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Contrast agent in MRI

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Contrast Agents in MRI What is MRI       Magnetic Resonance Imaging Medical imaging technique Non-invasive Fast scan times Contrast resolution No ionizing radiation How does it work?   A magnetic field to align the nuclear magnetization Generate a 2D image using the T1 relaxation time of proton in water in the body • T1 relaxation: • T1 measurement: Imaging    Slice selection Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform (2DFT) technique K-space Slice selection kspace Imag e Contrast Agents Six clinically approved contrast agents used worldwide:       Gd(DTPA)2- (Magnevist®) Gd(DOTA)- (Dotarem®) Gd(DTPA-BMA) (Omniscan®) Gd(HPDO3A) (Prohance®) mangafodipir trisodium (Telescan®) Ferumoxides (Resovist®, Cliavist ™) Why Gadolinium?     paramagnetic unpaired electrons Slow rotational correlation time Enhance relaxation of water molecule But wait…      As a free ion, Gd ion is highly toxic 0.2 mmol/kg in mice Disruption of Ca(II) signaling Form stable complexes that can accumulate within the body Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Magnevist  [Gd(DTPA)(H2O)]2- in 1988 How does it enhance contrast     Relaxation enhancement of the water molecule Inner sphere relaxivity Outer sphere relaxivity Shortening of T1 gives brighter image where the contrast agent is taken up Reference       Bottrill, M.; Kwok, L.; Long, N J Chem Soc Rev 2006, 35, 557–571 Caravan, P.; Ellison, J J.; McMurry, T J.; Lauffer, R B Chem Rev 1999, 99, 2293-2352 Gallagher,T A; Nemeth, A J; Bey, L H Am J Roen 2008 190 1396-1405 Woods, M.; Woessner, D E.; Sherry, A D Chem Soc Rev 2006, 35, 500–511 Lowe, M P.; Aust J Chem 2002 55 551-556 Derome A E “Modern NMR Techniques for Chemistry Research”; Pergamon Press Oxford 1987 ...What is MRI       Magnetic Resonance Imaging Medical imaging technique Non-invasive Fast scan times Contrast resolution No ionizing radiation How does it work? ... Fourier Transform (2DFT) technique K-space Slice selection kspace Imag e Contrast Agents Six clinically approved contrast agents used worldwide:       Gd(DTPA)2- (Magnevist®) Gd(DOTA)- (Dotarem®)... the nuclear magnetization Generate a 2D image using the T1 relaxation time of proton in water in the body • T1 relaxation: • T1 measurement: Imaging    Slice selection Two-Dimensional Fourier

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