ngu phap tieng anh

ĐỘNG TỪ BÀØI MỞÛ ĐẦÀU VERB Động từ dùng để làm hành động cho chủ từ Để phân biệt loạïiïi độänäng từ (kinds of verbs), quan sát sơ đồ đây: Auxiliary verb : (do, have, be) Special verb : Modal verb : (must, can, may, might, could, should …) Verb : Regular verb : (open, close, clean, remember…) Ordinary verb : Irregular verb : (run, write, speak, drive…) Động từ tiếng Anh có hai loại: độänäng từø thườønøng (ordinary verb) đặëcë biệätät (special verb) độäng từø c (1) Độänäng từø đặëcëc biệätät gồm có: * Độänäng từø trợï (auxiliary verb) : be (dùng để chia tiếp diễn, thể thụ động), have (dùng để chia hoàn thành), (dùng để chia thể phủ định nghi vấn) - He is working hard this month (thì tiếp diễn) - The house was built five years ago (thể thụ động) - He has learned English for two years (thì hoàn thành) - Do you like tea ? (thể nghi vấn) - She does not like coffee (thể phủ định) * Độänäng từø khiếámám khuyếátát (modal verb) : cần phải có động theo sau - We must study hard - He can play the piano Đặëcëc điểåmåm chung củûảa cáùcùc độänäng từø đặëcëc biệätät đổi sang thể phủ định ta cần thêm NOT vào sau động từ đổi sang thể nghi vấn ta đưa động từ đầu câu - He is not working hard this month - Is he working hard this month ? - He has not found his book - Have you seen her yet ? - She cannot swim - Should we go there ? (2) Độänäng từø thườønøng gồm có : * Độänäng từø cóù qui tắécéc (regular verb) : động từ thành lập khứ đơn (simple past) hay khứ phân từ (past paticiple) ta cần thêm –ED vào sau động từ - I opened the door this morning (simple past ) - I have opened the door (past participle) * Độänäng từø bấátát qui tắécéc (irregular verb) : động từ có hình thức khứ (xem cột bảng động từ bất qui tắc) khứ phân từ (xem cột 3) riêng to go went gone to write wrote written to run ran run to hit hit hit - He went to the cinema last night (simple past ) - He has gone out (past participle) Độänäng từø thườøng cóù chung đặëcëc điểåm đổi sang thể phủ định nghi vấn ta phải dùng động từ trợ “to do” Ta thêm NOT vào sau động từ trợ thể phủ định đưa động từ trợ đầu câu thể nghi vấn - He did not go to the pub last night - Did he go to the cinema last night ? - I not like tea - Do you enjoy classical music ? - She does not know the answer - Does he understand the lesson ? * Động từ “to do” vừa động từ thường vừa động từ trợ - He does his homework (động từ thường) - He does not understand the lesson (động từ trợ) B a ø i 1: CÁÙCH DÙØNG CÁÙC THÌ (THE USE OF TENSES) Thì biểu thị thời gian trạng thái hành động diễn đạt động từ Có 12 dạng chủ động động từ tiếng Anh Để hiểu hình thái thì, ta nghiên cứu cách chia động từ TO WORK bảng : Present Simple Continuous Perfect - I (You / We / They) work - He (She / It) works - I am working - He (She / It) is working - You (We / They) are working - I (He / She / It) was working - You (We / They) were working - I (We) shall be working - You (He / She / It / They) will be working - I (You / We / They) have worked - He (She / It) has worked Past - I (You / He / She / It / We / They) worked Future - I (We) shall work - You (He / She / it / They) will work * Perfect continuous - I (You / We / They) have been working - He ( She / It) has been working - I (You / He / She / - I (You / He / She / It / We / They) had It / We / They) had worked been working - I (We) shall have worked - You (He / She / it / They) will have worked - I (We) shall have been working - You (He / She / It / They) will have been working SO SÁÙNÙNH THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT VÀØ THÌ PRESENT CONTINUOUS Tiếng Anh có hai mà đa số em học sinh hay lẫn lộn cách sử dụng Đó đơn (Simple Present) tiếp diễn (Present Continuous) * Thì Simple Present dùng để hành động diễn thời gian nói chung, không thiết phải thời gian Thời gian nói chung thời gian mà việc diễn ngày (every day), tuần (every week), tháng (every month), năm (every year), mùa (every spring / summer / autumn / winter)… - He goes to school every day - Mrs Brown travels every summer * Thì Present Continuous dùng để hành động xảy (a current activity) hay việc làm (now/ at present/ at this moment), hôm (today), tuần (this week), năm (this year)… - We are learning English now - Mary is playing the piano at the moment Hãỹy so sánùnh : - I work in a bakery every day - I’m working in a bakery this week * CHÚ Ý : (1) + Thì Simple Present thường dùng với độänäng từø tri giáùcùc (verbs of perception) : feel, see, hear… độänäng từø trạïnïng tháùiùi : know, understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe… + Ngoài dùng Simple Present với động từ : be, appear, belong, have to… + Thì Simple Present dùng với trạïnïng từø tầànàn suấátát lậäpäp lậäpäp lạïiïi (adverbs of frequency) nhö : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, generally, rarely, never… - That child needs care - This book belongs to me - He never comes late + Chuùng ta dùng Simple Present để mộätät châân lýù hay mộät sựï thậät hiểånån nhiêânân (a general truth) - The sun rises in the east - Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom (2) Thì Present Continuous dùng để hàønh độänäng ởû mộät tương lai gầànàn (a near future action) thường với trạng từ tương lai : tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, next summer… Exercise I : Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or the present continuous tense 1/ I (have) coffee for breakfast every day 2/ My brother (work) 3/ The student (look) in a shoe store this summer up that new word now 4/ She (go) to school every day 5/ We (do) this exercise at the moment 6/ Miss Helen (read) 7/ It (rain) a newspaper now very much in the summer It (rain) 8/ Bad students never (work) hard 9/ He generally (sing) in Spanish in English, but today he (sing) 10/ We seldom (eat) before 6.30 11/ She sometimes (buy) vegetables at his market 12/ Be quiet The baby (sleep) 13/ We always (do) our exercises carefully 14/ Look A man (run) _ catch it 15/ It (be) 16/ John (travel) after the train He (want) to very cold now to England tomorrow 17/ I (need) some money for my textbooks 18/ Tom (like) to go to the museums 19/ Mary (love) now ice-cream 20/ My mother (cook) _ some food in the kitchen at present She always (cook) in the mornings 21/ I often (leave) the city at weekends 22/ The guests (watch) 23/ I (see) the TV programmes now you (wear) _ your best clothes 24/ The sun (set) in the west 25/ My friend (study) 26/ Listen I (hear) 27/ I (do) (think) someone knocking at the front door an exercise on the present tense at the moment and I that I (know) how to use it now 28/ Honesty (be) the best policy 29/ The earth (goes) 30/ Two and two (make) *2 English for an hour every night round the sun four SO SÁÙNÙNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VÀØ THÌ SIMPLE PAST * Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) dùng để khứ không rõ thời điểm liên lạc với * Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) dùng để khứ có thời điểm rõ rệt cắt đứt với + CHÚ Ý : (1) Thì Present Perfect thường với từ : up to now, up to the present, so far (cho tới nay), not … yet (vẫn chưa), for, since, ever (đã từng), never, several times (nhiều lần), just (vừa), recently (vừa mới), lately (mới đây) - Have you ever seen a tiger ? - The train has not arrived yet - We have lived here for years - The bell has just rung (2) * Thì Simple Past thường với tiếng thời gian khứ xác định : yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last summer, ago - We came here a month ago - He went to the cinema yesterday * Thì Simple Past dùng để chuỗi hành động xảy khứ - He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out Exercise II : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past tense 1/ We (never watch) 2/ We (wacth) that TV programme a good programme on TV last night 3/ He (read) _ that novel many times before 4/ He (read) _ that novel again during my last vacation 5/ I (have) a little trouble with my car last week 6/ However, I (have) no trouble with my car since then 7/ I (not see) weeks ago John for a long time I (see) 8/ The school bell (ring) 9/ I (meet) _ him We must go now Mary last night She (become) a very big girl 10/ He is very thirsty He (not drink) 11/ It is very hot Summer (come) 12/ They (study) _ since this morning at this school for years now 13/ They (begin) to study at this school years ago 14/ Since when (you know) 15/ How long ago (he start) 16/ She (lose) 17/ My mother (be) home yet 18/ His dog (just run) 19/ Mr Brown (travel) _ 20/ He (travel) her ? to learn French ? her handbag on the train yesterday morning in hospital for a long time and she cannot go out of the garden by air several times in the past to Mexico by air last summer Tuy nhiên, có vài tính từ mà theo sau chúng giới từ khác nghóa chúng khác nhau: - Swimming is good for health (Bơi lội có lợi cho sức khoẻ ) - Jack is good at Japanese (Jack giỏi tiếng Nhật) - Mary is very good with her hands (Mary khéo tay) - Mr Brown is good to all of us (ông Brown tử tế với tất chúng tôi) EXERCISE I : Put in the correct prepositions: at, on or in 1/ The course begins January and ends 2/ I went to bed 10 March midnight and got up 3/ Mozart was born 6.30 the next morning Salzburg 1756 4/ There are usually a lot of parties New Year’s Eve 5/ Mary and Henry always go out for a meal 6/ The price of electricity is going up 7/ I might not be at home afternoon ? their wedding anniversary October the morning Can you phone 8/ Tom doesn’t see his parents very often these days – usually only Christmas and sometimes the summer for a few days 9/ Tom’s grandfather died 1977 the age of 79 10/ I’m going out to some shopping I’ll be back 11/ The doorbell and the telephone rang the same time 12/ Do you fancy going to the cinema 13/ Hurry up We’ve got to go Friday night ? five minutes 14/ Are you doing anything special 15/ Carol got married the weekend ? 17, which is rather young to get married EXERCISE II : Complete these sentences with in, at or on 1/ Turn left half an hour the traffic lights the 2/ You’ll find the cups the top shelf 3/ It can be dangerous when children play football 4/ We got stuck in a traffic jam the street the way to the airport 5/ Ann’s brother lives England 6/ Paris is a small village the river Seine 7/ Do you take sugar your coffee ? 8/ Mr Brown’s office is the third door your left the first floor When you come out of the lift, it’s 9/ Look at those beautiful horses 10/ I’ll meet you that field the corner of the street 11/ I can’t find Tom 10 o’clock this photogragh Is he 12/ You’ll find the sports results 13/ I didn’t see you the party 14/ Tom’s bed the south coast of ill He wasn’t it ? the back page of the newspaper Saturday Where were you ? work today He was 15/ I haven’t seen Ken for some time I last saw him 16/ Paul is a student 17/ The exhibition afternoon Dave’s wedding London University the art gallery finished 18/ What time did you arrive 19/ When we arrived home Saturday London ? London Station, there was a long queue outside 20/ He speaks quite good French He studied Paris for a year EXERCISE III: Supply the correct prepositions 1/ It’s very nice you to let me use your car Thank you very much 2/ Why are you always so rude them ? 3/ It wasn’t polite your parents ? Can’t you be nice him to leave without saying thank you 4/ I don’t understand people who are cruel 5/ Why you always get so annoyed 6/ The people next door are annoyed noise last night animals little things ? us making so much 7/ We enjoyed our holiday but we were rather disappointed 8/ I was surprised the hotel the way he behaved It was quite out of character 9/ She doesn’t often go out at night She’s afraid the dark 10/ I’ve been trying to learn Spanish but I’m not satisfied my progress 11/ Jill starts her new job on Monday She’s quite excited it 12/ I was shocked yourself what you said You should be ashamed 13/ Did you know that Linda is engaged a friend of mine ? 14/ I had never seen so many people before I was astonished the crowds 15/ Bill has been doing the same job for too long He’s bored it 16/ These days everybody is aware 17/ Are you still upset the dangers of smoking what I said to you yesterday ? 18/ She’s quite nice but I wouldn’t like to be married 19/ I’m hopeless 20/ I’m not very good her repairing things tennis 21/ I’d rather not go to an Indian restaurant I’m not very keen food Indian 22/ I’m sorry the smell in this room It’s just been painted 23/ The police are responsible maintaining law and order 24/ Ann is very fond her younger brother 25/ Britain certainly isn’t famous its food 26/ This place is always very lively at night It’s usually crowded 27/ That man’s very honest He isn’t capable 28/ Our house is similar people telling a lie theirs – I think ours is a bit larger 29/ I felt sorry the children when we went on holiday.It rained very hard and we had to spend most of the time indoors 30/ Bill and I come from the same town but my accent is different EXERCISE IV : Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions : Mr Smith is very kind He is different us his wife We are pleased the result of our work We are confident the success Most people are afraid snakes Our country is rich natural resources Hue city is famous its historical vestiges My mother is always busy Dirty air is harmful 10 We are proud her housework our health our people’s heroic tradition 11 The teacher’s advice is profitable 12 The streets are crowded the students vehicles at the rush hour his 13 The climate of our city is favourable agriculture 14 The air at the seaside is good 15 My friend is good health maths and physics 16 John is skilful dancing 17 This opportunity is lucky us 18 I’m not accquainted those fellows 19 Mr Smith is not accustomed hot weather 20 Your words are contrary your acts 21 My home is far 22 He is sad school his son’s laziness 23 Many young people want to be independent 24 We are grateful our teacher 25 I’m interested current events 26 Your profession is similar mine 27 This chemical is dangerous 28 This work is not suitable humans him 29 Her voice sounds familiar 30 This student is eager 31 My house is next 32 This man is greedy 33 I was absent 34 Children are fond 35 The beach is full their parents me study the post office fame class yesterday candies tourists in summer 100 36 We are present the lecture yesterday 37 We must hurry, otherwise we should be late 38 Air is necessary 39 He is friendly school life everybody 40 This sweater will keep your safe the cold 101 Ba ø i ø i : CÁÙCÙCH BIẾÁNÁN ĐỔÅIÅI CÂÂU (TRANSFORMATION) Cách biến đổi câu cách ta viết lại câu theo cấu trúc (thường cho trước) mà không thay đổi nghóa câu ban đầu * Ví dụ : Hãy viết lại câu sau : - He didn’t go to school yesterday because he was ill Because of…… Theo ví dụtrên, ta viết lại câu “Because of…” , cónghóa làta biến mệnh đề“ he was ill” thành cụm từ, sau “because of” ta phải dùng cụm từ Như vậy, câu viết lại : 102 Hoặc Hoặc Because of his illness, he didn’t go to school yesterday Because of being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday Because of his being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday * Ví dụ : Hãy viết lại câu sau : - They built that house a century ago That house…… Theo ví dụ trên, câu viết lại bắt đầu “That house” – túc từ – có nghóa ta viết lại câu dạng bị động (passive voice) Như vậy, câu viết lại sau : That house was built a century ago * Ví dụ : Hãy viết lại câu sau : - He didn’t go out because he didn’t have time If…… Theo ví dụ trên, câu viết lại bắt đầu “If”, có nghóa ta viết lại câu thành câu điều kiện thật khứ (loại 3) động từ khứ Câu viết lại sau : If he had had time, he would have gone out * Ví dụ : Hãy viết lại câu sau : - The last time I saw her was five years ago I haven’t………… Theo ví dụ trên, câu viết lại hoàn thành câu bắt đầu “I haven’t……” I haven’t seen her for five years (ago khoâng dùng hoàn thành, nên ta dùng for để thay thế.) * Ví dụ : Hãy viết lại câu sau : - His house is bigger than mine My house isn’t……… Theo ví dụ trên, câu viết lại chuyển thành dạng so sánh thể phủ định My house isn’t as big as his Hay My house isn’t so big as his (house) EXERCISE I: Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meanings: 1/ His father is taller than his mother - His mother is not 2/ Tom didn’t come to the party Ann didn’t come to the party, either - Neither Tom 3/ Although the traffic was bad, I arrived on time - In spite of 4/ If you have a car, you are able to travel around more easily - Having a car enables 5/ The sudden noise caused me to jump - The sudden noise made 6/ My father said I could use his car - My father allowed 7/ She wouldn’t allow me to read the letter - She wouldn’t let 8/ Tom is ill He became ill three days ago - Tom has 9/ I can’t give up smoking, but I’d like to - I wish 10/ She often writes to him and he often writes to her - They 11/ If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late - Unless 12/ Jane is a better cook than Mary - Mary can’t 13/ Jack is too young to get married - Jack is not 14/ I don’t really want to go to the museum - I’d rather 15/ Despite taking a taxi, Bill arrived late for the concert - Although 16/ She made herself ill because she worked very hard - She worked so 17/ The book was so good that I couldn’t put it down - It was such 18/ Nobody can solve this problem - This problem 19/ The man injured in the accident was taken to the hospital - The man who 20/ That girl is very beautiful - What 21/ Bill is not old enough to drive a car - Bill is too 22/ His house is not as comfortable as hers - Her house is 23/ It is said that he is 108 years old - He is said 24/ Tom said : “I’m feeling ill.” - Tom said that 25/ I got all the information I need from Tom - Tom provided 26/ Ann said to Bill : “Don’t forget to have your appoinment with Mr.Brown.” - Ann reminded 27/ They don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak clearly - If 28/ She didn’t buy the coat because she didn’t have enough money - If 29/ She was very stupid when she went out in the rain - It was 30/ I am always nervous when I travel by air - Travelling by air 31/ The last time I saw her was in 1985 - I haven’t 32/ That meal was excellent - How 33/ That factory is producing more and more pollution - More and more pollution 34/ We must leave now or we’ll miss the train - If 35/ She is a faster and more careless driver than I am - She drives 36/ How old you think this building is ? - When you think 37/ He is sorry now that he didn’t invite Jane to his party - He wishes 38/ This furniture is so old that it is not worth keeping - This is 39/ We spent five hours getting to London - It 40/ When I arrived in London, I wrote a letter home - On 41/ I hope to see you at Christmas - I’m looking forward 42/ I’ve never seen such a mess in my life - Never in my life 43/ Don’t try to escape It’s no use - It’s no use 44/ It won’t be difficult to get a ticket for the concert - You won’t have any 45/ Whose is this handbag ? - Who EXERCISE II : Rewrite these sentences as directed : The number of discontented young men is increasing considerably The reason for situation is that they haven’t been given vocational guidance at home or in the school (Combine these two sentences, using “The reason why ”) He doesn’t speak much English Only words (Use an adjective of quantity) Adolescents haven’t been give vocational guidance at home or in the school (change to the Active voice) Most school leavers are badly prepared for employment They know very little about their future work (Use “so that” to combine them) Seldom did people travel far from home years ago (Use the ordinary word order) My brother is a factory worker He talked with you yesterday (Combine into one sentence) That scientific discovery was so important that it has affected every man’s way of life ever since (Use “such” instead of “so”) She asked him, “Do you like your job ?” (Write in the Reported speech) The students have suggested that they should be given more employment guidance (Use Gerund as Object) 10 He was given a gift So were you (Join into one sentence, using “as well as”) 11 My sister has already got married So has my brother (Join into one sentence, using “both and”) 12 I don’t have any interesting book I can’t lend you any (Reduce into one sentence, using an infinitive instead of a clause) 13 They desire to have good jobs (Use a noun instead of verb “desire”) 14 What you (do) if you had attended the meeting ? (Supply the correct verb form) 15 Mr Nam is an experienced doctor He saved my brother from death (Combine into one sentence, using Relative pronoun) EXERCISE III: Rewrite these sentences as directed : Because of his love for teaching, David would continue his teaching career (Use “because” instead of “because of”) Upon completion of his apprenticeship at the construction company, he worked for a small garage to get more experience (Use an Adverb clause instead of a prepositional phrase) Only when they have chosen a right career can they devote themselves to their jobs (Use the ordinary order) He was given a chance to stay on at this garage for six more months to see how he got on (Change to the Active voice) It always requires of man best efforts to overcome every difficulty in life (Use a gerund as Subject) This maths problem is too difficult He can’t solve it (Reduce into one sentence, using an infinitive instead of a clause) She hasn’t done her homework I haven’t done my homework (Join into one sentence, using “Neither nor”) She has little knowledge of English Grammar (Transform the sentence using a verb instead of the knowledge) Do you want to play football ? (Use “enjoy” instead of “want”) 10 She worked hard so she got high wages (Make a conditional sentence contrary to this fact) 11 It doesn’t rain enough The plants don’t grow properly (Combine into one sentence, using “enough to”) 12 “How long will it take us to go to My Tho by car ?” I don’t know it (Combine into one sentence, using an indirect question) 13 She said she didn’t mind rode her bicycle to school (Use a gerund as Object of he verb) 14 Some people think that it would be hard work to conserve natural resources (Use a gerund as Subject) 15 He paid little attention to his teacher’s explanation (Make a question of quantity) ... Thì biểu thị thời gian trạng thái hành động diễn đạt động từ Có 12 dạng chủ động động từ tiếng Anh Để hiểu hình thái thì, ta nghiên cứu cách chia động từ TO WORK bảng : Present Simple Continuous... It / They) will have been working SO SÁÙNÙNH THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT VÀØ THÌ PRESENT CONTINUOUS Tiếng Anh có hai mà đa số em học sinh hay lẫn lộn cách sử dụng Đó đơn (Simple Present) tiếp diễn (Present... Chúng ta đặt mệnh đề đầu câu : - He will succeed in his examination if he works harder Trong tiếng Anh có loại câu điều kiện : * Type I : ĐIỀU KIỆNÄN CÓ THỂ XẢỶY RA ĐƯCÏC (probable condition) 1/