start Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 OBJECTIVES: After studying Chapter 17, the reader should be able to: • Prepare for ASE Engine Repair (A1) • • certification test content area “A” (General Engine Diagnosis) and content area “D” (Lubrication and Cooling Systems Diagnosis and Repair) Perform routine fluid and service checks Describe how to install wheels and tighten lug nuts using a torque wrench and the proper sequence Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 OBJECTIVES: • Describe the proper procedure for changing • the engine oil and performing complete chassis system lubrication and under-vehicle inspection Beginning automotive service technicians are often required to perform routine service operations It is the purpose of this chapter to introduce the reader to these various service procedures Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 KEY TERMS: air filter • alamite fittings • algorithm • American Petroleum Institute (API) • American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) antidrainback valve • Association des Constructeurs Européens d’Automobiles (ACEA) • automatic transmission fluid (ATF) • brake fluid • bypass cabin filter • dipstick • DOT • DOT • DOT • National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) • penetration test • polyglycol • serpentine (Poly V) • silicone brake fluid • syncromesh transmission fluid (STF) • viscosity • winter (W) • Zerk fittings Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 GETTING READY FOR SERVICE Before service work is done, protect the vehicle inside by using commercially available plastic or paper protective coverings for seats, floor, and steering wheel The hood must be opened, and often struts holding a hood are weak or defective Therefore, always make sure the hood is securely held Connect an exhaust system hose to the tailpipe(s) before work is started that will involve operating the engine Do No Harm As stated in the Hippocratic oath, a doctor agrees first to no harm to the patient during treatment Service technicians should also try to no harm to the vehicle while it is being serviced Always ask, “Am I going to any harm if I this?” before you it Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Figure 17–2 An exhaust hose should be connected to the tailpipe(s) whenever the engine is being run indoors Figure 17–1 Before service begins be sure to cover the seats, floor, and steering wheel with protective covering Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 What is the Magnuson-Moss Act? The Magnuson-Moss Act was passed into law in 1975 and allows the use of nonoriginal equipment replacement parts during the service or repair of a vehicle without losing the factory warranty This means that any oil or air filter, spark plug, or other service part can be used unless the vehicle manufacturer furnishes these parts for free during the warranty period The vehicle manufacturer cannot deny paying a warranty claim for a fault unless the replacement part is proved to be the cause of the condition needed to be covered by the warranty Therefore, it is up to the business owner, service manager, or the technician to determine if the replacement part is of good quality While this is very difficult or impossible, unless defects are obviously visible, the best solution is to use the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) parts or service parts from a well-known company Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 WIPER BLADE INSPECTION & REPLACEMENT Windshield wiper blades are constructed of rubber and tend to become brittle due to age Wiper blades should be cleaned whenever the vehicle is cleaned using water and a soft cloth Figure 17–3 Installing a wiper blade insert into a wiper arm Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Wiper blade or blade insert replacement includes: Turn the ignition switch to on (run) Turn the wiper switch on and operate the wipers When the wipers are located in an easy-to-reach location, turn the ignition switch off The wipers should stop Remove the insert or the entire arm as per the instructions on the replacement windshield wiper blade package After double-checking that the wiper is securely attached, turn the ignition switch on (run) Turn the wiper switch off and allow the wipers to reach the park position Check for proper operation Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 CABIN AND AIR FILTER REPLACEMENT A cabin filter is used in heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in the outside air passage Some could include activated charcoal to eliminate odors The cabin air filter should be changed about every two years or every 24,000 miles (39,000 km) The cabin filter can be accessed from: Under the hood at the cowl (bulkhead) Under the dash, usually behind the glove (instrument panel) compartment Figure 17–4 A cabin filter can be accessed either through the glove compartment or under the hood on most vehicles Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 10 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 DIFFERENTIAL FLUID CHECK Rear-wheel-drive vehicles use a differential at the rear to change the direction of power flow from the engine to the rear wheels The differential also provides gear reduction to increase engine torque applied to the drive wheels Four-wheel-drive vehicles also use a differential at the front of the vehicle in addition to the differential in the rear To check the differential fluid level and condition, perform the following: To check the differential fluid level and condition, perform the following: To check the differential fluid level and condition, safely hoist the vehicle, and perform procedures following Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 82 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Visually check for any signs of leakage Remove the inspection plug from the side of the differential assembly Insert your small finger into the hole in the housing and then remove your finger If the differential fluid is on your finger, then the level of the fluid is OK Rub the fluid between your fingers If the fluid is not gritty feeling, reinstall the inspection plug If the fluid is gritty feeling, further service will be necessary to determine and correct the cause If the differential fluid is not on your finger, then the level of the fluid is too low Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 83 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Figure 17–38 A visual Inspection should include checking differential fluid, especially after noting that a leak has occurred NOTE: The reason for the low fluid level should be determined If repairs are not completed immediately, additional differential fluid should be added by pumping it into the differential through the inspection hole Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 84 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 DIFFERENTIAL LUBRICANTS All differentials use hypoid gear sets and a special lubricant is necessary because the gears both roll and slide between their meshed teeth Gear lubes are specified by the American Petroleum Institute (API) Most differentials require: SAE 80W-90 GL-5 or SAE 75W-90 GL-5 or SAE 80W GL-5 Limited slip differentials (abbreviated LSD) usually use an additive that modifies friction characteristics of the rear axle lubricant to prevent chattering while cornering Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 85 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 MANUAL TRANSMISSION/TRANSAXLE LUBRICANT CHECK Manual transmissions/transaxles may use any one of the following lubricants: Gear lube (usually SAE 80W-90) Automatic transmission fluid (ATF) Engine oil (usually SAE 5W-30) Manual transmission fluid (called synchromesh transmission fluid (STF) Similar to ATF with special additives to ease shifting especially when cold) Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 86 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 To check manual transmissions/transaxles lubricant, perform the following: Hoist the vehicle safely Locate the transmission/transaxle inspection (fill) plug Consult the factory service manual for the proper plug to remove to check the fluid level If the fluid drips out of the hole, then the level is correct If the fluid runs out of the hole, the level is too full Allow it to flow out) until it stops The correct level of fluid is at the bottom of the inspection hole If low, first determine the correct fluid to use and then fill until the fluid level is at the bottom of the inspection hole or until the fluid runs out of the inspection hole Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 87 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Use a Hydrocarbon Detector One of the many items that should be inspected while underneath the vehicle is the condition of all the fuel lines Many gasoline (fuel) leaks not show as wet areas A hydrocarbon detector available from automotive test equipment suppliers is an excellent tool to use to locate small gasoline leaks that may not be visible Figure 17–39 An electronic hand-held hydrocarbon tester is an excellent tool to use to check for possible gasoline leaks from lines or components Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 88 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 PHOTO SEQUENCE Oil Change Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 89 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 PHOTO SEQUENCE Oil Change Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman (cont.) 90 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 PHOTO SEQUENCE Oil Change Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman (cont.) 91 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 SUMMARY Prior to servicing a vehicle, protective coverings should be used on the steering wheel, seats, and floor Brake fluid should be checked regularly and not filled above 1/4” from the top of the reservoir or above the “maximum” line imprinted on the side of the master cylinder Most vehicle manufacturers specify DOT brake fluid Most vehicle manufacturers specify SAE 5W-30 or 10W-30 engine oil with an API rating of SM and an ILSAC rating of GF-4 Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 92 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 SUMMARY (cont.) The engine oil should be changed more frequently if the vehicle is driven under severe conditions such as stop-and-go city-type driving When replacing any radiator or heater hose, the end of the hose should be cut to prevent possible damage to the radiator or heater core Always use the specified automatic transmission fluid when topping off or when changing the fluid Using the wrong type of ATF can cause the transmission to shift too harshly or cause a vibration when the transmission shifts Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 93 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 SUMMARY (cont.) The tire pressure should be checked when the tires are cold, and the tires should be inflated to the pressure specified on the door placard or in the owner’s manual Tires should be rotated every 5,000 to 7,000 miles (8,000 to 11,000 km) or at every other oil change 10 Wheels should always be tightened with a torque wrench to the proper torque and in a star pattern 11 All grease fittings should be cleaned before using a grease gun to lubricate any greaseable joints under the vehicle Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 94 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 SUMMARY (cont.) 12 Most differentials require a SAE 80W-90 GL-5 rated lubricant 13 Manual transmissions/transaxles may require one of several different lubricants including gear lube such as SAE 80W-90, ATF, engine oil (SAE 5W-30), or special manual transmission fluid Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 95 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 end Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 96 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458