Routledge Revivals New Methods in Reading Comprehension Research Published in 1984, this volume presents methodologies for studying the ongoing psychological processes that occur as a person reads a text, as well as discussing the major findings that these methodologies have produced, to provide a handbook of reading comprehension research techniques Focusing on the comprehension processes that occur when a person is reading, rather than the representation that remains after the text has been read, the methodologies use measures such as reading times that reflect ongoing processes, rather than relying exclusively on conventional measures of memory performance such as recall These methods make use of computer technology for rapid and flexible stimulus representation and data acquisition This book will allow researchers and students to select appropriate methodologies to investigate a range of fascinating questions about reading comprehension New Methods in Reading Comprehension Research Edited by David E Kieras and Marcel A Just First published in 1984 By Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc This edition first published in 2018 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1984 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact A Library of Congress record exists under LCCN: 84001499 ISBN 13: 978-1-138-58525-6 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-429-50537-9 (ebk) NEW METHODS IN READING COMPREHENSION RESEARCH Edited by: David E Kieras University of Arizona li& 1984 Marcel A Just Carnegie-Mellon University LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS Hillsdale, New Jersey London Copyright © 1984 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any other means, without the prior written permission of the publisher Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers 365 Broadway Hillsdale, New Jersey 07642 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: New methods in reading comprehension research Papers presented at a conference at the University of Arizona, Dec 10 —11, 1981 Bibliography: p Includes indexes Reading comprehension— Research— Congresses Reading— Research— Congresses I Kieras, David E II Just, Marcel Adam LB1050.45.N49 1984 428.4'3'072 84-1499 ISBN 0-89859-364-6 Printed in the United States of America 10 To Our Children CONTENTS xiii Preface The Influence of Methodologies on Psycholinguistic Research: A Regression to the Whorfian Hypothesis Patricia A Carpenter Statistical Tools Chronometric Paradigms Summary 11 A Survey of Some Important Techniques and Issues in Multiple Regression George P Knight Overview of Multiple Regression 14 Collinearity 16 Measurement Error and Shrinkage 22 Repeated Measures Design 26 Other Least Square Linear Model Techniques The Word-by-Word Reading Paradigm: An Experimental and Theoretical Approach Doris Aaronson and Steven Ferres The Reading Procedure 32 The Experimental Variables 33 vii 13 28 31 364 JU ST AND THIBADEAU Dee-Lucas, D , Just, M A , Carpenter, P A , &Daneman, M What eye fixations tell us about the time course of text integration In R Groner & P Fraisse (Eds.), C ogn ition an d eye m ovem ents Amsterdam: North Holland, and Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, in press Fodor, J T , Bever, T., & Garrett, M The p syc h o lo g y o f langu age New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974 Just, M A , & Carpenter, P A A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension P sy ch o lo g i cal R eview , 1980, , 329-354 Kimball, J P Seven principles of surface structure parsing in natural language C ogn ition , 1973, 2, 15-47 Lamb, S An outline o f stra tific a tio n a l g ram m ar Washington, D C.: Georgetown University Press, 1966 Marcus, M Theory o f syn ta ctic recognition f o r natu ral langu age Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980 Newell, A Harpy, production systems and human cognition In R Cole (Ed.), P erception and produ ction o f flu e n t sp eech Hillsdale, N J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1980 Newell, A Production systems: Models of control structures In W G Chase (Ed.), Visual inform ation p ro cessin g New York: Academic Press, 1973 Newell, A , & Simon, H A H um an p ro b lem solvin g Englewood Cliffs, N J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1972 Schank, R C Conceptual dependency: A theory of natural understanding C ogn itive P sy c h o lo g y , 1972, , 552-631 Stolz, W A A study of the ability to decode grammatically novel sentences Journal o f Verbal Learning a n d Verbal B eh a vio r, 1967, , 867-873 Swinney, D A Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects Journal o f Verbal L ea rn in g a n d Verbal B eh a vio r , 1979, 18, 645-659 Thibadeau, R H , Just, M A , & Carpenter, P A A model of the time course and content of reading C ognitive Science, 1982, , 157-203 Tryk, H E Subjective scaling and word frequency A m erican Journal o f P sych o lo g y, 1968, 81, 170-177 Zipf, G K The p syc h o -b io lo g y c f langu age Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1965 AUTHOR INDEX Numbers in ita lics indicate pages with bibliographic information A Aaronson, D A , 9, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 45, 50, 58, 64, 65, 6 , 7, , , 98, 99, , 116, , 179, 212, 215, 220, 221, 233, 234, 244, , Abe Ison, R P , 84, 88, 191, 218, 245, , 289, 297 Ainsfeld, M , 55, 66 Anderson, J R , 55, 66, 313, Anderson, R A , 191, 216, Anderson, R C , 184, 189, 217, 309, 32 Anglin, J M , 40, 6 Anisfeld, M , 6 Arwas, R., Ill, 116 Asher, S R., 189, 215 B Baddeley, A D , 110, 113, 116, 178 ,1 Bain, W M , 345 , Balota, D A , 101, 116 Baron, J., 49, 6 Bartlett, F C , 40, 66, 239, 240, 24 , 261, 28 Bates, E., 337, 338, Begg, I., 40, 6 Bent, D H , 14, 29, 193, 277 Bentler, P M , 193, 214, 2/5 Bereiter, C , 281, Berian, C , 40, 41, 42, 67, 193, 205, 216, 226, 232, 244, 245, 246, Bertera, J H , 100, 101,1 Bever, T G , 51, 55, 66, 144, 145, 149, 167, 180, 358, 364 Bingham, G , 221, 225, Birnbaum, L A , 333, 345, Bisanz, G L., 190, 191, 275 Black, J B , 189, 275, 221, 224, 225, 245, 246, 248, 289, 290, 291, 294, 295, 297 Blackman, H S , 225, 246, 257 Blalock, H M , 24, 29 Blanchard, H E., 101, 117, 158, 180 Bloom, P A , 80, 81, 87, 94, 96, 108, 116 Blumenthal, A L., 147,1 Bobrow, D , 210, 277 Bouma, H , 47, 66, 71, 87, 131, 149, 158, 168, 180 Bovair, S , 189, 215, 308, 321, 323, 325, 329, 331 ,3 Bower, G H , 55, 66, 221, 224, 248, 300, 301, 325 Bransford, J D , 85, 87, 102, 116, 281, 285 Brauth, S., 38, 66 365 366 AUTHOR INDEX Brehmer, B , 28, 29 Brewer, W F., 245, 24 , 356, Britton, B K , 190, 215 Brooks, R J., 113, 117 Brown, A L., 281, 285 Brown, E., 98, 117 Brown J S., 260, 285 Brown, M B , 14, 29 Bush, R R., 64, 66 C Campione, J C , 281, Caramazza A , 225, 48 Carey, P., 144, 145,1 Carlson, M 132, 146, 150 Carmines, E G , 29 Carpenter, E., 94, 108, 117 Carpenter, R A , 9, 38, 39, 40, 42, 46, 47, 50, 67, 71, 79, 80, 86, , 8 , 93, 98, 99, 105, 106, , 117, 132, 134, 142, 149, 154, 155, 157, 162, 163, 165, 166, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 177, 178, , 180, 188, 189, 191, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 220, 221, 223, 225, 233, 234-235, 242, 244, 245, 246, , 24 , , 300, 304, 305, 307, 24, , 332, 349, 350, 357, 358, 360, 361, 363, , , Carr, T H ,1 Carroll, J., 35, 66, 280, 86 Carroll, J M , 280, 28 Carroll, P J., 132, 140-142, 149 Carter, D S 25, 29 Carter, L F., 24, 29 Chandler J P., 50, 66 Chandler, P J., 330 34 Chen, H C , 92, 93, 94 95, 100, 104, 106, 111, 114, 116 Chiesi, H L., 192 ,2 Cirilo, R K , 225, 232, 245, 246, Clark, E V., 45, 49, Clark, H H , 45, 49, 55, 6, 7, 189, 191, 215, 220, 239, 24 , 49, 310, 32 , 337, 34 Clark, L F., 143, 149, 185, 191, 211, 216, 225, 226, 230, 232, 233, 244, 246, Cocklin,T., 92, ,9 , 100,776 Cohen, A D , 185, 187, 210, 211, 276 Cohen, J., 13, 14, 16, 23, , 226, 227-228, 240 , Cohen, P., 13, 14, 16, 23, 29, 226, 227-228, 240, 24 Collins, A , 260, 285 Curry, C., 190, 275 Curtis, M E , 210, 211, 216, 217, 225, Cutler, A , 246, 248 D Dagenbach, D , 97 , 776 Daneman, M , 154, 171, 177, 178,756, 245 ,2 , ,3 Danks, J H , 220, 225, 230, 248 Darlington, R B , 16, 29 Davidson, B J., 148, 149, 309, 32 , 332 46 Davies, P., 35, 66 Dawes, R , 261, 285 Dawes, R M , 239, 24 Dee-Lucas, D , 169, 177, 180, 223, 225, 245, 246, 248, 361, 364 Dell, G., 120, 127, 727 deVoogd, A H , 47, 66, 71, 87, 131, 149, 168, 180 Dixon, W J., 14, 29 Dommergues, J Y., 95, 106, , 116, 118 Dooling, D J., 243, Drewnowski, A , 213, 276 Dreyfus, H L., 345, Duffy, S A , 191, 277, 246, 25 , 253, 256, 258, 259, 261, 265, 267, 272, 279, 283, 286 Dumais, S T., 210, 211, 218 Dwyer, J H , 6, 77 E Eaton, M E , 279, Eddy J K , 190, 276 Ehrlich, K , 80 87, 132, 134, 136-140, 142, 149 Ehrlich, S F., 107, 776, 149 Eimas, P D , 83, 89 Engelman, L., 14, 29 Ericsson, K A , 254, 260, 281, 284, 285, 294, 297 Eriksen, C W., 97 , 776 F Ferrara, R A , 281, 285 Ferres, S , ,4 , 43, 45, 50, 55, 64, ,6 , 67, 74, 87, 244, AUTHOR INDEX Fischler, I., 80, 81, 7, 94, 96, 108, 367 H 116 Fletcher, C R., 332, 333, 337, Foder, J A , 167 ,1 Foder, J T., 358, 364 Forster, K I., 69, 70, 80, 84, 7, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, ,9 , 106, 107, 110, 111,7/6 Forsyth, D , 38 Foss, D J., 136, 149, 188, 216, 225, 232, 245, 246, Francis, W N , 35, 44, , 188, 216 Frane, J W., 14, 29 Frauenfelder, U , 95, 107, , 16,118 Frazier, L., 132, 144, 145, , 149, 245, Frederiksen, C H , 239, Frederiksen, J R , 49, 67 French, P., 94, 107, 111, 116 G Galambos, J A , 292, 294, Galanter, E., 64, 66 Garrett, M F., I ll, 116, , 180, 358, 364 Garrod, S C., 190, 218, 225, Garvey, C , 225, 24 Gibson, E J., 46, 52, 67 Givon, T., 337, Glanzer, M , 40, 67 Glass, A L , 190, 216 Glenn, G G , 193, 218, 221-222, 250 Gold, C , 82, Goldman, S R , 83, 8 Goldstein, S , 31« Goodman, K S , 84, 88 Goodman, S M , 191, 216 Gordon, R A , 16, 29 Gough, P B , 212, /6 Gowie, C J., 51, 67 Graesser, A C , 10, 41, 42, 51, , 99, , 149, 185, 187, 189, 191, 196, 205, 210, 211, 2/6, 220, 221, 225, 226, 230, 232, 233, 240, 241, 244, 246, , 259, , 292, 297 Granaas, M , 92, 93, 94, 100, 116 Grant, D A , 8, 11 Green, D W., 42, 67, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 106, 117, 188, 205, 217, 221, 225, 234, 244, Greene, E , 329, 331, Grober, E., 225, 24 Haberlandt, K , 9, 40, 41, 42, 67, 99, 193, 205, 216, 221, 224, 225, 226, 232, 244, 245, 246, 49 Hammond, E J., 85, 88 Hammond, K R , 28, 29 Harris, C , 70, 79, 88, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 102, 106, 110, 114, 118, ,2 /7 Harris, R J., 25, 29 Hauft-Smith, K , 185, 187, 210, 211, 2/6 Haviland, S E., 220, 24 , 310, 32 , 337, 46 Hays, W L., 6, 11 Healy, A F., 213, 2/6 Hilgard, E R., 300, 301, 25 Hill, M A , 14, 29 Hintzman, D L., 303, 325 Hitch, G , 178, 179 Hochberg, J., 45, 67 Hoffman, N L., 143, 149, 185, 191, 211, 2/6, 2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,2 3 ,2 4 ,2 ,2 Hogaboam, T W., 45, 46, 47, 67, 83, 88, 130, 148, 149, 220, 221 ,2 , 250 Holdredge, T S., 190, 2/5 Holmes, V M , 94, 111, 116, 132, 143, 4 , 149, 190, 2/6 Hornak, R , 48, 68 Huang, D S , 16, 29 Huey, E B , 52, 67, 129 ,1 Hull, C H , 14, 29, ,2 /7 Hunt, E., , 180, 212, 2/6 I Inhoff, A W., 0 , 118, 134-136, 149 J James, W , 327, 46 Jarvella, R J., 179, 180 Jenkins, J G , 14, 29, 193, /7 Jennrich, R I., 14, 29 Johnson, M K., 85, 87, 102, 116 Johnson, N S , 193, 2/7, 221, 222, 50 Johnson, S C , 290, 297 Johnson, W., 190, 2/6, 244, 246, 24 , 309, 318, 319, 321, 325 Johnson-Laird, P N , 40, 67 Joreskog, K G , 193, 214, /6 Juola, J F., 92, 93, 94, 96, 100, 104, 107, 109, 114, 116, 118 368 AUTHOR INDEX Just, M A , 9, 38, 39, ,4 ,4 , 47, ,6 , 71, 79, 80, , 87, 88, 93, 98, 99,10 ,1 ,1 , 117, 132, 134, 142, 149, 154, 155, 157, 162^ 163, 165, 166, 169, 170, 174, 177, , 180, 188, 189, 191, 205, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 220, 221, 223, 225, 234-235, 242^ 244, 245, 246, , , 250, 300, 304, 305, 307, 24, , 332, 349, 350, 357^ 358, 360, 361, 363 ,3 K Kahneman, D , 210, 216 Kanwisher, 94, 95 Keenan, J., 98, 117, 216, 220, 225, Keenan, J M , 187, 190, 216, 225, 230, Kellas, G , 234, 25 Kennedy, R A , 40, 68 Kenny, D A , 193, 214, 216 Keppel, G , 228, 24 Kerlinger, F N , 13, 16 20, 25, 29, 228, Kieras, D E., 9, 41, 99, 189, 190, 192, 205, 210, 21 , 215, 216, 220, 221, 225, 226, 244, 246, 249, 299, 300, 305, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 318, 319, 321, 323, 32 , 329, 331 Kimball, J R, 167, 180, 358, Kintsch, W., 98, 117, 187, 189, 190, 192, 210, 216, 217, 220, 225, 226, 230, 245, 24 , 253, 281, 285, 300, 304, 305, , 328, 329, 331, 337, 341, 342, 34 , Klein, G A , 144, 149 Klein, L R., 17, 29 Kleinman, G M , 49, 67, 83, 88, 225, Klenbort, I., 55, 66 Kliegel, R., , 149, 309, , 332, Knight, G P 183, 308, 309 Kolers, P A , 131, 149 Koury, G , ,1 Kozminsky, E , , 117, 187, 190,276, 225, 230, 24 Kroll, J F., 49, 67, 70, 79, 8, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 110, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118, 213, 277 Kucera, H , 35, 44, 67, 188, 276 Kurkowski, F., 144, 149 L LaBerge, D , 210, 212, 276, 218 Lamb, S., 353, 364 Landauer, T K , 113, 777 Langford, J., 190, 276 Larkin, K M , 260, 285 Lawrence, D H , 96 , 777 Lebowitz, M , 333, 345, Lehnert, W G , 189, 215, 289-290, 291, 297, 333, 345, 346, Lesgold, A M , 45, 67, 210, 211, 213, 276, 277, 225, 250 Levin, FL, 46, 52, 67 Levy, B A , 49, 67, 213, 277 Levy, E I., 101, 118 Lewis, C., 279-280, 285, 86 Lewis, J., 212, 276 Lewis V J., 110, 113,776 Li, C C , 20, 29 Lovelace, E A , 101, 113, 777 Lucas, P A , 45, 67, 130, 149, 221, Luce, R D , 64, 66 Lunneborg, C., 212, 276 M Mack, R L., 191, 277, 246, 250, 253, 258, 259, 261, 265, 267, 272, 279-280, , 28 , 28 MacWhinney, B , 337, 338, 346 Macworth, N H , 158, 180 Mandler, G , 51, 67 Mandler, J M , 193, 277, 221, 222, Manelis, L., 220, 230, Marcel, T., 97 , 777 Marcus, M , 358, 364 Marcus, M P., 110, 777, 167, 180 Markowitz, N , 109 , 776 Marslen-Wilson, W D , 213, 277 Masson, M , 180, 246, Masson, M E J., 94, 95, 96, 98, 104, 114, 777 McClelland J L., 212, 214, 277, 218, 333, McConkie, G W., 45 46, 47, 67, 68, 79, 83 n, 88, 101, 777, 130, 136, 137, 149, 150, 158, 161, 180, 220, 221, 249, McDonald, J L., 154, 169, 173,1 McFarland, C E., 234, 50 McKean, K O., 220, McKeen, O K., 40, 67 McKillop, B J., 49, 66 McKoon, G , 98, 777, 120, 123, 126, 727, 128, 187, 190, 276, 220, 225, 230, 249, 25 McNamara, T., 92, 93, 94, 96, 100, 104, 107, 114, 776 Mehler, J., 95, 108, 106, 776, 118, 144, 145, 149 Merikle, P M , 97, 777 AUTHOR INDEX Miller, G A , , , 66, 7, 2 , 50, 327 ,3 Miller, J R., 192, 217, 305, , 328, 329, 331 333, 336/i, 337, 341, 342, Miron, M , 98, 117 Mitchell, D C , 9, 31 n, 39, 42, 67, 69, 70, 71 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83,’ 84,’ 85,’ 86^ 88, ,9 ,1 0 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,117, 188 205, 2/7, 221, 225, 234, 244, Mood, A M , 20, 29 Morrison, R E., 100,1 Morton, J., 82, 88, 188, 217 N Neisser, U , 255, 28 , 288, 289, 296, 297 Newell, A , 212, /7 , 253, 284, , 302, 304, , 350, 351, 36 Nicholas, D W., 241, 251 Nie, N H , 14,2 , 193, /7 Nisbett, R E., 254, , 294, 297 Norman, D A , 189, 210, 2/7, 288, 297 Nunnally, J C., 23, 24, 29 O Olbrei, I., I ll, 116 Olkin, I., 25, 29 Olson, G M , 9, 10, 191, /7 , 245, , 253, 256, 258, 259, 261, 265, 267, 272, 279, 283, Olson, R K , , 149, 309, , 332, Omanson, R C , 241, O ’Regan, J K , 132, 143, 144, 145,1 369 Powell, C M , 113,1 Powers, J W., 51, Pratt, J W., 25, 29 Purcell, D G , 97, 118 Pyles, L D , 185, 187, 210, 211, 216 R Ratcliff, R., 120, 123, 126, 127, 127, 128, 220, 250 Rayner, K , , , , , 67, 68, 79, , 87, 88, 96, 100, 101, 107, 116, 118, 130, 131, 132, 134, 136-140, 137, 142, 144, 145, , 149, 150, 158, 161, , 180,181, 220, 225, 244, 245, 249, 250, Razel, M , 40, Reddy, R., 212, 213, 214, /7 Reiser, B J., 289, 290, ,2 Reynolds, R E., 184, /7 Richman, B , 35, 66 Riha, J R., 99 Rips, L J., 292, 297 Robertson, S P., 191, 216, Rosch, E., 140, 150 Roth, S , 211, ,2 /7 Roth, S F., 210, 217, 225 , Rubin, D C., 246, 25 , 300, 325 Rucci, A J., 4, , / / Rumelhart, D E., 84, 88, 188, 189, 193, 210, 212, 213, 214, 217, 218, 2 , 250, 259, 286, 333, Ryder, L A , 94, 97, 111, 116 S P Paivio, A , 40, 66, 225, Patkau, J E , 40, 68 Paul, I H , 239, 25 Pedhazur, E J., 13, 14, 16, 20, 24, 25, 26, 29, 228, 240, 24 , , 309, Perfetti, C A , 83, 88, 210, 211, 213, /7 Petrick, M S , 94, 95, 96, 108, 110, 114, 117 Pfafflin, S M , 94, 98, 107 ,1 Pollatsek, A , 80, 88, 96, 101, 118, 132, 150 Posner, M I., , 127, 210, 211, /7 Potter, M C , 9, 70, 79, 8, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118, 213 Samuels, S L., 210, 212, 216 Sanders, E , 48, 68 Sandson, J., 40, 41, 42, 67, 193, 205, 216, 232, 244, 245, 246, Sanford, A J., 190, 218, 225, 50 Sapir, E., 49, 68 Scarborough, D L., 109, 118 Scarborough, H S , 42, 58, 66, 164, 179, 215, 220, 221, 233, 234, 248, 249 Scardamalia, M , 281, 286 Schank, R C., 84, 88, 191, 218, 238-239, 25 , 288, 289, 297, 300, 32 , 333, 47, 354, 358, 359, 364 Schneider, W., 2 , 128, 210, 211, 218 Schuberth, R E., 83, 89 226, 212, 245, 345, 370 AUTHOR INDEX Schwartz, S P., 189, 215 Sechrest, L., 176 ,1 Segui, J., 95, 106, 108, 116, 118 Selfridge, O G , 212, 218 Shaffer, W O., 210, 218 Shapiro, H , 109, 116 Sharkey, N E., 71, 74, 81, 88 Sherak, R., 31 n, 39 Sherman, J., 94, 98, 100, 101, 105, 118 Shiffrin, R M , 210, 211, 218 Shiffrin, R., 122, 128 Shulman, H G , 6, 48, 68 Simon, H A , 253, 254, 260, 281, 284, , 286, 294, 297, 302, 304, 32 , 334, , 350, 364 Simpson, G B , 172, 181 Slowiaczek, M L., 100, 118 Smith, E E., 212, 218, 300, 325 Smith, F., 49, 68 Snodgrass, G S., 49, 68 Snyder, S., 123 Sorbom, D , 193, 214, 216 Southall, S D , 101, 117 Spilich, G J., 192, 218 Spoehr, K T., 49, 68, 212, 218 Stanovich, K E., 83, 89, 97, 118, 126, 128 Stein, N L., 193, 218, 221-222, Steinbrenner, K., 14, 9, 193, 217 Steinmann, D O., 28, Sternberg, S , 5, 11, 53, , 84, 89, 109, 118, 299 305, 325 Stevens, A , 188, 189, 218 Stewart, A L., 97, 118 Stewart, T R., 28, 29 Sticht, T G , 98, 118 Stolz, W A , 359, 364 Streby, W J., , 117, 187, 190, 216, 225, 230, 249 Sulin, R A , 243, Swinney, D A , , 118, , 128, 72, 181, 357, 364 Synder, C R., 210, /7 Synder, S., 123,1 T Taft, M., 49, 68 Thibadeau, R H., 210, 213, 214, 221, 225, 242, 250, 305, 307, 32 , 349 358, 363, 36 Thorndyke, P W., 193, 218, 222, 225, 25 , 251, 261 ,2 Tinker, M , 154, 181 Toporek, J D , 14, 29 Townsend, J T., 49, 68 Trabasso, T., 241, 251 Tryk, H E., 245, 251, 356, 364 Tulving, E., 40, 68, 82, 89 Turner, A , 329, 331, Turner, T J., 221, 224, 48 Tweney, R D , 4, ,1 V Vanacek, E., 134, 150 van Dijk, T A , 192, 193, 210, 216, 218, 245, 249, 253, 281, 28 , 304, 321, 32 , 328, 329, 46 Vesonder, G T., 192, 218 Vincent, P , 279, 286 Vipond, D , 192, 218, 281 ,2 Voss, J F., 190, 191, 192, 215, 218 W Walker, C H , 225, 246, 251 Wallace, W P , 98, 118 Wanat, S , 143, 144, 150 Ward, N J., 92, 93, 94, 96, 100, 104, 107, 109, 114, 116, 118 Warren, R E., 211, 217 Warren, W H , 241, 251 Weinberg, E., 117 Weisberg, S , 228, 240, 251 Well, A D , 101, 118 Wells C S., 24, 29 Welsh, A , 213, 217 West, R F., 126,1 Westbrook, R D , 190, 215 Wherry, R J., 25, 29 Whorf, B , Wilensky, R A , 238-239, 50 Wilkes, A L., 40, 68 Wilkes-Gibbs, D , 295, 297 Wilson T D , 254, 286, 294, 297 Winer, B J., 228, 251 Wisher, R A , 225, 251 Wolverton, G S., , 67, 101,7/7, 130 149, 158, 180, 221 ,2 Woods, W., 188, 218 AUTHOR INDEX Woolley, J., 39, 40, Woolley, J D , , 1 ,1 , 220, 221, 225, 233, 246, Wright, S , 20, 29 371 Yates, J., 225, 248 Yeaton, W E., 176 ,1 Yekovich, F R., 220, 225, 230, 246, 250, 251 Z Y Yachzel, B , 94, 98, 100,101, 105,106, 107,113, 118 Yarbus, A L , 166, 181 Zeller, R A , 24, Zipf, G K , 357, 364 Zola, D , , 67, 83 n, 88, 101,777, 130,132,136, , 149, 150, , 180, 221, SUBJECT INDEX A Action-enablement, 293 Activation, 11 -1 Active verbs, 55 Additivity, 50, 53, - , 305, 307 Adjusted squared multiple correlation, 25 Age, 3 - , 44, 50, 56 Aggregate, 155 Ambiguous sentences, 144 —146 Ambiguous word, 111 —112 Analysis of variance, —6 Anomalous material, 74 Anomaly effects, 84 Anaphoric reference, 120—122, 142 Artificial intelligence, 300, 303, 307, 323 Assumptions, - 2 , 228, 233 Attenuation, 23 Augmented clustering, 8 - , 293, 296 Augmented transition network (ATN), 188, 192, 3 -3 , 323, 359 Automatic processes, 2 -1 , -2 1 , 213 B Beta weights, 15, 0 - 2 , 213 Between-subject variability, 304, 309 Blackboard, 212 Bottom-up models, 212 Boundary effect, 226, - Boundary hypothesis, 2 - 2 , 226, 231 Buffer, in reading, 93, 105 —107, 109 - 110 Buffer control hypothesis, - , 74, 7 - Button-pressing experiments, 81 C Canonical correlation, 28 CAPS, - , - 5 , 361 Casual hypotheses, 20 Casual modeling, 22, 193, 214 Child reading, 33, 35, 40, 44, 49 —61, - , 233, 240 Chronometric paradigms, - Cluster analysis, 28 Code, 234, 237, 240, 242 Coding, - , 56, - , 63, 65 Cognitive lag hypothesis, 132 Cognitive psychology, 300 - 301 Coherence, 310, 329, 332 Coherence graph, 329, 3 - 3 , 336, 345 Collapsed data, 309, 314, 320 Collinearity, 14, - , 193, -1 , 308 Commonality, - , 196 Components, -2 Components of processing, 125 C om prehension, 3 , , , - , , - , , 100, -1 , 106, 109-111, 113, 130, 34, , 183 - 84, 186, -1 , - , 214,-215 373 374 SUBJECT INDEX Comprehension problems, 184 C om p reh en sion p r o c e s s, , , , -2 Comprehension task, 54, 64 Compressed speech, 98 Computers, - , 38, 41, 61, 301, 306 Computer simulation, 0 - , 346 Computer text editing, 279 Conceptual focus, 3 - 3 , 340 Content analysis, 245, 290, 293 Content words, 43, 46, 54, 57, 64 Context effects, 134, 137, 140 Contextual information, 82 Consolidation, 110-111, 114 Criterion scaling, 26 Cross-validation, 18, 25 Cue deletion hypotheses, 85 - 86 D Deterministic simulation m odels, - , -3 Differences between stories, 219, 239, 240, -2 Direct control, 71 - 74, 77 - 80 Discovering hypotheses, 8 - Discovery, - , - Discovery methodology, 288, 297 Discovery-then-verification, 296 Discriminant function analysis, 15, 28 Distinctiveness, 294 Double cross-validation, 25 —26 Dummy variable, - , - E Ecological validity, 72, 296 Effect, 2 - 2 , 235, 237, 239 Effect size, -1 7 , 228 Effect-size question, Enablement, 293 Encoding, 361 End-of-sentence effects, - ,1 7 - 179, 234, 244 Error detection, 151, 171, 176 Error recovery, 160, -1 , -1 7 E ssa y s, , 261, - , - , -2 Evaluating simulations, 301 Expectations, 188, -1 , 289 Exponential transformations, 201 Expository prose, 185, -1 , 193, 202, 209 Eye fixations, -1 , -1 , -1 , 148, 151 -1 , 159, -1 , -1 , 179 E ye-m in d a ssu m p tio n , , 71, 131 — 132, -1 Eye-monitoring, 71, 79, 81 Eye m o v em en ts, 91, 9 - 101, 107, 115, -1 , 140, -1 , 205 Eye movement recording systems, 129, 133 Eye movement time, 125 Eye-voice span, 171 F Factor analysis, 17, 193 Familiarity, 186, 190, 195, 197, 200, - , 207, 209, 211, 214, - , 4 - , 247 Fast readers, 31, 34, 40, 50, - Focussed instructions, 258 Frequency, 35, 44, 210, 226, 235, 237, 242 Function words, 43, 64 Functional linguistics, 337 G Gaze duration, ,9 ,1 - ,1 - 164,166, -1 , 174, 176 General instructions, 258 Gist, 331, 335, - Given references, -3 1 , 313 Goals, 211, 290, 292, 295 Goodness-of-fit, 301, - , 307 H Hierarchy, 212 I Idea units, 94, 100 Im agery, 186, 190, 195, 197, 0 - 2 , - , 207, 209 Immediacy, ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 6 -1 ,1 ,1 7 Importance, 258, - 7 Independence, 63 - SUBJECT INDEX Independent variables, 2 - , 3 - , -2 , -2 Individual differences, 151, 178 Individual reader, 245 - 247 Inference, -1 , 287 Information processing models, 47 Instructions, 282, 284 Integration, - , 85, 9 - 0 , -3 , 316 Interaction, - 2 , 212, 214 Interactive models, 212 —214 In terestin gn ess, 186, - , 195, 197, 200 - 201, 204 - 205, 207 - 208 K Knowledge structures, 3 - , 343, 345 L Latent variables, 193, 195, 214 Leading edge strategy, 329, 3 - 3 Letters, -1 , 193, -1 , -2 Level of aggregation, 155 Lexical a ccess, 242, 352, - , 359, -3 Lexical decision, 71, - , 96, 108, 119, 126 Lexical processing, - , 42, 48, 50, 52, 61, 65 Linear assumptions, 201 Linear model, 304, 306 —307 Linearity, 61 Linguistic attributes, 40, 49 Linguistic influences on picture scanning, 165 Linguistic variables, 32, 34, 36, 63 LISP, 301 Listening, 91, 95, 98, 101, 103, 115 Logarithmic transformation, 201 Long-term memory, 327, 329, 332, 334 —335, 339 M Macroprocesses, 328, 3 - 3 , 3 - Macrostructure, 192, 308, 321 —322, 336 Main idea, 310, - 2 Mask, - Masking, 91, 97, 100 Mathematical models, 328 375 Mean gaze duration, 159, 161, 169, -1 Mean reading times, 240, 309, 314, 323 M eaning p ro cessin g , , 51 - , 55 —5 , -6 Measurement error, 22 - 24 Memory, - , 102, 109-111, 287, 289, 293, 335 Memory load, 192 Memory search, 299, 301, 307, -3 , 316, 319 Message center, 212 —213 Metacognitive awareness, 281 Methodologies, 288, - Methods, - 8 , 292, 296 Micropropositional processes, 328 Microstructure, 192 Model, - , - , - , 212, 256 Model fitting, Moving window paradigm, -1 , 174, 177 Multi-agent hypothesis, 241 Multicollinearity, - , -1 , 226 Multiple correlation, - , 23 - 26 Multiple-observation data, 302 —303 Multiple regression, - , - , 20, 22, 24, - ,1 -1 ,1 ,1 - ,1 8 ,1 , -1 9 , - 2 , 205, 209, 1 -2 , 219, 2 - 2 , 2 - , , , -2 , -3 N Naming, 96, 108 Naming latency, 126 Narrative, 185, 190, 193, 209 Narrative passages, 202 Narrativity, -1 ,1 ,1 - ,2 0 - 2 , - , 207, 211, 240, 245, 247 Natural, - , 63 Naturalistic observation, 288, 296 New argument nouns, - 8 , 195, 197, 0 - 2 , - , 207, 211 New episode, 223, 234, - , 244 New references, 310 —311 No-protocol control, 295 Nonautomatic, 210 —211 Number of words, 200 Nuisance variables, 308 O On-line measurement, 36, ,1 ,1 3 ,1 ,1 376 SUBJECT INDEX On-line methods, 219 —220, 244 On-line processing, 105, 108 —109 Operations, 213 Organization, - Organizational words, 43 Organization in memory, 21-122 Prose comprehension, - , 3 - 3 Protocols, - , 302 Q Question-asking, 259, 261, - , 283 Queuing model, 77 P Parabolic transformations, 201 Paragraphs, - , , 0 - 104, 106, 10 -1 Parallel, 211, 213 Parsing, 82, 85, 173, 329, 3 - 3 , 351, 355, - , 361 Part correlation, 16 Partial correlation, 23 Partial regression c o e ffic ie n t, - , 18, - , 28 Partialing, 236, 240 Passive verbs, 55 Path analysis, - 2 , 193 Perceptual span, -1 , 145 Phrase boundary, 37, 39, 47, 55, - , 64 Phrase breaks, 37, 40 —41, 44, 53, 58 —59, 61 Pictures, - , 101, 107, 112 —113 Plans, - Plausibility, - , 99, 1 -1 , -1 , 110-112 Plot units, - Practice, 34, - , 50 - , 57 Prediction, 255 - , 265, - , - , 282 Priming, 20, 69 82 19-127 Principal components, 17 Prior knowledge -3 , 323 Probability manipulations, 123 Problem solving schema, 221 - 223 Process monitoring hypothesis, 132 Processing load, 39 45, 47, 63 Processing operations, 192 Processing resources, 189 - , 206, 209 - 210, 214 Production rules 321 Production systems, - Production tasks, 289 Pronouns, 35, 43, - , 51, 64 Propositions, 186, 189, - 192, 195, 197, 0 - 2 , - 207, - , 212, - , 3 - 3 , 339, - Proposition recall, 329 3 -3 R Rapid sequential visual presentation (RSVP), - , - , - , 104, 106-115 Reading rate, 91, 93, 97, 103, 108, 110 Reading for retention, 32, 40, 58, 65 Reading tasks, 310 Reading time, 125, 184, 186, 189, - , -1 , 9 -2 , -2 , 219, 221, 223 - 224, 226, 228 - 230, 232 - ,2 , 240, 242, 4 - , 254, 259, - 7 , 279, - Reading time profile, 305 —306, 311, 321 Reading units, 39, 42, 44, 63 Reasons, - , 296 Recall, 33, ,4 , - , - , 63 - , 95, - ,1 0 ,1 - ,1 ,1 - ,1 , 257, 265, 275, 277, 279, - , 3 -3 3 , -3 Recognition, 95, 109, 19-127 Regression equation, 184, 195, 197 —199 Regressive eye movements, 134, -1 , 142, 144, 146, 161, 331 Relative clauses, 54 Reliability, 16, 18, 2 - , 37, 63 Reminding, 8 - , 296 Repeated measures design, 26 —27 Retention, 31 Residuals, 2 - 2 Resource allocation, 184, 209 —210 S Saccade, 130, -1 , 139, 143 Scenes, 292 Schemas, - 5 , 358, -3 Scrambled sentences, 94, 101, -1 Script theory, 84 Search, 95 —96 Self-paced procedure, - , 73, 6, 81, - , 9 - 0 , 106, 115, 306, 310, 318 SUBJECT INDEX 377 Semantic network, 301, 3 -3 , 323 Syntactic attributes, 31, - , 49, 51, 61 Sem antic p ro cessin g , 31, - , , 51, Syntactic complexity, 54, 94, 111 - 112, 232 - 5 , 61, 134 Syntactic variables, 37 S em ip a rtia l c o r r e la tio n , 16, , - , Syntax, 49, 186, 8 -1 , 192, 195, 197, 200, -1 , 200, 2 - , 228, 234 203, -2 , 334, 3 - Sentences, 316 Systematic questioning, 288, 294, 296 Sentence complexity, 244 Sentence reading tim e, - , 186 —187, 193, 195, 197, 9 - 2 , - , T - 1 , 214, - 2 , 2 - 2 , 228230, - 3 , 240, 244, - Technical prose, 318, 321 Sentence structure, 143 Telegraphic prose, 94, 107, 111-112 Sentence verification, 95, 305 Text genre, 185 Serial position, 225 - 226, 230, 232 - 234, 235, Text grammar, 193 236, - , 247 Thematic processes, - , 316 Serial processing, 211 Thinking-out-loud, - , 265, 267, 269, Short-term memory, 191, 192, 210, 327 -2 , -2 Shrinkage, 22, - Top-down processing, - , 87 S im u la tio n m o d e ls, 30 — , 312, 316, Topic familiarity, 185, 187 -3 , 321, 3 - , 328, 344, 345, Topic sentence, 310 346 Transposition data, 77 Single-observation data, 302 Single-sentence procedure, - 2 , 223, 226, 229230, 3 - , - , 244 S in g le-w o rd p ro ced u res, 2 - 2 , 2 , V 3 - , 237, - , - 4 Skimming, 98, 104, 114 Variability, 37, 302, 309 Slope coefficient, 184, 188, 197, 9 - 0 , Verbs, 35, - 4 , 49, 53, 64 2 - , 211, -2 Verb complexity hypothesis, 85 Slow readers, 31, 34, 40, 48, 50, 57, 59 —61, 65 Verbal protocols, 288, - Span of apprehension, 158 Verification, 8 - , 292, - Spillover, 46, - , 76, - , 87, 162, 221 Visual clarity, 93 - 94 Spreading activation, 301, 313 Visual masking, 97 —98 Squared multiple correlation, 16 Standardized partial regression coefficient, 15, -2 Staticness, 189, 191, 193, -1 , 200, 203 Statistical model, 303 Step-wise regression, 18, 23 Stochastic simulations, 302 —303, 307 S to r ies, , 26 , - , - , -2 Strategic processes, 2 -1 Structural processing, 31, - 5 , - Study time, 318 - 320 Subgoals, 293 Subliminal processing, 97 Suppression, - Syllable, 35, 40, 42, 44, 48, 64, -1 , 193, -1 , 0 - , - , 207, - 2 , 214 Syntactic analysis, 299, 300 W Within-subjects design, 26 Within-subjects variation, 304, 309 Words, - 3 , - , 9, - , , - , - , - , -1 8 , 195, 197, - 2 , - , 207, - 2 , 214 Word as the stimulus unit, 155 - 156 Word-by-word reading, 120-121 Word encoding, 361 —362, 364 —367, 369 Word frequency, 40, 42, 64, 74, 162, - 177, 188, 195, 197, 0 - , - , 207, 219, 225, 230, 244 Word length, -1 , -1 7 Word order, 112 378 SUBJECT INDEX Word reading times, 233 —235, 237, 241, 243, 246 Word recognition, 82 —85 Working memory, - , 3 - , 343 World knowledge, 191 Wrap-up, 151, 166, 7 -1 Writing, - , 295, 297 Y Y-axis intercept, 15 Z Z-transform, 309 ... methodologies to investigate a range of fascinating questions about reading comprehension New Methods in Reading Comprehension Research Edited by David E Kieras and Marcel A Just First published in 1984... sponsoring research on language comprehension that has contributed significantly to the progress in the field David E Kieras Marcel A Just NEW METHODS IN READING COMPREHENSION RESEARCH The Influence... influence reading time, and the number of words in the passage also indirectly influences reading time by influencing the amount of parsing required; and (2) a model suggesting that parsing directly influences