Sustainable development of water resources international regulations mekong regional cooperation and vietnamese national legislation

TH E UNIVERSITY F NAGOYA GRAD U A TE SCHOOL OF LAW Doctoral Dissertation SƯ5TAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS M EK O N G REGIONAL COOPERATION AND V IETNAM ESE NATIONAL LEGISLATION Dissertation presented as full fulfillment of the requiremcnts for the Dcsree of Doctor of Laws Name: Le Thanh Long Narae ofcourse: Proíessional Program in La\v and Political Sciences (2000-2003) Student ID No.: 430003099 Main academic advisor: Proíessor Yoshiro iMatsui Sub-academic advisors: Professors Hisakazu Kato, Haruo Saburi THƯ VIỆN TRƯỞNG ĐAI HOC LlÌẬTHÀ NỊI PH ÒNG V Date of submission: December 2002 A ESTR A CT The problems of water scarcity and pollution which had not been of a particular concem of traditional water resources law can now be partly relieved by applying the concept of sustainable development at the international, regional and national levels This flexible leaal tool is in a position to keep the risht balancs betvveen the use and protection of water Two important understandings of the concept of sưstainable development, as applied to vvater resources, have been reached: it represents an integration o f water utilization for developmental purposes and the resource’s environmental protection, and can act as a guiding concept for handling speciĩic water issues Intemationally, these perceptions are reílected in the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros case adjudicated by the International Court of Justice and the 1997 Watercourses Convention The States in dealing with their water issues can rely on the mạjor findings of the Court and the guidelines enshrined in the Convention Having to accommodate a hodgepodge of interests, there was no other choice for the existing cooperative framework on the M ekong to ink a nevv V i si o n o f sharing the ri ver in a rather general, complex, and piagmatic Ìũdnner The provisions on the M ekong’s deveiopmsnt arc interlocked with those on environmental protection, thus creating a sophisticated “ check-andbalance” mechanism for the river's sustainable development The Mekong River Commission is the ầppropriate actor responsible for, and is capable of, disentangling this extricate web Legal regulations for sustainable development of water resources exist in Vietnam A number of modern provisions on vvater use, protection and management of water resources are now incorporated in the related legislation There are, however, ensuing problems While the substantive loopholes and discrepancies may be overcome vvithout much difficulty, practical implementation is rather challenging Solving the problems is a time-consuming process, whịch rẹquires constant efforts and stronger commitments from the highest levels of the Government ACKNOW LEDGEMENTS The writin£ of chis dissertation has been possible thanks to a number of asencies and people My foremost and deepest gratitude eoes to my main academic advisor, Professor Yoshiro Matsui It was with his advice that I found the main theme, and directions for developing the backbone arguments, of the chosen topic.-H e helped me shape the organization of the dissertation and was very effective in íorcing me to vvrite it as cohercntly and clearly as I could His remorseless and meticuious attention to detail has made the thesis readable I thank my sub-academic advisors for their great contribution Professor Hisakazu Kato especially assisted me in streamlining Chapters Four and Five, and suggestcd how to evcn better glue ìhe different parts o f the dissertation to make it a more congruous who!e Professor Haruo Saburi’s Sharp comments led to the more consistent use of kcy terms, and cnrichcd the difí"erent parts of the dissertation I cwe great thanks to the Japan International Coopcration Agency and its associatcd organization - the Japan Internationa! Cooperation Cer.tsr - vvhich gencrously "ranted and administered my scholarship At these two organizations, Mr Okubo, Mr Nakazono, Ms Ikeda, Ms Nada, and Ms Takimoto deserve special thanks I vvould also like to express my graũtude to PFofessor Morishima who once worked part time for JICA, for his facilitation in aưanging my program In the Nagoya University Graduate School of Law, Okuda SenseT\vas alvrays ready to every possible thing to make my life in Nagoya enj.oyable She is not only an intemational stucients advisor, but also a caring sister The Library Staff have never hesitated in assisting me in my research for materials The Information Processing Center provided me with unlimited access to internet sources, especially the Nexis-Lexis legal data base The Administration Office was of great assistance in preparing the necessary logistic matters Mr Paul Lege edited this dissertation My many thanks go to all of them The Vietnam Ministry o f Justice granted me an extended stucly leave to undertake this doc:oral program The help of Minister Nguyen Dinh Loc, -whom I assisted as a secretary, Vice-Minister Ha H ung Cuong, and International Cooperation Department Director Nguyen Hu) Ngat is acknovvledged with great gratitude Mr Nguyen Nhan Quang, Deputy Director General, and the Information and-Library Staff at the Vietnam National M ekong Committee not only spared their valuable time to give me an insiịht into the M ekong current matters, but also provided me with access to the collection of M R I primary materials and unpublished papers that I would otherwise not have been ablc to íindin any library I would like to thank them My fellow graduate stuđent, Nguyen Quoc Vinh deserves thanks for his general interests in the opic Ms Dang Hoang Oanh is thanked for having been of special help and inspiration whiih gave me the sưength to overcome the many difficulties that I encountered in vvriting the ầissenation Lastbut not least, I thank my parents and children for their moral support Having thanked the above agencies and people, I nevertheless not foraet that I am responsible for this work, especially its \veaknesses IV D ED IC A TIO N To Nga & Nhan - my daughtcr and son V TABLE F CONTENTS ) Ticle page Abstract AcknowIedgements Dedication Table of contents Abbreviations i ii iii V vi xii Chapter One GENERAL INTRODUCTION Chapter T\vo EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL VVATER LAVV CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES I 4NTRODUCTION II (a) (b) (c) THE EXTREME CONCEPT OF ABSOLUTE TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY Historical backgrounds and nature The concept in treaties and p r a c tic e United States - Mexico United States - Canada Other s ta te s 10 C onclusions 12 III THE CONCEPT OF A BSOLUTE TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY Background and im p lications Practical uses and c la im s C onclusions 13 13 14 15 rv (a) (b) (c) THE NON-SIGNEFICANT HARM P R IN C IP L E Origin and t y p e s The principle in international law and international \vater lavv Analysis of the non-signifícant harm p r in c ip le Significant harm The narrow scope o f the non-significant harm p r in c ip le “S o ft” language used toprovide f o r obliga tion s C o n c lu sio n s 16 16 16 19 20 22 23 24 V (a) (b) THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUITABLE AND REA SO N A B LE U TILIZA TIO N R ationale Equity in general international l a \ v Equitable and reasonable utiIization of international w a te r s Federal States and international c a s e s .: Bilateral and multilateral ỉnstruments 24 24 25 26 27 29 vi 'I (c) (d) Weaknesses o f the ERUP in the 1997 Wcitercourses Convention ERƯP and economically less developed c o u n tr ie s C o n c lu sio n s 33 34 VI THE CONCEPT OF COM M UNITY OF IN T ER EST S Origin and developm ent Community of interests as equality of r ig h t s Joint management and d e v e lo p m e n t C onclusions 35 36 37 38 40 VII PROCEDURAL P R IN C IP L E S 40 General obligation to c o o p e r a te 41 Regular e.xchange of data and in fo r m a tio n 42 Prior notice and good faith n e g o tia tio n 42 Sum m ary 45 VIII C O NCLUSIO N S 34 45 C h ap terT h ree SUSTAINABLE D EV EL O PM E N T AS A C O N C E P T FOR HANDLING SP E C IF IC W ATER ISSUES AiND FO R LA W M A K IN G AND INTERPRETATION: T H E G A B C IK O V O -N A G Y M A R O S CASE AND T H E UNITED NATIONS IN TE RN A TIO N A L VVATERCOURSES C O N V E N T IO N 49 I SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPM ENT: G EN ERA L ISSU ES 49 n SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AS A GUIDENG CONCEPT FOR DISPUTE SETTLEM ENT IN TH E G ABCIKO VO -NAG YM ARO S C A SE 55 In place of introduction: the case’s synopsis, the IC J’s judgm ent and the scope of Part I I 55 Claims and arguments of the Parties and the Court’s d e c is io n 57 Hungary 's claims and its arguments f o r a State o f ecological necessity 57 Slovakia 's counter arguments, and the C o u rt’s d e c is io n 59 The concept of sustainable development and the Court’s reasoning '60 Judge W eeramantry’s separate opinion 5» 65 The principle o f sustainable developm ent 66 The continuing process o f environmental impact assessment 67 Sum m ary 67 (a) (b) (a) (b) III SUSTAINABLE D EV ELO PM EN T AS A GUEDENG CONCEPT FOR ELABORATION OF, AND IS REFLEC TED IN, THE 1997 UNITED NATIONS IN TERN ATIO N A L W A TER C O U RSES C O NV EN TIO N An overvievv of the Convention’s major provisions and the scope o f issues addressed in Part III - Overall approach: being pulled between utilization ’ and environmental protection vii 69 69 73 (a) (b) (c) The “\vatercourse” versus “đrainage basin”: gives and takes inchocỉing terms 76 Equitable and reasonable utilization: itself containing environmental requirements 79 Ecologicai/acíors 79 Protection/conservation/actors 80 Economy o f use 81 The relationship bet\veen ER U P and NSHP: a slight tilt to\vards u tiIizatio n 82 Summary 85 IV CONCLUSIONS 86 Chapter four LEGAL s p e c t s o f m e k o n g r i v e r b a s i n c o o p e r a t i o n AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MEKONG WATER R E SO U R C E S 88 I 88 II (a) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (a) (i) (ii) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) III INTRODUCTORY R E M A R K S LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF COOPERATION IN THE LOWER MEKONG BASIN PRIOR TO THE CREATION OF THE MRC IN 1995 90 The physical geography of the M ekong 90 Legal and institutional aspects of the cooperation on the Lovver Mekong Basin prior to the creation of the Mekong River C om m ission 92 Period prior to the creation o f the Committee fo r Coordination — o f Investigations o f the Lo\ver Mekong Basin (up to ) 92 The Committee f o r Coordinotion o f Investigations o fth e Lower Mekong Basin (1957-1994) 94 Establishm ent 95 Organization and procedure 96 Interim Mekong Committee 96 Functions and p o w e r s 97 Major activities o f the Mekong Committee 98 Data collection, studies and investỉgations 98 P la n n in g 99 Operational works on the m ainstream 99 Tributaries 100 Reasons leading to a change of Mekong legal and institutional framework 100 Primary reasons —the submerged part of.the ỉceberg 101 The conílicting needs over the M e k o n g 101 The stringent requirement of a basic document 102 Secondary reasons - the surface part o f the ic e b e r g 103 Procedural o m is sio n s 104 Lack of necessary functions and p o v /ers 105 Absence of a dispute resolution c la u s e 105 Absence of an environmental c la u s e - 105 THE 1995 MEKONG AGREEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MEKONG WATER R E S O U R C E S V111 106 Utilization of iVIekong \v a te r s 107 (a) Water allocation 107 (b) Legal ỉssues ofnotification, prior consultation and agreưment 108 (c) Implications o f Article 111 (i) A broader and freer right to use the M e k o n g 111 (ii) Checks and balances of the freer regime of u s c 112 (iii) Details yet to be ĩurther p ro v id e d 113 Protection of the Mekong against pollution 113 Preservation of the M e k o n g 115 (a) Economy o fu s e 115 (b) Weighing pros and cons o f Lises - dam c o n stru c tio n 115 (c) The basin approach 118 Integration of use, protection and preservation 120 S u m m a r y 123 IV (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) THE MEKONG RIVER COMMISSION- AND ITS ROLE IN SƯSTAINABLE D EVELOPM ENT OF MEKONG \VATERS W orỉd’íj vvaíer bodies: an ov e rv ie \v M R C ’s role in materializing M ekong’s sustainable development: the rationale Development versus environment and the M RC to strike CI balance The administrator fo r ỉmplementation o f a generallv/ormulated a g reem en í MRC: organization, structure, general fu n c tio n s Organitation, structure, and generalýunctions and p o w e r s Legal nature ofp ow er and clecisions .’ An overvievv of M R C ’s current p r o g r a m s Policy and rule m a k in g The legal b a s is 124 124 129 129 130 131 131 133 133 135 135 (b) Elaboration o fa detailed reg u la to ry fra m ew o rk 135 c) (i) (ii) 10 Materialiiation o f the basin a p p r o a c h 137 Involving the participation of M yanmar and C h i n a 137 Preparing a B D P n 138 Environmental r o l e : 138 A íbrum for notiíĩcation and c o n su lta tio n 141 Dispute resolution 142 F u n d r a isin g 143 S u m m a r y 145 V CO NC LU SIO N S 3' 146 Chapter Five VIETNAM ESE NATIOiNAL L EG ISLA T IO N AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELO PM EN T O F VVATER RESOURCES 148 I IN TRO D U CTIO N 148 •II SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPM ENT OF W A TER RESOURCES: THE RATIO N A LE 149 IX ceches by Representatives of T urkey and China in the United Nations, UN GAOR, l st Sess., 99lh Plenary :eting, UN Doc A/51/PV.99 (1997) eech bỵ Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Prime M inister of Canada in GIBBONS PAPERS (vol 1), Public Archives o f nada Itement of ưnderstanding Pertaining to Certain Aríicles o f the Convention made by the W orking Group o f the họle, UN GAOR, 51 sess., Rep of the Sixth Committee, UN Doc A /5 1/869 (1997) RC Council Resolution on the W ater tilization Program, Oct 18, 1999 inute o f the 13th Meeting o f the JC o f the M RC, Nakorn Pathom, Mar 7-8, 2001) RC, Summary o / Reports on N o tỉ/ica tio n s/ro m 1995 to Date (2002), M ekong Intcrnal Circulation Document file vvith the VNMC eech by Mr iMcCaíírey (Special Rapporteur) at the 2062nd Meetiní* o f the ILC in Summary Records o f the :etỉngs o fth e Forĩieth Session, (9 M ay - 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Committee International Union for ConseryatÌQn of Nature ' Joint Committee (of thc MRC) Journal of International Law and Business Joumal of International Law and Policy Joumal of Land, Resources and. .. SDWR: harmony of domestic and international regulations The 1997 Watercourses Convention Vietnam and Mekong cooperation Sustainable development of vater resources. .. Reserve Joumal of International Law Concept of Community of Interests Chief Executive Oíĩicer (of MRC) Colorado Joumal of International Environmental Law and Policy Colorado Joumal of International