Encyclopedia of 20th century technology

Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com RT3865_half title 9/21/04 3:53 PM Page Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 20TH-CENTURY RT3865_vol 9/22/04 11:23 AM Page Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 20TH-CENTURY Volume A–L Colin A Hempstead, Editor William E Worthington, Jr., Associate Editor ROUTLEDGE NEW YORK AND LONDON www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Published in 2005 by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 www.routledge-ny.com Published in Great Britain by Routledge Park Square Milton Park, Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN, UK www.routledge.co.uk Copyright # 2005 by Routledge Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of 20th-century technology / Colin A Hempstead, editor; William E Worthington, associate editor p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 1-57958-386-5 (set : alk paper)—ISBN 1-57958-463-2 (vol : alk paper)— ISBN 1-57958-464-0 (vol alk paper) Technology—Encyclopedias I Hempstead, Colin II Worthington, William E., 1948– T9.E462 2005 603—dc22 ISBN 0-203-99699-2 Master e-book ISBN Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Advisers Dr Jon Agar, Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge Professor Janet Bainbridge, Chief Executive, EPICC (European Process Industries Competitiveness Centre), Teesside Dr Hans Joachim Braun, Universitaăt der Bundeswehr Hamburg Dr Robert Bud, Principal Curator of Science, Science Museum, London Dr Michael Duffy, formerly Department of Engineering, University of Sunderland Dr Slava Gerovitch, Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology, MIT Dr Ernst Homburg, Department of History, University of Maastricht Dr Sally Horrocks, Department of Economic and Social History, University of Leicester R Douglas Hurt, Professor and Director, Graduate Program in Agricultural History and Rural Studies, Department of History, Iowa State University Dr Peter Morris, Science Museum, London Professor John Pickstone, Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Manchester Keith Thrower, former Technical Director at Racal Electronics, UK www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Contents Advisers v List of Entries ix Thematic List of Entries xv Editor’s Preface xxi Associate Editor’s Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Contributors xxvii Entries A through Z Index 915 www.ebook777.com vii Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com List of Entries Volume One Absorbent Materials Activated Carbon Adhesives Agriculture and Food Air Conditioning Air Traffic Control Systems Aircraft Carriers Aircraft Design: Biplane and externally braced wings Streamlined monoplanes Transonic Supersonic and hypersonic Aircraft Instrumentation Alloys, Light and Ferrous Alloys, Magnetic Analgesics Anesthetics Angiography Antibacterial Chemotherapy Antibiotics, Developments through 1945 Antibiotics, Use after 1945 Artificial Insemination and in Vitro Fertilization Artificial Intelligence Audio Recording, Compact Disc Audio Recording, Electronic Methods Audio Recording, Mechanical Audio Recording, Stereophonic and Surround Sound Audio Recording, Tape Audio Recording, Wire Audio Systems Audiology, Hearing Aids Audiology, Implants and Surgery Audiology, Testing Automobiles Automobiles, Electric Automobiles, Hybrid Automobiles, Internal Combustion Batteries, Primary and Secondary Battleships Biomass Power Generation Biopolymers Biotechnology Blood Transfusion and Blood Products Boranes Breeding, Animal: Genetic Methods Breeding, Plant: Genetic Methods Bridges, Concrete Bridges, Long Span and Suspension Bridges, Steel Building Acoustics Buildings, Designs for Energy Conservation Buildings, Prefabricated Calculators, Electronic Calculators, Mechanical and Electromechanical Cameras, 35 mm Cameras, Automatic Cameras, Digital Cameras, Disposable Cameras, Lens Designs: Wide Angle and Zoom Cameras, Polaroid Cameras, Single Lens Reflex (SLR) Cancer, Chemotherapy Cancer, Radiation Therapy Cancer, Surgical Techniques Cardiovascular Disease, Pharmaceutical Treatment Cardiovascular Surgery, Pacemakers and Heart Valves Catamarans Ceramic Materials Changing Nature of Work Chemical Process Engineering Chemicals Chromatography Civil Aircraft, Jet Driven Civil Aircraft, Propeller Driven Civil Aircraft, Supersonic Cleaning: Chemicals and Vacuum Cleaners Clocks and Watches, Quartz Clocks, Atomic Cloning, Testing and Treatment Methods Coatings, Pigments, and Paints Color Photography www.ebook777.com ix Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com LIST OF ENTRIES Combinatorial Chemistry Communications Composite Materials Computer and Video Games Computer Displays Computer Memory, Early Computer Memory, Personal Computers Computer Modeling Computer Networks Computer Science Computer-Aided Design and Manufacture Computers, Analog Computers, Early Digital Computers, Hybrid Computers, Mainframe Computers, Personal Computers, Supercomputers Computers, Uses and Consequences Computer–User Interface Concrete, Reinforced Concrete Shells Constructed World Construction Equipment Contraception: Hormonal Methods and Surgery Contraception: Physical and Chemical Methods Control Technology, Computer-Aided Control Technology, Electronic Signals Cracking Crop Protection, Spraying Cryogenics, Applications Cryogenics, Liquefaction of Gases Crystals, Synthetic Dairy Farming Dams Dentistry Detergents Diabetes Mellitus Diagnostic Screening Dialysis Dirigibles Dishwashers Domestic Heating Dyes Electric Motors Electrical Energy Generation and Supply, Large Scale Electrical Power Distribution Electricity Generation and the Environment Electrocardiogram (ECG) Electrochemistry Electroencephalogram (EEG) Electronic Communications Electronics x Electrophoresis Encryption and Code Breaking Energy and Power Engineering: Cultural, Methodological and Definitional Issues Engineering: Production and Economic Growth Entertainment in the Home Environmental Monitoring Error Checking and Correction Experimental Stress Analysis Explosives, Commercial Farming, Agricultural Methods Farming, Growth Promotion Farming, Mechanization Fax Machine Feedstocks Fertility, Human Fertilizers Fibers, Synthetic and Semi-Synthetic Film and Cinema: Early Sound Films Film and Cinema: High Fidelity to Surround Sound Film and Cinema: Sets and Techniques Film and Cinema: Wide Screen Systems Fire Engineering Fish Farming Fission and Fusion Bombs Fly-by-Wire Systems Food Additives and Substitutes Food Preparation and Cooking Food Preservation: Cooling and Freezing Food Preservation: Freeze Drying, Irradiation, and Vacuum Packing Food, Processed and Fast Fossil Fuel Power Stations Fuel Cells Gender and Technology Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering, Applications Genetic Engineering, Methods Genetic Screening and Testing Global Positioning System (GPS) Globalization Green Chemistry Gyrocompass and Inertial Guidance Hall Effect Devices Health Hearts, Artificial Helicopters Hematology Highways Histology Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com INDEX Control technology computer-aided, 236–238 electronic signals, 238–241 Control units, 608 Controllable fluids, 713 Controlled thermonuclear reactions (CTRs), 536 Convection heating, 269 Coolants, in nuclear reactors, 533–534 Cooling technologies, 100–101 in food transport, 851 Coordinated universal Time (UTC), 163 Copolymerization, 779 Copper oxide rectifiers, 669, 704 Copying technology, 584–585 Cordless battery powered hand tools, 600 Coronary artery bypass surgery, 482, 484 Coronary artery disease, stents in, 429 Cosmetic facial surgery, 773 Cosmic rays, 451 Cosmogenic isotopes, 652 Cosmos satellites, 741 Cotton harvesters, 331 Cracking processes, 144, 241–243 Craig, Palmer H., 399 Cramer, Stuart W., 11 Cray, Seymour, 209 Crile, George, 83 Crop protection, spraying, 243–244 Crossbar electromechanical telephone switches, 806–807 Crosscutting, 348 Crowns, 256 Cruise missiles, 510–512 Cryocoolers, 245 Cryogenics applications, 245–256 liquification of gases, 246–248 separation/distillation of gases, 431, 432 Cryopreservation, in assisted reproductive technologies, 340 Cryostatic cell preparation, 413 Cryosurgery, use of liquid nitrogen in, 431 Cryptography, 297–299 Crystal detectors and receivers, 639–642 Crystal growing semiconductors, 696–698, 748 Czochralski process, 702 germanium, 700 thin film technology, 835–837 Crystal rectifiers, 844 Crystallography, 909–911 Crystals, synthetic, 248–250, 835–837 Curtis, Charles G., 864 Curtis multiple-stage steam turbine, 864 Cutting tools, 455 Cyanoacrylates, Cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals, 472 Cyber communities, 291 Cybernetics, 40, 433 Cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 317–318 Cyclonite trimethylen-trinitramine (RDX), 322 Cyclotrons, 575–576 Cyproterone acetate, 415 Czochralski crystal-growing process, 702 D Dahlgren, John, 501 Dairy farming, 251–252 use of animal hormones in, 328 Daisy wheel printers, 605 Dams, 252–254 in irrigation process, 447–448 Dandy, Walter, 523, 524 Darwin, Charles, Data communications, 653 Data Encryption Standard (DES), 299 Data entry keyboard, 109 Data processing, ENIAC, 607 Data transmission packet switching in, 573 reliability in cellular networks, 516 via optical fibers, 458 Davis, Baruch Joel, 296 DC Josephson effect, 453 DC motors, 273–274 DC power distribution, 281 de Forest, Lee, 292, 345, 643, 650, 843, 877 de Forest Audion, 643, 843 de Lalande, Felix, 71 Dead-reckoning navigation, 654 DeBakey, Michael, 405 Decarbonization, 800 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 41 Defense communications, traveling wave tubes in, 856 Defensive missiles, 507–508 Defensive radar, 623–625 Defibrillators, 131, 405 Deflecting electromagnets, 424 Dehumanization, 785–786 issues in music technology, 794 Dematerialization, 392 DENDRAL, 41 Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology, 458, 558–559 Dentistry, 255 and AIDS epidemic, 257 orthodontia, 257 permanent and removable restorations, 256–257 technologies and materials, 255–256 Depression, pharmaceutical treatment of, 614–615 Depth of field cinematography, 349 Desflurane, 31 Designer babies, 385 Designer insulins, 260 Detergents, 257–259 dishwashers and, 266–267 Diabetes mellitus, 259–260 diagnostic screening for, 262 insulin development, 416 pharmaceutical advances in, 402 Diagnostic screening, 261–262 advances in, 484 blood tests, 410 lasers in, 456 origins of, 401–402 ultrasonography, 868–871 x-rays in, 911–914 Dialysis, 262–265 Diamagnets, 29 Diaphragms, 236 Diborane, 84 Dichloro-diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), 583 Dichroic mirrors, 826 Diesel, Rudolf, 67, 443 Diesel engines, 443, 444 Diesel locomotives, 657–658, 662 Diesel motor ships, 708 Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 328, 329, 415 Digital audio broadcasting (DAB), 634–635 Digital audio recorders, 43 Digital audio tape (DAT), 579 Digital cameras, 653 Digital compact cassette (DCC), 579 Digital computers, 199–202 applicability of information theory to, 433 use of Josephson junctions in, 454 Digital multitrack recorders, 50 Digital radio, 634–635 Digital recording techniques, 348 Digital signal processing, in hearing aids, 56 Digital telephony, 808–809 Digital television, 827–829 Digital videodisc, 833 Digital wristwatches, 463 Diode lasers, 455 Diodes, 877 Direct current (DC), 437 Direct current X (DCX) reactors, 537 Direct transfusion, 83 Directed energy weapons (DEWs), 508 Dirigibles, 265–266 Discharge lamps, 468–470 Discovery space shuttle, 745 Dish antennae, 622 Dishwashers, 266–267 Disk-based television recording, 832–833 Disk drives, 187 Dispersing agents, 259 Dispersion compensation techniques, 554, 559 Disposable cameras, 116–118 Disposable contact lenses, 556 Disposable soft contact lenses, 563 Distributed Bragg reflector (DBR), 560 Distributed feedback (DFB), 560 Distributed generation, 303 Diuretics, 129–130 Djourno, Andre, 57 DNA, examination by gel electrophoresis, 296 DNA cloning, 166 DNA sequencing, 381, 384 Doisy, Edward, 233 Dolan, Gerald, 618 Dolby noise reduction, 347 in HDTV, 829 Dolby surround sound, 49 Domagk, Gerhard, 34 Domestic heating, 268–270 919 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com INDEX Donovan, Marion, Doppler ultrasound, 262, 869 See also Ultrasonography Dot matrix printers, 605 Douglas DC-3, 18 Downconversion, in HDTV, 829 Drake, Edwin, 549 Drip irrigation systems, 448–449 Drive-through restaurants, 368 Drug therapies, in psychiatry, 614–615 Dry cell batteries, 71 Dry cleaning, 724–725 DSCS-III satellite, 691 Dual-temperature refrigerators, 673 Dubbs, Jesse, 241 Dummy head stereo, 47 Dye lasers, 560 Dyes, 270–272, 478 green chemistry applications, 393 nature-identical, 361 Dynamic HTML, 906 Dynorphins, 30 E Early sound films, 345–346 Early warning radar, 629 Earphones, 473–474 Earthmoving technology, 232, 233 Eckert, John Prosper, 200, 213 Econometrics, 311 Edgerton, Harold, 765 Edison, Thomas, 46, 52, 174, 292, 584 Edison effect, 642–643, 877 Edison’s Diamond Disk, 52 EDSAC computer, 780 EDVAC computer, 184, 201, 212, 607, 780 Edwards, Lowell, 132 Edwards, Robert, 39 Ehrlich, Paul, 34 Einhorn, Alfred, 255 Einstein, Albert, 458 Einthoven, Willem, 262, 402 Elastomers, 593 Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research Development and Demonstration Act, 65 Electric and Musical Industries (EMI), 831 Electric lighting, 464–466, 797 discharge lamps, 468–470 filament lamps, 467–468 fluorescent lamps, 470 Electric locomotives, 657, 659–661 Electric motors, 273, 461 AC motors, 274–275 control of, 275 DC motors, 273–274 electric road vehicles, 275–276 linear motors, 276–277 small, in dishwashers, 266–267 Electric pens, 584 Electric railways, suburban, 875 Electric streetcars, 872–873 Electric vehicles, 64–65, 275–276 batteries in, 72 Electrical conductivity, 695 Electrical energy generation large-scale, 277–279 mechanism of, 372 Electrical engineering, 304 effect on Bauhaus movement, 792 Electrical grids, 277 Electrical hearing aids, 54 Electrical photodetectors, 434 Electrical power distribution, 279–281, 299–303 Electrical transformers, 277 Electricity generation, 299 environmental impact of, 281–283, 597–599 steam turbines in, 865 from waste and biomass, 282 Electrification, rail transport and, 848 Electrified tramways, 797 Electroanalysis, 285 Electrocardiography, 261–262, 283–284, 402, 613 Electrochemistry, 284–286 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 612–613 Electrode positioning, 287 Electrodynamic detectors, 638 Electroelectric hybrid vehicles, 66 Electroencephalogram (EEG), 286, 613 Electromagnetic detectors, 399 Electromagnetic waves, 632 Electromechanical calculators, 108–110 Electromechanical color television, 823–824 Electromechanical televisions, 830–832 Electron beam lithography, 522 Electron beam scanners, 490 Electron diffraction, 617 Electron guns, 493 Electron linear accelerators, 578 Electron multipliers, 490 Electron scanning microscopes, 489–492 Electron tomography, 495 Electron transmission microscopy, 492–495 Electron tubes, 856 Electronic amplification, 44, 46, 292 Electronic calculators, 107–108 Electronic color television, 825–827 Electronic communications, 288–291 error correction coding in, 318 Internet based, 444–446 Electronic components, 215–216 Electronic counter-measures (ECM), 856 Electronic fetal monitoring, 403 Electronic noise reduction technology, 50, 52 Electronic power conditioners (EPCs), 855 Electronic rectifiers, 877 Electronic regenerators, 558 Electronic signal control technology, 238–241 Electronic telephone switching systems, 807 Electronic vacuum tube amplifiers, 644 Electronics, 291–295 carbon crystals in, 700 effect on diesel locomotives, 658 effect on x-ray imaging, 913 920 www.ebook777.com green chemistry applications, 393 industrial processes in, 480 magnetic alloys in, 28 quantum wave effects in, 617–619 selenium crystals in, 700 in telescopy, 814 Electrophoresis, 295–297 Electroplating industries, activated carbon in, Electrostatic generators, 575 Electrotechnical industry, research and development in, 677 Electrotherapy, 612 Elemental semiconductors, 698–701 Elevators, 879–880 Elion, Gertrude, 124 Ely, Eugene, 14 Embryo posttransfer, 339–340 Embryo splitting, 166–167 Emission computed tomography (ECT), 595 Emitron tubes, 423–425 Empire State Building, 709–710 Encryption, 297–299 globalization and, 391 End-of-life care, 441 Enders, John, 402 Endorphins, 30 Endoscopy, 773 Energy and power, 299–300 coal, 300 coal-gas technology, 302 distributed generation, 303 green chemistry applications, 393 hydroelectric power, 301–302 hydrogen, 303 natural gas, 302–303 nuclear power, 300–301 oil, 301 Energy confinement, 538 Energy conservation in building design, 99 cooling technologies, 100–101 in domestic heating, 269–270 low CO2 sources, 101–102 space heating, 99–100 Energy from waste (EFW) technologies, 597 Enflurane, 31 Engine performance instrumentation, 22 Engineering cultural, methodological, definitional issues, 303–307 hydroelectric, 420 production and economic growth, 308–312 ENIAC computer, 184, 200, 607, 780, 878 Enigma ciphering machine, 297 Enkephalins, 30 Entertainment computer and video games, 180–181, 314 technology in, 791–796 Environmental impact, 315 of detergents, 258 of electricity generation, 278–279 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com INDEX ethics and, 787 of genetic engineering applications, 378 of recycling power generation, 598 research and development on, 679 of solvents, 725 of technology, 796–801 Environmental monitoring, 315–316, 798–800 via satellite, 692–693 Environmental pollutants, 798–799 detection and characterization of, 316 Environmental regulation, in electrical generation industry, 278–279 Environmental restrictions, in industrial processes, 479 Environmental science, pigments and paints, 169 Environmental sensing satellites, 692–693 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), 427 Eosin stains, 413 Epoxides, Epoxy resins, 593–594, 594, 778 Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, 554 Ereky, Karl, 79, 327 Ergograph, 761 Ernstine, S.A., 262 Error checking and correction, 317–318 Esaki, Leo, 453, 618 Espresso machines, 362 Essen, Louis, 163 Ethanol as biofuel, 75 as solvent, 724 Ethernet technology, 190, 574 Ethics, technology and, 785–789 Ethyl acetate, 725 Ethylene, 778 Eugenics, 79–80, 385 European Novel Food Regulation, 90 European Space Agency, 747 Evans, Dr David, 182 Evans, Herbert, 415 Eversole, William G., 836–837 Ewing, Alexander W.G., 60 Ewing, Irene R., 60 Excimer lasers, 455 Executable content, 905 Expendable launch vehicles (ELVs), 745 Experimental stress analysis, 318–321 Expert systems, 41 Explorer missions, 741 Explosives commercial, 322–323 materials technology in, 478 Expositions, presentation of technology at, 601 Express trains, 661 External cavity diode lasers (ECDL), 560 Externalism, 486 Externally braced wings, 16–17 Extrinsic elemental semiconductors, 698 Eye surgery, 552 Eyeglass lenses, 556, 561–562, 563 Eyre, Wilkinson, 96 Eyries, Dr Charles, 57 F Faraday, Michael, 285, 764 Farber, Sidney, 124 Farming agricultural methods, 325–327 irrigation systems in, 447–449 dairy farming, 251–252 growth promotion, 328–329 mechanization, 329–332 Farnsworth, Philo T., 424, 832 Fast breeder reactors (FBRs), 534–535 Fast foods, 367–369 Fast Fourier transform, 287 Fat-soluble vitamins, 881–882 Fat substitutes, 360, 361 Fax machines, 332–334 Feed supplements, 328 Feedstocks, 334–335 acetone, 336 alternative in green chemistry movement, 394 automobile development and, 336 coal, 335–336 coal replacements, 337 coal-tar, 335 fermentation-based chemicals, 335 impact of oil crisis on, 337–338 importance of, 338 petrochemicals, 336–337 polyethylene, 337 synthetic rubber, 336 wood distillation, 335 Feinbloom, William, 556 Fentanyl citrate, 32 Fermentation, 78–79 chemicals based on, 335 Ferraris, Galileo, 274 Ferrite materials, 479 in magnetic storage media, 481 Ferromagnets, 28 Ferrous metallurgy, 477 Fertility technologies, 339–340 Fertilizers, 341–342 green chemistry applications, 393 nitrogen, 430, 525–527 Fessenden, Reginald, 647 Fetal monitoring, 403 Fever therapy, 612 Feynman, Richard, 521 Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology, 559 Fiber-optic cables, in television, 822 Fiber-optic sensors, 711 Fiber-optic telephone systems, 457, 801 Fiber optics, 557, 804–805 in optical materials, 556 Fiber-reactive dyes, 271 Fiberglass, 594 Fibers agricultural production, 325–327 dyes reactive to, 271–272 synthetic and semisynthetic, 1–3, 272, 342–344 Fibrinolytic drugs, 128 Fiction, representation of technology in, 602–603 Field-effect transistors (FETs), 704, 705 Fighter bombers, 899–900 Filament electric lamps, 464–466, 467–468 Filings coherers, 637–638 Film and cinema early sound films, 345–346 high fidelity, 346–348 loudspeaker technology in, 474 representation of technology in, 603–604 sets and techniques, 348–349 surround sound, 347–348 widescreen systems, 349–351 Fire engineering, 351–355 Fischer, Rudolph, 170 Fish farming, 355–356 Fisher, Admiral, 73 Fisher, Karl, 10 Fission bombs, 356–358 invention process, 502 Fixing agents, 272 Flash photography, 764 Fleming, Alexander, 35, 482, 844 Fleming, Ambrose, 643 Fleming, J.A., 275, 292, 877 Fleming triode tube, 844 Fleming valve, 643, 877, 2892 Flexible plastic contact lenses, 563 Flight simulation, 288 Flood irrigation, 447 Florey, Howard, 36 Flow cytometry, 414 Fluidized bed technology, 598 Fluorescence microscopes, 497 Fluorescent lighting, 465–466, 470, 480 Fluroxene, 31 Fly-by-wire systems, 358–360 Fly-past space exploration, 732 Focal plane arrays (FPAs), 588 Fonts, bitmapped and outline, 606 Food mass spectrometry in, 477 processed and fast, 367–369 synthetic, 774–776 transport of, 850–852 Food additives and substitutes, 360–361 Food coloring agents, 360–361 Food irradiation, 366 Food mixers, 274 Food packing industry, spectroscopy in, 753 Food preparation and cooking, 362–363 Food preservation cooling and freezing technologies, 364–365 freeze-drying, 365–366 irradiation, 366 during transport, 851 use of nitrogen in, 431 vacuum packing, 366 Food processing, cryogenics in, 245 Food production agricultural methods, 325–327 dairy farming, 251–252 Food technologies, 7–11 biopolymers, 76–77 Ford, Henry, 26, 62, 136 Ford AT-5 Trimotor transport, 18 921 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com INDEX Fordism, 136–137, 140, 308, 798, 799 Forlanini, Enrico, 418 Formaldehyde, 524 Formica, 594 Forrester, Jay, 202 FORTRAN, 209, 719, 720 Forward air control, 388 Fossil fuel consumption, 99, 281–283 Fossil fuel power stations, 369–371 Four-engine planes, 850 Four-stroke engines, 442–443, 444 in motorcycles, 517 Fourier analysis, 909 Fourier transform mass spectrometer (FTMS), 476, 756, 758 Fractionation, 450–451 Frame relay, 574 Freedericsz transition, 472 Freeman, Ralph, 93 Freeze-drying, 365–366 use of nitrogen in, 431 Freezers, 364–365 in food transport, 851–852 Freon, 12, 673 Frequency analysis, 287 Frequency changing optoelectronics, 559–561 Frequency-division-multiplex (FDM) coaxial system, 810, 822–823 Frequency modulation (FM) radio, 634, 637, 646 Freyssinet, Eugene, 91, 221 Frigidaire Room Cooler, 12 Frozen foods, 364–365, 499 Fuel delivery and storage of, 371 nuclear, 527–529 Fuel-air explosive weapons (FAE), 895 Fuel cells, 72, 101, 285, 371–373 hydrogen in ‘green’ technology, 432 Fuller, Buckminster, 313 Fully implantable devices total artificial heart, 407 ventricular assist devices, 406 Fulton, Theodore, 618 Functional cargo block, 747 Functional MRI, 532 Fundamental research, 570 Fundus cameras, 552 Fungicides, 150 Furka, Arpad, 171 Furrow irrigation, 447 Fused biconic taper (FBT) couplers, 558 Fusion bombs, 356–358 Fusion power generation, 769 Fusion reactors, 536–537, 537–539 G Gagarin, Yuri, 735, 751 Gallium arsenide (GaAs), 694 Galton, Francis, 79 Game playing programs, 42 Gametic intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), 340 Gamma globulins, 83 Gas chromatography, 152, 316 Gas discharge tube, 764 Gas lasers, 455 Gas lighting, 466 Gas liquefaction cryogenics, 246–248 Gas-sensitive solid-state sensors, 316 Gas turbines, 859–861 in aircraft, 861–862 in land vehicles, 863–864 Gasification, 598 Gates, Bill, 207 Geddes, Patrick, 80 Geiger counter, 759 Gel electrophoresis, 296, 381 Gel-permeation chromatography, 152 Gemini missions, 734, 736 Gender and technology issues, 375–376 Gene addition, 89 Gene cloning, 89 Gene deletion/inactivation, 89–90 Gene repair, 377 Gene subtraction, 89 Gene therapy, 377–378 Genentech, 379 Generating efficiency, 278 Generating plant technologies, 277–278 Generators, in hydroelectric installations, 420–421 Genetic crossover, 381 Genetic engineering, 81 in agricultural technologies, applications, 378–380 biopolymers and, 76–77 crops, 325–327, 379, 380 ethical issues in, 787 in fish farming, 356 of food supply, 90 methods, 380–383 preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), 340 Genetic mapping, 381, 384–385 Genetic screening and testing, 384–385 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), pesticides and, 584 Geologic ages, 651–652 Geothermal technologies, 282 Gerlach, Walther, 163 Germanium chips, 436 Germanium crystals, 700, 701, 844 Germanium point contact transistors, 702 Getting, Ivan, 386 Giaever, Ivan, 453 Gibbon, John H Jr., 440 Glass-cloth-reinforced resin, 594 Glass transition temperature (Tg), 591 Glen Canyon Dam, 253 Glide bombs, 505 Global positioning system (GPS), 386–388, 802 in air-to-surface missiles, 506 inertial guidance, 396–397 Global warming, 380, 787 Globalization technologies of, 389–392 of technology, 392–393 922 www.ebook777.com Goddard, Robert H., 683, 685 Godowski, Leopold, 170 Golay, Marcel J.E., 318, 435 Golay cell, 435 Goldberger, Emanual, 284 Gramophones, 52 Graphical user interface (GUI), 782 Graphite-moderated nuclear reactors, 539–540 Gravity dams, 252 Gray, George, 472 Great man inventor mythology, 500–504 Green chemistry, 3–4, 393–395 biopolymers in, 77 Green fuel cell technology, 432 Green power, 303 Green revolution, 10, 88, 325 Greenhouse gases, 99, 281, 282–283, 432, 549 Gregor, Reverend William, 27 Grid-connected photovoltaic cell applications, 723 Griffith, D.W., 348 Gropius, Walter, 104 Ground-based aircraft instrumentation, 23 Ground-based radar, 888 Ground-coupled energy, 102 Ground-launched cruise missiles (GLCMs), 509 Ground telescopes, 813–814 Growth factors, 881 Guidance systems, 887 Guided missile camera, 23 Guided missiles, 506, 512–514, 887–888 Guitar amplification, 793 Gunn diode oscillator, 696 Gyrocompass guidance, 395–397 H Haas, Dr Earle C., Haas, Georg, 263 Haas effect, 98 Haber, Fritz, 9, 526 Haber-Bosch process, 527 Hadfeld, Sir Robert, 25 Haemophilus influenzae B vaccine, 426 Hagelin machine, 297 Haider, max, 494 Haldane, J.B.S., 80 Hale, George Ellery, 813 Hale telescope, 813 Hall, Charles Martin, 148 Hall, Edwin H., 399 Hall effect devices, 399, 704 Halogen lamps, 414, 468, 480 in ophthalmology, 552 Halogenated solvents, 725 Halsted, William S., 127 Hamming, Richard W., 318 Hammond organ, 793 Hampson, William, 247 Hand-held tools, 599–600 Hansen, Emil Christian, 79 Haploid breeding, 88–89 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com INDEX Hard plastic contact lenses, 556 Harmonic distortion, reducing, 45 Harrison, Henry C., 44, 46 Hartley, Ralph, 432 Haschek, Eduard, 33 Hazeltine, Alan, 646 Health computerized axial tomography, 400 imaging technologies, 400 magnetic resonance imaging, 400 radiation therapy, 401 Heape, Walter, 39 Hearing aids, 54–55 behind-the-ear, 55 body aids, 55 digital, 56 in-the-canal, 55 in-the-ear, 55 mechanisms of action, 55–56 Heart disease, advances in treatment of, 402 Heart surgery, 482 Heart valves, 130–132, 405 Hearts, artificial, 405–407 Heat pumps, 269 Heatley, Norman, 36 Heavy water reactors, 541 Heden, Carl-Goran, 80 Hedonal, 32 Heidelberger, Michael, 34 Heil, Oskar, 705 HeLa cell lines, 839–840 Helical scanners, 843 Helicopters, 407–409 armed with ground anti-tank missiles, 506 Helium lasers, 455, 460 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 551 Hematology, 82–84, 409–411 Hematoxylin stains, 413 Hemodialysis, 262–265 Hemodilutants, 84 Hennebique, Franc¸ois, 91, 220 Heparin, 440 use in dialysis, 263 Hepatitis B vaccine, 426 Herbicides, 150 Heroult, Paul Louis Toussaint, 148 Herreshoff, Nathaniel, 133 Hertz, Heinrich, 649 High-definition television (HDTV), 827–829 High-density communications links, 481 High-energy x-ray systems, 914 High-explosive weapons, 893–895 High-fidelity audio playback, 53 in film and cinema, 346–348 High-flow bypass turbofans, 862 High-frequency alternators, 647 High-frequency radar, 626–628 High-frequency wireless telegraphy, 801, 802–803 High-level programming languages, 719 High-power radar, 626–628 High-speed photodetectors, 481 High-speed railway operations, 661–664 High-speed trains, 848 High-strength concrete, 710 High-temperature adhesives, High-temperature superconductivity, 770 High-voltage direct current (HVDC) railway, 659–660 High-voltage rectifiers, 702 High-voltage transmission technology, 277, 281 Highways, 411–412 truck transport dependence on, 849 Hilsch, Rudolf, 705 Hip replacement technology, 428–430, 484 Histamine blockers, 614 Histology, 413–414 Hitchings, George, 124 HIV dentistry and, 257 medical advances in, 483 Hjerten, Stellan, 296 Hogben, Lancelot, 80 Holography, 792 lasers in, 456 Home Box Office (HBO), 820 Home video games, 314 Homing Overlay Equipment (HOE), 507 Hoover Dam, 253, 799 Horizontal axis wind turbines, 903–904 Hormone-enhanced meat production, 326, 328 Hormone therapy, 414–415 in adrenal hormones, 416 in human growth disorder, 415–416 insulin, 416 in menopause, 415 negative consequences of, 416–417 prostaglandins, 416 in prostate cancer, 415 in thyroid deficiency, 416 in transgender surgery, 415 Hormone therapy replacement, 415 Horowitz, Susan, 124 Horton, J.W., 161 Hot-melt adhesives, Houghten, Richard A., 171 Houghton, Joel, 266 Hounsfield, Godfrey Newbold, 400 House, Dr William, 57 Household technologies, 376 Hovercraft, 417 catamarans, 133–134 Hubble space telescope, 743, 817 Hull, Albert W., 878 Hull design, submarine, 766 Human Genome Project, 378, 385, 484 Human growth disorder, 415–416 Human leukocyte antigens (HLA), 564 Human-powered vehicles, 852–854 Humanoid constructions, 227–228 Humidity drawers, 673 Hunt, Frederic V., 47 Hunter, Matthew A., 27 Huntsman, Benjamin, 25 Hutchinson, Miller Reese, 54 Huxley, Julian, 80 Hybrid crops, 325 Hybrid vehicles, 65–67 batteries in, 72 Hybrid weapons, 506 Hydraulic engineering, 799 Hydrocarbon exploration, 609 Hydroelectric power generation, 301–302, 419–421 in dams, 252–254, 278 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), 674 Hydrofoils, 417–418 Hydrogen, in green fuel cell technology, 432 Hydrogen bombs, 357 Hydrogen power, 303 Hydrogenated fats, 775–776 Hydrophilic cross-linked polymers, Hydroplanes, 418–419 Hyperbolic navigation, 655–656 Hypersonic aircraft, 20–21 Hyperspectral scanners, 610 Hypertext markup language (HTML), 905 Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), 905 Hyperthermal cabinets, 612 I Iconoscopes, 423–425 Image acquisition, 588 Image dissector tubes, 424 Image orthicons, 827 Imaging technologies, 261, 400 Imipramine hydrochloride, 614 Immersed tunnels, 857 Immunological technology, 425–427 See also Vaccination immune suppression drugs, 564 Impact environmental monitoring, 315 Impact printers, 605 Implantable devices, 406 In-the-ear-canal hearing aids, 55 In vitro fertilization, 39–40, 339, 385 Inbreeding, animal, 87 Incandescent lighting, 466 Incineration, with energy recovery, 597 Indicator lights, 471 light emitting diodes in, 463 Indicator species, 315 Induction lamps, 471 Induction motors, 274 Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), 611 Industrial gases, 430–432 Industrial processes, 477–481 Industrial research and development, 306 Industrial technology mass spectrometry in, 47 women and, 138 Inertial guidance, 395–397 Infant hearing screening, 61 Information age, 140–141, 799 Information theory, 432–434 Infrared detectors, 434–436 Infrared spectroscopy, 316, 754–756 Inhalation anesthetics, 32 Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program (IDCSP), 690 923 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com INDEX Injection anesthetics, 32 Inkjet printers, 606 Insecticides, in chemical warfare, 891 Insulin, 416 designer, 260 Integrated circuit technology, 186, 215–216, 291, 294, 608, 845 design and use, 436–438 fabrication methods, 438–439 in personal stereo, 579 Integrated fish farming (IFF), 356 Integrated pest management, 582, 583–584 Integrated project teams, 502 Intensive care, 439–442 Inter-Network Working Group (INWG), 574 Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 508, 511, 629–630, 684–685, 686, 763, 888 Navaho missiles, 684 space launch vehicles and, 743 Intercontinental transmission, 278 Intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs), 508, 513, 685 Internal combustion piston engines, 442–444 in motorcycles, 517–519 Wright brothers and, 906–908 Internal combustion vehicles, 67–69, 135, 329 Internalism, 486 International Atomic Time (TAI), 163 International Committee for the History of Technology (ICOHTEC), 486 International Congress on Artificial Insemination and Animal Reproduction, 39 International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE), 555 International Space Station, 747–749 International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), 538 International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS), 486 Internationalization, 569 Internet, 177–178, 444–446, 574, 904–906 computer networks and, 190–191 global proliferation of, 290–291 high-density communications links in, 481 Intra-aortic balloon pumps, 405 Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 340 Intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT), 340 Intranet, 288 Intraocular lens implants, 552 Intrauterine devices (IUDs), 235, 236 Intrinsic detectors, 586 Intrinsic elemental semiconductors, 698 Intrinsic factor, 410 Invention factories, 500 Invention process, 500 Ion beam deposition (IBD), 837 Ion-exchange chromatography, 152 Iron lungs, 440 Iron manufacturing, 446–447 Irrigation systems, 447–449 in dams, 252–254 Isotopic analysis, 450–451 Ivanow, E.I., 39 Ives, Frederick, 169 J Jack-up rigs, 550 Jarvik, Robert, 405 Jeanneret, Charles Edouard, 104 Jet aircraft, 153–154 bombers, 897, 898 gas turbines in, 860 Jet-trains, 660 Jobs, Steve, 207 Johnson, Eldridge, 46, 52 Johnson, Reynold B., 187 Joint replacements, 428–430 Jorgensen, Alfred, 79 Josephson, Brian, 453 Josephson junction devices, 453–454, 618 Jupiter exploration, fly-past, 733 Just-in-time production, in automobile industry, 63 K Kay, Alan, 219 Keller, Arthur C., 46 Kemp, David, 60 Kenney, David T., 160 Kerst, Donald, 126 Kettering, Charles, 242 Kidney transplants, 564 Kilby, Jack, 186 Kinescope recordings, 834 Kinesiology, 761 Kinetic Art, 792 Kitchen appliances, 362, 498 Klarer, Joseph, 34 Klystron, 856 Knee replacement technology, 428–430 Knoll, Max, 489 Koch, Robert, 401 Koăhler, Georges J.F., 81 Kolff, Willem, 264, 405 Kompfner, Rudolf, 855 Kondratieff, N.D., 311 Korn, Dr Arthur, 333 Kramer, Piet, 43 Krieger, Louis, 66 Kroc, Ray, 368 Kvant missions, 749 L Labor-saving household technologies, 376 Laithwaite, Eric, 27 Laminated veneer lumber (LVL), 838 Lamp dimmers, thyristors in, 670 Land, Edwin H., 113 Land-based biomass, 74 924 www.ebook777.com Land vehicles, gas turbines in, 863–864 Landfill gas, 597 Landsteiner, Karl, 82 Lange, Bruno, 704 Laptop computers, 472 Larsson, Borge, 126 Laser guide starts (LGSs), 812 Laser printers, 606 Laser technology applications, 455–456 medical applications, 401 in optoelectronics, 457–458 theory and operation, 458–460 tunable dye lasers, 560 Lasers in plastic and reconstructive surgery, 773 in Raman spectroscopy, 758 Laundry machines, 461–462 detergents for, 257–259 Lawrence, Ernest O., 575 Lead-acid storage batteries, 71–72 Lead sulfide detectors, 436 Lead sulfide photoconductive detectors, 435 Leads, ECG, 284 Lechanche´, Georges, 71 Left ventricular assist device (LVAD), 406 Leisure, technology and, 789–790 Lens design in optical microscopes, 495 wide angle and zoom, 118–120 Leonard, H Ward, 275 Leonhardt, Fritz, 93 Leskall, Lars, 126 Levine, A.C., 262 Levitt, Abraham, 104 Liebig, Justus von, Life-cycle analysis (LCA), 680 Life support systems, 439–442, 441 Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation See Laser technology Light emitting diodes (LED), 471, 480, 695 acrylic in, 556 lamps, 101 Light emitting diodes (LEDs), 462–464 Light water-cooled graphite-moderated reactors (LWGRs), 539 Light water reactors, 541 Lighting filament lamps, 467–468 non-electric, 466 in performing arts technology, 795 public and private, 464–466 Lighting techniques, 466–471 Lignes a Grande Vitesse (LGV), 663 Limited wars, 885 Linacs, 577–579 Linde, Carl von, 247 Lindenthal, Gustav, 94 Lindenthal, Otto, 33 Linear motors, 276–277 Linear particle accelerators, 576, 577–579 Linear quadrupole mass spectrometer, 476 Linz-Donawitz process, 447 Liotta, Domingo, 405 Lipid-lowering agents, 130 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com INDEX Liposuction, 773 Lippman, Gabriel, 283 Liquefaction of gases, 431–432, 526 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), 183, 463 Liquid crystals, 471–472 Liquid encapsulation Czochralski technique, 480 Liquid-fuel rockets, 685 Liquid metals, use of linear motors in pumping and stirring, 276 Liquid propellant, 86 in rocket propulsion, 683–685 in space launch vehicles, 744 Lister Towel, Listserve program, 290 Lithium, 615 Livestock husbandry, 326 Living donor transplants, 565 Local anesthetics, 32 Local area networks (LANs), 190, 191 Local minima, 42 Local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS), 678 Lockheed Constellation airliner, 18 Locomotives, 665–666 diesel and diesel-electric, 657–658 electrification of, 848 gas turbine use in, 864 Logic gates, 607–608 Logic Theorist, 40 Long-distance automatic telephone switching, 807 Long-distance telephony, 809–810 Long-playing records, 47 Long-range bombers, 886 Long-range early warning systems, 628–631 Long-range missiles, 508–510, 510–512 Long Range Navigation (Loran), 386 Long span bridges, 92–93 Loomis, Alfred, 386 Loop antennae, 655 Loudspeakers, 473–474 in personal stereo, 579 Low-density polyethylene, 592 Low-energy radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) linear accelerators, 578 Low-frequency wireless telegraphy, 801, 802 Low vision optics, 552 Ludwig, George, 869–870 Lumiere, Auguste and Louis, 170 Luna spacecraft, 735, 737, 738, 741 Lunar landing module, 735 Lunar manned exploration, 735–737 Lunar Orbiters, 739 Lunar Prospector, 742 Lunar unmanned exploration, 737–739 Lupron, 415 Lush, Jay L., 86 Lyons, Harold, 163 M 3M/House device, 57 Mach number, 19 Machine learning, 41 Macrolides, 37 Magnascope, 350 Magnetic core memory, 202 Magnetic deflection mass spectrometers, 475 Magnetic detectors, 638 Magnetic energy storage, 769 Magnetic field sensors, 399 Magnetic hysteresis detectors, 638 Magnetic levitation (maglev), 660 Magnetic plasma confinement, 537 Magnetic recording technology, 347 Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 33 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 126, 287, 400, 523, 525, 529–532, 595, 869 in ophthalmology, 552 as superconductivity application, 769 Magnetic tape, 579 Magnetocardiography, 454 Magnetometers, 453 Magnetophone, 50 Magnetostrictive materials, 712 Magnetron, 621–622, 878 Maillart, Robert, 91 Maiman, Theodore, 457, 459 Mammography, 261, 484 Manhattan Project, 390, 502, 568 Manned spaceflight, 730 lunar exploration, 735–737 Mannes, Leopold, 170 Marconi, Guglielmo, 175 Marine propulsion, 865 Mariner missions, 733, 742 Mark I computer, 184, 605 Marker, Russell, 233 Marker genes, 379 Marrison, Warren, 161 Mars exploration fly-past, 733 planetary landers, 740 unmanned, 741, 742 Mars Global Surveyor, 742 Mars Observer, 742 Mars Pathfinder, 743, 759 Martin, Archer John Porter, 151 Mass burn, 597–598 Mass consumption, 798 Mass filter, 476 Mass-produced buildings, 104 Mass production, 308 Mass spectrometry, 316, 475–477 in early radio transmitters, 651 Massachusetts Institute of Technology AI Laboratory, 41 Matched impedance, 44 Materials science, 477–478, 478–480 nanotechnology, 521–523 in optometry, 563 Mauchly, John, 200, 213 Maxfield, Joseph, 46 McCulloch, Warren, 40 McDonalds, 367–369 McGee, James, 423 McKee, Kenneth, 428 McLean, Jay, 440 McPherson front suspension, 63 Measles vaccination, 402 Measurement techniques, lasers in, 456 Meat substitutes, 775 Mechanical calculators, 108–110, 293 Mechanical office equipment, computer origins in, 210–211 Mechanical refrigeration, 13, 671, 672–674 Mechanization, of homes, 360–361 Mechnikov, Ilya Ilyich, 34 Medical imaging, 595 tomography, 840–843 ultrasonography, 868–871 Medicine, 481–484 See also Health biopolymers in, 76 biotechnology in, 81 cloning for therapeutic applications in, 167 ethics of cell culturing, 839–840 green chemistry applications, 393 sonar devices in, 725 tomography in, 287, 840–843 ultrasonography in, 868–871 World War II ethics of research, 786–787 Medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs), 510 Melamine resins, 776–777 Mendel, Gregor, 88 Meningitis C vaccine, 426 Menopause, hormone therapy replacement in, 415 Meperidine, 30 Mercury-arc rectifiers, 274, 660 Mercury-cadmium-telluride infrared detectors, 436 Mercury discharge lamps, 468–469 Mercury missions, 734, 735 Mercury vapor lasers, 460 Message reassembly, 574 Messaging systems, 290 Metal fuel cells, 373 Metal halide lamps, 470–471 Metal-on-polymer hip replacements, 428 Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) silicon capacitor, 588, 608 Metal-oxide semiconductors field-effect transistors (MOSFET), 437 Metal-oxide semiconductors (MOS), 437 Methadone, 30 Methane, as biofuel, 75 Methoxyflurane, 31 Methyl rubber, 779 Metro railways, 874–875 Metropolitan area networks (MANs), 654 Micro worlds research, 41 Microbial control, 581 Microbiology, genetic engineering potential in, 379 Microchannel plates, 587 Microchips, 436–438 Microelectromechanical systems, 522–523, 712–713 Microelectronic controls, in automobile industry, 63 Microlithography, 480 Micromachining, 456 925 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com INDEX Microphones, 44, 45 Microprocessors, 294, 295, 845 Microscopy electron scanning, 489–492 electron transmission, 492–495 optical, 495–498 phase contrast, 414 Microsoft Windows, 782 Microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (MASER), 459 Microwave ovens, 365, 367, 498–500 Microwave radar, 626–627 Microwave wireless telegraphy, 801, 803 Midgely, Thomas, 12 Mietzsch, Fritz, 34 Military recorders, 52 Military submarines, 765–767 Military technologies, 565 tanks, 783–785 vs civil technologies, 500–504 Milking machines, 251 Milstein, Cesar, 81 Mimeograph machines, 585 Mineral-fuels exploration, 609 Minerals prospecting, 609–611 Minidiscs, 579 Minsky, Marvin, 497 Mir space station, 749–750, 751 Missiles air-to-air, 504–505 air-to-surface, 505–507 defensive, 507–508 guidance systems, 887 long-range and ballistic, 508–510 long-range and cruise, 510–512 short-range and guided, 512–514 surface-to-air and anti-ballistic, 514, 896–897 Mittasch, Alwin, 526 Mobile System for Accurate ICBM (Mosaic), 386 Mobile telephone switching office (MTSO), 515 Mobile telephones, 515–517, 801, 805, 808–809 See also Cell phones Model T Ford, 62 Modems, 288 Moderators, 533 Modular buildings, 103 Modular unitized metric (MUM) load, 852 Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo, 792 Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), 617, 836 Molecular biology, genetic engineering and, 379 Molecular electronics, 437 Molten carbonate fuel cells, 372 Monitored electroconvulsive therapy apparatus, 613 Moniz, Antonio Caetano de Egas, 524 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-Is), 614–615 Monochromators, 493–494 Monoclonal antibody technology, 81, 414 Monorails, 660 Moog, Robert A., 793 Moog synthesizer, 793 Moon exploration See also Lunar manned exploration; Lunar unmanned exploration; Space exploration fly-past, 733 Mordants, 272 Moseley, Henry Gwyn Jeffreys, 759 Motion Picture Experts Group-2 (MPEG-2), 821, 828 Motion pictures, 174–175 audio tape recording in, 50 Motional feedback, 45 Motor fuel, cracking processes, 241–243 Motor scooters, 519 Motorbuses, 871, 873 Motorcycles, 517–519 Motors See also Electric motors industrial, 769 nanotechnology, 522 in series or parallel, 275 small in kitchen technology, 362 Motown clusters, 798, 800 Mountain bikes, 853 Mueller, Paul, 150, 583 Muăller, Paul, Mullis, Kary, 382 Multimedia performances, 792 Multiple coincidence, 596 Multiple Mirror Telescope, 814 Multiplexers, 558 Multistage rockets, 744 Multitrack recording, 45 Murray, George, 416 Murray, Joseph E., 564 Muses orbiters, 742 Mushet, Robert F., 25 Music, technology and, 793–794 Musical instrument digital interface (MIDI), 794 Mutation breeding, 88 MYCIN, 41 Mycoproteins, 774–775 N Nanofabrication technology, 618 Nanotechnology, 521–523 Naphtha, 724 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 734–752, 759, 817 space telescopes, 816–817 National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX), 538 Natural gas, 302–303 in fossil fuel power stations, 370 Natural guide stars (NGSs), 812 Natural language processing (NLP), 42 Nature-identical dyes, 361 Navaho missiles, 684 Naval Navigation Satellite System (NNSS), 386 Navier-Stokes equations, 18 Navigation System timing And Ranging (NAVSTAR), 386 926 www.ebook777.com Navigational technology, 395–397 Nd:YAG lasers, 455, 560 Near-ultraviolet (UV), 754 Negative feedback, 45 amplifier, 239 Neon lasers, 460 Neoprene, 779 Neptune exploration fly-past, 733 planetary landers, 740 Nerve gas, 892 Networks, 288 Neumann, John von, 40, 205 Neural imaging, 454 Neurology, 523–525 ultrasonography in, 870 Neuronal logic networks, 40 Neurotransmitter research, 615 Neutrodyne circuits, 646 Neutron activation analysis, 316 New York Artificial Breeders Cooperative, 39 Newsgroups, 289 NHK Technical Research Institute, 43 Nickel alloys, 27 Nickel-cadmium batteries, 71–72, 600 Nickel-iron batteries, 71 Nier, Alfred O.C., 475 Nipkow, Paul, 424 Nipkow disk photocell arrangement, 424, 823, 832 Nitrogen, industrial uses of, 431 Nitrogen fertilizers, 430, 525–527 Nitrogen fixation technologies, 341, 430–431, 478, 525–527 Nitrogenous fertilizers, 341–342 NMR spectroscopy, 530–531 Noble gas lasers, 455 Noise reduction technology, 50 Non-electric lighting, 466 Nonimpact printers, 605 Noninvasive auditory brainstem response audiometry, 60 North American P-51H fighter, 18 Notebook computers, 472 Novocaine, 255 Nozomi probe, 743 Nuclear fuels, 527–529 Nuclear magnetic resonance, 287, 400, 525, 529–532 Nuclear power, 282, 300–301 Nuclear propulsion, 766 Nuclear reactor materials, 533–534 Nuclear reactors early fusion designs, 536 fast breeders, 534–535 later fusion designs, 537–539 thermal and graphite-moderated, 539–540 thermal and water-moderated, 541–542 weapons material, 542–543 Nuclear submarines, 767 Nuclear transfer, 167 Nuclear waste processing and storage, 543–545 Nylon, 590, 777 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com INDEX Nyquist, Harry, 432 O Oatley, Charles, 490 Oberth, Hermann, 683 Objective hearing tests, 60–61 Ocean power, 282 Oceanography, sonar devices in, 725 Odhner, Willgodt Theophil, 109 Offshore drilling rigs, 550–551 Oil crisis, impact on feedstocks, 337–338 Oil industry, 301 coal process, 547–549 in fossil fuel power stations, 370 globalization and, 390–391 Oil rigs, 549–551 Oil tankers, 709 OncoMouse, 379 Open heart surgery, 131, 440 Ophthalmic instruments, 552 Ophthalmology, 551–553 ultrasonography in, 870 Ophthalmoscopes, 551, 563 Opioids, 30 Oppenheimer, J Robert, 502 Optical amplifiers, 553–555 Optical fiber transmission, 695 Optical fibers, 558 Optical glass, 555 Optical instruments, laser manufacture of, 456 Optical materials, 555–557 Optical microscopy, 495–498 Optical storage systems, 187 Optical strain gauges, 321 Optoelectronics dense wavelength division multiplexing, 558–559 frequency changing, 559–561 lasers in, 457–458 packet switching and, 574–575 Optometry, 561–563 Oral contraceptives, 233–234, 483 Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO), 817 Orbiting Solar Observatory, 816 Ore´, Pierre Cyrpien, 32 Organ transplantation, 427, 483, 563–565 Organic-chemical based pesticides, 150 Organic chemical industry, 334 Reppe chemistry in, 676 Organic farming, 326 Oriented strand board (OSB), 838 Orimulsion, 370–371 Ornstein, Leonard, 296 Oscilloscopes, 622 Ostreijko, R von, Otoacoustic emissions, 60, 62 Ottenberg, Reuben, 83 Otto, Nikolaus, 67, 329, 442 Oughtred, William, 109 Outcrossing, animal, 87 Outline fonts, 606 Over-the-ear hearing aids, 54 Oxyacetylene lamps, 431 Oxygen, industrial uses of, 431 Ozone depletion, 800 effects of solvents on, 725 P p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), 35 p-n junction silicon rectifiers, 701, 843 Pacemakers, 130–132, 405, 482 Packaging materials, for food transport, 851 Packet switching, 573–575 computer networks and, 190–191 in World Wide Web, 905 Page description language (PDL), 606 Paints, 168–169 effect of technology on visual arts, 791–792 green chemistry applications, 393 solvents, 724–725 Palomar Mountain telescope, 813 Panama Canal, 847 Pancreas transplants, 260 Panel style automatic telephone switches, 806–807 Panelized buildings, 103 Panpot, 48 Pap smears, 262, 414 Papanicolaou, George, 262, 414 Paper chromatography, 152 Parry, John, 163 Parsons, Sir Charles, 864 Partial artificial hearts, 405–407 Particle accelerators cyclotrons, synchrotrons, colliders, 575–576 linear, 577–578 Particle board, 838 Particulate emissions, 281–283 Passive solar heating, 100 Passive sonar devices, 726 Passive stack cooling, 100 Pasteur, Louis, 251, 401, 425 brewing technologies and, 79 Pasteur Institute, 34 Pasteurization, 251 Paterson, Clifford, 468 Patriot missiles, 514 Pattern recognition, 41 Paul, Wolfgang, 476 Peaceful atom, 576 Peer-to-peer networks, 191 Penicillin, 35–36, 37, 38, 80, 402, 441 invention process, 502 Pentaborane, 85 Pentaerithyritol tetranitrate (PETN), 322 Pentium processors, 438 Pentium 4, 608 Peptide research, 171–173 Percussion drilling, 549–550 Performing arts, technology in, 795 Perfusion devices, 440 Perkin, W.H., 142, 147 Personal computers, 206–208, 216–217, 290, 653 computer memory, 186–188 printers and, 605 Personal desk assistants (PDAs), 653 Personal stereo, 578–580 Pest control, biological, 580–582 Pesticides, 326, 582–584, 799 in chemical warfare, 891 crop spraying, 243–244 genetic engineering and, 380 green chemistry applications, 393 organic-chemical based, 150 Petrochemical industry, 336–337 solvents in, 725 Petrochemical smog, 798 Petrographic microscopy, 497 Petroleum coke, 370–371 Petroleum naphtha, 724 Petroleum refining, 143, 144 Petty, Sir William, 133 Pfleumer, Fritz, 49 Pharmaceutical industry activated carbon in, biopolymers in, 76–77 cardiovascular disease treatment, 128–130 combinatorial chemistry, 171–173 development of, 402 immune suppression, 564 mass spectrometry in, 477 in psychiatry, 614–615 Phase-coherent microwave radar, 626–627 Phase contrast microscopes, 414, 496 Phased-array microwave radars, 626 Phenacetin, 30 Phenolics, 5, 593 Phillips Compact Cassette, 50 Phonofilm process, 345 Phonograph, 313 Phoropters, 562, 563 Phosphate fertilizers, 341 Phosphoric acid fuel cells, 372 Photo CD, 833 Photo detectors, 700 Photoconductive detectors, 588 Photoconductive effect, 586 Photocopiers, 584–585 Photodiodes, 586 Photoelasticity, 319, 321 Photoemissive detectors, 586, 587 Photography color, 169–170 flash, 764 in reconnaissance aircraft, 901 Photomultiplier tubes, 587 Photon detectors, 585 Photosensitive detectors, 585–590 Photovoltaic detectors, 586, 704 Photovoltaic (PV) cells, 722–723 Pierce, John, 47 Piezoelectric polymers and ceramics, 711–712 Pigments, 168–169 dyes, 270–272 Pioneer missions, 740 927 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com INDEX Piston engines, 442–444 Pitts, Walter, 40 Plan position indicators (PPIs), 622 Planar fabrication, 703 Planck’s distribution law, 458 Planing craft, 418 Plant biodiversity, 380 Plant biotechnology, 89 Plant breeding, 9, 325–327 genetic methods, 88–90 Plante´, Raymond Gaston, 72 Plasma Fractionation Project, 83 Plastic lenses, 556, 563 Plastic polyvinylchloride (PVC), in electrical insulation tubing, 264 Plastic surgery, 772–774 Plastics green chemistry applications, 393 thermoplastics, 590–592 thermosetting, 479, 592–595 Plate rectifiers, 668 Plug-in technologies, 905 Plunkett, Roy J., 363 Pluto exploration, 733–734 Plutonium, 528–529, 535, 542 Plywood, 837–839 Pneumatic total artificial hearts, 405–406 Pneumography, 523, 524 Pohl, Dieter W., 4979 Pohl, Robert W., 705 Point-contact diodes, 668, 701 Point-contact transistors, 844 Polarized light microscopy, 497 Polaroid cameras, 120–121 Pole amplitude modulated (PAM) motors, 275 Polio vaccination, 402–403 Pollution See Environmental pollutants Polyacrylamide gel, 296 Polycarbonate lenses, 556 Polyester fiber, 343 Polyesters, 592 Polyether ether ketones (PEEK), 590 Polyethylene, 337, 590, 592 Polygraphs, 584 Polyhydroxylalkanoates, 77 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, 379, 382 Polymerization, 34 Polymers, 149, 178–180, 776 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), 556 Polypropylene fiber, 343, 590 Polythene, 479, 777 Polyurethanes, 593 Polyvinyl alcohol, 479 Polyvinyl chloride, 479, 590, 680 use in audio systems, 53 Pop art movement, 792 Portable computers, 472 Positron emission tomography (PET), 126, 287, 595–597 Post, telegraph, and telephone (PTT) systems, 802 Postindustrialism, 139–140, 799 Postoperative care, 439–442 Potassium fertilizers, 341 Poulsen, Valdemar, 29, 49, 51 Powder-actuated tools (PATs), 600 Power distribution systems, 279–281 Power generation, 369–371 hydroelectric, 419–421 recycling, 597–599 Power tools, 599–600 Prandtl, Ludwig, 17, 18 Precision attack, 505 Precision farming movement, 327 Precision-guided munitions (PGMs), 887 Precut buildings, 103 Prefabricated buildings, 103–105 Pregnancy tests, 261 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), 340 Pressure cookers, 363 Pressure-sensitive adhesives, Pressurized cooling systems, 18 Pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs), 541 Pressurized water reactors (PWRs), 539 Prestressed concrete bridges, 91–92 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), 298 Primary batteries, 71–72 Print heads, 605 Printer command languages (PCLs), 606 Printers, 605–607 Private-key encryption, 298–299 Procaine, 255 Processed foods, 368–369 Processors, for computers, 607–608 Product design, constructed world, 230–231 Product divisions, role in research and development, 678–679 Product-related research, 570 Production engineering, 308, 309 Production reactors, 542–543 Programming languages, 719 Prontosil, 34 Propeller aircraft, 155–156 Propulsion systems, 65–66 submarine, 766–767 Prospecting, minerals, 609–611 Prostaglandins, 416 Prostate cancer, hormone therapy in, 415 Prostate specific antigen screening, 484 Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, 372–373 Proton linear accelerators, 577 Proximity fuses, 895 Psychiatry diagnosis and non-drug treatment, 612–613 pharmaceutical treatment, 614–615 Public address systems, 98 Public-key encryption, 298–299 Public lighting, 464, 480 Public wide area networks, 574 Pulmonary artery pressure recording, 441 Pulse code modulation, 804–805, 808 digital audio recorders, 43 Pulse oximetry, 441 Purcell, Edward, 529 Pure tone audiometry (PTA), 59 Purebred line breeding, 87 928 www.ebook777.com Purification semiconductors, 696–698 Pyrazolone, 30, 31 Pyrolysis, 598 Q Quadrophonic sound reproduction, 49 Quantitative emission spectroscopy, 752 Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL), 87 Quantum detectors, 585 Quantum electronic devices, 453–454, 617–619 quantum detectors, 434, 435 Quantum theory, 617 Quantum tunneling, 617–618 Quantum wave effects, 617–619 Quartz clocks, 161 Quorn, 774–775 R Rabi, Isodor, 163 Rabies vaccine, 425 Racing hydroplanes, 418–419 Radar, 293, 499 aboard aircraft, 621–623 air-based, 23 defensive systems in WWII, 623–625 displays, 625–626 high frequency and high power, 626–628 long-range early warning systems, 628–631 origins to 1939, 632–633 traveling wave tubes in, 856 uses in warfare, 888 Radar sensor systems, 692 Radial keratotomy, 552 Radiation exposure, 451 Radiation therapy, 125–126, 401, 482 high-energy x-rays systems in, 914 Radio AM, 633–634 carbon crystals in, 700 digital, 634–635 early transmissions, 635–637 FM, 634 Radio astronomy, 815 Radio-based communications, 515 Radio broadcasting, 53, 175–176, 313 Radio compass, 655 Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 825–827, 831 Radio direction finding (RDF), 654 Radio frequencies, 653 Radio-frequency electronics, 653–654 amplification of signals, 855 Radio-location devices, 632 Radio receivers, 637–639 crystal detectors and receivers, 639–642 early, 642–644 silicon carbide crystals in, 704 valve and transistor circuits, 644–647 Radio signals, for navigation, 386 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com INDEX Radio telescopes, 815–816 Radio transmitters, 643 continuous wave, 647–649 early, 649–650 Radio vacuum tubes, 677 Radio waves, 292 microwave cooking with, 499 Radioactive dating, 650–652 Radioactive decay, 450 Radioactive isotopes, 575 Radioactive waste, 543–545 Radioimmunoassays, 427 Radiometric devices, 436 Radionavigation, 654–657 Radiopaque myelography, 523, 524 Rail, 847–848 diesel and diesel-electric locomotives, 657–658 electric locomotives, 659–661 gas turbine use in, 864 high-speed, 661–664 steam locomotives, 665–666 Railway construction, globalization and, 390 Railway electrification, 274, 660 Railway mechanics, 666–668 Railway tunnels, 859 Rajchman, Jan, 185 Raman, Sir C.V., 757 Raman amplification, 553, 554 Raman spectroscopy, 757–759 Random access memory (RAM), 606 Random coincidence, 596 Ranger missions, 738 Rankine cycle, 865 Rapid hot molding, 776 Rapid single-flux quantum (RSFQ) electronics, 618 Rare-earth magnets, 28 Rauschenberg, Robert, 792 Rawcliffe, G.H., 275 Rayon fibers, 343 Reactive adhesives, 5–6 Read-only memory (ROM), 606 Recombinant bovine somatotrophin (rBST), 252, 328, 329 Recombinant DNA technology, 89, 378 insulin derived from, 416 Recombinant viruses, 377 Reconnaissance aircraft, 901–902 Reconstructive surgery, 772–774 Rectifiers, 668–670 copper oxide, 704 crystal, 844 Fleming Valve, 877 high-voltage, 702 mercury-arc, 660 silicon p-n junction, 701 Recycling power generation, 597–599 of thermosetting plastics, 595 Redstone missile, 684 Reduced instruction-set computing (RISC), 438 Reed, I.S., 43 Reel-to-reel tape recorders, 50 Reeves, Alex H., 808 Reflectance meters, 262 Reflecting telescopes, 813 Refracting telescopes, 813 Refrigerated trailers, 841 Refrigeration absorption, 670–671 mechanical, 13, 364–365, 672–674 thermoelectricity, 674–676 Refuse-derived fuel, 597 Regenerative receivers, 644, 645 Registers, 608 Reid, David Boswell, 11 Reinforced concrete, 220–222 bridges, 91 Relays, 280 Remnant magnetism, 51–52 Remote sensing, 610, 728 Remote teletype terminal, 288 Renal transplantation, 484, 564 Renewable chemical industry, 338 Renewable energy sources, 102–103, 282, 338 in domestic heating, 269–270 solar energy, 722 Reppe, Walter, 676 Reppe chemistry, 676–677 Reproductive science, 39, 385 Repulsion motors, 275 Research and development (R&D), 306, 565, 570 in green chemistry, 394 military vs civilian, 502, 503 in nanotechnology, 523 in twentieth century, 677–681 Retinoscopes, 562 Retroviral vectors, 383, 482 Reverse glissando, 613 Rhesus factor, 83 Rifampin, 38 Rig drilling technology, 549–551 Rigid gas-permeable (RGP) contact lenses, 556, 563 Robot-based production, 63 Rocket-assisted flight, 681 Rocket fuel, 85, 86 Rocket planes, 681–683 Rocket programs, 887 Rocket-propelled bombs, 505 Rocket propulsion liquid propellant, 683–685 solid propellant, 685–687 Rockets, 728 Roentgen, Wilhelm, 400, 523, 842 Roller pumps, 440 Rotary drilling, 550 Rotary electromechanical telephone switches, 806–807 Rotary mimeographs, 585 Rotary motors, 276 Round, Henry Joseph, 462 RSA encryption, 298 Rubber, synthetic, 778–780 Running tracks, 762 Ruska, Ernst, 489 Russell, James T., 43 S Sabin, Albert, 402–403 SABRE airline reservation system, 214–215, 719 Saccharin, Salicylic acid, 30 Salk, Jonas, 402–403 Salyut missions, 749 Sample return missions, 741–742 Sanger sequencing, 382 Satellite-based navigational system, 656 Satellite imagery, 692 Satellite television, 820–822 Satellites communications, 689–692, 801, 804 environmental sensing, 692–693 Saturn exploration, fly-past, 733 Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), 489, 491 Scanning near-field optical microscopes (SNOM), 497 Scanning optical microscopes (SOMs), 497 Scanning technology, in development of fax machines, 333 Scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEMs), 493 Scanning tunneling microscope (STM), 522 Scatter coincidence, 596 Schockley, William, 185, 186 Schottky barrier photodiode, 587 Science, organization of, 565–571 Scientific management, 308 Scud missiles, 513 Sea dumping, of radioactive waste, 544 Seaplanes, 849 Sears Tower, 710 Seber, Robert, 126 Secondary batteries, 71–72 Sectional buildings, 103 Selectavision system, 832 Selective Availability (SA), 387–388 Selenium crystals, 700 in early television development, 818 Self-guided munitions, 887 Self-propelled torpedo, 766 Semiautomatic ground environment (SAGE) air defense system, 288 Semiconductor diodes, 668 Semiconductor lasers, 455, 456, 457–458, 481, 558, 560 Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), 553 Semiconductor strain gauges, 320 Semiconductors, 294–295, 436–438, 438–439 compound, 694–696 crystal growing and purification, 248–250, 696–698, 748 elemental, 698–701 industrial processes and, 480 postband theory, 701–703 preband theory, 703–706 thin film technology, 835–837 transistors, 843–846 Semisubmersible rigs, 550 929 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com INDEX Sensorineural hearing loss, 59 Sensurround, 347 Server-side includes (SSI), 906 Service economy, 138–139 Sevoflurane, 31, 32 Sewing machines, 274 Sextupoles, 494 Shannon, Claude, 40 Shape-memory materials, 711 Sherrington, Charles Scott, 60 Shielding materials, in nuclear reactors, 533–534 Ship-to-shore communications, 639 Shipping, transatlantic transport, 846 Ships, bulk carriers and tankers, 706–709 Short-range missiles, 512–514 Short-wave radio communications, 333, 636, 802–803 SHRDLU, 41 Sicard, Jean Athanase, 524 Sidewinder missile, 504 Siemens, Dr Werner von, 873 Signal-averaging computerization, 60 Signal distribution, in television transmission, 822 Signal generating tubes, 425 Signal regeneration technology, 553 Signal strength, 821–822 Sikorsky, Igor, 408 Silicon carbide crystals, 462, 696, 700, 704, 844 in photovoltaic cells, 722 Silicon chips, 215, 436 Silicon grown-junction transistors, 700, 702 Silicon p-n junction diodes, 669 Silicon rectifiers, 701 Silicone rubber, in dialysis, 264 Silicones, Simmons, Dr Blair, 57 Simplon Tunnel, 848, 858 Singer Building, 709 Single-chip CPUs, 608 Single-electron tunneling transistors, 618 Single-element thermal detectors, 436 Single lens reflex cameras, 122–123 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 378, 385 Sinter process, 479–480 Site-directed mutagenesis, 382, 383 Skiascopes, 562 Skimmers, 418 Skylab space station, 750–752 Skyscrapers, 709–711 Slit lamps, 562 Slurry shield tunnel boring, 857 Small-scale hydroelectricity, 102 Smallpox vaccine, 403, 425 Smart materials, 711–713 Smith, George E., 588 Smith, Kent, 26 Smith, Michael, 382 Smith, Oberlin, 51 Smog, 798 Smokestack cities, 797, 800 Social constructivism, 487 Society for the History of Technology (SHOT), 485 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 26 Sodium discharge lamps, 469–470, 480 Soft contact lenses, 556, 563 Soft tissue surgery, lasers in, 455 Software application programs, 718–719 India development of, 799 telephony, 809 Software engineering, 719–721 Softwood plywood, 837–839 Solar energy, 102 in domestic heating, 270 Solar power generation, 721–723 Solid fuels, 686 Solid-oxide fuel cells, 373 Solid propellant rocket propulsion, 685–687 in space launch vehicles, 744 Solid rocket motor (SRM), 686, 687 Solid-state amplifiers, 844 solid-state power amplifiers (SSPAs), 858 Solid-state electronics, 294 in air-to-air missile development, 505 Solid-state lasers, 455 Solomon, G., 43 Solution-based adhesives, Solvents, 724–725 Sonar devices, 725–727 Sorokin, Peter, 560 Sound film technology, 345–346 Sound recording See Audio recording Sound reproduction rooms, 98 Southern Blot technique, 381, 382 Soyuz missions, 735, 749 Space exploration cryogenics in, 246 fly-past, 732–734 manned, 730 manned lunar, 735–737 manned orbiters, 734–735 mass spectrometry in, 477 planetary landers, 739–741 telescopy in, 816–817 unmanned, 741–743 lunar, 737–739 Space heating, energy conservation designs, 99–100 Space launch vehicles, 743–745 Space observatories, 816–817 Space shuttles, 745–747 Space stations, 747 Mir, 749–750 Skylab, 750–752 Space technology, 727–732 Space telescopes, 816–817 Spacelab, 746 Spacewalks, 734, 750 Spallanzani, Lazzaro, 39 Spark transmitters, 644, 650 Spatial sound reproduction, 48 Spectrometric devices, 436 Spectrochemistry, visible and ultraviolet, 752 Spectroscopy infrared, 754–756 Raman, 757–759 930 www.ebook777.com visible and ultraviolet, 752–754 x-ray fluorescence, 759–760 Speech audiometry, 59 Speech Transmission Index (STI) program, 98 Spektr mission, 750 Spin-warp imaging method, 532 Sports-equipment industry, 762 Sports science, 761–762 Sprinkler irrigation, 448 Sputnik missions, 689, 691, 741, 762–764 Sputtering deposition, 836 Stage scenery technology, 795 Stahl, Georg Ernst, 78 Staining techniques, 413 Stand-alone photovoltaic cell applications, 723 Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver (STRIPS), 41 Stanley, William Jr., 279 Starr, Albert, 132 Stealth aircraft, 505, 897 Stealth submarines, 766 Stealth technology, 767 Steam-electric locomotives, 661 Steam heating, 268 Steam locomotives, 665–666 Steam turbines, 864 Steamship transport, 846–847 Steel bridges, 94 Steel manufacturing, 446–447 Steinman, David, 93 Stents, 429–430, 482 Stereophonic audio recording, 47–49 in film and cinema, 347 Stern, Otto, 163 Stevens, Louis, 187 Still video cameras, 114 Stock, Alfred, 84 Stoddard solvent, 724 Storage batteries, 284 Strain gauges, 320 Strandlund, Carl, 104 Strategic bombing, 896 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) program, 507 Streamlined monoplanes, 17–19 Streetcars, 871–872, 873 Streptomycin, 37 Strobe flashes, 764–765 Stroboscope, 764 Strowger, Almon B., 806 Strowger electromechanical telephone systems, 805–806 Structural biology, 910 Structural materials, in nuclear reactors, 533–534 Sub-Kelvin technology, 246 Subjective hearing testing, 59 Submarine telephone cables, 801, 803–804, 810 Submarines, military, 765–767 Submersible oil rigs, 550 Submersibles, 767–769 Suburban electric railways, 875 Subways, 874–875 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com INDEX Sugar replacements, Sulfanilamide, 35 Sulfapyridine, 35 Sulfonamides, 38 Sulfones, 38 Sulfur lamps, 471 Supercomputers, 208–209 Superconducting magnets, 576, 769 Superconducting materials, 29 Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), 453 Superconductivity applications, 769–770 discovery of, 771–772 Superheterodyne receivers, 645 Supersonic aircraft, 20–21, 156–158 Surface-emitting lasers (SELs), 458 Surface stresses, measuring, 319–320 Surface-to-air missiles, 514–515, 896–897 Surface-to-surface missiles, 513 Surface-wave high-frequency OTHRs, 628 Surfactants, detergents as, 257 Surgery, plastic and reconstructive, 772–774 Surgical techniques in cancer, 127–128 cardiovascular surgery, 130–132 contraceptive, 233–234 ophthalmic, 552 use of lasers in, 455 Surrogate parenting, 339 Surround sound, 47–49, 346–348 loudspeakers in, 474 Surveillance satellites, 508 Surveyor program, 739, 741 Suspension bridges, 92–93 Sustainable agriculture, 326, 327 Sutherland, Dr Ivan, 182 Svedberg, Theodor, 867 Swinburne, Sir James, 593 Switching stations, 280 Synchronous generators, 420–421 Synchronous motors, 274 Synchrotrons, 575–576 Syndiotactic polymers, 591 Synge, Richard Laurence Millington, 151 Synthetic crystals, 248 Synthetic dyes, 8, 478 Synthetic fibers, 342–344 Synthetic foods, 360–361, 774 hydrogenated fats, 775–776 mycoprotein, 774–775 Synthetic halogen-substituted hydrocarbons, 31 Synthetic liquid fuels, 548–549 Synthetic muscle actuators, 713 Synthetic resins, 776–778 Synthetic rubber, 336, 778–780 System control and data acquisition (SCADA), 280 Systems programs, 780–782 T Talbot, William Henry Fox, 764 Tampons, 1–2 Tandem mass spectrometry, 385 Tankers, 706–709, 847 in food transport, 851 Tanks, 783–785, 886 Tape-based audio recording, 49 Targeting instrumentation, 23 Tatum, Edward L., 378 Taylor, Frederick W., 25, 136 Taylorism, 136, 308 Teal, Gordon, 702 Team invention, 501–504 Technocracy, 310 Technological advance organizations supporting, 566–567 social and political determinants of, 713–718 Technological determinism, 485, 488, 714–716, 717–718 Technology arts and entertainment, 791–796 environmental issues in, 796–801 ethics and, 785–789 leisure and, 789–791 methods in history of, 483–489 music and, 793–794 organization of, 565–571 in performing arts, 795 presentation of, 600–604 social construction of, 716–717 social interaction, 714 society and, 796–801 visual arts and, 791–793 Technology historians, 487 Technology transfer, 547 Teflon, 363, 592 use in hip replacements, 428 Telechrome tube, 824 Telecommunications, 801–805 lasers in, 456 optoelectronics in, 559 Telegraphy, 478, 573, 802 wireless, 635–636 Telephone systems fiber optic, 457 mobile, 515–517 Telephony automatic systems, 805–808 digital, 808–809 long distance, 809–810 Telephony software, 809 Telephotography machine, 333 Telescopes computer-controlled mirrors, 811–813 ground, 813–814 radio, 814–816 space, 816–817 Teletypewriter systems, 605 Television, 176–177, 313 cable and satellite, 820–822 color electromechanical, 823–824 electronic, 825–827 digital and high-definition, 827–829 early ideas of, 818–819 electromechanical systems, 830–832 Television camera tubes, 423–425 Television recording disk, 832–833 tape, 833–835 Telex machines, 334 Telex over radio (TOR), 317 TELSTAR satellite, 821 Territorial states, 801 Tesla, Nicola, 274 AC polyphase system, 279 Testosterone-blocking agents, 415 Tetra ethyl lead, 241 Tetrachloroethane, 724 Tetracyclines, 38 Tetrapropylenebenzine sulfonates, 258 Thallous sulfide detectors, 436 Thermal cracking, 241 Thermal detectors, 434, 435, 585 Thermal imaging devices, 436 Thermal insulation, 100 Thermal nuclear reactors, 539–540, 541–542 Thermionic diodes, 668, 669 Thermionic valves, 480, 704 Thermistor bolometer, 435 Thermoelectric hybrid vehicles, 66 Thermoelectric refrigeration, 674–676 Thermonuclear bombs, 357 Thermoplastics, 179, 590–592 Thermosets, 179, 479 Thin film materials and technology, 835–837 Thin-layer chromatography, 152 Thiopental sodium, 32 Third-rail direct current distribution, 659 Thomson, Elihu, 275 Thorazine, 614 Thorium, 529, 652 Three Gorges Dam, 253–254, 799 Three Mile Island incident, 539, 541–542 Thyraton, 238 Thyristors, 275, 670, 702 Thyroid deficiency, 416 Timber engineering, 837–839 Time-of-flight mass spectrometry, 152, 475–476 Tiselius, Arne, 295 Tissue culturing, 839–840 Tissue expanders, 773 Titanium alloys, 27 TNT, 322, 895 Toasters, 363 Todd, Michael, 351 Tofranil, 614 Tokamaks, 537–539 Toland, Gregg, 349 Tomahawk missiles, 511 Tomography See also Computed tomography (CT) scanning in medicine, 840–843 Tooth restoration See Dentistry Top-down nanotechnology, 522–523 Topical anesthetics, 552 Total artificial hearts (TAH), 405–407 Total quality management (TQM), 679 Toyota Prius, 67 Trace element analysis, 611 931 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com INDEX Tracked hovercraft, 660 Tractors, 330 Trading states, 801 Traffic control devices, light emitting diodes in, 463 Trains a Grande Vitesse (TGV), 663, 848 Tramp steamers, 846–847 Transatlantic fiber-optic cable, 557, 803–804 Transatlantic shipping, 846 Transcervical embryo transfer (IVF-ET), 339 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 613 Transcutaneous energy transmission, 406 Transfats, 776 Transformers, 279 Transgender surgery, 415 Transgenic plants and animals, 378, 379, 380, 483 Transistor circuits, 644–647 in rectifiers, 669 Transistor radios, 293–294, 579 Transistorized digital computers (TRIDACs), 608 Transistors, 186, 291, 293, 646, 843–846 in electric motors, 275 in Pentium chips, 608 TRANSIT satellites, 656 Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), 191, 217, 318 Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), 489, 493 Transmission lines, 769 Transonic aircraft, 19–20 Transplants bridge-to-transplantation cases, 406 pancreas, 260 transplantation immunology, 427 via transgenic animal tissues, 380 Transport, 846 air, 849–850 foodstuffs, 850–852 human-power, 852–854 railroad, 847–848 truck, 848–849 urban, 811–815 water, 846–847 Transportation industry, batteries in, 72 Traveling wave tube amplifiers (TWTAs), 855 Traveling wave tubes, 855–856 Trenching tunnel construction, 857, 858 Trend curves, 311 Tricycles, 852–854 Trolleycars, 657, 797–798, 873–874 Trucks, 848–849 True coincidence, in PET, 596 Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 683, 685 Tswett, Mikhail, 151 Tumor markers, 414 Tunable dye lasers, 560, 561 Tuned radio frequency (TRF) receivers, 646 Tungsten filament lamps, 467, 480 Tungsten halogen lamps, 552 Tunnel construction, 856–859 Tunnel diodes, 618 Tunneling effect, 617 Tunnels, 856–859 Simplon, 848 Tupper, Earl, 150, 363 Tupperware, 363 Turbine-electric motor ships, 708 Turbines gas, 859–861 in aircraft, 861–862 in land vehicles, 863–864 steam, 864–866 Turbojets, 862 Turing, Alan, 40, 297 Two-stroke engines, 443, 444 U U-boats, 766 Ultra-longhaul (ULH) systems, 554 Ultracentrifuges, 867–868 Ultrahigh frequency detectors, 699 Ultramicroelectrodes, 285 Ultrasonography, 262 in medicine, 868–871 Underground railways, 874–875 Unguided bombs, 506 Unilateral conductivity, 640 Universal newborn hearing screening programs, 61 Unix, 289 Unmanned space exploration, 741–743 Unsaturated polyesters, 593 Uranium enrichment, 528–529, 542, 652 Uranus exploration fly-past, 733 planetary landers, 740 Urban planning, constructed world, 229–230 Urban transportation, 871 cable cars, 871–872 electric streetcars, 872, 873 motorbuses, 873 suburban electric railways, 875 trolleybuses, 873–874 underground railways, 874–875 Urethanes, Usenet, 289 V Vaccination AIDS research on, 403 measles, 402 polio, 402–403 smallpox, 403 Vacuum cleaners, 159–160, 274 Vacuum packing, 366 Vacuum process technology, 836 Vacuum triodes, 632–633 Vacuum tube hearing aids, 54 Vacuum-tube oscillators, 648 Vacuum-tube repeaters, 810 932 www.ebook777.com Vacuum tubes, 291, 292, 677, 810, 877–878 in continuous-wave transmitter technology, 648 in radio receiver technology, 646 replacement by transistors, 844 substitution of transistors for, 293 Vacuum ultracentrifuges, 868 Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), 613 Valve and transistor circuits, 644–647 Valves, 877–878 Van de Graaff, Robert J., 575 Van de Graaff accelerator, 652 Vapor-compression refrigerators, 672 Variable message signs, light emitting diodes in, 463 Variable speed drives, 865 Vascular prostheses, 405 Vascular surgery, 482 Vat dyes, 270 Vectors, 377 retroviral, 383 Venera missions, 742 Ventilators, 440 Ventricular assist device (VAD), 405, 406 Ventriculographic techniques, 524 Venus exploration fly-past, 733 planetary landers, 740 unmanned, 741, 742 Verneuil, Auguste Victor Louis, 249 Vertical axis wind turbines, 904 Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), 458, 560 Vertical transportation, 879–880 Very high frequency (VHF) FM signals, 634 Very high frequency (VHF) omnidirectional range transmitters (VORs), 13 Very high-speed integrated circuit (VHSIC), 438 Very long-baseline interferometry (VLBI), 816 VHS video recording standard, 832 Video compression, 821 Video games, 180–181 Video recording, 832 surround sound in, 49 Video recording cassettes, 579 Videotape recording, 833–835 Viking missions, 740, 742 Viral vaccines, 425 Vision tests, 552 Visual arts, technology and, 791–793 Vitamins, 880–882 Voice encryption, 299 Voigt, P.G.A.H., 45 Volta, Alessandro, 71, 285 Von Braun, Wernher, 397 Von Bronk, Otto, 333 Von Linde, Carl, 431 Von Neumann, John, 212 Von Wasserman, August, 401–402 Voskhod missions, 734 Voyager missions, 740 VSLI technology, in telephony, 809 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com INDEX W Walkmans, 580 Waller, Fred, 350 Walter, Carl, 83 Warfare, 885–889 biological, 889–891 chemical, 891–893 high-explosive shells and bombs, 322–323, 893–895 Warhol, Andy, 792 Warplanes bombers, 895–899 fighters and fighter bombers, 899–900 fly-by-wire systems, 358–360 reconnaissance, 901–902 Washing machines, 461–462 Waste repositories, nuclear, 543–545 Waste-to-energy plants, 103 Wastes, recovery of energy from, 597–599 Wastewater treatment, Watches, quartz, 160–162 Water-cooled reactors, 539, 541, 542 Water-moderated reactors, 539, 541–542 Water purification, green chemistry applications, 393 Water transport, 847–848 Wave division multiplexing (WDM), 561 Wave power, 282 Wavelength division multiplexed systems, 554, 559 Weapons fission and fusion bombs, 355–357 invention process, 501 nuclear reactor production of, 542–543 nuclear testing and ethics, 787 submarine-based, 766 Weiner, Norbert, 40 Weizmann, Chaim, 79 Welding technology, oxyacetylene lamps in, 431 Wente, E.C., 44, 345 Westinghouse, George, 279 Wheel-on-rail transport, 660 Wheeler, Harold, 646 Wheeler, John, 528 White, Maunsel, 25 Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity), 653 Wide angle lenses, 118–120 Wide area information systems (WAIS), 904 Wide area networks, 574 Wiener, Norbert, 433 Wilde, Friedrich, 235 Wiles, Philip, 428 Williams, Frederick, 185 Wind power generation, 102, 902–904 Wintrobe, Maxwell, 410 Wire recordings, 49, 51–52 Wire strain gauges, 321 Wireless data networks, 653 digital telephony in, 808–809 Wireless personal area network (WPAN), 653 Wireless technology, 313, 643 Wireless telegraphy, 635–636, 800–803 Wireless telephony, 642 Wolff, Alfred, 12 Women and technology, 375–376, 799 Wood distillation, 335 Wood products technology, 837–839 Work, changing nature of, 136 automation, 137–138 Fordism, 136–137 information age, 140–141 post-Fordism, 140 postindustrialism, 139–140 rise of services, 138–139 Taylorism, 136 women and industrial technology, 138 World Trade Center, 710–711 World War II, warfare in, 885 World Wide Web, 217, 444–446, 904–906 computer networks in, 190–191 origins of, 290–291 World’s fairs, presentation of technology at, 601 Wozniak, Stephen, 207 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 104, 849 Wright, Wilbur and Orville, 906–908 X X-band radar, 508 X-planes, 681–683 X-ray crystallography, 575, 909–911 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, 759–760 X-ray gas tube design, 912 X-ray technology, 400–401, 523, 840–841, 909 in diagnostic medicine, 911–914 Xanthan, 76 Xenotransplantation, 565 Xerography, 585 XeroX copiers, 584–585 Y Yagi antennas, 622 Young, John Z., 497 Yttrium-aluminum garnet lasers, 455 Z Zacharias, Jerrold, 163 Zener effect, 618 Zeppelin, count Ferdinand von, 265 Zero Energy Thermonuclear Assembly (ZETA), 536 Ziman, John, 717 Zinn, Walter H., 534 Zircon, 652 Zoll, Paul M., 131 Zone electrophoresis, 296 Zoom lenses, 118–120 Zuse, Konrad, 181, 200, 205 Zworykin, Vladimir, 185, 423 Zymotechnology, 78 933 ... Page Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 20TH- CENTURY RT3865_vol 9/22/04 11:23 AM Page Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 20TH- CENTURY Volume A–L Colin A Hempstead,... Presentation of Technology Research and Development in the 20th Century Social and Political Determinants of Technological Change Space Technology, Arts and Entertainment Technology and Ethics Technology. .. society and technology, touch on the modern debates on the nature of the history of technology of history, and relate what people expect of the products of modern industrial civilisation The encyclopedia