chap01 pps Automotive technology at University of Cambridge

start Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 OBJECTIVES: After studying Chapter 1, the reader should be able to: • • • • • Explain the evolution of the automobile Discuss the major components of a vehicle Describe the evolution of engines List the common components of most vehicles List eight areas of automotive service Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 KEY TERMS: air filter • body • body-on-frame (BOF) • carbon monoxide (CO) • catalytic converter • chassis • coolant drive shaft • evaporative emission system (EVAP) • exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) • flat head • frames • hydrocarbon (HC) ignition control module (ICM) • inline engine • intake manifold • internal combustion engine malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) • manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP) Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 KEY TERMS: OBD-II • oil filter • oil galleries • oil pan • oil pump • oil sump • overhead cam (OHC) • overhead valve (OHV) • oxides of nitrogen (NOX) PCV valve • pillars • positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) • propeller shaft radiator • scan tool • self-propelled vehicle thermostat • transaxle • transfer case unibody • universal joints (U-joints) water jackets • water pump Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND For centuries, man walked or used animals for transportation After the invention of mechanical propulsion systems, people used selfpropelled vehicles, which move under their own power Major milestones in vehicle development include: 1876 The OTTO four-stroke cycle engine developed by German engineer, Mikolaus Otto 1885 First automobile powered by an OTTO engine designed by Karl Frederick Beary 1892 Rudolf Diesel receives patent for compression ignition engine First diesel engine built 1897 Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 1896 Henry Ford (1863-1947) builds his first car, called the Quadricycle 1900 About 4,200 automobiles were sold, including: • • • 40% steam powered 38% battery/electric 22% gasoline engine powered 1902 Oldsmobile, founded by Ransom E Olds, produces first large-scale, affordable vehicle 1908 William Durant forms General Motors Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Figure 1–1 A Ford Quadricycle built by Henry Ford Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 1908 Ford Model T introduced 1912 Electric starter invented by Charles F Kettering First used on a Cadillac, the starter was produced by Dayton Electric Laboratories Company (Delco) 1914 First car with 100% steel body made by Budd Corporation for Dodge 1922 Indianapolis-built Duesenberg is first vehicle with four-wheel hydraulically operated brakes Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 1940 First fully automatic transmission introduced by Oldsmobile 1973 Airbags offered as an option on some GM vehicles 1985 Lincoln offers first four-wheel antilock braking system 1997 First vehicle with electronic stability control offered by Cadillac Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 BODIES Early motor vehicles used horse-drawn carriages with the engine attached Most bodies were wood Bodies evolved until in the 1930s, all-steel-enclosed bodies became the most used type All bodies depended on a frame of wood or steel to support chassis components Figure 1–2 Most vehicle bodies were constructed with a wood framework until the 1920s Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 10 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 POWERTRAIN OVERVIEW The purpose of the powertrain is to transfer the torque output of the engine to the drive wheels Rear-Wheel-Drive Powertrain A rear-wheel-drive vehicle uses these components to transfer engine torque to the drive wheels: Transmission In a manually shifted transmission, the drivetrain contains a clutch assembly to allow the driver to disengage engine torque from the transmission This allows the driver to shift from one gear ratio to another The transmission contains gears and assemblies to provide high torque output at low speeds for acceleration, and lower torque at higher speeds for better fuel economy at highway speeds Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 35 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Drive Shaft A drive shaft, also called a propeller shaft, connects and transmits engine torque from the transmission to the rear differential Universal joints (U-joints) allow the differential to move up and down on the rear suspension and still transmit engine torque Differential A differential is used at the rear of the vehicle and performs two functions: • • The differential increases the torque applied to the rear drive wheels by reducing the speed The differential also changes the direction of the applied engine torque and uses axle shafts to transfer the torque to the drive wheels Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 36 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Front-Wheel-Drive Powertrain A front-wheel-drive vehicle uses a transaxle, a combination transmission/differential in one assembly Drive axle shafts transfer engine torque to the front drive wheels from the output of the transaxle Four-Wheel-Drive System There are many methods of powering all four wheels Many include a transfer case to split engine torque to both the front and the rear wheels Figure 1–9 A dash control panel used by the driver to control the four-wheel-drive system Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 37 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS OVERVIEW Early vehicles did not have an electrical system–even the ignition did not require a battery Early engines used a magneto to create a spark instead of using power from a battery as used today The first electrical components on vehicles were battery-powered lights, for the driver to see the road, and to be seen by an approaching vehicle at night After 1912, the invention of the self-starter made the use of a battery commonplace Charles F Kettering also invented the point-type ignition system about the same time as the self-starter Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 38 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Early vehicle batteries were often referred to as SLI batteries, meaning starting, lighting and ignition From the 1920s to the 1950s other electrical components were added, such as radios, defroster fans, and horns Not until the 60s did electrical accessories such as air conditioning, power seats and power windows become common Today’s vehicles need generators (alternators) which can produce more electricity than in the past Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 39 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 The number of electronic components has grown to include every system in the vehicle, including: A tire pressure monitoring system for the tires Heated and cooled seats Automatic climate control Power windows Security systems Electric power steering Electronic suspension Figure 1–10 The generator (alternator) is in the heart of the electrical system Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 40 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING OVERVIEW Early vehicles did not include heaters or other comforts for driver and passengers Most were open, with a simple removable top Some had optional side curtains In the 30s and 40s, fully enclosed bodies became common, and manufacturers started including heaters, small radiators with engine coolant flowing through them In the 1950s, the only options on many vehicles were a radio and heater, or R&H Today, air-conditioning systems are purchased on most vehicles and incorporate defrosters and passenger compartment comfort, often in two zones Related comfort options today include heated and cooled seats and heated steering wheels Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 41 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 EIGHT AREAS OF AUTOMOTIVE SERVICE The non-profit National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence, known as ASE, created a series of eight certification tests in 1972 The tests cover the major vehicle systems Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 42 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Engine Repair (A1) This content area includes questions related to engine block and cylinder head diagnosis and service, as well as the lubrication, cooling, fuel, ignition, and exhaust systems inspection and service Automatic Transmission (A2) This content area includes general automatic transmission/transaxle diagnosis, including hydraulic and electronic related systems Manual Drive Train and Axles (A3) This content area includes clutch diagnosis and repair, manual transmission diagnosis and repair, as well as drive shaft, universal, and constant velocity joint diagnosis and service Also included in this content area are rear differential diagnosis and repair, plus four-wheel-drive component diagnosis and repair Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 43 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Steering and Suspension (A4) This content area includes steering and suspension system diagnosis and repair, including wheel alignment diagnosis and adjustments, and wheel and tire diagnosis and repair procedures Brakes (A5) The brake content area includes the diagnosis and repair of the hydraulic system,drum and disc brake systems, plus power assist units, antilock braking, and traction control systems Electrical/Electronic Systems (A6) This content area includes many systems,including the battery, starting, charging, lighting, gauges, and accessory circuit diagnosis and repair Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 44 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Heating and Air Conditioning (A7) This content area includes air-conditioning service, refrigeration systems, heating and engine cooling systems diagnosis and repair, as well as refrigerant recovery, recycling, handling, and retrofit Engine Performance (A8) The engine performance content area includes diagnosis and testing of those systems responsible for the proper running and operation of the engine Included in this area are general engine diagnosis, ignition and fuel systems, as well as emission control and computerized engine control diagnosis and repair This textbook covers the content of all eight ASE areas plus all of the background and fundamental information needed by technicians Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 45 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 SUMMARY Major automobile milestones include: OTTO cycle engine (1876), first diesel engine (1892), Ford’s first car (1896) Oldsmobile’s large-scale production (1902), first Model T (1908), first car with four-wheel hydraulic brakes (1922), first automatic transmission (1940), first vehicle to use fourwheel antilock braking system (1985), first vehicle with electronic stability control (1997) The chassis of the vehicle consists of a frame or body which has front and rear suspension, brake system, engine and transmission, and steering system A vehicle frame is the main structural support for the body Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 46 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 SUMMARY (cont.) Engine design has changed from inline flathead 4-, 6-, and 8-cylinder engines to new double-overhead camshaft designs, which are computer controlled The engine consists of the following systems: air intake, cooling, lubrication, fuel, ignition and emission control Major advances have also been made to electrical systems and controls from no electrical circuits in the early days of self-propelled vehicles to computer-controlled accessory and climate control systems today Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 47 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 SUMMARY (cont.) The eight areas of automotive service include: engine repair (A1), automatic transmission/transaxle (A2), manual transmission/transaxle (A3), suspension and steering (A4), brakes (A5), electrical and electronic systems (A6), heating and air-conditioning (A7), and engine performance (A8) Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 48 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 end Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 49 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458