution is poured into water (10 mL), extracted with EtOAc (3 × 10 mL) The organic phases are pooled, anhydrous and concentrated for the raw product Purify the raw product on a silica gel column (particle size 40-63 μm, column diameter Φ 20 mm, column length L = 50 cm) using the n-hexane-EtOAc dissolution solvent system to obtain two symbol esters are GA1 and GA2 3.3.2.2 Synthesis of GA amide derivatives The mixture of GA (100 mg; 0.16 mmol), DMAP (2,925 mg; 0.024 mmol), DCC (49.5 mg; 0.24 mmol) and amine (0.24 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was stir at room temperature for 10-24 h (test by TLC) The reaction solution is poured into water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 × mL) The organic phases are pooled, anhydrous and concentrated, and purified on a silica gel column (particle size 40-63 μm, column diameter Φ 20 mm, column length L = 50 cm) using the solute solution n -hexane-EtOAc, the results obtained amide products, denoted GA3-GA8 3.4 Test the biological activity of substances 3.4.1 Antioxidant activity ABTS and DPPH The compounds GC7-GC16, GH1-GH8 were evaluated for their antioxidant activity ABTS and DPPH according to the method described in section 2.2.3.1, performed at the Institute of Biotechnology - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Male 3.4.2 Enzyme inhibitory activity α-glucosidase The compounds were assessed for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity according to the method described in section 2.2.3.2, performed at the Department of Applied Biochemistry - Institute of Chemistry - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 3.4.3 Cytotoxic activity in vitro The compounds GC1-GC18, GH1-GH8 were assessed for cytotoxic activity on two cell lines HT-29 and HeLa according to MTT method described in section 2.2.3.3, performed at the Compounds Research Center nature - Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Korea The compounds GA1-GA9 and GA were tested for cytotoxic activity on three cancer cell lines Hep-G2, LU-1 and RD according to the SRB method 11 Figure 4.3 1H NMR spectra of GC1 compound Figure 4.4 13C NMR spectra of GC1 compound The aromatic proton signal at low field δH 7.50 is attributable to H-8 due to the electron attraction effect of the conjugated carbonyl group at C-9 HMBC spectrum also shows interaction of H-8 with C-9, C-8a (δC 113,6) and C-7 The methoxy group is attributed to the C-7 position by the HMBC interaction of the methoxy group proton and H-8 with C-7 The remaining two aromatic protons are attributed to H-5 (δH 6.80) and H-4 (δH 6,32) due to HMBC interaction of H-5 proton with C-9, C-7, C- and the proton H-4 with C-9, C-2 (δC 111,8), C-3 The presence of the hydrated geranyl group was determined by signals on the spectrum 1H, 13C NMR, HSQC and HMBC On the HMBC spectrum appears interactions of proton H-1 '(δH 3.33) with phenolic carbon C-1 and with C-2, C-3; interaction of proton alken at δH 5.27 (1H; t; 6.0; H-2 ') with two methylene carbon C-1' (δC 22,1), C-4 '(δC 41 , 3) and a C-10 'methyl carbon (δC 16,1); interaction of the H-4 'methylene proton (δH 1.98) with a quaternary alken carbon C-3' (δC 135.6) and two carbon methylene C-5 '(δC 23,7), C-6 '(δC 44,3) The position of the hydroxy group on the geranyl group was determined at C-7 'due to the HMBC interaction of the two methylene proton groups H-5', -6 '(δH 1.47 and 1.40, respectively) and the proton of the two methyl group H-8 ', -9' (δH 1.15) with C-7 ' The spectral data of GC1 are given in Table 4.2, the molecular structure and the main interactions on the HMBC spectrum of GC1 compounds are shown in Figure 4.5 Position 4a 5a 8a 9a 1’ H3CO HO O 8a9 5a O 10' OH 9a 4a 1' 9' 5' 3' 2' OH 4' 7' 6' OH H O OH OH H3CO 8' HO O H OH H Figure 4.5 Chemical structure and main HMBC interaction of GC1 compound Table 4.2 NMR spectral data of GC1 and GC2 compounds GC1 GC2 ab a ab H (mult; J) C C HMBC (HC) H (mult; J) CaC HMBC (HC) 161,1 161,1 111,8 111,6 164,1 164,0 6,32 (s) 94,0 2, 3, 4a, 9a, 6,33 (s) 93,9 2, 3, 4a, 9a, 157,2 157,2 6,80 (s) 103,7 5a, 8a, 7, 6, 6,79 (s) 103,4 5a, 8a, 7, 6, 155,7 155,3 153,9 153,2 147,2 144,7 7,50 (s) 105,7 5, 5a, 6, 7, 8a, 7,45 (s) 109,1 5, 5a, 6, 7, 113,6 113,8 181,0 181,1 103,2 103,2 3,33 (m) 22,1 3, 1, 3’, 2’, 3,33 (m) 22,1 3, 1, 3’, 2’, 12 2’ 5,27 (t; 6,0) 123,8 1’, 4’, 10’ 5,27 (t; 7,0) 123,8 1’, 4’, 10’ 3’ 135,6 135,6 4’ 1,98 (m) 41,3 2’, 3’, 5’, 6’, 10’ 1,98 (t; 7,0) 41,3 2’, 3’, 5’, 6’, 10’ 5’ 1,47 (m) 23,7 3’, 7’, 6’, 4’ 1,47 (m) 23,6 3’, 7’, 6’, 4’ 6’ 1,40 (m) 44,3 5’, 8’, 9’, 4’, 7’ 1,39 (m) 44,2 5’, 8’, 9’, 4’, 7’ 7’ 71,5 71,5 8’ 1,15 (s) 29,2 6’, 7’, 9’ 1,15 (s) 29,1 6’, 7’, 9’ 9’ 1,15 (s) 29,2 6’, 7’, 8’ 1,15 (s) 29,1 6’, 7’, 8’ 10’ 1,80 s) 16,1 2’, 3’, 4’ 1,79 (s) 16,1 2’, 3’, 4’ OCH3 3,96 (s) 56,7 a Measured in CD3OD, b 500 MHz, C 125 MHz Based on the analysis of HRESIMS spectrum and 1D, 2D NMR spectra of GC1 compound, we determined GC1 to be 1,3,6-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2- (7-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloct- 2-enyl) xanthone This is a new compound, isolated from nature for the first time and named cowaxanthone I 4.1.2 GC4 Compound: Norcowanol A (New Compound) GC4 compounds isolated as pale yellow powder On the HRESIMS spectrum (Figure 4.14) appears protonated molecular ion peak [M + H] + at m/z 499,2324 (theoretical calculation for CTPT C28H35O8 is 499,2326), so the CTPT of GC4 is determined is C28H34O8 Figure 4.15 1H NMR spectra of GC4 compound Figure 4.16 13C NMR spectra of GC4 compound 13 GC4's H and C NMR spectra showed signals that suggest the GC4 has the structure of a xanthone containing a hydrated geranyl group and a hydrated prenyl group In the low field on the spectrum 1H and 13C NMR there are resonance signals of two aromatic CH groups at δH 6.27 (1H; s; H-4) / δC 93.1 and 6.69 (1H; s; H5) / δC 101.0 The signals of two doublet methylene groups appear at δH 3.41 (2H; d; 7.5; H-1 ') / δC 21.8 and 4.15 (2H; d; 6.5; H -1”) / δC 26.5 and singlet signal of methyl groups suggest the existence of two substituent prenyl or geranyl groups on xanthone frame The geranyl group was identified as 7-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloct-2-enyl group based on NMR spectrum and HC interactions on HSQC and HMBC spectrum, in particular the signals of two methylene groups have the same displacement chemically metabolized at δH 1.12 (3H; s; H-8 ", -9") / δC 29.1 and interacted on the HMBC spectrum of these two methyl groups with a tertiary Csp3 binding to oxygen at δC 71.5 (C-7”) There is also an HC interaction on the HMBC spectrum of the H-1 proton H-1” with the two C-2” carbon alkanes (δC 125,0), C-3” (δC 135,5) and the interaction of the alpha-alpha proton -2” with carbon methylene C-1”, C-4” (δC 41,3) and methyl carbon C-10” (δC 16,5) The low field shift signal of the CH2-1” methylene group suggests that the geranyl group binds to C-8 On the HMBC spectrum also appears the interaction of H-1” with the carbon of the xanthone frame, namely C-7 (δC 142,5), C-8 (δC 129,2) and C-8a (δC 112, first) The prenyl group was defined as a 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl group based on the HMBC interaction of the proton H-1 'with C-2' carbon (δC 126.8) and C-3 '(δ C 135,1) and interaction of the singlet methylene proton binding to oxygen at δH 4.33 (3H; s; H-4 ') / δC 61.8 with C-2', C-3 carbon 'and C-5' (δC 21,7) The position of the prenyl group was determined at C-2 due to the HMBC interaction of H-1 'with C-1 (δC 161,5), C-2 (δC 110,3) and C-3 (δC 163.2) HMBC interactions of proton H-4 with C-2, C-3, C-4a (δC 156,4), C-9a (δC 103,9), C-9 (δC 183, 13 5) and the interaction of proton H-5 with carbon C-8a, C-7, C-6 and C-9 allows to locate the aromatic protons in the xanthone framework The chemical structure and the main HMBC interactions of GC4 are presented below, the spectral data of GC4 compounds are presented in Table 4.4 9'' OH OH 8'' 7'' 5'' 6'' 10'' 3'' 4'' 1'' 2'' HO HO O 8a 5a O 9a OH 4' OH 1' 4a O 5' 2' HO OH OH OH HO 3' OH O H H Figure 4.17 Chemical structure and main HMBC interaction of GC4 compound The results of spectroscopic analysis of GC4 compounds showed that the structure of the compound almost coincided with the kaennacowanol A compound isolated from G cowa [141], except for the signal dilatexpearance of the methoxy group On the basis of analysis of HRESIMS spectrum and 1D, 2D NMR spectra of GC4 compound, GC4 compound was identified as 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-2- (4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl ) 8- (7-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloct-2-enyl) xanthone This is a new compound, isolated from nature for the first time and named norcowanol A 4.2 Research results on the chemical composition of G hanburyi plants Research results on the chemical composition of DCM extract of G hanburyi stem and resin obtained caged xanthones GH1-GH8 The structures of the compounds are shown below On the NMR spectrum of the compounds GH1GH8 appeared specific signals for potential polyprenyl xanthone compounds with 4-oxotricyclo cage [4.3.1.03,7] dec-8-en-2-one - a type xanthone frames are common in G hanburyi trees There are also signals characteristic of a pyrano ring formed by the reaction of the –OH group and the geranyl group CHO R2 R1 24 25 O 19 20 R3 O 18 1716 O B D C R1 COOH CH3 COOH OH R2 CH3 COOH CH3 22 13 O 14 A O 23 12 O O O 21 11 10 O OH R3 isoprenyl O O R = CH3 R = n-butyl R isoprenyl H CH3 COOH H CH3 CHO H CH3 CH3 H isoprenyl = Figure 4.61 Chemical structure of the compounds GHx (x = 1-8) isolated from G hanburyi resin and sterm barks H NMR spectra of the caged xanthone frame of the compounds GH1-GH8 showed that the equivalent proton signals had similar shifts It is the singlet signal of the phenolic hydroxy proton conjugate with the carbonyl group at δH 12.70-13.00 (6-OH) The weak field proton doublet signal represents the signal of proton olefin conjugate with carbonyl group at δH 7,55-7,57 (d; 6,5-7,0; H-10) Proton signaling group characteristic for cage structure includes the signal of a methylene group appearing at δH 2.31 (1H; dd; 13,0; 5.0; H-21); 1,34-1,36 (1H; overlap; H21); one proton methine at δH 2.51 (1H; d; 9.5; H-22) and one proton methine at δH 3.47 (1H; m; H-11) for xanthone carrying a 4-oxotricyclo cage [4.3.1.03,7] dec-8-en-2-one or at δH 2.81-2.89 for xanthone with 4-oxotricyclo cage frame [4.3.1.03,7] decan-2-one The signal of a pair of proton doublet has separation constant J = 10.0 at δH 6.616.66 (H-4) and 5.38-5.54 (H-3) characterizing the double bond of pyrano ring (ring D) (table 4.17) Table 4.17 Signals of displacement of protons and carbon in the cage xanthone 14 Position Xanthone with caged frame 4oxotricyclo[4.3.1.03,7]dec-8-en-2-one Hab 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 21 5,38-5,54 (d; 10,0) 6,61-6,66 (d; 10,0) - 7,55-7,57 (d; 6,0-6,5) 3,47 2,31 (dd; 13,0; 5,0); 1,341,36 (overlap) 2,51 (d; 9,5) Cac 78,4-81,3 124,5-126,5 115,3-115,9 102,8-103,3 157,3 -157,8 100,4-100,6 178,8-179,0 133,2-133,8 134,9-135,6 46,8-47,0 202,4-203,5 83,7-84,7 90,5-90,9 157,3-157,7 107,6-108,3 160,9-161,5 25,2-25,5 Xanthone with caged frame 4oxotricyclo[4.3.1.03,7]decan-2-one Hab 5,38-5,54 (d; 10,0) 6,61-6,66 (d; 10,0) - 3,07-3,18 (m) 4,37-4,42 (dd; 4,5; 1,5) 2,81-2,89 2,31 (dd; 13,0; 5,0); 1,34-1,36 (overlap) 2,51 (d; 9,5) Cac 78,4-81,3 124,5-126,5 115,3-115,9 102,8-103,3 157,3 -157,8 100,4-100,6 178,8-179,0 48,5-48,6 72,3-74,1 43,7-44,2 208,1-208,4 86,0-86,4 88,4-88,4 155,5-155,7 107,6-108,3 160,9-161,5 20,0 22 49,0-49,2 43,6 23 83,2-84,1 82,1-82,4 24 1,69 (s) 29,7-30,1 1,69 (s) 29,7-30,1 25 1,29 (s) 27,2-29,1 1,29 (s) 27,2-29,1 a Measured in CDCl3, b 500 MHz, c 125 MHz Signals of carbon displacement at the same position in cage-bearing xanthone with similar structure (6 xanthone with 4-oxotricyclo cage frame [4.3.1.03,7] dec-8-en-2-one GH1- GH6 and two xanthone carrying 4oxotricyclo cage frame [4.3.1.03,7] decan-2-one GH7-GH8) almost coincide In addition, it can be observed that when the cage xanthone frame is oxidized to a 4-oxotricyclo [4.3.1.03,7] decan-2-one frame, the whole signal of carbon in the cage structure is shifted The structure of substances was determined based on the associated NMR spectroscopy compared with the compounds published in the references The results have isolated and determined structure of 08 caged xanthone, including gambogic acid (GH1), isogambogic acid (GH2), morellic acid (GH3), isomorellic acid (GH4), isomorellin (GH5), desoxymorellin (GH6), isomoreollin B (GH7) and 10αbutoxygambogic acid (GH8) The analysis results of spectral data of gambogic acid are presented below: 4.2.1 GH1 compound: Gambogic acid The compound GH1 was isolated from the resin extract and the stem of G hanburyi tree branches in the form of an orange amorphous powder, polar angle of rotation [α] = -578o (c 0.201; CHCl3) Spectra 1H, 13C NMR and HSQC of GH1 allowed to determine the signals of 44 protons and 38 carbons, including -OH group at δH 12,77; methyl groups; methylene groups; groups -CH sp2; groups of methine; carbonyl carbon; 10 Csp2 does not contain C-H bonds, of which carbons is bound to oxygen; Csp3 of grade associated with oxygen 15 29 30 HOOC 34 33 35 HOOC 28 24 27 32 40 38 37 20 36 39 17 O 18 D C 16 OH O B 25 O 26 31 19 13 H O O 14 A O 23 22 12 O 21 11 10 O COSY O HMBC H H O H O H H Figure 4.62 Chemical structure and COSY interaction, HMBC of compound GH1 Figure 4.63 1H NMR spectra of the compound GH1 Figure 4.64 13C NMR spectra of the compound GH1 Interactions on COSY, HSQC and HMBC spectrum showed that GH1 has structural fragments including: three prenyl groups, one of which contains a COOH group; a double coupling CH = CH; a spin system CHsp2CHsp3-CH2-CHsp3 (Figure 4.62) These data suggest that GH1 has the structure of a substitute polyprenyl xanthone On the HMBC spectrum, the interaction of the double-bonded proton appears at δH 5.38 (d; 10.0; H-3) and 6.60 (d; 10.0; H-4) with the quaternary sp3 carbon at δ C 81.3 (C-2) HMBC interactions between methylene protons at δH 1,76 (1H; overlap; H-20); 1.59 (1H; m; H-20) and 2.01 (2H; m; H-36) with C-2 (δC 81,3) help confirm the structural part related to D-ring of xanthone frame cage Interactions between olefin singlet proton at low field δH 7.55 (1H; d; 7.0; H-10) with carbon include: carbonyl carbon at δC 178.9 (C-8) and 203, (C-12); carbon sp3 at δC 46.8 (C-11) and the HMBC interaction between protons at δH 2.51 (1H; d; 9.0; H-22) with (C-14) and (C-23) help make Unravel the structure related to the A ring in the cage xanthone frame HMBC interaction between methylene protons of 3-carboxylbut-2-enyl groups at δH 2.95 (2H; d; 7.0; H-26) with carbon C-12, C-13, C-14 shows position of this group on the cage xanthone frame (figure 4.70) This suggests that the chemical structure of GH1 could be acid (Z) -4 - ((2R, 11S, 13R, 14S, 23S) -6-hydroxy-2,23,23-trimethyl-17- (3- methylbut-2-en-1yl) -2- (4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl) -8,12-dioxo-2,8,11,12,13,23-hexahydro-7H, 4H -11,22-methanofuro [3,2-g] pyrano [3,2-b] xanthen-3a-yl) -2-methylbut-2-enoic (gambogic acid) conforms to molecular formula C38H44O8 Combining analysis of COSY, HSQC and HMBC spectra, we assigned the remaining carbon and proton signals Results of NMR spectroscopy analysis and comparison with spectral data of GH1 with gambogic acid in the reference [36] are summarized in Table 4.18, showing that the spectral data completely coincides Therefore, we conclude that the compound GH1 is gambogic acid 4.3 Results of GA derivative synthesis 4.3.1 Results of molecular recovery in the glass state and supercooler state of amorphous gambogic acid Among the morphological forms of the active substance, the amorphous form is of more interest than the crystalline form because of its better solubility in water and higher biological activity The amorphous form of a material is created by rapidly cooling the drug to avoid crystallization after melting it at its melting point The molecular movement in amorphous materials is characterized by the time for α structure recovery in the supercooler and glass states These materials have an out-of-order and temperature dependent structure, and at high temperature amorphous materials have liquid-like properties but at low temperature molecular recovery takes place slowly these materials are much more like solids The investigation of molecular recovery in the glass state 16 and supercooling state of GA is to evaluate the potential of GA medicinal use The thermal properties of GA have been investigated on the basis of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in the temperature range from 273-373 K with the temperature rise rate of 10 K / The results have determined that the glass transition temperature of GA is Tg = 338K (Figure 4.87) Figure 4.87 DSC spectrum of a) GA increment; b) GA after being heated at 373 K for minutes To investigate the molecular dynamics of the amorphous GA, wide-field dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) was measured in a wide frequency range from 10-1 to 106 During the measurement, the temperature increased from 153 to 333 K with heating rates of 10 K / and from 333 to 411 K with heating rates of K / The GA BDS broadband dielectric spectrum from the supercooler and the glass form is shown in Figure 4.88 below Figure 4.88 GA's broadband dielectric spectrum is at a) higher than the mirror transfer temperature and b) lower than the mirror transfer temperature On the broadband dielectric spectrum of GA at a temperature lower than the glass phase transition temperature, two secondary molecular recovery processes β and can be observed in conjunction with the intermolecular motion of GA Meanwhile, on the BDS spectrum at a temperature higher than the glass transfer temperature, a peak appears corresponding to the recovery of α structure and dc conductivity GA's molecular recovery processes shift towards higher frequencies with increasing temperature, showing an increase in the degree of molecular motion with increasing temperature By combining the experimental data measured in the BDS spectrum, combined with the Vogel – Fulcher – Tammann equation (VFT), the glass transition temperature Tg = 333 K (determined at the temperature at which the recovery time is is equal to 100 s) This result is deviated from the DSC method, but this error is normal and acceptable Theoretical calculation results on the basis of the dependence of α structural recovery time on τα temperature (T = 300 K) also show that GA can exist in a dynamic stable state in about 2, 31,109 days This proves that GA is quite durable and can be stored at room temperature In addition, based on the VFT equation, the material brittleness of GA is mp = 103 (common substances mp = 16-200 [199]) When the brittleness is between 16 and 30, eg glass (SiO2) the material is considered very hard With a material brittleness greater than 100, the material is considered very brittle Between 30 and 100, the brittleness is medium Hence, the GA in the supercooled state could be classified as a brittle material Calculation results on the ECNLE software obtained the glass transfer temperature Tg = 338 K with the heating rate of 10 K / completely consistent with the experiment In addition, the calculation results also show that the process is closely related to molecular recovery and the kinetic formation of individual molecules, this process is also known as Johari – Goldstein recovery Thus, the large kinetic stability time and relative material 17 brittleness properties of GA show that GA can meet the physical requirements of an active substance with medicinal potential This is an important basis to conduct GA derivative fusion reactions to obtain highly active derivatives with potential for practical application 4.3.2 Research orientation HOOC O O O O OH O Figure 4.89 Chemical and crystalline structure of GA The crystal structure of GA shows that the xanthone ring structure is on one plane and has two different upper and lower sides The two prenyl groups and the polycyclic ring are located above, forming the hydrophobic face, while the carboxylic acid group and the carbonyl group of the lower polycyclic ring form the hydrophilic face (figure 4.89) The results of the carboxylic group transformation suggest that the hydrophilic plane does not play an important role in binding to its biological target The carboxyl -COOH group can be converted to other functional groups such as ester, amide or other base group without much influence on apoptosis activity The structural-activity (SAR) studies of GA have shown the importance of coupling on the D ring (conjugation with C = O group of ring C) for activity The derivatives generated from 6-OH group (B-ring) metabolism such as methylation or acylation have similar activity as the primary agent Therefore, this 6-OH group does not play a decisive role in activity From the above results of SAR analysis of GA, we selected to synthesize some GA derivatives by converting carboxylic acid group to ester and amide form with the aim of preserving active structural parts of GA The metabolic reactions use the DCC / DMAP catalyst to activate the acid group 4.3.3 Results synthesized derivatives The transformation of the COOH group of GA is done according to the diagram in Figure 3.4 The structure of the products and their reaction efficiency are presented in Table 4.26 Table 4.26 The structure of products and the yield of the reactions Symbol R Yield (%) Physical state Weight (mg) Note -OCH GA1 91 Yellow oil 220 Yellow oil GA2 -OC2H5 75 175 GA3 70 N 84 N O GA5 79 N GA7 250 New compound Yellow oil GA4 GA6 Yellow oil CF3 N N 51 F N 68 N 233 Yellow oil Yellow oil Yellow oil 189 140 126 New compound New compound New compound F GA8 S N H 15 Yellow oil 52 New compound Gambogic acid metabolism results obtained 08 derivatives, of which 02 ester derivatives are methyl gambogate (GA1), ethyl gambogate (GA2) and 06 amide derivatives are N, N-diallylgambogamide (GA3), Npiperidinylgambogamide (GA4), N-morpholinegambogamide (GA5), (4-trifluoromethylbenzene-piperazinyl) gambogamide (GA6), 1- (2,5-difluorobenzyl) piperazinylgambogamide (GA7) and N- (2-thiophen-2-yl) 18 ethylgambogamide (GA8) In which, 05 derivatives N, N-diallylgambogamide (GA3), Nmorpholinegambogamide (GA5), (4-trifluoromethylbenzene-piperazinyl) gambogamide (GA6), 1- (2,5difluorobenzyl) piperazinylgambogamide (GA7) and N- (2-thiophen-2-yl) ethylgambogamide (GA8) are new compounds The structure of the synthetic products is determined by one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR spectra The clean compounds GA1-GA5 have been subjected to high resolution spectroscopy The analytical results of spectral data of compounds GA1 and GA4 are presented below: 4.3.3.1 GA3 compounds: N, N-diallyl gambogamide On the HRESIMS spectrum of compound GA3 appeared protonated molecular peak [M + H] + at m / z 708,3883 (calculated for CTPT C44H54NO7 is 708,3900) Therefore, the CTPT of the GA3 compound is C44H53NO7 Spectrum 1H, 13C NMR and HSQC of GA3 showed proton and carbon signals corresponding to allyl group at δH 5,61 (2H; m) / δC 133,6; 132.8 (2CH = allyl); δH 5.09-5.02 (4H; m) / δC 117.6 (2CH2 = allyl); δH 3.88 (2H; m) / δC 45.5 (CH2 allyl); δH 3.71; 3.61 (2H; dd; 16.0; 5.5) / δC 49.5 (CH2 allyl) The analysis results on the COSY spectrum did not show any interaction of allyl protons with protons of GA 30 34 33 28 35 24 40 38 20 36 39 31 19 32 37 O 18 17 23 16 O 26 13 21 OH 29 N O 14 O 27 O 25 22 12 11 10 O Figure 4.96 Chemical structure of GA3 compound The chemical shift of protons and carbon of other positions in the GA frame is almost unchanged However, there are some changes related to proton and carbon at positions 26, 27, 28 Specifically: proton signal H-26 is split into two peaks at δH 2,22 (1H; dd; 15,0; 6.0); 2.42 (1H; dd; 15.0; 7.0); proton signals H-26, -27 were translated to higher field than GA (GH1: δH 2.95 (H-26), δH 6.09 (H-27); GA3: δH 2.42; 2, 22 (H-26), δH 5,43 (H27)); the C-27 carbon signal (δC 122.3) is shifted towards the higher field, while the C-28 (δC 133.9) is shifted to the lower field (GH1: δC 137.8 (C-27)) , δC 127.8 (C-28); GA3: δC 122.3 (C-27), δC 133.8 (C-28) Figure 4.97 1H NMR spectra of GA3 compound Figure 4.98 13C NMR spectra of the compound GA3 The results of the separation of the H-26 signal and the displacement of the H-26 and H-27 proton signals towards the higher field can be explained by the remote shielding of the N atom having a large electron density when the two conjugated double bonds C = C and C = O exist in the S-trans structure and due to the bulky structure of diallyl amine This is probably because the C27 = C28 double-bond has the cis configuration as documented Then the two protons H-26 could be located differently in space compared to the N atom, so they are no longer equivalent protons, resulting in two signals on the 1H NMR spectrum Signal cleavage also occurred for the ethyl gambogate ester but not for methyl gambogate The results of the displacement of C-27 and C-28 can be explained because the N atom has a large electron density, which can cause the conjugation effect with C = O bonds, causing the union of two double bonds C27=C28 and C=O decrease The variation of the signals indicated above can be considered as characteristic signals that GA has been esterified or amideized 19 Based on the analysis results of NMR and HRESIMS spectrum, we determined that GA was amideized, obtained GA3 product was N, N-diallylgambogamide This is a new compound synthesized for the first time 4.3.3.2 GA5 compound: N-morpholinyl gambogamide 30 34 33 28 35 24 40 38 20 36 39 31 19 32 37 O 18 17 23 16 O 26 13 21 OH 29 O 14 O 27 O 25 22 12 N O 11 10 O Figure 4.102 Chemical structure of GA5 compound On the HRESIMS spectrum of compound GA5 appeared protonated molecular peak [M + H] + at m / z 698,6393 (theoretical calculation for CTPT C42H52NO8 is 698,3693) Therefore, the CTPT of the GA5 compound is C42H51NO8 On the 1H NMR spectrum of GA5, it appears that there appear more proton signals associated with carbon linked to oxygen or nitrogen at δH 3,62-3,21 (8H; m; 4CH2 morpholine) On the 13C NMR spectrum of GA5 also appeared more signals of two carbon sp3 linked to oxygen at δC 67,2; 66.8 (2CH2-O morpholine) and two sp3 carbon bound to nitrogen at δC 46,3 (CH2-N); 41.3 (CH2-N) Similar to the two amide derivatives GA3 and GA4, on the spectrum of the compound GA5, characteristic signals for amideization also appeared, that is the split into two signals of the proton H-26 at δH 2.39 (1H; dd; 15,0; 6.0); 2.25 (1H; dd; 15.0; 7.0); that is the shift towards the high field of C-27 carbon and the low field shift of C-28 compared with GA (δC 122.2 (C-27), δC 133.2 (C-28)) Figure 4.103 1H NMR spectra of GA5 Figure 4.104 13C NMR spectra of the compound GA5 compound Based on the analysis results of NMR and HRESIMS spectrum of GA5, we conclude that GA5 is Nmorpholine gambogamide This is a new compound synthesized for the first time 4.4 Results of bioactive testing of synthetic isolates and derivatives 4.4.1 Antioxidant activity ABTS and DPPH The compounds GC7-GC17, GH1-GH8 were tested for their antioxidant activity by ABTS and DPPH with ascorbic acid and trolox control positive control The result IC50 values (concentration of 50% free radical reduction ABTS + Or 50% free radical neutralization concentration of DPPH) are presented in Table 4.27 Table 4.27 IC50 values of GC1-GC18 compounds IC50 (µM) IC50 (µM) Compounds Compounds ABTS DPPH ABTS DPPH 621,32±56,61 GC11 105,72±12,91 384,80±23,12 GC12 20,39±1,92 GC16 70,98±3,55 639,74±38,46 GC13 74,45±8,89 GC17 167,11±14,83 692,08±38,34 Ascorbic acid 82,38 ± 8,97 55,35 ± 5,22 GC14 269,21±13,04 22,05±1,64 24,25±0,72 GC15 64,56±4,51 Trolox 20 The results of antioxidant activity survey showed that GC13-GC16 compounds exhibited antioxidant activity by both ABTS and DPPH methods; compounds GC11, GC12 and GC17 only showed antioxidant activity according to DPPH method, the remaining substances or did not show oxidizing activity at research concentrations Among the active substances, GC12 compound exhibited strong antioxidant activity according to DPPH method with IC50 value of 20.39 µM, smaller than IC50 value of positive control trolox (IC50 24.25 àM) and less than ẵ of the IC50 value of ascobic acid According to ABTS method, two compounds GC13 and GC15 showed strong antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 74.45 and 64.56 µM, respectively, smaller than IC50 value of ascobic acid 4.4.2 Enzyme inhibitory activity α-glucosidase Compounds containing two substituents of prenyl or geranyl GC12-GC17 were tested for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with acarbose positive control Table 4.28 IC50 value inhibits α-glucosidase enzyme of GC12-GC17 compounds % inhibition at different concentration (µg/mL) Compounds IC50 (µM) 128 32 24 14 GC12 86 72 50 48 GC13 17,23±0,32 85 77 35 26 GC14 33,53±0,93 13 11 GC15 80 35 15 GC16 149,47±2,8 12 10 GC17 257,32±4,80 Acarbose The results showed that compounds GC13-GC14 and GC17 showed very strong inhibitory activity of αglucosidase enzymes with IC50 values much smaller than the positive acarbose Compounds GC13 and GC14 show very strong activity, IC50 is only 6.7% and 13.0% of the IC50 value of acarbose (IC50 257.32), promising these are potential anti-diabetes agents GC16 compounds also exhibit strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values approximately 60% of acarbose's IC50 values The active compounds contain 1-2 groups of prenyl or geranyl substituents that are not oxidized Compounds containing either prenyl or geranyl substituents did not show activity Compound GC13, which contains a prenyl group and a geranyl group, is not oxidized and the only compound that does not contain the methoxy group at C-7, exhibits the strongest activity Meanwhile, GC12 compound has a completely similar structure to GC13, only one methoxy group at the C-7 position does not show activity, proving that the hydroxy group attached to the xanthone frame plays an important role with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity 4.4.3 Cytotoxic activity in vitro 4.4.3.1 Cytotoxic activity of isolated substances GC1-GC18 compounds isolated from G cowa and GH1-GH8 plants isolated from G hanburyi plants were tested for their cytotoxic activity on two lines of colorectal cancer cells HT-29 and HeLa cells according to MTT method Results of the calculation of IC50 values of compounds are presented in Table 4.29 Table 4.29 IC50 values of compounds GC1-GC18, GH1-GH8 IC50 (µM) IC50 (µM) Compounds Compounds HT-29 HeLa HT-29 HeLa Compounds isolated from G cowa 49,49 104,42 45,20 39,30 GC1 GC10 83,98 46,55 6,66 7,85 GC2 GC11 16,58 GC3 GC12 2,80 13,46 GC4 GC13 3,49 127,36 147,33 42,06 GC5 GC14 2,41 21 64,23 56,29 117,48 81,84 GC15 1,60 11,96 GC16 3,90 9,62 45,86 GC17 Compounds isolated from G hanburyi 0,99 4,48 3,58 GH1 0,79 GH5 5,76 10,99 4,01 47,38 GH2 GH6 15,54 17,52 4,32 6,88 GH3 GH7 4,57 2,89 10,43 GH4 GH8 0,95 0,21 1,46 Doxorubicin The results showed that the compounds isolated from G cowa plants exhibited higher cytotoxic activity on the HT-29 cell line compared with the HeLa cell line Compounds GC11, GC13 and GC16 showed strong cytotoxic activity on HeLa cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 7.85-13.46 µM Five GC12-GC16 compounds show strong cytotoxic activity on colorectal cancer cell lines HT-29 with IC50 1,60-3.90 µM values, in which compound GC15 exhibits strong activity with IC50 1.60 µM The common point of these compounds is that they all contain 1-2 unsaturated prenyl / geranyl groups, which may or may not be hydrogenated This suggests that the unsaturated prenyl / geranyl group may play an important role in activity Another interesting point is that the methoxy grouped xanthone at C-7 (GC2-GC5) hardly showed cytotoxic activity on both cell lines studied, compared with the strong activity of the xanthone containing The methoxy group has a similar structure (GC14GC17) This proves that this 7-OCH3 group also plays an important role in the activity on the two cell lines above The compounds GH1-GH8 showed strong cytotoxic activity on both HT-29 and HeLa cell lines with very small IC50 values, only 0.79-17.52 µM (except compound GH6 has an IC50 on the HeLa cell line of 47.38 µM) In which, the compound GH8 showed very strong activity on cancer cell line HT-29 with IC50 value of 0.95 µM; GH4-GH5 compounds exhibiting strong cytotoxic activity on HeLa cell lines with IC50 were 2.89 and 3.58 µM, respectively In particular, gambogic acid (GH1) showed the strongest activity on both HT-29 and HeLa cell lines with IC50 values of 0.795 and 0.99 M, respectively The activity of GH1 on the HeLa cell line was even stronger than that of the positive doxorubicin control (IC50 1.46 µM) 4.4.3.2 The cytotoxic activity of GA derivatives Gambogic acid (GH1) and GA1-GA8 derivatives were tested for cytotoxic activity on three human cancer cell lines: liver (Hep-G2), lung (LU-1) and rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (RD) according to the SRB method with positive control used is ellipticine IC50 values of derivatives are shown in table 4.30 Results showed that the derivatives GA1-GA5, GA8 had equal or stronger activity compared with gambogic acid (GH1) and ellipticine positive control on all three lines of liver cancer (Hep-G2), lung (LU -1) and rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (RD) In which, on the RD rhabdomyosarcoma cell line cancer cell line, the derivatives GA1, GA4-GA5 have an IC50 value of 0.27-0.33 μM which is 39-50% smaller than the IC50 value of GH1; on the liver cancer cell line, the GA5 derivative has an IC50 value of 38% less than that of GH1's IC50; the remaining derivatives have IC50 which is 15-22% smaller than the value of GH1 Particularly, two derivatives GA6, GA7 containing piperazine ring attached to fluorinated benzene core had weaker activity than GH1 on all three cell lines with IC50 values 4-7 times greater Potentially active derivatives may be further studied for potential anticancer agents Table 4.30 IC50 values of the GA1-GA9 compounds GC6 GC7 GC8 TT Sample symbol GA1 GA2 GA3 Hep-G2 0,52 0,59 0,55 IC50 (M) LU-1 1,13 1,24 1,10 RD 0,27 0,50 0,42 22 GA4 0,54 1,10 0,33 GA5 0,43 1,03 0,30 4,08 4,83 2,17 GA6 4,71 3,40 GA7 GA8 0,52 1,29 0,45 GA9 0,49 1,17 0,46 10 GH1 0,69 1,34 0,54 11 0,97 1,26 0,77 Ellipticine Comment: In vitro cytotoxicity study of isolated and synthetic compounds showed that gambogic acid (GH1) exhibits strong cytotoxic activity on all cancer cell lines studied The study was colorectal cancer HT-29, cervical HeLa, liver Hep-G2, rhabdomyosarcoma cell line RD and lung LU-1 with IC50 values 0.79 respectively; 0.99; 0.69; 0.54 and 1.34 μM (table 4.25-4.27) Survey results on the chemical composition of the resin and stem of G hanburyi tree also showed that gambogic acid is the main component, accounting for the largest content with about 5% by weight of the latex [149] These factors help gambogic acid (GH1) be used as a potential anticancer agent CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion Chemical composition and biological activity of tai chua latex (G cowa) were studied Chemical composition research results have identified 18 compounds, including 17 substituted polyoxygen xanthone: cowaxanthone IK (GC1-GC3), norcowanol AB (GC4-GC5), garcinone F (GC6), fuscaxanthone A (GC7), 7-Omethylgarcinone E (GC8), cowagarcinone A (GC9), cowaxanthone (GC10), rubraxanthone (GC11), cowanin (GC12), norcowanin (GC13), cowanol (GC14), kaennacowanol A (GC15), garcinone D (GC16), fuscaxanthone I (GC17) and 01 tocotrienol compound: parvifoliol F (GC18) In which, 06 compounds: cowaxanthone IK, norcowanol AB, garcinone F (GC1-GC6) were identified as new compounds, 03 compounds: garcinone D, fuscaxanthone I, parvifoliol F (GC16-GC18) were identified first isolated from G cowa plant The results of bioactivity test showed that compounds GC12, GC13 and GC15 showed strong antioxidant activity, in which IC50 value of GC12 compound according to DPPH method was 20.39 µM, smaller than IC50 value of trolox (IC50 24.25 µM) and less than 1/2 times the IC50 value of ascobic acid (IC50 55.35 µM) GC12GC16 compounds show strong cytotoxic activity on colorectal cancer cell lines HT-29 with IC50 1.6-3.90 µM value GC13-GC14 compounds exhibit strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 17,23-33.53 µM which is only about 1/10 of the IC50 value of the acarbose positive control Chemical composition of rhubarb and tree branches (G hanburyi) was studied Research results on chemical composition have determined the structure of 08 caged xanthone, including gambogic acid (GH1), isogambogic acid (GH2), morellic acid (GH3), isomorellic acid (GH4), isomorellin (GH5), desoxymorellin (GH6), isomoreollin B (GH7) and 10α-butoxygambogic acid (GH8) Biological activity test results showed that compound GH8 exhibits the strongest cytotoxic activity on colorectal cancer cell line HT-29 with IC50 0.95 µM value In particular, gambogic acid (GH1) exhibited strong cytotoxic activity on studied cell lines including colorectal cancer (HT-29), cervical (HeLa), liver (Hep-G2), rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (RD) and lung (LU-1) with very small IC50 values, only from 0.35 to 1.34 μM Investigated some molecular kinetics of GA isolated from gooseberry resin (G hanburyi) by the experimental methods DSC and BDS combined with equations and theoretical software VFT, ECNLE The results obtained the mirror transfer temperature of GA is Tg = 338 K with heating rate 10 K / min, kinetic stability time is 2.31.109 days and material brittleness mp = 103 This shows that GA meeting the standards of active ingredients 23 with potential for practical application, as a basis for research on gambogic acid metabolism Gambogic acid metabolism results obtained 08 derivatives, of which 02 ester derivatives are methyl gambogate (GA1), ethyl gambogate (GA2) and 06 amide derivatives are N, N-diallylgambogamide (GA3), N-piperidinylgambogamide (GA4), N-morpholinegambogamide (GA5), (4-trifluoromethylbenzene-piperazinyl) gambogamide (GA6), 1(2,5-difluorobenzyl) piperazinylgambogamide (GA7) and N- (2-thiophen-2-yl) ethylgambogamide (GA8) In which, 05 derivatives N, N-diallylgambogamide (GA3), N-morpholinegambogamide (GA5), (4trifluoromethylbenzene-piperazinyl) gambogamide (GA6), 1- (2,5-difluorobenzyl) piperazinylgambogamide (GA7) and N- (2-thiophen-2-yl) ethylgambogamide (GA8) are new compounds Biological activity test results showed that GA1-GA8 derivatives showed strong cytotoxic activity on three lines of liver cancer cells (Hep-G2), lung (LU-1) and tissue link (RD) In which, the derivatives GA1-GA5, GA8 had stronger activity than gambogic acid on all three cancer cell lines studied with IC50 values 15-50% smaller than that of gambogic acid IC50 Recommendation From the results of the chemical and biological activity studies of two plant species, the acacia tree (G cowa) and the canopy tree (G hanburyi), it can be seen that these two plants have great potential for detection of new compounds or compounds with many important biological activities, especially those with cytotoxic activity Therefore, there is a need for further research into these two plant species to detect compounds with unique new structures or potential biological activities Gambogic acid isolated from wisteria exhibited many important biological activities, especially cytotoxic activity on many cancer cell lines Therefore, it is necessary to continue to study gambogic acid metabolism in order to obtain derivatives with higher biological activity and lower toxicity than the first; at the same time, to conduct further bioactivity tests to understand the mechanism of action of GA and its derivatives for application in supportive treatment products NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS 1The chemical constituents of the latex of tai chua (G cowa) collected in Quy Chau, Nghe An and Phu Quoc, Kien Giang, Vietnam was studied The research led to the isolation and structure determination of 18 compounds, among which, 06 xanthones namely cowaxanthones I-K (GC1-GC3), norcowanol A-B (GC4-GC5), garcinone F (GC6) were identified as new compounds 03 compounds, i.e garcinone D (GC16), fuscaxanthone I (GC17) and 01 tocotrienol: parvifoliol F (GC18) were identified for the first time as the components of G cowa 2The chemical constituents of the resin and the sterm barks of dang hoang (G hanburyi) collected in Phu Quoc, Kien Giang were studied The results led to the isolation and structure determination of 08 caged xanthones 3The kinetic and thermodynamic properties of gambogic acid was studied by the experimental methods DSC and BDS combined with equations and theoretical software VFT, ECNLE As the results, the glass transition temperature of GA was determined as Tg = 338 K with heating rate of 10 K/min, kinetic stability time was identified as 2.31.109 days and fragility parameter of the material obtained was mp = 103 4The synthesis process of gambogic acid isolated from the resin of dang hoang (G hanburyi) was investigated As a results, 08 derivatives of gambogic acid were obtained, in which N, N-diallylgambogamide (GA3), N-morpholinegambogamide (GA5), (4-trifluoromethylbenzene-piperazinyl) gambogamide (GA6), 1(2,5-difluorobenzyl) piperazinylgambogamide (GA7) and N- (2-thiophen-2-yl) ethylgambogamide (GA8) are new derivatives 24 5The antioxidant activities of compounds GC7-GC17 and GH1-GH8 were investigated by two methods: ABTS and DPPH The results showed that compounds GC12, GC13 and GC15 exhibited strong antioxidant activity 6The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of GC12-GC17 compounds was investigated The results showed that GC13-GC14 compounds exhibited strong activity with the IC50 value ranging from 17.23 to 33.53 μM, accounted for about 10% of the IC50 value of the positive control - acarbose 7The cytotoxic activities of compounds isolated from the plants and the synthetic derivatives of gambogic acid were investigated on some human cancer cell lines The results showed that: - Gambogic acid (GH1) exhibited strong cytotoxic activities on research cell lines including colorectal cancer HT-29, cervical HeLa, liver Hep-G2, rhabdomyosarcoma RD and lung LU -1 with very small IC50 value, ranging from 0.35 to 1.34 μM - Compounds GC12-GC16 and GH8 showed strong cytotoxic activity on colorectal cancer cell lines HT-29 with IC50 values ranging from 0.95 to 3.90 µM - GA1-GA8 derivatives exhibited strong cytotoxic activities on three lines of cancer cells: liver (Hep-G2), lung (LU-1) and rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS Anh D Phan, Tran Thi Thu Thuy, Nguyen Thi Kim An, Justyna Knapik-Kowalczuk, Marian Paluch, Katsunori Wakabayashi - Molecular relaxations in supercooled liquid and glassy states of amorphous gambogic acid: dielectric spectroscopy, calorimetry and theoretical approach AIP Advances 2020, 10, 025128 DOI: 10.1063/1.5139101 (SCIE, Q2) Thi Kim An Nguyen, Gyu Won Huh, Dai Quang Ngo, Quoc Long Pham, Jae Wook Lee and Thi Thu Thuy Tran - Antiproliferative xanthones from the latex of Garcinia cowa Roxb Phytochemistry, 2020, submitted (SCIE, Q1) Nguyen Thi Kim An, Ngo Dai Quang, Pham Quoc Long, Tran Thi Thu Thuy - Cytotoxic xanthoneoids from the sterm bark of G hanburyi collected in Vietnam, Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology, 2020, 58(2), 133-142 DOI: 10.15625/2525-2518/58/2/14367 (ACI) Nguyen Thi Kim An, Ngo Dai Quang, Pham Quoc Long, Tran Thi Thu Thuy - Polyprenylated caged xanthones from the resin of G hanburyi growing in Vietnam, Journal of Chemistry, 2019, 57(4e3,4), 306-274 (ESCI) Nguyễn Thị Kim An, Đinh Thị Hà, Trần Thị Thu Thủy - Phân lập hai xanthone tetraoxygen từ dịch chiết điclometan nhựa Garcinia cowa khảo sát hoạt tính gây độc tế bào ung thư in vitro chúng Tạp chí Khoa học Cơng nghệ - Trường Đại học Công nghiệp Hà Nội, 2019, 52, 97-100 Nguyen Thi Kim An, Dinh Thi Ha, Pham Quoc Long, Tran Thi Thu Thuy -Tetraoxygenated xanthones from the latex of Garcinia cowa growing in Viet Nam, Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology, 2018, 56(5): p, 560-566 DOI: 10.15625/2525-2518/56/5/11826 (ACI) Nguyen Thi Kim An, Ngo Dai Quang, Pham Quoc Long, Tran Thi Thu Thuy – Cytotoxic compounds from the latex of Garcinia cowa, Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology, 2020, thảo gửi tạp chí (ACI) Đinh Thị Hà, Nguyễn Thị Kim An, Trần Thị Hồng Hà, Phạm Quốc Long, Trần Thị Thu Thủy - Bán tổng hợp thử nghiệm hoạt tính gây độc tế bào dẫn xuất acid gambogic Tạp chí Hóa học, 2017, 55(5E34), 137-142 (ESCI) 25 Bằng độc quyền sáng chế: Phân lập acid gambogic từ nhựa Garcinia hanburyi quy trình tổng hợp dẫn xuất amide có hoạt tính gây độc tế bào acid gambogic - Trần Thị Thu Thủy, Phạm Quốc Long, Đinh Thị Hà, Nguyễn Thị Kim An, Lê Tất Thành, Phạm Minh Quân Chấp nhận đơn ... In Vietnam, the two trees of the genus Garcinia are the plant of the genus Garcinia (Garcinia cowa Robx ex Choisy) and the tree gooseberry (Garcinia hanburyi Hook f) of the Guttiferae family... garcinone F (GC 6), fuscaxanthone A (GC 7), 7-O-methylgarcinone E (GC 8), cowagarcinone A (GC 9), cowaxanthone (GC1 0), rubraxanthone (GC1 1), cowanin (GC1 2), norcowanin (GC1 3), cowanol (GC1 4), kaennacowanol... (GC4-GC 5), garcinone F (GC 6), fuscaxanthone A (GC 7), 7-Omethylgarcinone E (GC 8), cowagarcinone A (GC 9), cowaxanthone (GC1 0), rubraxanthone (GC1 1), cowanin (GC1 2), norcowanin (GC1 3), cowanol (GC1 4),