The gale encyclopedia of arts and humanities through the ErasIII

A RT S & H U M A N I T I E S T h r o u g h t h e Era s A RT S & H U M A N I T I E S \ T h r o u g h t h e Era s Medieval Europe 814–1450 Kristen Mossler Figg and John Block Friedman, Editors Arts and Humanities Through The Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) Kristen Mossler Figg and John Block Friedman Project Editor Rebecca Parks Indexing Services Barbara Koch Product Design Michelle DiMercurio Editorial Danielle Behr, Pamela A Dear, Rachel J Kain, Ralph G Zerbonia Imaging and Multimedia Randy Bassett, Mary K Grimes, Lezlie Light, Mike Logusz, Kelly A Quin Composition and Electronic Prepress Evi Seoud Editorial Support Services Mark Springer Rights and Acquisitions Margaret Chamberlain, Shalice Shah-Caldwell © 2005 Thomson Gale, a part of the Thomson Corporation This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws The authors and editors of this work have added 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Gale 27500 Drake Rd Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext 8006 Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 Manufacturing Wendy Blurton Cover photographs by permission of Corbis (seated statue of Pharaoh Djoser) and AP/Wide World Photos (“The Creation of Adam and Eve” detail by Orvieto) Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgements constitute an extension of the copyright notice While every effort has been made to secure permission to reprint material and to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Thomson Gale neither guarantees the accuracy of the data contained herein nor assumes responsibility for errors, omissions, or discrepancies Thomson Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Arts and humanities through the eras p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7876-5695-X (set hardcover : alk paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5696-8 (Renaissance Europe : alk paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5697-6 (Age of Baroque : alk paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5698-4 (Ancient Egypt : alk paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5699-2 (Ancient Greece : alk paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5700-X (Medieval Europe : alk paper) Arts—History Civilization—History NX440.A787 2004 700’.9—dc22 2004010243 This title is also available as an e-book ISBN 0-7876-9384-7 (set) Contact your Thomson Gale sales representative for ordering information Printed in the United States of America 10 \ CONTENTS A B O U T T H E B O O K ix C O N T R I B U T O R S xi E R A O V E R V I E W xv CHRONOLOGY OF W O R L D E V E N T S xix Jean Deschamps Suger William of Sens Henry Yevele 57 58 58 59 D OCUMENTARY S OURCES 59 CHAPTER 2: DANCE CHAPTER 1: ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN I MPORTANT E VENTS 62 I MPORTANT E VENTS T OPICS IN D ANCE Dancing in Medieval Life 65 Sacred and Symbolic Dance 67 Conventional Dance Formations and Steps 70 Popular Dances 73 Additional Dance Types 79 Choreographed Dancing 81 Dancing Masters 81 The Basse Danse and the Bassadanza 84 The Ballo 86 O VERVIEW T OPICS IN A RCHITECTURE AND D ESIGN The Influence of the Carolingians Ottonian and Norman Architecture 13 Geometry and Planning 19 Construction Techniques 22 Monastic Architecture 27 Pilgrimage Architecture 34 A New Vision: Saint-Denis and French Church Architecture in the Twelfth Century 37 Immediate Impact: Notre-Dame and Chartres 39 The Gothic in England 41 The Illuminated Church and the Rayonnant Style 45 The Architecture of Security and Power 49 The Architecture of Daily Life 54 S IGNIFICANT P E O P L E Bernard of Clairvaux 57 O VERVIEW 64 S IGNIFICANT P E O P L E Antonio Cornazano Domenico da Piacenza Guglielmo Ebreo Raimbaut de Vaqueiras Ippolita Maria Sforza 88 88 89 89 90 D OCUMENTARY S OURCES 90 CHAPTER 3: FASHION I MPORTANT E VENTS 94 O VERVIEW 96 v Contents T OPICS IN F ASHION Fashion and Cultural Change 98 Peasant Costume 101 Academic, Clerical, and Religious Dress 105 Armor and Heraldry 109 The Rise of Courtly Costume 111 Early Aristocratic Dress for Women 114 Intercultural Influences and Regional Distinctions 116 The New Silhouette for Aristocratic Men 121 A New Look for Women 125 The Spread of the Age of Fashion 128 Dress Codes and Anti-Fashion 130 Guilds and Confraternities 134 S IGNIFICANT P E O P L E Thomas Conecte Eleanor of Aquitaine Francis of Assisi Philip the Bold Richard II 137 139 139 140 140 D OCUMENTARY S OURCES 141 CHAPTER 4: LITERATURE I MPORTANT E VENTS 144 O VERVIEW 147 T OPICS IN L ITERATURE Identity and Authority Heroic Narrative Heroic Literature in Medieval Scandinavia The Heroic Narrative in France The Heroic Narrative in Spain Origins, Definitions, and Categories of Romance Courtly Love Arthurian Romance Translatio Studii: Sources for Romance The Non-Narrative Lyric Impulse Medieval Allegory and Philosophical Texts Dante Alighieri The Medieval Dream Vision William Langland and Piers Plowman The Medieval Story Collection The Canterbury Tales Christine de Pizan S IGNIFICANT P E O P L E Giovanni Boccaccio Geoffrey Chaucer Chrétien de Troyes Dante Alighieri Marie de France 149 153 155 158 161 163 166 169 173 177 183 186 189 192 195 199 201 204 205 205 206 207 D OCUMENTARY S OURCES 208 vi CHAPTER 5: MUSIC I MPORTANT E VENTS O VERVIEW T OPICS IN M USIC Musical Performance Music in Private and Public Musical Instruments Plainsong and the Monophonic Tradition Additions to the Sacred Repertory The Monophonic Secular Tradition Religious Music of the Layman The Earliest Polyphonic Music Motets and Canons Polyphonic Secular Music and National Styles Dufay and the Late Medieval Ceremonial Motet Guillaume de Machaut’s Messe de Nostre Dame The Cyclic Mass Tradition: Missa Caput Missa Se la face ay pale The Mechanics of Music: Scales and Treatises Systems of Notation S IGNIFICANT P E O P L E Adam de la Halle Bernart de Ventadorn Guillaume Dufay Guido of Arezzo Hildegard of Bingen Francesco Landini Guillaume de Machaut Notker Balbulus Pietrobono de Burzellis Philippe de Vitry Walther von der Vogelweide D OCUMENTARY S OURCES 212 214 215 218 219 223 226 228 232 234 235 238 242 243 244 245 245 249 251 251 251 252 252 252 253 253 254 254 254 255 CHAPTER 6: PHILOSOPHY I MPORTANT E VENTS 257 O VERVIEW 260 T OPICS IN P HILOSOPHY The Foundations: Augustine and Boethius 261 Rationalism in The Age of Charlemagne 264 Anselm of Canterbury 265 The Problem Of Universals 266 The Schools of the Twelfth Century 268 Philosophy Among the Muslims and the Jews 270 The Universities, Textbooks, and the Flowering of Scholasticism 275 Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) Contents The Rediscovery Of Aristotle Oxford Philosophy Latin Averroism Thomism The Conservative Reaction and The Condemnation of 1277 The Scotist Way The Modern Way and the Triumph of Nominalism The Retreat From Reason: Mysticism S IGNIFICANT P E O P L E Averroës Roger Bacon Moses Maimonides Thomas Aquinas William of Ockham 275 276 278 279 281 283 284 286 Famine, the Black Death, and the Afterlife 366 Mysticism and Modern Devotion 368 S IGNIFICANT P E O P L E Thomas Becket Gregory VII Innocent III Mechthild of Magdeburg Marie d’Oignies 371 372 373 374 374 D OCUMENTARY S OURCES 375 CHAPTER 8: THEATER 288 289 290 291 292 D OCUMENTARY S OURCES 293 CHAPTER 7: RELIGION I MPORTANT E VENTS 297 O VERVIEW 300 T OPICS IN R E L I G I O N Early Latin Christianity in Northern Europe Religion in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe The Spread of Islam and its Relationship to Medieval Europe Medieval Judaism Early Medieval Christianity in the East Medieval Liturgy Cluny and the Monastic Reforms of the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries Relics, Pilgrimages, and the Peace of God Growing Church Power and Secular Tensions The Crusades The Military Orders Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century Monastic Movements Women Religious Medieval Education and the Role of the Church Secular Clergy: Reform and Reaction Medieval Heresy Friars The Laity and Popular Beliefs Children and Medieval Christianity Papacy and Politics in the Late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries From Schism to Reform 302 309 311 314 318 321 324 326 328 331 335 337 340 342 345 348 351 356 359 360 363 I MPORTANT E VENTS 378 O VERVIEW 381 T OPICS IN T HEATER The Legacy of Rome The Renaissance of Charlemagne The Development of Liturgical Drama Serious Comedy The Popular Bible Plays on the Cutting Edge Professional Performers Community Theaters The Afterlife of Medieval Theater 383 387 389 393 396 399 404 408 412 S IGNIFICANT P E O P L E Geoffrey de Gorron 414 Arnoul Gréban 415 Hildegard of Bingen 416 D OCUMENTARY S OURCES 417 CHAPTER 9: VISUAL ARTS I MPORTANT E VENTS 420 O VERVIEW 422 T OPICS IN V ISUAL A RTS The Carolingian Restoration of Roman Culture England and the Vikings Spanish Culture and the Muslims Revival of Empire in Germany The Cult of Saints and The Rise of Pilgrimage Romanesque Art: An International Phenomenon Art at the Cultural Frontier in the Twelfth Century Political Life and the New State Intellectual Influences on Art in the Later Middle Ages Art and the Knowledge of Distant Lands Social Life and the Individual Spiritual Life and Devotion Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) 424 428 430 432 434 437 441 445 450 453 455 461 vii Contents Images of Death 464 S IGNIFICANT P E O P L E Robert Campin Jean, Duke of Berry The Limbourg Brothers Louis IX Simone Martini 466 467 467 468 469 D OCUMENTARY S OURCES 469 viii G L O S S A R Y 471 F U R T H E R R E F E R E N C E S 489 M E D I A A N D O N L I N E S O U R C E S 499 A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S 505 I N D E X 507 Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) \ ABOUT THE BOOK SEEING HISTORY FROM A DIFFERENT ANGLE An education in history involves more than facts concerning the rise and fall of kings, the conquest of lands, and the major battles fought between nations While these events are pivotal to the study of any time period, the cultural aspects are of equal value in understanding the development of societies Various forms of literature, the philosophical ideas developed, and even the type of clothes worn in a particular era provide important clues about the values of a society, and when these arts and humanities are studied in conjunction with political and historical events a more complete picture of that society is revealed This inter-disciplinary approach to studying history is at the heart of the Arts and Humanities Through the Eras project Patterned in its organization after the successful American Decades, American Eras, and World Eras products, this reference work aims to expose the reader to an in-depth perspective on a particular era in history through the study of nine different arts and humanities topics: • Architecture and Design • Dance • Fashion • Literature • Music • Philosophy • Religion • Theater • Visual Arts Although treated in separate chapters, the connections between these topics are highlighted both in the text and through the use of “See Also” references to give the reader a broad perspective on the culture of the time period Readers can learn about the impact of religion on literature; explore the close relationships between dance, music, and theater; and see parallel movements in architecture and visual arts The development of each of these fields is discussed within the context of important historical events so that the reader can see history from a different angle This angle is unique to this reference work Most history books about a particular time period only give a passing glance to the arts and humanities in an effort to give the broadest historical treatment possible Those reference books that cover the arts and humanities tend to cover only one of them, generally across multiple time periods, making it difficult to draw connections between disciplines and limiting the perspective of the discipline’s impact on a specific era In Arts and Humanities Through the Eras each of the nine disciplines is given substantial treatment in individual chapters, and the focus on one era ensures that the analysis will be thorough AUDIENCE AND ORGANIZATION Arts and Humanities Through the Eras is designed to meet the needs of both the beginning and the advanced history student The material is written by subject experts and covers a vast array of concepts and masterworks, yet these concepts are built “from the ground up” so that a reader with little or no background in history can follow them Technical terms and other definitions appear both in the ix About the Book text and in the glossary, and the background of historical events is also provided The organization of the volume facilitates learning at all levels by presenting information in a variety of ways Each chapter is organized according to the following structure: • Chronology covering the important events in that discipline during that era • Brief overview of the development of that discipline at the time • Topics that highlight the movements, schools of thought, and masterworks that characterize the discipline during that era • Biographies of significant people in that discipline • Documentary sources contemporary to the time period This structure facilitates comparative analysis, both between disciplines and also between volumes of Arts and Humanities Through the Eras, each of which covers a different era In addition, readers can access additional research opportunities by looking at the “Further References” and “Media and Online Sources” that appear at the back of the volume While every effort was made to include only those online sources that are connected to institutions such as museums and universities, the web- x sites are subject to change and may become obsolete in the future PRIMARY DOCUMENTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS In an effort to provide the most in-depth perspective possible, Arts and Humanities Through the Eras also includes numerous primary documents from the time period, offering a first-hand account of the culture from the people who lived in it Letters, poems, essays, epitaphs, and songs are just some of the multitude of document types included in this volume, all of which illuminate some aspect of the discipline being discussed The text is further enhanced by 150 illustrations, maps, and line drawings that bring a visual dimension to the learning experience CONTACT INFORMATION The editors welcome your comments and suggestions for enhancing and improving Arts and Humanities Through the Eras Please mail comments or suggestions to: The Editor Arts and Humanities Through the Eras Thomson Gale 27500 Drake Rd Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Phone: (800) 347-4253 Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) \ CONTRIBUTORS Michael A Batterman received his Ph.D in art history from Northwestern University in 2000 He has spent the last three years on the faculty of the School of Art and Design at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, and currently resides in Paris His research has explored the artistic culture of Jewish communities in later medieval Christian Spain and the visual expression of cultural difference Publications have also dealt with the modern historiography of medieval Jewish artistic production Michael T Davis received the Ph.D in the history of art from the University of Michigan in 1979, and taught at Texas Christian University, East Carolina University, and Princeton University before joining the faculty of Mount Holyoke College in 1982 He has also taught at the University of Michigan and Smith College A collaborative research fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities funded a study of the methods of church plan design in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (with Professor Linda Neagley of Rice University) Davis has published studies of Clermont Cathedral and Limoges Cathedral, the papal church of Saint-Urbain in Troyes, the Cathedral of Notre-Dame and the royal palace in Paris His current research is focused on the architecture of late medieval Paris, and he is preparing a book centering on an early fifteenthcentury description of the city Tim J Davis has spent the past ten years teaching religion, philosophy, and the humanities in the Columbus, Ohio, area He holds a full-time position at Columbus State as well as part-time appointments at The Ohio State University and Otterbein College Tim has earned a Ph.D in the study of religion, a Master of Arts in medieval church history, as well as the Master of Divinity His published books include St Bernard of Clairvaux: A Monastic View of Medieval Violence (McGraw-Hill, 1998), Readings from the Christian Tradition, compiled and edited with commentary (Campus Custom Publishing, 2000), and the forthcoming History of the Abbey of the Genesee He has also written various articles on medieval Cistercian monasticism and is currently in the midst of a long-term project involving the assembly and publication of historical information on the Roman Catholic diocese of Youngstown Véronique P Day received her Ph.D in art history from Northwestern University in 1993 She has taught at the University of Iowa, Rhodes College in Memphis, St Louis Community College, George Mason University, and Southern Illinois University, Carbondale She is now an independent scholar living in Paris Her research focuses on the social context of manuscript production in provincial France during the later Middle Ages Her publications have dealt with the production and careers of particular illuminators from Poitiers, such as the Master of Yvon du Fou, Jehan Gillemer, and the Master of Walters 222 Kristen Mossler Figg, Editor, received the Ph.D in English at Kent State University in 1989 after completing a Bachelor of Arts in humanities and Master of Arts degrees in both French and English She is professor of English at Kent State University, Salem Campus, where she directs the Honors program and teaches literature, history of the English language, and composition Her books include Jean Froissart: An Anthology of Narrative and Lyric Poetry (New York: Routledge, 2001); Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia (with John B Friedman, Routledge, 2000); and The xi Further References R McKitterick, The Carolingians and the Written Word (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989) J Bony, The English Decorated Style: Gothic Architecture Transformed (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1979) —, The Frankish Church and the Carolingian Reforms (London: Royal Historical Society, 1977) —, French Gothic Architecture of the 12th and 13th Centuries (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1983) W Naphy and A Spicer, The Black Death: A History of Plagues 1348–1730 (Charleston, S.C.: Tempus, 2001) K Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, 800–1200 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1993) A Neuman, The Jews in Spain: Their Social, Political and Cultural Life During the Middle Ages vols (New York: Octagon, 1969) C Coulson, Castles in Medieval Society: Fortresses in England, France, and Ireland in the Central Middle Ages (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003) T Noble, The Republic of St Peter: Birth of the Papal State (Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984) P Cowen, Rose Windows (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1990) E Peters, Monks, Bishops and Pagans: Christian Culture in Gaul and Italy, 500–700 (Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1975) J Crook, The Architectural Setting of the Cult of Saints in the Early Christian West c 300–c 1200 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) B Rosenwein, A Short History of the Middle Ages (Peterborough, Ontario; Orchard Park, N.Y.: Broadview Press, 2002) A Erlande-Brandenburg, Cathedral and Castles: Building in the Middle Ages (New York: Abrams, 1995) E Fernie, The Architecture of Norman England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002) N Saul, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) J Saunders, A History of Medieval Islam (London: Routledge, 1978) J Fitchen, The Construction of Gothic Cathedrals (Oxford: Clarendon, 1961) J Fleming, Gille of Limerick (c 1070–1145): Architect of a Medieval Church (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001) P Sawyer, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997) P Frankl, Gothic Architecture (Baltimore, Md.: Penguin, 1962) J Strayer, ed., Dictionary of the Middle Ages (New York: Scribner’s, 1984) B Tierney, The Crisis of Church and State (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988) J Gimpel, The Cathedral Builders Trans Teresa Waugh (New York: Harper Collins, 1983) B Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous Fourteenth Century (New York: Ballantine, 1978) L Grodecki and C Brisac, Gothic Stained Glass 1200–1300 Trans B Drake-Boehm (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985) David Wagner, ed., The Seven Liberal Arts in the Middle Ages (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1983) J Harvey, The Medieval Architects (New York: St Martin’s, 1972) J Wallace-Hadrill, The Frankish Church (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983) D Heald and T Kinder, Architecture of Silence: Cistercian Abbeys of France (New York: Abrams, 2000) D Webb, Medieval European Pilgrimage, c 700–c 1500 (New York: Palgrave, 2002) L Hervé, Architecture of Truth: The Cistercian Abbey of Le Thoronet (London and New York: Phaidon, 2001) A RCHITECTURE N Hiscock, The Wise Master Builder: Platonic Geometry in Plans of Medieval Abbeys and Cathedrals (Aldershot, England; Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate, 2000) E Armi, Design and Construction of Romanesque Architecture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004) M Hislop, Medieval Masons (Princes Risborough, England: Shire, 2000) 490 Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) Further References H Kennedy, Crusader Castles (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001) J-D Lepage, Castles and Fortified Cities of Medieval Europe: An Illustrated History (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2002) V Mouilleron-Rouchon, Vézelay: The Great Romanesque Church (New York: Abrams, 1999) S Murray, Building Troyes Cathedral (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1987) E Norman, The House of God: Church Architecture, Style, and History (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1990) S Sadie and J Tyrell, eds., The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 2nd ed 29 vols (New York: Grove’s Dictionaries, 2001) F ASHION F Baldwin, Sumptuary Legislation and Personal Regulation in England (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1926) M Barber, The New Knighthood (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) N Nussbaum, German Gothic Architecture (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000) W Bonds, “Genoese Noblewomen and Gold Thread Manufacturing,” Mediaevalia et Humanistica 17 (1966): 79–81 A Prache, The Cathedrals of Europe (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2000) F Boucher, 20,000 Years of Fashion: The History of Costume and Personal Adornment (New York: Abrams, 1987) A Quiney, Town Houses of Medieval Britain (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003) J Bradbury, The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare (New York: Routledge, 2004) J Schofield, Medieval London Houses (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995) G Brault, Early Blazon: Heraldic Terminology in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries with Special Reference to Arthurian Literature (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972) R Stalley, Early Medieval Architecture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) O von Simpson, The Gothic Cathedral (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988) J White, Art and Architecture in Italy 1250–1400 (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1987) N Wu, ed., Ad Quadratum: The Practical Application of Geometry to Medieval Architecture (Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2002) D ANCE I Brainard, The Art of Courtly Dancing in the Early Renaissance (West Newton, Mass.: Brainard, 1981) E J Burns, Courtly Love Undressed: Reading Through Clothes in Medieval Culture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002) K Clark, The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form (New York: Doubleday, 1956) C Cunnington and C Beard, A Dictionary of English Costume (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1960) C Cunnington and P Cunnington, The History of Underclothes (London: Michael Joseph, 1951) G Egan and F Pritchard, Dress Accessories 1150–1450 (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell, 2002) A Hunt, Governance of the Consuming Passions: A History of Sumptuary Law (New York: St Martins, 1996) S Cohen, ed., The International Encyclopedia of Dance vols (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998) D Jacoby, “Silk in Italy,” in Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia Ed C Kleinhenz (New York: Routledge, 2004): 1046–1048 T McGee, Medieval Instrumental Dances (Bloomington, Ind.: University of Indiana Press, 1989) D Jenkins, ed., The Cambridge History of Western Textiles (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) W Prevenier and W Blockmans, The Burgundian Netherlands (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) M Jones, The Secret Middle Ages (Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton, 2002) C Sachs, World History of the Dance (New York: W W Norton, 1963) C Killerby, Sumptuary Law in Italy, 1200–1500 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002) Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) 491 Further References D Koslin and J Snyder, eds., Encountering Medieval Textiles and Dress (New York: Palgrave, 2002) P Brown, ed., A Companion to Chaucer (Oxford: Blackwells, 2002) G Lipovetsky, The Empire of Fashion: Dressing Modern Democracy Trans Catherine Porter (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994) J Carney, Studies in Irish Literature and History (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1979) P Martin, Arms and Armor from the 8th to the 17th Century (Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1968) J Mayo, A History of Ecclesiastical Dress (London: Batsford, 1984) C Chism, Alliterative Revivals (Philadelphia, Pa.: Pennsylvania University Press, 2002) R Correale, ed., Sources and Analogues of the Canterbury Tales (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Brewer, 2003) J Crosland, The Old French Epic (New York: Haskell House, 1971) D Nicolle, Arms and Armor of the Crusading Era, 1050–1350 vols (White Plains, N.Y.: Kraus, 1988) M Lida de Malkiel, Two Spanish Masterpieces: The Book of Good Love and the Celestina (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1961) —, Companion to Medieval Arms and Armour (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell, 2002) A Oakes and M Hill, Rural Costume; Its Origins and Development in Western Europe and the British Isles (London: Batsford, 1970) G Owen-Crocker, Dress in Anglo-Saxon England (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell and Brewer, 2004) P Dronke, Women Writers of the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984) J Duggan, The Romances of Chrétien de Troyes (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001) K Figg, ed., Jean Froissart: An Anthology of Narrative and Lyric Poetry (New York and London: Routledge, 2001) F Piponnier and P Mane, Dress in the Middle Ages (New Haven, Conn.: London: Yale University Press, 1997) R Flower, The Irish Tradition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978) A Racinet, Illustrated History of European Costume Ed and trans P Vance (London: Collins & Brown, 2000) B Fowler, ed., Medieval Irish Lyrics (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2000) M Scott, A Visual History of Costume: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries (London: Batsford, 1986) W Gerritsen and A Van Melle, A Dictionary of Medieval Heroes (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell, 2000) S Slater, Complete Book of Heraldry (New York: Hermes House, 2003) M Gibbs and S Johnson, Medieval German Literature: A Companion (New York: Garland, 1997) M Warner, Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1981) D Green, The Beginnings of Medieval Romance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) J Grimbert, ed., Tristan and Isolde: A Casebook (New York: Routledge, 2002) L ITERATURE P Acker and C Larrington, eds., The Poetic Edda; Essays on Norse Mythology (New York: Routledge, 2002) A Gunn, The Mirror of Love: A Reinterpretation of the “Romance of the Rose” (Lubbock, Tex.: Texas Tech Press, 1952) P Baker, ed., The Beowulf Reader (New York: Garland, 2001) P Hardman, ed., The Matter of Identity in Medieval Romance (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Brewer, 2002) R Barber, Legends of Arthur (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Brewer, 2003) L Hawood and L Vasvari, eds., A Companion to the “Libro de Buon amor” (London: Tamesis, 2004) M Bowden, A Reader’s Guide to Geoffrey Chaucer (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2001) U Holmes, A History of Old French Literature from the Origins to 1300 (New York: Russell and Russell, 1962) D Brewer, The World of Chaucer (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Brewer, 2000) K Jackson, Studies in Early Celtic Nature Poetry (Felinfach, Ireland: Llanerch, 1995) 492 Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) Further References E Kennedy, ed., King Arthur: A Casebook (New York: Routledge, 2002) E Knott and G Murphy, Early Irish Literature (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1966) R Krueger, The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Romance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) C S Lewis, The Allegory of Love: A Study of Medieval Tradition (London: Oxford University Press, 1973) E Macdonald, Juan Ruiz; The Book of Good Love (London; Rutland, Vt.: Dent and Tuttle, 1999) C Marshall, William Langland: Piers Plowman (Tavistock, Devon: Northcote, 2001) B Murdoch, ed., German Literature of the Early Middle Ages (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell and Brewer, 2004) R O’Connor, Icelandic Histories and Romances (London: Tempus, 2002) A Orchard, A Critical Companion to Beowulf (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell and Brewer, 2004) P Pulsiano and E Treharne, eds., A Companion to AngloSaxon Literature (Oxford: Blackwells, 2001) P Rickard, Britain in Medieval French Literature 1100–1500 (New York: Kraus, 1968) E Simon, Neidhart von Reuental (Boston: Twayne, 1975) C Snyder, Exploring the World of King Arthur (London: Thames and Hudson, 2000) D Wallace, ed., The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) W Flynn, “Medieval Music as Medieval Exegesis,” Studies in Liturgical Musicology No (Lanham, Md.; London: Scarecrow Press, 1999) D Hiley, Western Plainchant (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993) R Hoppin, Medieval Music (New York: W W Norton, 1978) A Hughes, “Charlemagne’s Chant or the Great Vocal Shift,” Speculum 77 (2002): 1069–1106 —, Medieval Manuscripts for Mass and Office: A Guide to Their Organization and Terminology (Toronto and London: University of Toronto Press, 1982) —, Style and Symbol: Medieval Music: 800–1453 (Ottawa: Institute of Mediaeval Music, 1989) E Leach, ed., Machaut’s Music: New Interpretations (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell and Brewer, 2004) T McGee, Medieval and Renaissance Music: A Performer’s Guide (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985) —, The Sound of Medieval Song (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998) D Munrow, Instruments of the Middle Ages and Renaissance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976) C Page, Voices and Instruments of the Middle Ages: Instrumental Practice and Songs in France 1100–1300 (London: J M Dent & Sons, 1987) K Polk, German Instrumental Music of the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992) S Sadie and J Tyrrell, eds., The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 2nd ed 29 vols (New York: Grove’s Dictionaries, 2001) M USIC J Stevens, Words and Music Chapter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) E Aubrey, The Music of the Troubadours (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1996) R Strohm, Music in Late Medieval Bruges (Oxford: Clarendon, 1965) N Bell, Music in Medieval Manuscripts (London: British Library, 2001) —, The Rise of European Music, 1380–1500 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) A Butterfield, Poetry and Music in Medieval France (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) R Strohm and B Blackburn, eds., Music as Concept and Practice in the Late Middle Ages The New Oxford History of Music 3.1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) E Dillon, Medieval Music Making and the “Roman de Fauvel” (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) R Duffin, ed., A Performer’s Guide to Medieval Music (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2000) L Treitler, “Reading and Singing: On the Genesis of Occidental Music-Writing,” Early Music History (1984): 135–208 Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) 493 Further References N van Deusen, ed., The Cultural Milieu of the Troubadours and Trouvères (Ottawa, Canada: Institute of Mediaeval Music, 1994) J Marenbon, Aristotelian Logic, Platonism and the Context of Early Medieval Philosophy in the West (Aldershot: Ashgate/Variorum, 2000) —, The Harp and the Soul: Essays in Medieval Music (Lewiston, New York: Mellen, 1989) —, The Philosophy of Peter Abelard (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) D Wilson, Music of the Middle Ages (New York: Schirmer Books, 1990) A Maurer, Medieval Philosophy (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1982) J Yudkin, Music in Medieval Europe (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1989) A McGrade, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) P HILOSOPHY R Pasnau, ed., The Cambridge Translations of Medieval Philosophical Texts Vol 3, Mind and Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) R Arnaldez, Averroës: A Rationalist in Islam (Notre Dame, Ind.: Notre Dame University Press, 2000) B Radice, ed., The Letters of Abelard and Heloise (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1974) J Brower and K Guilfoy, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Abelard (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004) A Schroedinger, ed., Readings in Medieval Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996) M Clanchy, Abelard: A Medieval Life (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997) A Cobban, Medieval Universities (London: Methuen, 1975) M Colish, Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition 400–1400 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997) H Shapiro, ed., Medieval Philosophy; Selected Readings from Augustine to Buridan (New York: Random House, 1964) C Sirat, A History of Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) F Copleston, A History of Medieval Philosophy (London: Methuen & Co., 1972) R Southern, Robert Grosseteste; The Growth of an English Mind in Medieval Europe (Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1992) E Gilson, History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages (New York: Random House, 1955) —, Scholastic Humanism and the Unification of Europe (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995) J Gracia and T Noone, eds., A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages (London: Blackwell, 2003) E Stump and N Kretzmann, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Augustine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001) E Grant, God and Reason in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001) A Hyman and J Walsh, eds., Philosophy in the Middle Ages; The Christian, Islamic, and Jewish Traditions (Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett Publishing Co., 1987) D Knowles, The Evolution of Medieval Thought (Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co., 1962) N Kretzmann, et al., eds., The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy from the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Disintegration of Scholasticism 1100–1600 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982) G Leff, Medieval Thought; St Augustine to Ockham (Baltimore, Md.: Penguin, 1958) 494 P Vignaux, Philosophy in the Middle Ages; An Introduction Trans E Hall (New York: World Publishing Company, 1959) R ELIGION C Berman, Cistercian Evolution (Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000) R Brooke and C Brooke, Popular Religion in the Middle Ages (London: Thames and Hudson, 1984) M Bull, et al., eds., The Experience of Crusading (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) Further References A Burl, God’s Heretics: The Albigensian Crusade (Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton, 2002) P Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D 200–1000 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003) M Carver, ed., The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300–1300 (York, England: York Medieval Press, 2003) R Chazan, ed., Church, State and Jew in the Middle Ages (New York: Behrman House, 1980) T Davis, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux: A Monastic View of Medieval Violence (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998) G Dickson, Religious Enthusiasm in the Medieval West (Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2000) M Dunn and L Davidson, eds., The Pilgrimage to Compostela in the Middle Ages (New York: Routledge, 2000) F Dvornik, Byzantium and the Roman Primacy (New York: Fordham University Press, 1979) J Moorman, A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517 (Chicago, Ill.: Franciscan Herald Press, 1988) S Murk-Jansen, Brides in the Desert: Spirituality of the Beguines (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1998) B Newman, Voice of the Living Light: Hildegarde of Bingen and Her World (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1998) H Nicholson, The Knights Hospitaller (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell and Brewer, 2004) —, The Knights Templar (Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton, 2002) Y Renouard, The Avignon Papacy: Popes in Exile 1305–1403 (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1994) J Richard, Louis IX; Crusader King of France Trans Jean Birrell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992) S Ridyard, ed., The Medieval Crusade (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell and Brewer, 2004) L Fine, ed., Judaism in Practice from the Middle Ages through the Early Modern Period (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001) J Riley-Smith, The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) S Flanagan, Hildegarde of Bingen (New York: Routledge, 1998) Norman Roth, ed., Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia (New York: Routledge, 2003) T Heffernan and E A Matter, eds., The Liturgy of the Medieval Church (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications, 2001) W Scheepsma, Medieval Religious Women in the Low Countries: The “Modern Devotion”: The Canonesses of Windesheim and Their Writings (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell and Brewer, 2004) W Hinnebusch, The History of the Dominican Order: Origin and Growth to 1500 (Staten Island, N.Y.: Alba House, 1973) J Hussey, The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986) H Kessler and J Zacharias, Rome 1300: On the Path of the Pilgrims (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000) M Lambert, Medieval Heresy (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 2002) W Simons, Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200–1565 (Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001) R Swanson, Universities, Academics and the Great Schism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979) C Trinkaus and H Oberman, The Pursuit of Holiness in Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Religion (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 1974) C Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998) C Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (Harlow, England; New York: Longman, 2001) J Van Engen, Devotio Moderna (New York: Paulist Press, 1988) F D Logan, A History of the Church in the Middle Ages (New York: Routledge, 2002) A Vauchez, The Laity in the Middle Ages (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1993) C Mango, ed., Oxford History of Byzantium (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002) B Venarde, Women’s Monasticism and Medieval Society (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997) Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) 495 Further References D Webb, Medieval European Pilgrimage 700–1500 (New York: Palgrave Publishing, 2002) B Newman, ed., Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998) D Ogden, The Staging of Drama in the Medieval Church (Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press, 2003) T HEATER K Bate, “Twelfth-Century Latin Comedies and the Theatre,” Papers of the Liverpool Latin Seminar Ed F Cairns Vol 2, ARCA Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers, and Monographs (1979): 249–262 C Burnett and P Dronke, eds., Hildegard of Bingen: The Context of Her Thought and Art Warburg Institute Colloquia (London: Warburg Institute, 1998) C Davidson, ed., Material Culture and Medieval Drama Medieval Institute Publications: Early Drama, Art, and Music Monograph Series 25 (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Western Michigan University, 1999) R Emmerson, “Divine Judgment and Local Ideology in the Beauvais Ludus Danielis,” in The Play of Daniel: Critical Essays Ed D Ogden Early Drama, Art, and Music Monograph Series, no 24 (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Western Michigan University, 1996): 33–61 J Enders, Rhetoric and the Origins of Medieval Drama (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992) G Kipling, Enter the King: Theatre, Liturgy, and Ritual in the Medieval Civic Triumph (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998) T McGee, ed., Improvisation in the Arts of the Middle Ages and Renaissance Medieval Institute Publications: Early Drama, Art, and Music Monograph Series no 30 (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Western Michigan University, 2003) 496 C Symes, “The Appearance of Early Vernacular Plays: Forms, Functions, and Future of Medieval Theatre,” Speculum 77 (2002): 778–831 W Tydemann, ed., The Medieval European Stage, 500–1550 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001) G Wickham, The Medieval Theatre (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) W Willeford, The Fool and His Sceptre: A Study in Clowns and Jesters and Their Audience (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1969) V ISUAL A RTS M Fassler, “The Feast of Fools and Danielis ludus: Popular Tradition in a Medieval Cathedral Play,” in Plainsong in the Age of Polyphony Ed T Kelly Cambridge Studies in Performance Practice no (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992): 65–99 A Hindley, ed., Drama and Community: People and Plays in Medieval Europe Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1999) P Ruggiers, ed., Versions of Medieval Comedy (Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1977) E Simon, ed., The Theatre of Medieval Europe: New Research in Early Drama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) J Cox, The Devil and the Sacred in English Drama, 1350–1642 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) A Haight, ed., Hroswitha of Gandersheim: Her Life, Times, and Works, and a Comprehensive Bibliography (New York: privately printed, 1965) D Pietropaolo, The Science of Buffoonery: Theory and History of the Commedia dell’Arte University of Toronto Italian Studies no (Ottawa: Dovehouse Editions, 1989) J Backhouse, The Illuminated Page (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997) C Barber, Figure and Likeness: On the Limits of Representation in Byzantine Iconoclasm (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002) L Bourdue, The Franciscans and Art Patronage in Late Medieval Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004) B Cardon, et al., eds., Medieval Mastery; Book Illumination from Charlemagne to Charles the Bold 800–1475 (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2002) J Friedman, The Monstrous Races in Medieval Art and Thought (1981; rpt Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2000) N Kline, Maps of Medieval Thought (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell, 2001) M Lillich, The Armor of Light: Stained Glass in Western France (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1994) Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) Further References A Martindale, Gothic Art from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Centuries (New York: Praeger, 1967) V Sekules, Medieval Art (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) D Pearsall, Gothic Europe 1200–1450 (Harlow, England; New York: Longman, 2001) V Sève-Minne and H Kergail, Romanesque and Gothic France: Art and Architecture (New York: Abrams, 2000) Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) 497 \ MEDIA AND ONLINE SOURCES G ENERAL The Labyrinth: Resources for Medieval Studies (http:// labyrinth.Georgetown.edu)—Produced by Georgetown University, this is one of the best resources, growing all the time, for materials about texts and culture in all languages of Medieval Europe It contains a multitude of links to other sites about various medieval authors, online texts and translations of medieval literary works, related visual images, and other materials that bring the Middle Ages to life for students, whether beginners or advanced The ORB: On-Line Reference Book for Medieval Studies (http://the-orb.net)—This comprehensive site features a general compendium of resources, textual and otherwise, for the study of the Middle Ages, including electronic texts and translations, an encyclopedia of terms, and links to other important sites about medieval European culture A RCHITECTURE Amiens Cathedral: An Animated Glossary (http://www.learn columbia.edu/amiens_flash/)—Produced by the Media Center for Art History, Archæology & Historic Preservation at Columbia University in New York City, this useful beginners-level site matches the cathedral’s ground plan and elevation to key terms in architecture Clicking on a term causes the appropriate area on the diagram to be highlighted, and vice versa Cathedrals: Notre Dame to the National Cathedral, A&E, 50 minutes, 1995 VHS Media for the Arts #AAE95010— This video explores the engineering feats (some of which have not changed in 900 years) involved in creating Gothic cathedrals A Digital Archive of Architecture (http://www.bc.edu/bc_ org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/contents_europe.html)—This site was created by Professor Jeffery Howe at Boston College Images include Romanesque cathedrals, Gothic cathedrals, medieval fortifications, rural architecture, and half-timbered houses, with special attention to Belgian architecture, including Bruges The Great Cathedral at Amiens, VHS or DVD Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 29 minutes color, #JEY11430— Looking at both the history and the engineering of one of the monumental achievements of the High Gothic period, this film examines a thirteenth-century cathedral that stands 140 feet high, is virtually all windows, and could accommodate 10,000 people The Jeweled City: The Cathedral of Chartres, BBC Text written and narrated by Professor Christopher Frayling 50 minutes color, 1995 Films for the Humanities & Sciences #JEY7624—This documentary is a narrated tour of the cathedral, a masterpiece of Gothic architecture built between 1150 and 1220, with commentary on the religious and political sentiments of the time It is one of five films in a series now entitled The Medieval Mind but originally called Strange Landscape: The Illumination of the Middle Ages The Lost Medieval Village (http://loki.stockton.edu/~ken/ wharram/wharram.htm)—This site about the lost village of Wharram Percy contains descriptions and artist’s renderings of both peasant houses and manor houses 499 Media and Online Sources from a long-deserted village in northern England as it was in the thirteenth century Notre Dame: Cathedral of Amiens, Media Center for History, Columbia University, vol., 1997 VHS Media for the Arts Series #CP6152—This two-part high-tech architectural video describes the thirteenth-century construction of Amiens Cathedral Walls Of Light: The History of Stained Glass, VHS, 85 minutes, 1997 Media for the Arts #CP6153—This is a documentary on the history of stained and leaded glass from its beginnings in the Middle East 5,000 years ago up to the exciting works of today’s artists Rare pieces are included from locations in five continents D ANCE A L’Estampida: Medieval Dance Music Dufay Collective Audio CD Avie #AV0015 ASIN: B00008LJGB—This CD recording, released in August 2003, offers examples of several estampies and saltarellos, including the Robertsbridge Codex estampie and “La Rotta.” Chevrefoil, Istanpitta Medieval Music Ensemble Audio CD Avatar Music.—Besides including the complete text of Chevrefoil by the Anglo-French twelfth-century poet Marie de France, this CD made by a Texas-based early music group includes examples of an estampie, a salterello, and the ballo “Petit Vriens,” performed on oud, saz, medieval bagpipes, recorder, vielle, Gothic harp, and long tabors The Library of Congress page on Burgundian Dance in the Late Middle Ages (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/ dihtml/diessay1.html)—This site discusses the history of western social dance Extant Clothing of the Middle Ages (http://www.virtue.to/ articles/extant.html)—This site, assembled by Cynthia du Pré Argent, contains photographs and descriptions of complete garments, generally earlier than 1500, which are preserved in museums It includes men’s and women’s clothing, jewelry, and shoes Footwear of the Middle Ages (http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/ ~marc-carlson/shoe/SHOEHOME.HTM)—This site examines the history and development of footwear and shoemaking techniques up to the end of the sixteenth century Includes discussion and illustrations of particular shoe types, such as turned shoes, pattens, clogs, and long-toed shoes, as well as details about shoe decorations, tools and techniques, and methods of construction It provides detailed instructions and patterns for making shoes, as well as a bibliography of research about them Historical Clothing from Archaeological Finds (http://www personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/cloth/bockhome html)—This document is intended to be a cursory examination, for people interested in historical recreation and replication, of the extant archaeological and museum materials relating to clothing in the Middle Ages, with images redrawn by the author It covers all the basic garments—kirtles, cotes, tunics, gowns, chemises, smocks, etc.—as well as hoods, hats, hose, shoes, and weaving and spinning Index of Resources: Skin Out (http://www.maisonstclaire org/resources/skin_out/)—This index of costume resources, prepared for re-enactors, provides access to an excellent collection of actual manuscript miniatures illustrating all aspects of male and female costume Most useful are the links called “Menswear,” “Womenswear,” “Skin Out,” and “Bare Necessities,” which illustrate each type of garment one by one Medieval Dance Picture Collection (http://www.uni-mainz de/~khoppe/sammlung/)—This repository includes images of medieval dance, including manuscripts, wallpaintings, sculpture, and photos of modern performances Music of the Troubadours, Ensemble Unicorn and Ensemble Oni Wytars Dir Michael Posch and Marco Ambrosini Naxos 8554257Songs in French and Provenỗal are sung by a female voice with instrumental accompaniment F ASHION Circa: 1265, Male Clothing and Armor (http://www.bumply com/Medieval/Kit/kit.htm)—This site, designed to give information for historical re-enactors, provides 500 detailed descriptions and drawings of each piece of medieval male clothing, along with photographs of modern reproductions and links to thirteenth-century source images L ITERATURE The Camelot Project at the University of Rochester (http://www lin.Rochester.edu/Camelot/cphome.stm?CFID=890430 &CFTOKEN=5688408)—This compendium of resources having to with the world of King Arthur, medieval Arthurian romance, and Arthurian medievalism includes links to electronic texts, visual images, and related websites The Main Menu lists Arthurian characters, symbols, and sites; sub-menus direct visitors to basic information, texts, images, and a bibliography about that subject Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) Media and Online Sources The Decameron Dir Pier Paolo Pasolini, Italian, subtitled, 1971, Water Bearer Films, 116 min., VHS and DVD.—An adaptation of eight stories of the hundred in Boccaccio’s Decameron, this is part of the director’s medieval trilogy, which included films of the Arabian Nights and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales This film captures the earthy spirit of the Italian author’s realism Rated R The Decameron Web (http://www.brown.edu/Departments/ Italian_Studies/dweb/dweb.shtml)—Sponsored by the Italian Department at Brown University, this site is an interlinked resource containing the text of Boccaccio’s Decameron as well as many links to information about cultural contexts of Boccaccio’s Italy and medieval Europe Gawain and the Green Knight Dir John Phillips, Thames Productions, 90 minutes, VHS and DVD, 1991 Films for the Humanities & Sciences FFH 3084.—This feature film is an extraordinarily faithful cinematic rendering of the Middle English romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Phillips succeeds in getting settings, costumes, the material culture of the feast and hunt scenes accurate for the period, and the depiction of the humanmonstrous Green Knight surpasses other earlier film versions such as Stephen Weks’s Sword of the Valiant Excalibur Dir John Boorman, Orion, 141 minutes, VHS and DVD, 1981.—This feature film, though it claims to be based on Malory’s Morte D’Arthur, actually better reflects the vast thirteenth-century Vulgate Cycle of Arthurian romances, including major treatments of not only all aspects of Arthur’s life, but also Perceval’s Grail Quest and the activities of such important Arthurian characters as Merlin, Morgan le Faye, Guinevere, Lancelot, and Mordred Boorman’s film is noted for its epic sweep and its employment of a mythic perspective to the legend Rated R The Harvard Chaucer Page (http://www.courses.fas.Harvard edu/~chaucer)—Sponsored by Harvard University, this site offers a multitude of materials to enhance the study of Chaucer’s texts and his cultural milieu both in England and on the Continent Lancelot of the Lake Dir Robert Bresson, French, subtitled, 1974, New Yorker Video, VHS and DVD—A dark, de-romanticized cinematic version of the Arthurian legend, particularly the Grail Quest and the romance between Guinevere and Lancelot, very different from Boorman’s grand epic treatment or Bresson’s simplicity and stylization Rated PG The Middle English Collection at the Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia (http://etext.lib.Virginia.edu/ mideng.browse.html)—This site features electronic texts of most major works of Middle English Literature, in- cluding those by Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, the Gawain-poet, and William Langland Perceval (also titled Perceval le Gallois) Dir Eric Rohmer, Fox Lorber, 141 minutes, French with English subtitles, VHS and DVD, 1979—This feature film is an extraordinarily faithful cinematic rendering of Chrétien de Troyes’s romance about the Grail Quest, Perceval Rohmer’s visual direction is very stylized, achieving an effect of having twelfth-century manuscript illuminations come to life M USIC The Age of Cathedrals: Music from the Magnus Liber Organi Theatre of Voices Dir Paul Hillier Harmonia Mundi France 907157—This 1996 CD includes anonymous works, as well as works by such composers as Leonin and Perotin, documenting the emergence of polyphony The disc comes with a deluxe set of notes, including texts, translations, and color photographs of the manuscript basis of the music Ancient Voices: Vox sacra Anonymous 4, Ensemble Organum, Marcel Pérès, Soeur Marie Keyrouz Harmonia mundi HMX 290 608—This collection presents a selection of masses, lyrics, sequences, antiphons, hymns, motets, and offices, as well as Byzantine, Maronite, and Melchite chant Chant: The Benedictine Monks of Santo Domingo de Silos Dir Ismael Fernandez de la Cuesta and Francisco Lara EMI Angel 55138—In this 1994 recording, a twentyman choir sings in the Solesmes style Early Music FAQ (http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/)—This website provides lists of recordings, biographies, discographies, and helpful short articles on such technical topics as “Pythagorean Tuning and Medieval Polyphony” and “Chord Structure in Medieval Music.” A Feather on the Breath of God: Sequences and Hymns by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen Gothic Voices Dir Christopher Page Hyperion 66039—This 1981 recording began the popularization of Hildegard’s music, with performances alternating soloists and unison choir over a drone (bagpipes) or using a single unaccompanied voice It is Hyperion’s best-selling title The Gregorian Chant Home Page (http://www.music princeton.edu/chant_html/)—Chant Research Sites listed include Medieval Music Theory Sites, Resources for Chant Performance, Other Chant Web Sites, and Web Sites Helpful for Chant Researchers A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments (http:// www.s-hamilton.k12.ia.us/antiqua/instrumt.html)— Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) 501 Media and Online Sources Malaspina Great Books (http://www.malaspina.com/site/ results_c5_p7_page1.htm)—This site offers biographies, bibliographies, and links on ten medieval composers good source for information about philosophers from all periods, portraits, chat about matters of current philosophical interest, and hot buttons to other sites that provide lists of reference materials, books, academic departments, and special features, such as famous quotations Music of the Troubadours Ensemble Unicorn and Ensemble Oni Wytars Dir Michael Posch and Marco Ambrosini Naxos 8554257—Songs in French and Provenỗal are sung by a female voice with instrumental accompaniment Medieval Philosophy Texts Online (http://www.fred.net/ tzaka/medvtxt.html)—An excellent source of various full and excerpted texts from the time period, this site also provides links to other websites on the medieval period This website provides illustrations and short sound recordings to demonstrate 32 medieval instruments Musica humana Anonymous 4, Ruth Cunningham, and Marsha Genenski, et al Dir Brigitte Lesne and Marcel Pérès Empreinte digitale (L’) ED 13 047—This wideranging 1996 CD includes selections from Machaut and Ockeghem, as well as a variety of music from the Byzantine world and the Middle East My Fayre Ladye: Tudor Songs and Chant Lionheart Nimbus 5512—This 1997 CD performed by a male ensemble includes a number of types of late medieval English music, some based on the Eton choirbook Texts and modern English translations are given Paschale Mysterium: Gregorian Chant for Easter Aurora Surgit Dir Alessio Randon and Alberto Turco Naxos 553697—This CD featuring a female vocal ensemble and solos by Alessio Randon takes chant from various eras to create a program for the Catholic Easter vigil The Recorder in Literature and Art (http://members.iinet net.au/~nickl/fortune.html)—In a site entitled “A Pipe For Fortune’s Finger: The Recorder in Literature and Art,” Nicholas S Lander presents a thorough history of the recorder from medieval to modern times, with a wealth of illustrations from medieval art, numerous literary references, and a list of bibliographical sources El Sabio: Songs for King Alfonso X of Castile and Leon (1221–1284) Sequentia Deutsche Harmonia Mundi 77234—This 1991 CD includes songs mostly from the collection of over 400 Cantigas de Santa Maria, made for Alfonso X “The Wise.” Sumer is Icumen in: Medieval English Songs Hilliard Ensemble Dir Paul Hillier Harmonia Mundi 1951154— Songs are performed in Middle English, Middle French, and Latin, including secular and many religious lyrics P HILOSOPHY EpistemeLinks.com (http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/ Topics.aspx?TopiCode=Medi)—This site provides a collection of links to resources in medieval philosophy—a 502 Society for Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy (http:// www.lmu.edu/smrp/)—This site provides updated bibliographies (twice yearly) and other information of interest to historians of medieval philosophy Society for Medieval Logic and Metaphysics (http://www fordham.edu/gsas/phil/klima/SMLM/index.htm)—This site provides links to professional societies and recent publications R ELIGION Becket Dir Peter Glenville, with Richard Burton and Peter O’Toole (1964)—This film depicts the relationship between the English king Henry II and his friend Thomas Becket A serious conflict occurs when Becket, who is Henry’s chancellor, accepts an appointment as the archbishop of Canterbury Traditional elements of the medieval church-state rivalries are portrayed Rated R Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire Europe in the Middle Ages Series (1989), dist Films for the Humanities & Sciences—This 31-minute color documentary depicts life at court as well as the Battle of Roncevaux; it ends with the critical church-state confrontation between Henry IV and Gregory VII Franciscan Authors, 13th–18th Century: A Catalogue in Progress (http://users.bart.nl/%7eroestb/franciscan/ index.htm)—This alphabetical list of Franciscan authors from the thirteenth century onwards includes biographies and information on miracles, manuscripts, editions, and studies Internet Medieval Sourcebook (www.fordham.edu/halsall/ sbook.html)—This general website on the Middle Ages includes countless links to topics concerning religion The Passion of Joan of Arc Dir Carl Theodor Dreyer, with Maria Falconetti and Eugene Silvain (1928)—A new boxed DVD collection includes this classic silent film, which has been digitally restored and enhanced by original orchestral work from Richard Einchorn’s Voices of Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) Media and Online Sources Light The music is performed with lines from actual texts of medieval women mystics by Anonymous and soloist Susan Narucki There are also interactive essays on the production of the film, a libretto booklet from Einchorn, and historical information on Joan’s life Much of the film was inspired by the transcripts of the trials of Joan, an early fifteenth-century teenage peasant girl who is called by heavenly voices to lead the French army against the English, subsequently captured by the Burgundians, and tried in a church court for heresy and witchcraft T HEATER European Medieval Drama in Translation (Steve Wright, Catholic University of America) (http://arts-sciences.cua edu/engl/faculty/drama/index.cfm)—This site provides an online bibliography of published English translations of early European drama, including Latin, French, German, Italian, Dutch, Spanish, Cornish, Welsh, and Croatian Hildegard of Bingen, Ordo virtutum Performed by Sequentia Dir Barbara Thornton and Benjamin Bagby Deutsche Harmonia Mundi 05472-77394-2—Recorded in the Basilica of Knechsteden, Germany, in June 1998, this two-CD set offers a full performance of the innovative twelfth-century musical drama The Service of the Virtues Music ranges from the Soul’s weary lament as she returns from her sojourn with the devil to the grunts and shouts of the devil himself, who cannot sing because music is heavenly Lo Gai Saber: Troubadours and Jongleurs, 1100–1300 Performed by Camerata Mediterranea Dir Joel Cohen Erato 2292-45647-2—Among its 21 performances, this 1992 CD includes Le jeu de Robin et de Marion (The Play of Robin and Marion) by Adam de la Halle, as well as songs by famous troubadours, such as “Lancan vei la folha” by Bernart de Ventadorn and “Dirai vos senes duptansa” by Marcabru Ludus Danielis Performed by the Harp Consort Deutsche Harmonia Mundi 05472-77395-2—Recorded in April 1997 at St Bartholomew´s Church, Oxford, this CD captures a live performance of a medieval “opera” (The Play of Daniel) from the 13th-century cathedral in Beauvais Musical instruments include the vielle, the shawm, the gittern, the psaltery, and the medieval harp, lute, and drone organ The Medieval and Renaissance Drama Society (http://www byu.edu/~hurlbut/mrds/mrds.html)—The site for this academic organization offers twice yearly news-letters and information about research opportunities Medieval Drama Links (University of Leeds) (http:// collectorspost.com/Catalogue/medramalinks.htm)—This set of about 200 links, collected personally by Sydney Higgins, is most useful for its access to information on sets, props, and make-up, and to images of manuscripts (such as the Jeu de Robin et de Marion) The Mysteries Produced by the Royal National Theater of Great Britain Heritage Theater Video Production/ BBC VHS 3904013—This work is a complete performance of a medieval play, recorded in September 2002 The St Albans Psalter (http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ stalbanspsalter/)—This website includes an introduction to the story of the Psalter, as well as page-by-page photographs of this beautiful multi-colored document, with English transcription of the text printed alongside The Oberammergau Passion Play (http://www.passionsspiele 2000.de/passnet/english/index_e.html)—This is the official site, including tourist information, for the German town where performances of their local medieval passion play have taken take place every ten years since 1634, with the next performance scheduled for 2010 The Play of Daniel and The Play of Herod Performed by New York Pro Musica Dir Noah Greenberg MCA Classics MCAD2-10102—This two-CD set offers a compilation of earlier recordings of the Play of Daniel at The Cloisters in New York City, January 1958 (40 minutes), and The Play of Herod from January 1964 (75 minutes) Both feature vocal and period musical performances, including the boy choristers of the Church of the Transfiguration, New York Poculi Ludique Societas—Medieval and Renaissance Players of Toronto (http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~plspls/)— This site offers information on past, present, and future productions, with extensive archives of photos The York Cycle in York, England (http://www.yorkearly music.org/mysteryplays/index1.htm)—This official site for the York Early Music Foundation includes a history of the York Corpus Christi plays and video clips from the 1998 production The York Cycle in Toronto, Canada (1998) (http://artssciences.cua.edu/engl/toronto/york98.htm)—This record of the performance of the entire York cycle in Toronto in 1998 includes discussions of history, staging, and sources, as well as pictures from all 47 plays V ISUAL A RTS The Aberdeen Bestiary (http://www.clues.abdn.ac.uk:8080/ bestiary_old/firstpag.html)—Sponsored by the University Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) 503 Media and Online Sources of Aberdeen Library and Department of History of Art, this website offers a full set of digitized images from a medieval bestiary, a type of book that probably originated in Greece and that began to be produced in Britain by the twelfth century The manuscript is organized as a collection of short descriptions of all sorts of animals, real and imaginary, birds and even rocks, accompanied by a moralizing explanation Timeline of Art History (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ splash.htm)—Hosted by the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, this site allows visitors to choose a spot on a timeline and a location on a world map to see images of individual works of art owned by the museum that represent the indicated time and place Each work is carefully labeled and shown in the context of other objects from the same region and period Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain and Ireland (http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/)—The first searchable digital archive of Romanesque British and Irish stone sculpture, this site is adding new data county by county to provide images and detailed descriptions from all locations representing the Romanesque period A Hypertext Book of Hours (http://members.tripod.com/ ~gunhouse/hourstxt/hrstoc.htm)—This site offers sideby-side Latin and English texts illustrating the structure and contents of a Book of Hours It can be downloaded as a zip file and used off-line The site also offers numerous links to sites with illuminated images from Books of Hours 504 Medieval Illuminated Manuscripts (http://www.kb.nl/kb/ manuscripts/)—Hosted by the National Library of the Netherlands, this site allows visitors to browse through the library’s manuscripts, as well as to search by subject or by more specialized categories, such as scribe, miniaturist, language, and place of origin Text is available in English, German, and French Web Gallery of Art (http://gallery.euroweb.hu/welcome html)—This website “contains over 11,600 digital reproductions of European paintings and sculptures created between the years 1150 and 1800” supplemented with commentary on their technique and history The site has been online since 1996 Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) \ A C K N OW L E D G M E N T S The editors wish to thank the copyright holders of the excerpted material included in this volume and the permissions managers of many book and magazine publishing companies for assisting us in securing reproduction rights Following is a list of the copyright holders who have granted us permission to reproduce material in this publication Every effort has been made to trace copyrights, but if omissions have been made, please let us know COPYRIGHTED EXCERPTS IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES THROUGH THE ERAS: MEDIEVAL EUROPE WERE REPRODUCED FROM THE FOLLOWING BOOKS: Anonymous From “Dictatus Papae,” in The Crisis of Church of State 1050–1300 Edited by Brian Tierney Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964 Copyright © 1964 by PrenticeHall, Inc Copyright renewed © 1992 by Brian Tierney All rights reserved Reproduced by permission of Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group.—Boniface VIII, Pope From “Unam Sanctum, Papal Bull, November 1302,” in The Crisis of Church & State 1050–1300 Edited by Brian Tierney Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964 Copyright © 1964 by Prentice-Hall, Inc Copyright renewed © 1992 by Brian Tierney Reproduced by permission of Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group.—Burkhart, Louise M From Holy Wednesday: A Nahua Drama from Early Colonial Mexico University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996 Copyright © 1996 by the University of Pennsylvania Press All rights reserved Reproduced by permission.—de Lorris, Guillaume and Jean de Meun From “An Introduction” in The Romance of the Rose E P Dutton & Co., Inc 1962 Edited by Charles W Dunn Translated by Harry W Robbins Copyright © 1962 by Florence L Robbins Renewed 1990 by Penguin Books USA, Inc Reproduced by permission of Dutton, a division of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.—Ebreo, Guglielmo From “Rules for Women,” in De Pratica Seu Arte Tripudii: On the Practice or Art of Dancing Edited and translated by Barbara Sparti Clarendon Press, 1993 Copyright © Barbara Sparti 1993 Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press.—Elton, G R From “Dietrich von Nieheim (c 1340–1418): The Union and Reform of the Church by a General Council (1410),” in Renaissance and Reformation 1300–1648 Edited by G R Elton The Macmillan Company, 1963 Copyright © 1963 by The Macmillan Company Copyright renewed © 1991 by G R Elton Reproduced by permission of the Gale Group.—Grosseteste, Robert From On Light or The Beginning of Forms Translated by Clare C Riedl Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1942, 1978 Reproduced by permission of Marquette University Press.—Nicholas II, Pope From “The Legislation of 1059,” in The Crisis of Church and State 1050–1300 Edited by Brian Tierney Copyright © 1964 by Prentice-Hall, Inc Copyright renewed © 1992 by Brian Tierney All rights reserved Reproduced by permission of Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group.—Peters, Edward From “Quantum Praedecessores Nostri, 1146,” in The First Crusade, The Chronicles of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials Edited by Edward Peters University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971 Reproduced by permission.—Photius From “Homily XVII,” in The Early Middle Ages 500–1000 Edited by Robert Brentano Free Press of Glencoe, 1964 Reproduced by permission of The Gale Group 505 ... arches, the sophisticated combination of vaults, and the Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) Architecture and Design Choir: The part of a church to the east of the transept,... [the altar of] Saint John, the other to Saint Martin And then afterward [proceeding] through [the altars of] Saint Stephen and Saint Lawrence and the other altars by singing and praying, let them... of the middle of the church and let them pray at [the sculpted relief of] the Holy Passion Thence let them proceed to [the altar of] Saint Richarius, where, when the prayers have been said, they