John wiley sons davies fensel van harmelen (eds) towards the semantic web ontology driven knowledge management (2003)

TOWARDS THE SEMANTIC WEB TOWARDS THE SEMANTIC WEB Ontology-driven Knowledge Management Edited by Dr John Davies British Telecommunications plc Professor Dieter Fensel University of Innsbruck, Austria and Professor Frank van Harmelen Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD Copyright q 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in 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John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Towards the semantic web : ontology-driven knowledge management / edited by John Davies, Dieter Fensel, and Frank van Harmelen p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-470-84867-7 (alk paper) I Semantic web Ontology Knowledge acquisition (Expert systems) I Davies, John II Fensel, Dieter III Van Harmelen, Frank TK5105.88815.T68 2002 006.3 3–dc21 2002033103 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0470 84867 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Deerpark Publishing Services Ltd, Shannon, Ireland Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production Contents Foreword xiii Biographies xv List of Contributors xix Acknowledgments xxi Introduction John Davies, Dieter Fensel and Frank van Harmelen 1.1 The Semantic Web and Knowledge Management 1.2 The Role of Ontologies 1.3 An Architecture for Semantic Web-based Knowledge Management 1.3.1 Knowledge Acquisition 1.3.2 Knowledge Representation 1.3.3 Knowledge Maintenance 1.3.4 Knowledge Use 1.4 Tools for Semantic Web-based Knowledge Management 1.4.1 Knowledge Acquisition 1.4.2 Knowledge Representation 1.4.3 Knowledge Maintenance 1.4.4 Knowledge Use 5 7 8 8 OIL and DAML1OIL: Ontology Languages for the Semantic Web Dieter Fensel, Frank van Harmelen and Ian Horrocks 11 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Semantic Web Pyramid of Languages 2.2.1 XML for Data Exchange 2.2.2 RDF for Assertions 2.2.3 RDF Schema for Simple Ontologies 2.3 Design Rationale for OIL 2.3.1 Frame-based Systems 2.3.2 Description Logics 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 vi Contents 2.3.3 Web Standards: XML and RDF 2.4 OIL Language Constructs 2.4.1 A Simple Example in OIL 2.5 Different Syntactic Forms 2.6 Language Layering 2.7 Semantics 2.8 From OIL to DAML1OIL 2.8.1 Integration with RDFS 2.8.2 Treatment of Individuals 2.8.3 DAML1OIL Data Types 2.9 Experiences and Future Developments 17 17 18 20 23 26 26 26 29 29 31 A Methodology for Ontology-based Knowledge Management York Sure and Rudi Studer 33 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Introduction Feasibility Study Kick Off Phase Refinement Phase Evaluation Phase Maintenance and Evolution Phase Related Work 3.7.1 Skeletal Methodology 3.7.2 KACTUS 3.7.3 Methontology 3.7.4 Formal Tools of Ontological Analysis 3.8 Conclusion 33 34 38 41 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 45 Ontology Management: Storing, Aligning and Maintaining Ontologies Michel Klein, Ying Ding, Dieter Fensel and Borys Omelayenko 47 4.1 The Requirement for Ontology Management 4.2 Aligning Ontologies 4.2.1 Why is Aligning Needed 4.2.2 Aligning Annotated XML Documents 4.2.3 Mapping Meta-ontology 4.2.4 Mapping in OIL 4.3 Supporting Ontology Change 4.3.1 Ontologies are Changing 4.3.2 Changes in Ontologies Involve Several Problems 4.3.3 Change Management 4.4 Organizing Ontologies 4.4.1 Sesame Requirements 4.4.2 Functionality of an Ontology Storage System 4.4.3 Current Storage Systems 4.4.4 Requirements for a Storage System 4.5 Summary 47 48 48 49 50 53 54 54 55 58 61 62 62 64 66 69 Contents vii Sesame: A Generic Architecture for Storing and Querying RDF and RDF Schema 71 Jeen Broekstra, Arjohn Kampman and Frank van Harmelen 5.1 The Need for an RDFS Query Language 5.1.1 Querying at the Syntactic Level 5.1.2 Querying at the Structure Level 5.1.3 Querying at the Semantic Level 5.2 Sesame Architecture 5.2.1 The RQL Query module 5.2.2 The Admin Module 5.2.3 The RDF Export Module 5.3 The SAIL API 5.4 Experiences 5.4.1 Application: On-To-Knowledge 5.4.2 RDFS in Practice 5.4.3 PostgreSQL and SAIL 5.4.4 MySQL 5.5 Future Work 5.5.1 Transaction Rollback Support 5.5.2 Versioning Support 5.5.3 Adding and Extending Functional Modules 5.5.4 DAML1OIL Support 5.6 Conclusions 72 72 73 75 76 78 79 80 80 82 82 84 84 86 87 87 88 88 88 88 Generating Ontologies for the Semantic Web: OntoBuilder R.H.P Engels and T.Ch Lech 91 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 OntoBuilder and its Relation to the CORPORUM System 6.1.2 OntoExtract 6.1.3 OntoWrapper and TableAnalyser 6.2 Reading the Web 6.2.1 Semantics on the Internet 6.2.2 Problems with Retrieving Natural Language Texts from Documents 6.2.3 Document Handling 6.2.4 Normalization 6.2.5 Multiple Discourses 6.2.6 Document Class Categorization 6.2.7 Writing Style 6.2.8 Layout Issues 6.3 Information Extraction 6.3.1 Content-driven Versus Goal-driven 6.3.2 Levels of Linguistic Analysis 6.3.3 CognIT Vision 6.4 Knowledge Generation from Natural Language Documents 6.4.1 Syntax Versus Semantics 6.4.2 Generating Semantic Structures 6.4.3 Generating Ontologies from Textual Resources 6.4.4 Visualization and Navigation 91 92 93 96 97 97 99 100 100 101 102 102 102 103 104 104 107 108 108 109 110 111 viii Contents 6.5 Issues in Using Automated Text Extraction for Ontology Building using IE on Web Resources 111 OntoEdit: Collaborative Engineering of Ontologies York Sure, Michael Erdmann and Rudi Studer 117 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Kick Off Phase 7.3 Refinement Phase 7.3.1 Transaction Management 7.3.2 Locking Sub-trees of the Concept Hierarchy 7.3.3 What Does Locking a Concept Mean? 7.4 Evaluation Phase 7.4.1 Analysis of Typical Queries 7.4.2 Error Avoidance and Location 7.4.3 Usage of Competency Questions 7.4.4 Collaborative Evaluation 7.5 Related Work 7.6 Conclusion 117 118 123 124 126 127 128 128 129 129 130 130 131 QuizRDF: Search Technology for the Semantic Web John Davies, Richard Weeks and Uwe Krohn 133 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Introduction Ontological Indexing Ontological Searching Alternative data models 8.4.1 Indexing in the New Model 8.4.2 Searching in the New Model 8.5 Further Work 8.5.1 Technical Enhancements 8.5.2 Evaluation 8.6 Concluding Remarks 133 135 138 141 141 142 142 142 143 143 Spectacle Christiaan Fluit, Herko ter Horst, Jos van der Meer, Marta Sabou and Peter Mika 145 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Spectacle Content Presentation Platform 9.2.1 Ontologies in Spectacle 9.3 Spectacle Architecture 9.4 Ontology-based Mapping Methodology 9.4.1 Information Entities 9.4.2 Ontology Mapping 9.4.3 Entity Rendering 9.4.4 Navigation Specification 9.4.5 Navigation Rendering 9.4.6 Views 9.4.7 User Profiles 145 145 146 147 147 149 149 150 150 151 152 152 Contents ix 9.5 Ontology-based Information Visualization 9.5.1 Analysis 9.5.2 Querying 9.5.3 Navigation 9.6 Summary: Semantics-based Web Presentations 153 153 156 158 159 10 OntoShare: Evolving Ontologies in a Knowledge Sharing System John Davies, Alistair Duke and Audrius Stonkus 161 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Sharing and Retrieving Knowledge in OntoShare 10.2.1 Sharing Knowledge in OntoShare 10.2.2 Ontological Representation 10.2.3 Retrieving Explicit Knowledge in OntoShare 10.3 Creating Evolving Ontologies 10.4 Expertise Location and Tacit Knowledge 10.5 Sociotechnical Issues 10.5.1 Tacit and Explicit Knowledge Flows 10.5.2 Virtual Communities 10.6 Evaluation and Further Work 10.7 Concluding Remarks 161 162 163 164 167 169 170 172 172 173 175 176 11 Ontology Middleware and Reasoning Atanas Kiryakov, Kiril Simov and Damyan Ognyanov 179 11.1 Ontology Middleware: Features and Architecture 11.1.1 Place in the On-To-Knowledge Architecture 11.1.2 Terminology 11.2 Tracking Changes, Versioning and Meta-information 11.2.1 Related Work 11.2.2 Requirements 11.3 Versioning Model for RDF(S) Repositories 11.3.1 History, Passing through Equivalent States 11.3.2 Versions are Labelled States of the Repository 11.3.3 Implementation Approach 11.3.4 Meta-information 11.4 Instance Reasoning for DAML1OIL 11.4.1 Inference Services 11.4.2 Functional Interfaces to a DAML1OIL Reasoner 179 181 182 183 184 184 185 188 188 188 190 192 194 195 12 Ontology-based Knowledge Management at Work: The Swiss Life Case Studies 197 Ulrich Reimer, Peter Brockhausen, Thorsten Lau and Jacqueline R Reich 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Skills Management 12.2.1 What is Skills Management? 12.2.2 SkiM: Skills Management at Swiss Life 12.2.3 Architecture of SkiM 12.2.4 SkiM as an Ontology-based Approach 197 198 198 200 202 203 Contents x 12.2.5 Querying Facilities 12.2.6 Evaluation and Outlook 12.3 Automatically Extracting a ‘Lightweight Ontology’ from Text 12.3.1 Motivation 12.3.2 Automatic Ontology Extraction 12.3.3 Employing the Ontology for Querying 12.3.4 Evaluation and Outlook 12.4 Conclusions 207 208 209 209 210 213 215 217 13 Field Experimenting with Semantic Web Tools in a Virtual Organization 219 Victor Iosif, Peter Mika, Rikard Larsson and Hans Akkermans 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 Introduction The EnerSearch Industrial Research Consortium as a Virtual Organization Why Might Semantic Web Methods Help? Design Considerations of Semantic Web Field Experiments 13.4.1 Different Information Modes 13.4.2 Different Target User Groups 13.4.3 Different Individual Cognitive Styles 13.4.4 Hypotheses to be Tested Experimental Set-up in a Virtual Organization 13.5.1 Selecting Target Test Users 13.5.2 Tools for Test 13.5.3 Test Tasks and their Organization 13.5.4 Experimental Procedure 13.5.5 Determining What Data to Collect 13.5.6 Evaluation Matrix and Measurements Technical and System Aspects of Semantic Web Experiments 13.6.1 System Design 13.6.2 Ontology Engineering, Population, Annotation Ontology-based Information Retrieval: What Does it Look Like? 13.7.1 Ontology and Semantic Sitemaps 13.7.2 Semantics-based Information Retrieval Some Lessons Learned 219 219 222 223 224 224 225 228 229 229 230 230 231 232 233 234 234 235 236 236 239 241 14 A Future Perspective: Exploiting Peer-to-Peer and the Semantic Web for Knowledge Management 245 Dieter Fensel, Steffen Staab, Rudi Studer, Frank van Harmelen and John Davies 14.1 Introduction 14.2 A Vision of Modern Knowledge Management 14.2.1 Knowledge Integration 14.2.2 Knowledge Categorization 14.2.3 Context Awareness 14.2.4 Personalization 14.2.5 Knowledge Portal Construction 14.2.6 Communities of Practice 14.2.7 P2P Computing and its Implications for KM 245 247 247 247 248 248 249 249 250 ... truly global Semantic Web Towards the Semantic Web: Ontology- driven Knowledge Management Edited by John Davies, Dieter Fensel and Frank van Harmelen Copyright ¶ 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN:... Introduction John Davies, Dieter Fensel and Frank van Harmelen 1.1 The Semantic Web and Knowledge Management 1.2 The Role of Ontologies 1.3 An Architecture for Semantic Web- based Knowledge Management. .. powering the Semantic Web The power of the semantic web, therefore, comes from the coupling of the knowledge technologies developed by the AI world with the power grid being developed by the Web developers