Đây là bài viết tóm tắt các câu hỏi speaking tiếng anhchuyên ngành được sử dụng trong các phần thi nói tiếng anh . Tài liệu phù hợp với các bạn học sinh, sinh viên khối ngành kinh tế. . Câu hỏi có theo từng Unit liên quan đến từng mảng kiến thức khác nhau.Câu trả lời được dựa trên các đầu sách chất lượng
UNIT1: MICROECONOMICS AND MACROECONOMICS 1.what resources include? time; talent people have available , the land, the buildings, equipment and so on 2.what are two types of economics? microeconomics and macroeconomics 3.What does microeconomics study in general? Microeconomics studies how people choose to use the limited resources aming at best satisfying their demand Microeconomics studies behavior of individuals or firms about decisions on particular commoditier what are important themes of microeconomics? allocation of scare resources the role of prices the role of market 5.what does the term “trade –off” mean? trade of means when you want something, you must ignore others ???Why must consumers, workers, firms make choice? because all resource are limited so consumers, workers, firms have to make choice for the allocation of scare resources based on their preferences and maximize their well-being example for trade off made by consumers? they choose to buy fewer higher quality products but not more lower quality products of the same kinds they trade off current consumption for future consumption they may trade off beef for chicken when prices of beef are higher example for trade off made by wokers? they trade off working now with continued education they trade off working for large corporation with small corporation: while some people choose to work for large corporation that offer job security but limited potential for advancement other prefer to work for small companies where there is more oppotunity for advancement but less securitiy they trade off labor for leisure example for trade off made by firms? firms have to decide for whom to produce, what to produce and how to produce based on their limited resources they trade off hiring more workers or building new factories or both to increase profits they trade off cutting the cost or increase the price of goods and services 9.What does the consumer theory describe? consumer theory describes how consumers,based on their preferences, maximize their well-being by trading off the purchase of more of some goods with the purchase of less of others the consumer theory shows how consumer best make trade off due to their limited resources ???How consumers make choice based on? their scare income and preferances 10.the theory of the firms? The theory of firms describes how the trade-off can be best made 11 How are the prices important in the economy?/ what based on prices? prices partly determine the trade off made by consumers, workers and firms 12 how to determine price?/who make decisions on the allocation of scare resouces? In a planned economy, prices are set by the government in a market economy, prices are determined by the interactions of consumers, workers and firms 13.What does macroeconomics study in general? Macroeconomics studies the interactions among all economic factors in the whole economy and in international market, as well as the role of government in the economy 14 what are major/types macroeconomic policies? there are fiscal policy and monetary policy 15 what are economics factors/trends include? economic growth;unemployment;inflation;economic policies;damand;supply;prices;balance of payment 16 What is fiscal policy? fiscal policy which controls a government revenue and spending is in the hand of the ministry of finance 17 what are the main tools of fiscal policy? they are government spending and taxation 18.who supervise in fiscal policy? fiscal policy is supervise by ministry of finance 19.what is monetary policy? monetary policy which controls a nation’s money supply is supervised by each country’s Central Bank 20.what are the main tools of monetary policies? Discount rate : lãi chiết khấu Reserve requirements: quỹ dự trữ bắt buộc open market operation: hoạt động thị trường mở 21 who supervise in monetary policy? Monetary policy is supervise by the central bank, control money suply 22 what are the main objectives of Macroeconomic ? to promote economic growth to reduce unemplouyment to keep inflation under control 23.different between microeconomics and macroeconomics? microeconomics focuses on the actions of individual and industries Macroeconomics analyses the economic activity of an entire country or the international marketplace 24.why is it said that microeconomics and macroeconomics are interdependent and complement one another? Because there are many overlapping issues between the two fields For example, increased inflation would cause the price of raw materials to increase for companies and in turn affect the end product’s price charged to the public 25.what is inflation? Inflation means the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising 26 What is GDP? GDP is total value of all goods and services produced by a country in a year …………………………………………………………………………… UNIT2:PUBLIC FINANCE Question for detail information: 1.what is the definition of public finance? Public finance is concerned with how the Government raises and spend money where does the government revenue come from? The government revenue come from majors resources:incomes taxes, corporate taxes, payroll taxes what types of taxes contributed the largest proportion of tax revenue?Những loại thuế đóng góp tỷ trọng lớn doanh thu thuế? Taxes contributes the largest proportion of tax revenues is individual income tax -thuế thu nhập cá nhân what are two kinds of fund from taxation? There are federal funds and trust funds 5.what are federal funds? Federal funds are general revenues, meaning congress and the president can decide to spend them on just about anything when they conduct the annual appropriations process what are trust funds? Trust funds can be used only to pay for very specific programs such as Social Security and Medicare 7.For what are federal funds used? for infractructure: traffic system: roads/motor ways or traffic light Public building: hospital… salaries for state employees running the G body For what are trust funds used? trust funds can be used only to pay for very specific programs What is individual income tax? Individual income tax is the tax imposed levied on individuals incomes.- Thuế thu nhập cá nhân thuế đánh vào thu nhập cá nhân 10.What is corporate income tax? corporate income taxe is the tax imposed levied on business incomes- thuế thu nhập doanh nghiệp thuế đánh vào thu nhập doanh nghiệp 11 What is customs duty? customs duty is the tax imposed on imports – thuế hải quan 12.what is excise tax? excise tax is the tax imposed on specific goods and services such as wine, beer,hotels, restaurant… -thuế tiêu thụ đặc biệt13.why the government borrow money? to make up the differences and finance the deficit 14 when the government borrow money, what must they do? They must pay money back and pay interest as well 15.why the government borrow from itself? Because there are types of fund: federal funds and trust funds The federal funds spends more money than it takes from tax revenue The trust funds can be used to pay for very specific programs When the trust fund accounts run a surplus, the treasury takes the surplus and use it to pay for other kinds of federsl spending Bởi có loại quỹ: quỹ liên bang quỹ ủy thác Các quỹ liên bang chi nhiều tiền số tiền thu từ thuế Các quỹ ủy thác sử dụng để tốn cho chương trình cụ thể Khi tài khoản quỹ ủy thác chạy thặng dư, kho bạc lấy thặng dư sử dụng để toán cho loại chi tiêu liên bang khác 16 How can the government borrow money? Issuing and selling bonds : directly through website Indirectly through banks and brokers 17 Who does government owe money to? Chính phủ nợ ai? Domestic investor: private investor ;federal reserve;state and local government international investors:privates investor, other government; international financial institutions( IMF/WB 18 what is the debt held by public? debt held by public is the total amount the gorvernment owes to all of its creditors in the general public 19.what is the debt held by federal account? debt held by federal account is the amount of money that the Treasury has borrowed from itself It seft means when the trust fund accounts run a surplus, the treasury takes the surplus and use it to pay for other kinds of federal spending nợ giữ tài khoản liên bang số tiền mà Kho bạc vay từ Nó có nghĩa tài khoản quỹ tín thác chạy thặng dư, kho bạc lấy thặng dư sử dụng để tốn cho loại chi tiêu liên bang khác 20.what are the functions of public finance? allocation of resources: how to spend the government money and borrowing distributive function stablization function growth function ………………………………………………………………………… UNIT3:FISCAL POLICY Question for detail information: What is fiscal policy? What does fiscal policy control? fiscal policy is a gorvernment policy related to taxation and public spending What is deficit spending? deficit spending means spending funds obtained by borrowing or priting instead of taxation Under what circumstance would deficit spending be helpful to the economy? low economic growth rate high unemployment How does deficit spending would be helpful? Give some example for illustration? when unemployment is high, so it will create more jobs.The economy will then expand because more money is being pumped into it tỷ lệ thất nghiệp cao, phủ thực dự án sử dụng người lao động nhàn rỗi.Nền kinh tế sau mở rộng nhiều tiền bơm vào 5.Under what circumstance would deficit spending be harmful to the economy? when the economy is overheating , if government spends more money, there will be more money supply in the economy It may result inrising price or inflation 6.How does deficit spending would be harmful? Give one example for illustration? when unemployment is low, it may result in rising price or inflation It creates more competition for scare workers and resources and this inflates wages and prices 7.What is expansionary fiscal policy? Fiscal policy is expansionary when the government increase spending or reduces taxation or combines both of them 8.when should F.P be expansionary? Expansionary policy might occur when the economy is not growing fast enough or unemployment is too high or combines both of them 9.Can you give one examples for the F.P is expansionay? By increasing spending or cutting taxes, the government leaves individuals and business with more money to purchase goods or invest in new equipment The result is higher employment and a growing economy What is contractionay fiscal policy? Fiscal policy is contractionary when taxation is increased or public spending is reduced or combines both of them 11 Why F.P should be contractionary? Can you give one example for illustration? Because money in the market is high, the government has to reduce the amount of money in the economy available for purchasing goods, thus decreasing spending, demand and pressure on prices to help inflation under control 12.What inside factors should be considered in making decisions on the fiscal policy? Inside factors are divide into economic factors and non economic factors economic factors include:economic growth, unemployment nad inflation.,non economic factors include political considerations , wars, natural disaster and so on outside factors Include fiscal policies of other countries and requirement of interninal financial institutions(IMF) 14.Why should the government consider the fiscal policies of other countries? To learn good ideas from them also give generous tax programs to attract investors to develop economy 15 What are tools of fiscal policy? they are government spending and taxation 16.what are objectives of fiscal policy? E.F.P: increase economic growth, decrease unemployment C.F.P : decrease inflation 18.why are decisions on fiscal policy influenced by fiscal policy of other country? when making decisions of fiscal policy, the G need to consider F.P of other country because these policy may have generous tax program,which tempt multinational corporation to regulate their subsidiries.( tempt multinational corporation to transfer their invetment to others countries) 19.what happens if the government prints more money and pumped it into the circulation(bơm vào tuần hồn)? If the govemnet print more money , it will increase the money supply in the economy, without a corresponding increase n available goods; prices ad inflation- are likely to rise 15 what can the government if it wants to run an expansionary fiscal policy? the Gov can increase gov spending or reduce tax rates or combine both 16 what can the government if it wants to run an contractionary fiscal policy? the Gov can reduce gov spending or increase tax rates or combine both UNIT4: MONERTARY POLICY Question for detail information: ???what is monetary policy? monetary policy which controls a nation’s money supply is supervised by each country’s Central Bank 1.what are tools of monetary policy? Reserve requirement :dự trữ bắt buộc discount rate :lãi chiết khấu Open market operations: hoạt động thị trường mở 2.what is reserve requirement? reserve requirement refers to a certain percentage of deposits that the central bank requires other banks to keep as reserves dự trữ bắt buộc đề cập đến tỷ lệ tiền gửi định mà ngân hàng trung ương yêu cầu ngân hàng khác giữ làm dự trữ 3.what happens if the central bank increase/ decrease reserve requirement? By changing the reserve requirements, government can increase or decrease the money supply If the government increase the reserve requirement, it contracts the money supply; banks have kept more reserves so they have less money to lend out 4.what is discount rate? The discount rate is the interest rates that the central banks charges for loans to other banks Lãi suất chiết khấu lãi suất mà ngân hàng trung ương tính cho khoản vay cho ngân hàng khác 5.what happens if the central bank increase/ decrease discount rate? An increase in the discount rate makes it more expensive for banks to borrow from government A decrease in the discount rate makes it less expensive for banks to borrow 6.what are open market operations? open market operation means the central bank buying or selling government securities , mostly bonds what happens if the central bank buys government bonds or sell government bonds? 8.what can the central bank if it want to lower the money supply/ run a restrictive monetary policy? the central bank can increase reserve requirement , increase discount rate or sell government securities what can the central bank if it wants to increase the money supply/ run an expansionary monetary policy? the central bank can reduce reserve requirement , reduce discount rate or buy government securities 1.what is expansionary monetary policy? expansionary monetary policy means the central bank derease reserve requirement, discount rate or buying bonds it can increse lending capacity./ when the economy is slow down 11.what is restrictive monertary policy? restrictive monertary policy means the central bank increase reserve requirement, discount rate or selling bonds it can reduce investment , consumption,or even gov expenditure./ when the economy is overheating 12.what are objectives of expansionary monetary policy? promote economic growth create more jobs : unemployment decrease increase the money supply 13 .what are objectives of restrictive monetary policy? decrease the money supply to cool an overheating economy 14 what are objectives of monetary policy? price stability exchange stability full employment and maximum output economic growth UNIT5: FINANCIAL MARKET Question for detail information: 1.What are financial markets? financial markets are the markets in which securities are exchanged 2,what are special goods –money in financial markets?sercurities: chứng khoán debt instruments: bonds, mortgages :giấy vay nợ chấp equity instruments: share 3.,what are debt market-thi truong no? debt markets are the markets in which debt instruments such as bonds or mortgages are traded what are equity market? equity market are the markets in which equity instruments such as common shares are traded 5.what can the debt holders /creditors receive for holding debt instrument? what can the equity holders / be paid by the company? 7.what can share holders if they want to get back their money? 8.what is the main disadvantages of owning a corporation equities rather than its debt? the corporstion must pay all its detb holders before it pay its equity holders which one has the bigger size: debt markets or equity market? 1.what are primary market? Primary market is a financial market in which fresh securities are sold to initial buyers by the corporation or government agency borrowing funds 11.what are secondary market? Secondary market is a financila market in which securities that have been previously issued can be resold 12 Can issuers raise more money in secondary markets? Why?/why not? 13.what investment banks in primary markets? 14 what are exchange markets? Exchange market is the securities market in which buyers and sellers of securities meet in one central location to conduct trade 15.what are OTC markets? Over the counter market is a financial market in which the dealers at difeerent locations who have an inventory of securities stand ready to buy and sell securities to anyone 16.what are money markets? money market is a financial market in which only short term debt instruments are traded 17 what are capital market? Capital market in which long term debts and equity instruments are traded 18 what is the main function of financial markets? channeling funds from people who have surplus funds to those who have a shortage of funds Topic question: UNIT1: MICROECONOMICS AND MACROECONOMICS What does microeconomics study in general? Microeconomics studies how people choose to use the limited resources aiming at best satisfying their demand Having themes of economics The first it about the allocation of scarce resources All [resources are limited so microeconomic describes the trade - off that consumers, workers and firms face and show how the trade off are best made they decided when to enter the workforce , match choice of employment The second, it is role of price Microeconomics describes how prices are determined In a centrally planned economy, prices are set by government It influence all trade off such as consumers, workers and firms The central role of market is the third important theme of microeconomic In the market, prices are determined by supply and demand The allocation of scare resources? What you know about macroeconomics policy? Macroeconomic studies the interaction among all economic factors in whole economy or in international market, as well as the role of government in the economy As you know , economics factors may include employment levels, economic growth, balance of payments inflation and so on.and these factors interact on another The goals of macroeconomics is to look at overal these economics trends There are two major macroeconomics policies: monertary policies and fiscal policy Monetary policy which controls a nation’s money supply is supervised by each country’s Central Bank The tools of monetary policy are discount rates, reserve requirements and open market operations Fiscal policy which controls a government’revenue and spending is in the hand of the ministry of finance The tools of fiscal policy are government spending and taxation The basic objectives of these two main macroeconomics policies are to promote economic growth Decrease unemployment and keep inflation under control What are different between microeconomics and macroeconomics? Microeconomics and macroeconomics are two important basic components of the economy.there are many different between two fileds Firstly , Microeconomics studies how people choose to use the limited resources aming at best satisfying their demand Macroeconomics studies the interactions among all economic factors in the whole economy and in international market, as well as the role of government in the economy So, microeconomics is generally study of individuals and business decisions, macroeconomics looks at the higher up country and government decisions Secondly, while microeconomics focuses on the economics behaviors of individuals such as houldehold,consumer, enterprise ; macroeconomics focus on the activities of entire countries or international market places Thirdly,microeconomics make regarding the allocation of resources and prices of goods and services On the other's hands, macroeconomics look at overall economics trends such as employment levels, economics growth, inflation… the last but not less ,the bottom line is that microeconomics take a bottoms-up approach to analyzing the economy while macroeconomics takes a top-down approach While these two studies of economics appear to be different, they are actually interdependent and complement one another because there are many overlapping issues between the two fields For example, increase inflation would cause the price of raw materials to inquiries from companies and in turn affect the end products price charged to the public ……………… Kinh tế vi mô kinh tế vĩ mô hai thành phần quan trọng kinh tế Khác nhiều khác hai tập tin Thứ nhất, Kinh tế học vi mô nghiên cứu cách người chọn sử dụng nguồn lực hạn chế nhằm đáp ứng tốt nhu cầu họ Kinh tế học vĩ mô nghiên cứu tương tác tất yếu tố kinh tế toàn kinh tế thị trường quốc tế, vai trị phủ kinh tế Vì vậy, kinh tế vi mơ nói chung nghiên cứu định cá nhân kinh doanh, kinh tế vĩ mơ nhìn vào định phủ quốc gia cao Thứ hai, kinh tế vi mô tập trung vào hành vi kinh tế cá nhân houldehold, người tiêu dùng, doanh nghiệp; kinh tế vĩ mô tập trung vào hoạt động toàn quốc gia thị trường quốc tế Thứ ba, kinh tế vi mô thực liên quan đến việc phân bổ nguồn lực giá hàng hóa dịch vụ Mặt khác, kinh tế vĩ mơ nhìn vào xu hướng kinh tế tổng thể mức độ việc làm, tăng trưởng kinh tế, lạm phát điểm cuối không kém, điểm mấu chốt kinh tế học vi mơ có cách tiếp cận từ lên để phân tích kinh tế kinh tế vĩ mô thực cách tiếp cận từ xuống Mặc dù hai nghiên cứu kinh tế khác nhau, chúng thực phụ thuộc lẫn bổ sung cho có nhiều vấn đề chồng chéo hai lĩnh vực Ví dụ, lạm phát gia tăng khiến giá nguyên liệu thô hỏi từ công ty đến lượt ảnh hưởng đến giá sản phẩm cuối tính cho cơng chúng UNIT2:PUBLIC FINANCE 1.government revenue The federal government raise money in taxes There are main sources of taxes: payroll tax , individual income tax and corporate income tax While Individual income tax is the tax imposed levied on individuals , Payroll taxes paid by workers and employees, And corporate income tax paid by business, Taxes contributes the largest proportion of tax revenues is individual income tax There are of funds from taxation:trust funds and federal funds.Payroll taxes become trust funds Trust funds can be used only to pay for very specific programs such as Social Security and Medicare Income taxes and corporate taxes are designated as federal funds.Federal funds are general revenues, meaning congress and the president can decide to spend them on just about anything when they conduct the annual appropriations process 2.government spending government borrowing 4.sources of borrowings UNIT3:FISCAL POLICY 1.deficit spending: helpful or harmful When goverment spends more than it recieves, it runs deficit deficit spending means spending funds obtained by borrowing or priting instead of taxation.it can be useful and harmful for the economy Firstly, it can be useful when unemployment is high, so it will create more jobs.The economy will then expand because more money is being pumped into it.on the other hand On the other hand,it can be harmful when the economy is overheating , if government spends more money, there will be more money supply in the economy It may result inrising price or inflation.It creates more competition for scare workers and resources and this inflates wages and prices expansionary fiscal policy: When and Why? Fiscal policy is a government policy related to taxation and public spending Fiscal policy can be expansionary or contractionary Fiscal policy is expansionary when the government increase spending or reduces taxation or combines both of them Expansionary policy might occur when the economy is not growing fast enough or unemployment is too high or combines both of them By increasing spending or cutting taxes, the government leaves individuals and business with more money to purchase goods or invest in new equipment The result is higher employment and a growing economy Contractionary fiscal policy: When and why? Fiscal policy is a government policy related to taxation and public spending Fiscal policy can be expansionary or contractionary Fiscal policy is contractionary when taxation is increased or public spending is reduced or combines both of them It occurs when economy is overheating an inflation is too high,the government has to reduce the amount of money in the economy available for purchasing goods or incresing tax rates or both of them, thus decreasing spending, demand and pressure on prices to help inflation under control Influencing factors on decisions of fical policy? Fiscal policy is a government policy related to taxation and public spending There are many factors considered in making decision on fiscal policy: inside factors and outside factors Inside factorsunemployment rate,inflation rate, level of economic growth and political consideration.(quan điểm trị) Besides, outside factors are include:fiscal policy of other country and requirement of the international financial instittions different between fiscal policy and monetary policy? Fiscal policy and monetary policy are two important majors of macroeconomic The basic objection of these policies are to promote economics growh, to decrease unemployment and keep inflation under the control But there are many different between fical policy and monetary policy Firstly, while fical policy which controls a government revenue and spending, monetary policy which controls a nation’s money supply Secondly, fiscal policy is in the hand of ministry finance Monetary policy is supervised by each country’s central bank The last but not less, the tools of fiscal policy is taxation and government spending but the tools of monetary policy is reserve requirement,discount rate,open areket operation UNIT4: MONERTARY POLICY 1.what is expansionary monetary policy? Under what circumstance should the central bank conduct expansionary monetary policy ? Why? What is restrictive monetary policy? Under what circumstance should the central bank conduct restrictive monetary policy ? Why? 3.What are major objectives of monetary policy in general? .different between fiscal policy and monetary policy? UNIT5: FINANCIAL MARKET 1.different between debt market and equity market? 2, if you have free money now, what you want buy? Corporation bonds or shares? Why? 3.how primary markets operate? 4.how secondary markets operate? how are secondary markets importants to the primary markets? different between exchanges and OTC markets? 7.different between money market and capital market? ... họ Kinh tế học vĩ mô nghiên cứu tương tác tất yếu tố kinh tế toàn kinh tế thị trường quốc tế, vai trị phủ kinh tế Vì vậy, kinh tế vi mơ nói chung nghiên cứu định cá nhân kinh doanh, kinh tế vĩ... Thứ hai, kinh tế vi mô tập trung vào hành vi kinh tế cá nhân houldehold, người tiêu dùng, doanh nghiệp; kinh tế vĩ mô tập trung vào hoạt động toàn quốc gia thị trường quốc tế Thứ ba, kinh tế vi... khác, kinh tế vĩ mơ nhìn vào xu hướng kinh tế tổng thể mức độ việc làm, tăng trưởng kinh tế, lạm phát điểm cuối không kém, điểm mấu chốt kinh tế học vi mơ có cách tiếp cận từ lên để phân tích kinh