Nghiên cứu một số biện pháp kỹ thuật sản xuất chè búp tươi theo tiêu chuẩn VietGAP tại lâm đồng tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF ARGICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE NGUYEN THI THANH MAI RESEARCH ON SOME TECHNICAL MEASURES TO PRODUCE FRESH BUD TEA ACCORDING TO VIETGAP STANDARD IN LAM DONG Academic Field: Crop science Code: 62 01 10 DOCTORALTHESIS HA NOI - 2020 The work was completed at: Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences Science instructor: Dr Nguyen Van Tao Assoc.Prof Dr Nguyen Van Toan Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The dissertation will be defended in front of the Council-level Judging Council at the Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences on date…… month…….year The thesis can be found at: National Library Library of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS Nguyen Thi Thanh Mai, Nguyen Van Toan (2020), "Application of some bio-organic fertilizers for tea variety TB14 in Lam Dong province", Journal of Vietnam Agricultural Science and Technology, No (111), tr 80 -85 Nguyen Thi Thanh Mai, Nguyen Van Toan (2019), "Efficacy of biological and chemical insecticides controlling tea mosquito bug in Lam Dong province", Journal of Vietnam Agricultural Science and Technology, No 12 (109), tr 174-175 Nguyen Van Quang, Nguyen Thi Tam, Le Thi Cam Nhung and Nguyen Thi Thanh Mai (2016), "Effects of bio-organic fertilizer on yield and quality of fresh tea shoots of Kim Tuyen variety in Lam Dong province", Journal of Vietnam Agricultural Science and Technology, No 11 (12), tr 60-66 PREAMBLE The urgency of the topic Tea planting and processing has a history of hundreds of years Vietnam is now the fifth country in terms of tea area and output in the world Our tea products are mainly exported to Pakistan and some Middle East countries, this is a market with low technical barriers, some markets such as the US, EU, Japan are the markets that we hard to reach Many experts have explained and brought to the unification, our tea has no brand, has not confirmed the position of Vietnamese tea in the world market The most obvious existence is that, tea growers for immediate profit, developing in area and production with little attention to quality, food hygiene and safety, still have the habit of using a lot of real protection drugs toxic substances and inorganic fertilizers, which will lead to large residues of chemicals and heavy metals in soil and water, causing food insecurity And this is also the basic reason making it difficult for Vietnamese tea products to reach developed countries' markets Therefore, in the coming years, the tea industry needs to improve the quality and ensure product hygiene and safety, focus on better farming methods, use responsible pesticides, and achieve Domestic and international quality certification For tea trees in Lam Dong province, in order to have scientific and technological solutions applied in the implementation of VietGAP in order to promote the tea industry of the province to develop effectively and sustainably, first of all we need to properly assess the real situation of production tea production in general and VietGAP standards in particular, from which specific technical measures have been proposed, promoting tea production development according to VietGAP standards in the province Stemming from the above-mentioned reality, in order to contribute to the development of safe, quality and effective tea material areas in Lam Dong province, we have implemented the project "Research on some technical measures to produce fresh bud tea according to VietGAP standard in Lam Dong" Research objectives 2.1 Overall objectives Identify some technical measures to produce safe fresh bud tea according to VietGAP standards, in order to improve the income value and sustainable tea production in Lam Dong 2.2 Detail goal -Assess the status of tea production in Lam Dong province - Identify some technical methods to use fertilizers properly in the production of safe raw tea in Lam Dong - Identify some technical measures to use plant protection drugs appropriately in the production of safe raw tea in Lam Dong - Determining the efficiency of tea bud collection by machine; Technology of watering in tea production along the direction of good agricultural practice in Lam Dong - Applying best practices from the research results to build a model of fresh tea bud production meeting VietGAP standards in Lam Dong Scientific meaning and practical value of the topic 3.1 Scientific significance Research results of the thesis topic contribute to supplementing the scientific basis of suitable technical measures to improve productivity, quality and efficiency of fresh bud tea production, towards sustainable tea production In Lam Dong and other tea production areas have similar conditions 3.2.Practical significance The research results of the topic are the basis for supplementing and completing the technical process to improve the productivity, quality and efficiency of fresh bud tea production.,towards sustainability in Lam Dong in particular and in the Central Highlands in general New points of the thesis - Assess the status of tea production in Lam Dong - Identify bio-organic fertilizer RAS, NAS and appropriate amount of fertilizer for two common tea varieties Kim Tuyen and TB14 in Lam Dong, to produce fresh buds according to VietGAP standards -Identify the active ingredients Emamectin Benzoate 5%, Dinotefuran, Kasugamycin with biological and chemical origin used for two popular tea varieties Kim Tuyen and TB14 in Lam Dong, to produce fresh buds according to VietGAP standards - Determine the amount of drip irrigation water for Kim Tuyen tea varieties is 120 m3 / / time for irrigation, the cycle of watering every days in the dry season The thesis structure The thesis presents in 143 pages, 69 tables of data, pictures Prologue pages, chapter 1: Overview of 46 pages of research materials, chapter 2: Materials, content and research methods 14 pages, chapter 3: Research results and discussion 76 pages; Conclusions and recommendations: pages There are also annexes The thesis uses 103 references, including 68 Vietnamese documents and 35 English documents Chapter 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Situation of tea production and consumption in the world and in Vietnam 1.2 The trend of tea production in the direction of increasing added value and sustainable development today 1.3 A number of studies on technical measures in safe tea production in Vietnam 1.4 A number of studies on technical measures in safe tea production in Lam Dong 1.5 Some comments are drawn from the literature review In Vietnam, it is now common for the abuse of pesticides and chemical fertilizers In order to contribute to overcome this situation, in recent years, many project projects have been implemented, many researches have published on cultivation techniques to control inputs such as fertilizer chemistry, plant protection chemicals, irrigation water, harvest However, these studies are only concentrated in the northern tea area Very few studies on safe tea production have been conducted in the Central Highlands tea area in general and Lam Dong province in particular In Lam Dong, there were many seminars on safe and quality tea production However, during the workshop, many opinions reflected that people were still confused in applying technical advances to produce quality and safe tea Because in reality, there has not been a specific technical process, close to reality so that people can apply safe tea production With the above analysis, we believe that, in order to produce fresh bud tea material in Lam Dong to achieve safety standards and quality according to VietGAP standards, the research topic should raise the following issues: Firstly, Assess the status of tea production in general and safe tea production in particular in Lam Dong province: Each locality has its own characteristics of climate, weather, farming practices, and investment capacity different intensities properly assess the situation we have the direction of research in accordance with local reality Secondly, Research on rational use of fertilizer in producing safe raw tea according to good agricultural practices: In fertilizer cultivation, it always plays a leading role and has a great influence on product quality and safety Currently, many experts' comments indicate that Lam Dong uses inorganic fertilizers in very large quantities, so the topic needs to be studied in depth using microbial organic fertilizers and gradually replacing inorganic fertilizers Thirdly, Research on rational use of plant protection drugs in producing safe raw tea according to good agricultural practices: In the process of good agricultural production practice for producing safe fresh bud tea in Vietnam , we see pest management as one of the most important content Therefore, this is also a big content that the topic needs to mention, in which priority is given to the study of the use of biological protection plant protection drugs, in addition to studying the efficacy of some source drugs With biological origin, we also conduct research on the effectiveness of some chemical drugs so that we can use a combination of drugs in a rational way to improve the effectiveness of prevention and ensure product safety Fourthly, Study on watering techniques and mechanization in tea harvesting: Due to the specific characteristics of Lam Dong, there is a dry season lasting from November to April every year, during this period the rainfall for many months is very high Low enough for tea to grow Therefore, watering in the dry season in Lam Dong is an urgent problem On the other hand, in Lam Dong, besides tea, it is also a key area of many other crops such as coffee, fruit trees so there are times when there is a scarcity of labor, so workers picking tea are also is a problem to solve Therefore, the problem of mechanization in the tea harvesting stage also needs to be researched Fifthly, General application of advanced techniques to build a model of fresh tea bud production up to VietGAP standard: The best research results from separate technical measures, the research subject should be applied into a specific model, to demonstrate the reality of the effectiveness of advanced technical measures created from the topic, thereby creating trust for producers, expanding the model, contributing to the development of the project Sustainable Lam Dong Tea Industry Development Chapter 2: MATERIALS, CONTENT AND RESEARCH METHODS 2.1 Research materials 2.1.1 Research subjects 2.1.1.1 Like tea TB14 tea variety: is Shan Tran Ninh tea variety with small leaf angle, shrimp has many white fluff, high yield of about 18-20 tons / TB14 is the most widely grown Vietnamese tea variety (high yielding tea) in Lam Dong, the tea garden is 8-10 years old, and the planting density is 1.5 x 0.8 m (8.333 trees / ha) Kim Tuyen tea variety (Kim Huyen, A17 or 27 tea): Asexual variety of Taiwan, imported into Vietnam since 1994 Kim Tuyen is the Taiwanese tea (high quality tea) that is growing most popular in Lam Dong , year old tea garden, planting density of 1.5 x 0.4 m (16,700 trees / ha) 2.1.1.2 Fertilizer Select type of bio-organic fertilizer according to Decree 108 - 2017 / ND-CP, on fertilizer management Selecting types of organic fertilizer: Trimix - N1 (TRN1), RealStrong (RAS), BIONAVI (BIO), NASAMIX (NAS) 2.1.1.3 Plant protection products Selecting drugs of biological origin and chemical drugs in the list of pesticides allowed to be used in Vietnam (No 10/2019 / TT-BNNPTNT, September 20, 2019) + Tasieu 1.9EC (Emamectin Benzoate 1.9%), biological insecticide + Reasgant 3.6 EC (Abamectin 3.6%), biological insecticide + Tungmectin 5.0EC (Emamectin Benzoate 5%), a biological insecticide + Tungatin 1.8EC (Abamectin 1.8%), a biological insecticide + Detect 50WP (Diafenthiuron), Detect 50wp is a pesticide + Aicmectin 75WG (Methylamine avermectin), is a pesticide + Oshin 100SL (Dinotefural), is a pesticide + Dantotsu 16 SG (Clothianidin), is a pesticide 10 * Experiment 6: Effects of dosage of NAS fertilizer on growth, productivity and safety of fresh bud tea products of Kim Tuyen tea variety in Lam Dong 2.3.2.2 Research targets 2.3.3 Research methodology of content (Research on rational use of plant protection drugs in producing safe raw tea according to GAP good agricultural practice in Lam Dong) 2.3.3.1 Experimental layout method and experimental formulas Experiment 1: Effect of pesticides of biological origin Experiment 2: Effect of pesticides of chemical origin Experiment 3: Effect of biological-originating pesticides 2.3.3.2 Research targets 2.3.4 Research methodology content (Study on watering techniques and mechanization of harvesting tea buds to perfect fresh tea bud production techniques in the direction of good agricultural practices (GAP) suitable to Lam Dong conditions ) 2.3.4.1 Study on applying watering method to business tea in Lam Dong Experimental layout method and experimental formulas The experiment consists of formulas, arranged in a complete randomized block model (RCBD), times Each experimental plot has an area of 200 m2, the distance between the experimental plots is rows of tea (3m) The experiment was conducted on Kim Tuyen tea using Israeli drip irrigation technology, 20 cm of tube had drip hole with 2.5 liters of water per hour 2.3.4.2 Study the effect of machine-based method to collect fresh bud tea on the yield and quality of fresh bud tea The influence of machine-based tea harvesting methods on the productivity and quality of fresh bud tea 11 2.3.5.1 Method of modeling Implementing location: 01 model in Thị Trấn Lộc Thắng - Bảo Lâm District - Lâm Đồng Province 2.4 Research targets and tracking methods 2.5 Methods of analysis and data processing Data were processed using IRRISTAT 4.0 and Excel software Chapter 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Assess the status of tea production in Lam Dong province From the results of the investigation on the status of tea production in Lam Dong province, we draw some main comments as follows: Climate and weather conditions: The climate of Lam Dong province is quite suitable for tea development However, in the climatic factors, the rainfall in the dry season (from December to April next year) is a big limitation, so in reality now watering in the dry season for tea to maintain life, for Collecting productivity is an urgent problem that needs to be addressed About tea varieties: Currently, in Lam Dong, there are two popular cultivars, TB14, with an area of 56.40% and Kim Tuyen tea, accounting for 25.13% In particular, TB14 tea is a local variety (selected from the seed group in Bao Loc - Lam Dong) suitable for processing traditional black tea and green tea; Kim Tuyen tea variety is imported from Taiwan, suitable for processing high quality green tea and oolong tea Fertilizers for tea: Using manure accounts for a low rate, especially for Vietnamese tea (15.88%) and households using manure are mostly untreated (53.68%), this leads to product safety and environmental pollution The reason for low percentage of households using manure is 12 mainly due to the scarce supply, together with high transportation and fertilizer costs; The use of bio-organic fertilizers is relatively high, 48.48% on TB14 and 41.18% on Kim Tuyen varieties; Inorganic fertilizers are popularly used on tea and the dosage is increased compared to the current process, especially nitrogenous fertilizer (N) This leads to the potential consequences of leaving nitrate toxins in the product and contaminating the soil and water environment Regarding plant protection, the survey results show that: The majority of tea growers use chemical medicine to control pests and diseases (89.8%) The situation of using chemical medicine for tea in Lam Dong still reveals many limitations, the biggest limitation is that some people still use drugs outside the list of drugs allowed to be used on tea, accounting for an average of 3.45% The total number of surveyed households, particularly Bao Lam district and the large tea area accounts for 6.3% of the households using drugs outside the permitted list Drugs outside the list permitted to be used in Vietnam are very toxic drugs, posing high risks of causing product unsafety and harming the soil and water environment of tea areas In addition, the households who regularly spray chemicals (not investigating and detecting insect changes in the field) account for a large proportion (68.4%), even up to 73.3% in some areas ( Bao Lam district); For drugs of biological origin, very safe for products and the environment, the use of Lam Dong tea area is small, an average of 7.7% of households use it, many unused areas such as Di Linh and Da districts Lat; For tea pests, Lam Dong tea area identified mosquitoes as the most harmful objects, such as green leafhoppers, red spiders, tea thrips at lower levels This result is different from the Northern tea area, the two green planthoppers and the beetle 13 (thrips) were the most harmful after the red spider and the mosquito; For tea diseases, tea rot disease is quite common and the most severe disease in Lam Dong province Regarding watering and harvesting techniques: On Kim Tuyen tea, the area of tea irrigated is quite popular by sprinkler irrigation, however, this irrigation method is currently, according to experts is not water saving On TB14 tea, the percentage of households irrigating is very low, the reason is that applying irrigation to this tea variety is less economical than Kim Tuyen tea; Regarding tea collection methods: The most existent is that the percentage of households using sickles to collect tea is quite common, with this manual method, which leads to high use for tea picking and seriously affects the health growth and development of the tree On the TB14 tea variety, some households have also applied tea picking by machine, but the rate is still very low, because people not really understand the benefits of tea collection by machine Regarding the analytical results: For soil and water samples, although the analysis results of the samples not have any samples with the toxin content exceeding the permitted level according to the current standards, but the number of samples with residues The toxins are quite common; For fresh tea buds with 1/12 analytical sample with nitrate residues and pesticide residues exceeding the permitted level, this is a great risk to leave residues on the product later 14 Table 3.24 Nitrate residues, plant protection drugs in fresh tea buds Inves tigati on locati on Number of samples to be analyzed Number of samples without residue NO3- Plant protection drugs Number of samples with residues at a safe level NO3Plant protecti on drugs Number of samples with residues exceeding the permitted threshold NO3Plant protectio n drugs Di Linh 0 3 0 Bao Lam 0 Bao Loc 0 Đa Lat 0 3 0 The number of safe tea production models according to good agricultural practice standards is still small, especially VietGAP certified model 3.2 Study on the rational use of fertilizers in the production of safe raw tea according to good agricultural practices (GAP) in Lam Dong 3.2.1 Impact of some bio-fertilizers on tea in Lam Dong Research results show that the use of organic fertilizer applied to tea plants has had a positive effect on the chemical properties of tea cultivation land, increasing productivity, quality, increasing pest resistance and increasing effectiveness Economic production of tea In the research fertilizers, to determine NASAMIX bio-fertilizer (NAS), RealStrong bioorganic fertilizer (RAS) are the two most effective fertilizers for tea: RAS bio-organic fertilizer, tea yield TB14 reached 17.58 tons / ha, an increase of 15.13% compared to the control, Kim Tuyen tea reached 18.30 tons / ha, an increase of 14.14% compared to the control; Fertilizing bio-organic NAS, the yield of TB14 tea reached 18.01 tons / ha, up 17.94% compared 15 to the control, Kim Tuyen tea reached 18.57 tons / ha, up 15.80% compared to the control; when applying these two types of fertilizer also increases the highest percentage of tea types A and B; RAS bio-organic fertilizer, for TB14 tea, the net profit is 71,130 million / ha, higher than the control of 9,335 million / ha, for Kim Tuyen tea, the net interest is 269.20 million / ha, higher than the control of 32.48 million / NAS bio-organic fertilizer, for TB14 tea, the net profit is 74,785 million / ha, higher than the control of 12,990 million / ha, for Kim Tuyen tea, the net profit is 275.68 million / ha, higher than the control of 38.96 million / The research results also determined that, when using bio-organic fertilizers in testing nitrate and heavy metals residues in the products are within the allowed limits, the product ensures food safety and hygiene Table 3.27 Impact of some types of bio-fertilizer on fresh bud tea yield in Lam Dong (Average yield of years 2014-2016) Tea TB14 Fresh bud Compared tea yield to the (tons / / control year) (%) 15.27a b 16.15 5.76 b 16.59 8.64 c 17.58 15.13 18.01c 17.94 0.80 6.3 Kim Tuyen tea Fresh bud tea Compared Experimental yield (tons / to the formula / year) control (%) CT1 (Đ/C) 16.03a ab CT2: TRN1 16.57 3.33 CT3: BIO 17.08b 6.55 c CT4: RAS 18.30 14.14 c CT5: NAS 18.57 15.80 LSD0,05 0.90 CV (%) 6.8 Note: Different letters in the same column signify a significant difference at a 95% probability level The same words in the same column signify a significant difference 16 Table 3.33 Effect of bio-organic fertilizer on heavy metal and NO3residues on tea Unit: mg/kg Tea TB14 Kim Tuyen tea Experimental NO3CT1(control) 900 As - Hg - Cd - CT2: TRN1 917 - - - CT3: BIO 916 -