An introduction to translation studies

BANKING UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AN INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION STUDIES Nguy n Quang Nh t Nguy n Hoàn V inh Th Thùy Trang HO CHI MINH CITY, 09/2019 Translation has long been seen as a career-oriented discipline to accommodate various processes that not strictly belong to the linguistic realm Hence, this book looks at translation not only as a linguistic activity but also as a socio-cultural exchange This coursebook is designed to meet the needs of students at Faculty of Foreign Languages, Banking University of HCMC Its fundamental purpose aims to help students get access to some major concepts, principles, methods, and strategies to solve a number of issues in translation theories and practices It is hoped that learners will find the course useful and practical The material presented here borrows from Peter Newmark's “A Textbook of Translation” and Luu Van Tuan’s “An Introduction into Translation Theories” It is meant to serve pedagogical purposes with careful citation and acknowledgements For reasons of space and consistency, the term “translation” include both written translation and oral translation (the latter is commonly known as interpretation), although the overlaps make a clear distinction impossible (cf Gile 2004) Good luck and best wishes! Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSLATION I Definitions of “Translation” II Scope of Translation – Science, art and skill III Translation typology IV Codes of ethics 11 V Translation principles 12 VI Requirements for a professional translator/interpreter 13 VII Further practice 14 CHAPTER 2: TRANSLATION THEORIES .15 I Rationale for Translation studies 15 II Descriptive translation studies (DTS) of Holmes 16 III Historical background of Translation studies 19 IV Early theories of translation studies 25 V Contemporary theories in translation studies 28 VI Further practice 37 CHAPTER 3: TRANSLATION UNITS, METHODS AND TECHNIQUES 40 I Translation Units (UT) 40 II Translation methods by Newmark 42 III Translation techniques by Vinay and Darbelnet 48 IV Further practice 55 CHAPTER 4: EQUIVALENCE .58 I Untranslatability 58 II Gain and Loss 59 III Equivalence 59 IV Further practice 67 CHAPTER 5: CULTURAL TERMS AND NON-EQUIVALENCE 67 I Cultural elements in translation 68 II Non – equivalence at word-level 70 III Suggested strategies for dealing with non-equivalence at word level 72 IV Collocations and Non – equivalence above word-level 74 V Suggested strategies for translating idiomatic collocations 76 VI Further practice 78 CHAPTER 6: TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT 80 I Views for “A good translation” 80 II Main reasons for translation errors 80 III Approaches to evaluating a translation 81 IV House’s translation Quality Assessment Model 85 V Steps of House’s translation Quality Assessment Model 89 VI Further practice 91 CHAPTER 1: AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSLATION I Definitions of “Translation” The English term “Translation”, first attested in around 1340, derives from the Latin word “translatus” which means “carried across” (Lewis, 2004, p.257) Translation, by dictionary definition, means turning one‘s own language into another language (The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 1974) In the field of Linguistics, “Translation” has several meanings: It is a subject (môn d ch thu t) E.g.: I studied translation at university It is a product (b n d ch) E.g.: They published the Arabic translation of the report It is the process of producing the translation (d ch thu t) E.g.: translation service In the field of Translation studies, there are different definitions: Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and, second in terms of style (Nida & Tiber, 1969) Translation is the replacement of a text in the source language by a semantically and pragmatically equivalent text in the target language (House, 1982) Translation is a craft consisting of the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language (Peter Newmark, 1998) Translation is to be understood as the process whereby a message expressed in a specific source language is linguistically transformed in order to be understood by readers of the target language (Houbert, 1998) As implied in the definitions above, translation in its overall meaning is basically a change of form to reproduce in the receptor language the closest natural meaning of the source language message Only the form changes but the meaning stays the same Moreover, translation not only involves understanding the general meaning of the communication but calls upon the ability to understand the pragmatic elements/culture of the communication as well Task 1: Work in groups and fill in the blanks with appropriate phrases given source language, cultural barriers, communicate interculturally, target language, rendering, oral transfer, message receiver a Translation is the process of conveying messages across linguistic and (Ian Tudor, 1987) b Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language ( .) by equivalent textual material in another language ( .) (Catford, 2000) c Translation is the meaning of a text into into another language in the way that the author intended the text (Newmark, 1998) d Interpreting is the of messages between speakers of different languages (Gentile et al,1996) e To interpret is to with the message sender and the whose languages and cultures are unknown to each other II (Nguy n Qu c Hùng, 2010) Scope of Translation – Science, art and skill First, translation means more than substitution of words in one language with those from another language It is a scientific attempt to bring two cultures together since languages differ from each other not just in grammatical structure but also the way in which they conceptualize abstractions The question of how to bridge these gaps is decided by the aim of the translators and the receivers, requiring scientific methodology to bring about the most productive outcomes Second, translators a must be able to cope with the elegancy of expressions and language b have to artistically preserve and fit into a different linguistic and social contexts: neutral and emotional words, archaic words and new coinages, metaphors and similes, foreign borrowings, dialectal, jargon and slang expressions, stilted phrases and obscenities, proverbs and quotations, illiterate or inaccurate speech, and so on c have to sensitively tackle complicated specialized descriptions and terminology in specific fields of study for which appropriate terms have not yet been invented Lastly, translation is the bridge into the world of academic, scientific and technical knowledge Today most of the scientific and technical literature is written in different languages Both translation and interpretation of such works into other languages become even more of a challenge and require superior language ability in at least two languages A scientific article in medicine, for example, cannot be translated only by somebody who has proficiency in two languages as well as at least a working knowledge of medicine Therefore, terms and words have to be chosen carefully for both major and non-major receivers To sum up, it can be said that translation is a combination of science, art, and skill It is a science in the sense that it necessitates complete knowledge of the structure and make-up of the two languages concerned It is an art since it requires artistic talent to reconstruct the original text in the form of a product that is presentable to the reader who is not supposed to be familiar with the original It is also a skill because it entails the ability to smooth over any difficulty in the translation, and the ability to provide the translation of something that has no equal in the target language As a result, translation plays a very important part in the formation and shaping of any literature or culture, being a window to the world, helping people to assimilate their sights and sounds while developing a culture of their own III Translation typology The process of translation between two different languages involves the changing of an original text (the source text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into a written text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target language or TL): Source text (ST) v n b n ngu n Target text (TT) v n b n đích Source language (SL) ngơn ng ngu n Target language (TL) ngơn ng đích E.g.: When a translator renders a book from English into Vietnamese, the SL is English and the TL is Vietnamese - Source text-oriented translation (b n d ch thiên v b n g c) means rendering the message that is as close as possible to that of the source text It can be a “copy” of the original and it clearly reflects the structure, tone and linguistic structures of the source text - Target text oriented translation (b n d ch thiên v ng i đ c/ng i nghe) means conveying the information contained by the source text to a target text so that is fully comprehensible to the readers/listeners This might be altering the original structure, merging two sentences into a single one or even changing the style of the text One goal of an empirical translation theory is to establish a comprehensive translation typology There are many kinds of translation, some more typical and widespread than others, and we need a system of classification both for theoretical and practical purposes Many scholars have different ways of classifications Here are some prominent typology: Jakobson’s semiotic classification In his essay “On Linguistic Aspects of Translation”, Jakobson (1896–1982) arrived at three forms of translation: Intralingual translation / Rewording / Paraphrasing is the transference of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language It occurs when we produce a summary, rephrase or rewrite a text in the same language E.g.: blockchain a digital ledger that records transactions made in Bitcoin or another cryptocurrency Interlingual translation / Translation proper is the transference from one language into another linguistic code This has been the traditional focus of translation studies Intersemiotic translation /Transmutation is the transference of meaning from a verbal to a non-verbal sign system It occurs when a written text is translated into a different mode, such as music, film or painting E.g.: The film Harry Potter was adapted from the same novel of J.K.Rowling Task 2: Choose the correct answer for each question ………… is the translation within the same language A Interlingual translation C Intralingual translation B Intersemiotic translation D Transmutation Translation from one language to another is termed ……… A Translation proper C Intralingual translation B Intersemiotic translation D Rewording ……… is the conversion of text from one script to another A Translation proper C Intralingual translation B Intersemiotic translation D Transmutation The translation of ‘absolute monopoly” as “đ c quy n t đ i” is termed ………… A Translation proper C Intralingual translation B Intersemiotic Translation D Transmutation The translation of “déjà vu” as “the strange feeling that in some way you have already experienced what is happening now, but in reality you haven’t” is termed ………… A Translation proper C Intralingual translation B Intersemiotic Translation D Transmutation 6 The translation of “t ng s n ph m qu c n i” as “Gross Domestic Product (GDP)” is termed …… A Translation proper C Intralingual translation B Intersemiotic Translation D Transmutation The adaptation of the book “Lords of the Ring” into movie is termed …………… A Interlingual translation C Intralingual translation B Intersemiotic Translation D Transmutation Which of the following is an example of Transmutation? A “Monetary policy” is translated as “chính sách ti n t ” B “Accountability” is translated as “responsibility” C “Accountability” is translated as “trách nhi m (gi i trình)” D “x is more than y” is translated as “x > y” Which of the following is NOT an example of Transmutation? A “ ABC = DEF” is translated as “triangle ABC is congruent to triangle DEF” B f x dx” is translated as “a function whose derivative is f” C “2 + = 9” is translated as “two plus seven equals nine” D “A is a subset of B” means “A t p h p c a B” 10 Which of the following is an example of Translation proper? A “Spear phishing” is translated as “the fraudulent act of sending emails ostensibly from a different person's account in order to obtain confidential information” B “Fixed cost” is translated as “chi phí c đ nh” C “Aesthetic” is translated as “relating to beauty or refined taste” D “f(x) = x/2” means “f of x equals x divided by 2” Binary classifications a) Semantic vs Communicative translation - Semantic translation gives highest priority to the meaning and form of the original, and is appropriate to translations of source texts that have high status, such as religious texts, legal texts, and ministerial speeches - Communicative translation is freer, and gives priority to the effectiveness of the message to be communicated These are texts like advertisements, tourist brochures, product descriptions and instructions, manuals E.g.: I myself the honor of calling her as soon as after my arrival in Hanoi  Semantic translation: Tơi cho phép vinh d đ c th m cô y sau chuy n đáp đ n Hà N i  Communicative translation: Tôi ghé th m nàng đ n Hà N i Task 3: Decide if the following translations are Semantic or Communicative I would like to make a few comments Tơi mu n bình lu n đôi câu I have just returned from a visit to my landlord Tôi v a m i tr v t chuy n ghé th m ng i ch nhà c a I don’t want to talk to him whom I will be troubled with Mình ch mu n chuy n v i h n đâu dây d a r rà l m V n đ n y không th gi i quy t đ c This problem cannot be solved Task 4: Translate these sentences semantically and communicatively Nh g i th cho ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Hàng hóa n y bán đ t nh tôm t i ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Oh my God! Oil price is rising again! ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… One day you’ll find someone who doesn’t care about your past because they want to be your future ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… b) Covert vs Overt translation (House) - Covert translation is a translation intended not to be recognized by target readers as translations In other words, it is so natural that they not seem distinguishable from nontranslated texts of the same kind in the target language E.g.: The translations of advertisements and newspaper articles - Overt translation is a translation intended to be recognized as translations, because it is more closely linked with the source culture E.g.: The translations of political speeches, songs, poems bare contract A h p đ ng không đ n bù Negation of not A: golden hello One Metaphor ti n th ng đ u quân, widow-and-orphan stock Non c phi u giá tr cao, graveyard market Metaphor office tr s chính, sunrise industry th tr ng xu ng giá, head ngành công nghi p lên, Task 20: Find a Vietnamese equivalence for the word “followers” in each context: Religion in general: tín đ Buddhism: Ph t t Christianity: chiên Islam: tín đ H i giáo ng viên Police: k bám đuôi Facebooker: Politics: Love (slang): v tinh, ng i theo đu i followers/ ng i theo dõi Task 21: Translate the following sentences with Adaptation technique Despite his looks, he’s said to be something of a Don Juan I don’t want our love will be like Romeo and Juliet Ng S Khanh Lan i p i Sài Gòn c ng l m k m làm L c Vân Tiên gi a đ i th Giá vàng hi n kho ng 35 tri u đ ng/l Xin l i tao không đ ng (tael) Superman 1800 USD/ounce c ch ng tao có máu Ho n Th ghê l m The two houses are 110 yards apart ng Othello 100 mét After a tunnel of 6.5 miles long, you will get to the other side of the mountain She announced she is 20-weeks pregnant tháng Task 22: Choose the best anwer for each question C B B C D 10 D C 11 D C 12 C C 13 D C 14 B Task 23: Correct the mistakes in the following statements sentence level clause level Intertextual level word level 112 10 km word level 14 Calque Borrowing and Modulation 15 Obligatory Transposition literal translation 16 One colour to Another color Calque 17 The whole Modulation 18 A 10 Adaptation 19 Transposition 11 Free translation method 20 Calque 12 Loan blend 21 Borrowing and Literal Translation A part Negation of not A 13 Pure loanword CHAPTER 4: EQUIVALENCE Task 1: Answer the following questions Give examples of linguistic untranslatability: heng, nhá, h , m , … Give examples of cultural untranslatability: trái tho, thánh ch i, Task 2: These English words are untranslatebale in some languages Work in groups and find the Vietnamese equivalence if possible ahedonia lãnh c m amfisbitophobia forelsket say n ng leptosome sapiosexual torpe th o mai ng zoilist ma c i, ng i m t, dây trí i nhát gái thánh soi singletasker ng i ch làm đ c t ng vi c m t boregasm chán ch 10 déjàbrew d n dà nh l i vi c làm say x n 11 mantrum n ml n nv 12 tidsoptimist ng ng c c h n i xài gi dây thun Task 3: Find equivalents for each word Công ty: firm, enterprise, corporation, company, business, consortium, association X lí: solve, handle, deal with, address, tackle 113 Hàng hóa: goods, merchandise, ware, stock, commodity, product, article, cargo Yêu c u: request, ask, desire, posit, call for, demand Cung c p: provide, supply, accommodate, cater Subject: môn h c, đ i t ng, ch th , v n đ , b t bu c Target: m c tiêu, đ i t ng, đích nh m Mistake: sai sót, sai l m, ph m l i, l m l n Appreciate: đánh giá, bi t n, c m kích, nhan th c rõ 10 Challenge: thách th c, khó kh n, th thách, đ ng đ u, ph n t Task 4: Fill in the table with correct words English term Business-related meaning Common meaning Draft H i phi u, l nh rút ti n B n th o, nháp Securities ch ng khoán An ninh Agreement h p đ ng, hi p Trust Tín d ng S tin c y Collection Thu h , đòi n thuê S ut p Quotation b ng báo giá trích d n Honor Nh n toán (chi phi u) danh d Interest Ti n lãi S quan tâm Offer Chào giá 10 Policy H p đ ng b o hi m c ngh i u kho n 11 Term 12 Promotion S đ ng ý Chính sách khóa h c, giai đo n Hàng khuy n Lên ch c, th ng ti n Task 5: Match the words in Column A with their euphemisms in column B E A L B C G I F M 10 H 11 D 12 J 13 N 14 K 114 Task 6: Find the Textual equivalence of the following phrases/sentences in a formal letter Kính g i: Dear Sir/Madam Mong nh n đ c th h i âm c a ông s m I am looking forward to hearing from you soon Xin đính kèm theo th … Please find hereby the attached … Trân tr ng Repectfullly Xin vui lòng liên h s n tho i … Should you need any further information, please not hesitate to contact me on … Tôi r t vui đ c thông báo v i b n r ng … Please be informed that … Chúng r t ti c ph i thông báo r ng… We regret to inform you that Xin chân thành c m n đ c th Thank you very much for your time and consideration Task 7: Find the Textual equivalence of the following signs Không ph n s mi n vào: Authorised only! Không d m lên c : Keep off the grass! B h : Out of order! C m x rác: No littering! Coi ch ng chó d : Beware of dogs! M t gi y t : Lost! L i thoát hi m: Fire exit! Xin đ ng làm phi n: Silence, please!/ No disturbing Task 8: Find the Pragmatic equivalence of the following situations When you meet your old friend: Long time no see! = ã lâu không g p When everybody drinks beer: Bottom up! = Tr m ph n tr m, Cheers = Dzô! When you want everyone to smile for photographing: Say cheese! = C i lên nào! When someone is sneezing: Bless you! = Mong b n mau kh e! When you want to pay the money My treat! = tr Task 9: Choose the best anwer for each question A C B B A B D A D 10 D 11 A 12 A 13 C 14 C 15 A 16 A 17 A 18 B 19 A 20 A Task 10: Match the correct type of equivalence in A comlumn with its definitionin B column: C A B D 115 E Task 12: Correct the mistakes in the following statements Nil equivalence Pragmatic equivalence Complete equivalence Complete equivalence Inclusion equivalence Partial equivalence: Connotative equivalence Nil equivalence Denotative equivalence 10 Complete equivalence CHAPTER 5: CULTURAL TERMS AND NON-EQUIVALENCE Task 1: Find the English equivalents of the following cultural terms Pacific Rim: Vành đai Thái Bình D Paracel Islands: Qu n đ o Hoàng Sa Spratly Islands: Vesak: l Ph t đ n Politburo member: áp th p nhi t đ i: tropical depression đ t phù sa: alluvial soil rét nàng Bân: the cold in the third lunar month 10 c m lam: bamboo-tube rice 11 v n th 17: 12 c u kh : foot bridge, rope bridge the 17th parallel ng Indochina Peninsula: Bán đ o ông D Qu n đ o Tr ng ng Sa y viên B tr Task 2: Answer the following questions List Vietnamese traditional musical instruments: àn đáy, đàn tranh, đàn nh , đàn b u, đàn t r ng, khèn List Vietnamese traditional types/forms of folksongs: hát ru (lullaby), hò (chanty) , quan h folksong, quan folksong, xoan folksong, ví gi m folksong, Hue royal court music, chòi folksong, hát x m folksong, ch u v n folksong, and ca trù folksong List Vietnamese heritage sites and intangible cultural heritages: Heritage sites” Hoi an Ancient Town, Imperial City of Hue, My son Holy land, Phong Nha cave, and Ha Long Bay Intangible cultural heritages: Hue Court music, Ca tru, Quan Ho, and Space of gong culture List Buddhist terms: hereafter (n) : ki p sau, secular (a) : th t c, ignorant (a) : ngu d t, b vô minh che đ y, attendant (n) : th gi , salvation (n) : s gi i thoát, altar : bàn th , enlightenment (n) : s giác ng , Four Noble Truths : T di u đ , meditation (n) : thi n đ nh, Nirvana (n) : Ni t bàn, Noble Eightfold Path : Bát chánh đ o, wheel of the Law : bánh xe Chánh pháp, Bodhi Tree: B đ , The 116 Brotherhood: giáo h i, Pass on the good tidings: Ho ng d Lu t nhân qu , ng ph t pháp, Law of Cause and Effect: Heart Sutra = bát nhã tâm kinh, Sutra: Kinh, Amitabha = A Di Ph t, Avalokiteshvara = Quán th âm B Tát, Bodhisattva = b tát, 12 links = 12 nhân duyên, Taking refuge in the Three Jewels = Quy y tam b o (Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha), cyclic existence = luân h i, disciple = đ t , discourse = pháp, … Task 3: Match the following public celebrations in Vietnam with their dates C B C D A E J H G I 10 K 11 L 12 F Task 4: Use appropriate strategies to translate the following terms Tam tòng t đ c: three subordinations and four virtues R u hồng hoa: farewell wine ng phịng hoa chúc: consummation Vàng mã: joss paper Cháu đích tơn: first paternal grandson/ the chosen heir by default the eldest son of one's eldest son, entrusted with the responsibility of perpetuating the family lineage Nhà th t : lineage hall / clan ancestral house/ house of cult Long m ch: good layer of earth (supposed to have a decisive influence on a man"s fate), geomantic vein of fortune y tháng: Full moon celebration Xông đ t: first-footer, first caller, be the first New Year"s caller, to first foot 10 Anh em c t chèo: brothers-in-law 11 L tr t ch: Lunar New year’s Eve Task 5: These words are translated differently based on the geographical condition Translate them into British and American English BRITISH ENGLISH AMERICAN ENGLISH Parliament Congress Thang máy lift elevator TD mobile phone cellphone Qu n tây trousers pants Thùng rác trash bin recycle bin, garbage bin Kí túc xá Hall of Residence Dormitory Qu c h i 117 Tr m đ x ng filling station petrol station R p chi u phim cinema the picture Mùa thu autumn fall 10 highway express way apartment flat 12 Bánh quy biscuit cookies 13 Bãi đ u xe parking lot car park 14 V a hè pavement sidewalk 15 Ngã t crosssroad junction ng cao t c 11 H chung c Task 6: Translate the following superordinates/hyponyms n i (chu i), chùm (nho), bó (hoa): đàn (sói) pack, đàn (ong) đàn (chim) flock, đàn (s t ) nhóm (sinh viên) c nh sát) swamp, đàn (ki n) army, đàn (c u) pride, đàn (cá) group, nhóm (lính) flock, đàn (ng a) stud, school army/troop, nhóm (chun gia) team, nhóm (tốn patrol wear (pants) m c, wear (a dress) x c, wear (lipstick) headscarf) mang/m c, wear (a handbag) đeo, wear (perfume) trang m, wear (a hat) tô/thoa/trét, wear (makeup) đ i, , wear (a choàng lose (a game) war) bunch thua, lose (face) m t, lose (way) thua, lose (love) th t (tình), lose (a game) l c, lose (weight) ……………… fake pharmaceutical products, (r ng) gi (thu c) gi bogus/sham/fake marriage, (ti n) gi gi m/s t, lose (the false teeth, (k t hôn) gi counterfeit notes, (n trang) gi (tranh) gi reproduction painting,, (gi y t ) gi forged papers, (tên) gi (vàng) gi replica gold nugget, (chân tay) gi artificial/prosthetic limbs imitation jewellery, assumed/false name, Task 8: Translate into Vietnamese with correct collocations the horse runs: ng a phi the dog runs: chó r the tap runs: vòi n the nose runs: m i nh y/m i r the vine runs: dây bị black horse: ng a black dog: chó m c black cat: mèo mun black ink: m c tàu 10 black hair: tóc huy n 11 black buffalo: trâu m c 12 black trousers: qu n l nh cr 118 t/chó đu i 13 instant coffee: cà phê hịa tan 14 instant success: thành cơng t c th i 16 heavy drinker sâu r mùa m ng b i thu 18 heavy fate: s ph n h m hiu/ 19 strong tea: trà đ m 20 wash hair: g i đ u 21 deliver a baby: sinh 22 beat shyness: ch a th n 15 instant scratchies: vé cào trúng th 17 heavy crop: ng u long đong Task 9: Find the equivalent proverbs in Vietnamese Out of sight, out of mind Xa m t cách lòng A leopard never changes its spots Giang s n d đ i, b n tính khó d i/ Ng a quen đ ng c The grass is always greener on the other side of the hill Ng u t m ng u mã t m mã/ Birds of a feather flock together t ng ng, đ ng khí t ng núi trông núi n ng ng c u Beauty is only skin-deep Tót g h n t t n cs n Half a loaf is better than none Có cịn h n khơng Jack of all trades is the master of none M t ngh s ng, đ ng ngh ch t/ M t ngh cho chin h n chin ngh / Bá ngh tri v chi bá láp Where there’s a will, there’s a way Có chí nên/ Có cơng mài s t có ngày nên kim To err is human Nhân vơ th p tồn n qu nh k tr ng 10 Gratitude is the sign of noble souls H t c n b c c t i h i thái lai/ Sau c n 11 Every cloud has a silver lining m a tr i l i sáng 12 One drop of poison infects the whole of wine Con sâu làm s u n i canh 13 Don't count your chickens before they are hatched Ch a đ ông nghè đe hàng t ng, / Nói tr cb c không qua 14 He that knows nothing doubts nothing : i c không s súng 15 A miss is as good as a mile Sai m t li m t d m 16 Man proposes, God disposes M u s t i nhân, thành s t i thiên Task 10: Translate the following sentences into English, using the proverbs above You should be patient Where there’s a will, there’s a way 119 Don't count your chickens before they are hatched What if no one buys your products? Tôi ngh anh l i r i, ng i có tồn di n đâu/nhân vơ th p tồn mà You are overestimating me! To err is human! You should not study at two schools at the same time because Jack of all trades is the master of none ng đ n đo nhi u quá, m u s t i nhân, thành s t i thiên mà Don’t think too much Man proposes, God disposes Failure in business is common I believe every cloud has a silver lining Task 11: Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese with appropriate techniques Anh ta ng say nh ch t Ng i đàn ông Bonita g p b a ti c r t t t b ng, nh ng ti c không không ph i gu c a cô y James John khác tr i v c ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… n thùng u ng v i/ n nh h m Tôi chúa ghét nh ng k Task 11: Find examples for each translation issues Non-equivalence of Vietnamese words with concepts that are unknown in Western culture: đ o D a, bún thang Non-equivalence of Vietnamese words expressing concepts which are known in the target culture but there are no equivalent: nói thách, câu th n t nh m khang Cultural-specific terms for Vietnamese ecology and their translated versions: ru ng b c thang terraced field, lúa n c wet rice Cultural-specific terms for Vietnamese organizational and hierarchical structures and their translated versions: th i kì đ transitional phase, giai c p vô s n proletariat … Cultural-specific terms for Vietnamese food and their translated versions: bánh ch ng cake/ square sticky rice cake; ph Chung Pho Cultural-specific terms for Vietnamese social and lifestyle culture and their translated versions: dân ca quan h quan h folksong, crop rotation luân canh Cultural-specific terms for Vietnamese traditional musical instruments and their translated versions: àn cò – Vietnamese one-string guitar, àn tranh – Vietnamese 16-string zither Cultural-specific terms for Vietnamese traditional types of folksongs and their translated versions: dân ca quan h quan h folksong, hát ví gi m Vi Giam folksong 120 Cultural-specific terms for Vietnamese clothes and their translated versions: áo dài t thân Aodai, áo four-panel dress 10 Cultural-specific terms for Vietnamese houses and their translated versions: nhà rông communal house, nhà sàn stilt house 11 Cultural-specific terms for Vietnamese intangible cultural heritages and their translated versions: hát ca trù Ca tru singing, Khơng gian v n hóa c ng chiêng Space of gong culture 12 Cultural-specific terms for Western modern words and their translated versions: Individualism ch ngh a cá nhân, xenopholia s sính ngo i 13 Cultural-specific terms for Vietnamese movements and their translated versions: Phong Trào ông Du Phong trào C n V Dong Du (Eastern Study) movement ng Can V ng (Aid the King) movement 14 Cultural-specific terms for Vietnamese political organizations and their translated versions: ng C ng s n Vi t Nam Communist Party of Vietnam oàn niên C ng s n H Chí Minh Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union Task 12: Correct the mistakes in the following statements Organizational and hierarchical culture Social and lifestyle culture … of Material culture “Qu c h i Vi t Nam” is translated as “Vietnam’s National Assembly” fixed collocation Peter Newmark divided Proper nouns into categories as part of the cultural-specific items Non-verbal language CHAPTER 6: TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT Task 1: What kind of reason was violated in each translation? Incompetence in the target language Incompetence in the source language Incompetence in the target language Incompetence in the target language Lack of domain knowledge Lack of domain knowledge Incompetence in the source language 121 Lack of domain knowledge Incompetence in the source language 10 Incompetence in the target language Task 2: Identify the type of overt errors in the following translation “Slight change in meaning” error “Not translated” error “Not translated” error, “Slight change in meaning” error: Loss of connotative meanings, Loss of formality, “Significant change in meaning” error “Not translated” error “Breach of the SL system” error, “Creative translation” error Cultural filtering Task 3: Using House’s TQA model, appraise the quality of the following English translation L y tr i m a xu ng Pray Heaven let it rain L yn To give us water to drink c u ng L y ru ng cày To fertilize our rice fields, Cho đ y n i c m And so to fill our rice pots (Nursery rhymes) (Translated by D Target text profile: Source text profile: - Field: Subject matter: rhyme - Field: - - Tenor: Writer's Provenance and Stance Subject matter: rhyme Social action: popular Social action: popular - ng ình Khuê) - Tenor: Translator's Provenance and Stance Social Role Relationship: Symmetrical Social Role Relationship: Asymmetrical Social Attitude: Informal Social Attitude: Informal - Mode: Medium: Complex Mode: Medium: Complex Participation: Simple Participation: Simple Social Attitude: Informal Social Attitude: Informal - Genre: rhym/ short poem Genre: rhym/ short poem - Function: Ideational - Function: Ideational  A covertly erroneous discerned here is the mismatch between the Writer's Provenance and Stance and the Translator's Provenance and Stance Certain examples of overt errors are:  “Not translated” error type L y tr i m a xu ng Pray Heaven let it rain (the word “xu ng” is overlooked) 122  Slight change in meaning L yn c u ng To give us water to drink (“us” refers a slight change compared with “tôi (I))  Significant change in meaning To fertilize our rice fields (“cày” is quite diferent from “fertilize”) L y ru ng cày  “Creative translation” error Cho đ y n i c m And so to fill our rice pots Task 4: Using House’s TQA model, appraise the quality of the following English translation ánh cho đ dài tóc, (Fight for the rights to grow our hair long ánh cho đ đen r ng, (Fight for the rights to dye our teeth black ánh cho chích ln b t ph n, (Fight so they never dare to challenge us ánh cho phi n giáp b t hồn (Fight until their armors turn to dust ánh cho s tri Nam qu c anh (Fight to teach them a lesson, enshrined in our history, hùng chi h u ch ! (Nguy n Hu ) that the heroes of the South shall always reign supreme!) (https://freedomforvietnam.wordpress.com/2011/02/18/) Target text profile: Source text profile: - Field: Subject matter: proclamation - Field: Social action: Specialized Social action: Specialized - - Tenor: Writer's Provenance and Stance Subject matter: proclamation - Tenor: Translator's Provenance and Stance Social Role Relationship: Asymmetrical Social Role Relationship: Asymmetrical Social Attitude: formal and requesting Social Attitude: formal and requesting Mode: Medium: Complex - Mode: Medium: Simple Participation: Complex Participation: Complex Social Attitude: formal and requesting Social Attitude: formal and requesting - Genre: formal, archaic - Function: Interpersonal and Expressive - Genre: formal, archaic - Function: Interpersonal and Expressive  A covertly erroneous discerned here is the mismatch between the Writer's Provenance and Stance and the Translator's Provenance and Stance, and the mismatch between Mode of Complex and Simple Certain examples of overt errors are:  “Not translated” error type 123 ánh cho s tri Nam qu c anh hùng chi h u ch ! Fight to teach them a lesson, enshrined in our history, that the heroes of the South shall always reign supreme!  Slight change in meaning ánh cho đ dài tóc  Fight for the rights to grow our hair long Significant change in meaning ánh cho phi n giáp b t hoàn  Fight until their armors turn to dust “Creative translation” error ánh cho đ dài tóc Fight for the rights to grow our hair long ánh cho s tri Nam qu c anh hùng chi h u ch ! Fight to teach them a lesson, enshrined in our history, that the heroes of the South shall always reign supreme!  Cultural filtering ánh cho đ đen r ng Fight for the rights to dye our teeth black Task 5: Using House’s TQA model, appraise the quality of the following translation Ng i ph trách thi t k c a hãng Kia, ông Peter Schreyer, đ đ o thi t k cho t p đồn Hyundai Motor Ơng Schreyer, ng i tr c b nhi m làm tân lãnh c t ng làm vi c cho hãng Audi Volkswagen, s s p x p ho t đ ng thi t k tìm ki m s k t h p gi a hai th xe h i c a Hàn Qu c Ba tu n tr n c, nhà thi t k ng i c đ ng hi u c b nhi m làm ch t ch ng i c đ u tiên c a Kia Quan ch c lãnh đ o c a Hyundai, Yang Woong-Chul, cho hay đ ng thái mang tính b t bu c đ đ m b o kh n ng c nh tranh lâu dài giúp nâng cao giá tr th ng hi u Kia's design Peter Schreyer has been appointed as the new chief designer for the well-known Hyundai Motor Group Schreyer, who previously worked for Audi and Volkswagen from 2002 to 2008, will change the design operation and seek synergy between the two Korean brands which he is working for Three weeks ago, the German was named Kia's leading foreign president Hyundai's Woong-Chul Yang said the move was compulsory to secure long-term competitiveness and to help maintain their brand value (Source: BBC Ti ng Vi t) Source text profile: - - Mode: Medium: Simple Field: Subject matter: short article Participation: Complex Social action: Specialized - Social Attitude: Neutral and Formal Tenor: Writer's Provenance and Stance - Genre: journalistic article Social Role Relationship: Symmetrical - Function: Ideational Social Attitude: formal Target text profile: 124 - Subject matter: short article Field: - Mode: Medium: Simple Social action: Specialized - Participation: Complex Tenor: Translator's Provenance and Stance Social Attitude: Neutral and Formal Social Role Relationship: Symmetrical - Genre: journalistic article Social Attitude: formal - Function: Ideational  A covertly erroneous discerned here is the mismatch between the Writer's Provenance and Stance and the Translator's Provenance and Stance Certain examples of overt errors are: “Not translated” error type  Ng Kia's design Peter Schreyer … i ph trách thi t k c a hãng Kia, ông Peter Schreyer, Quan ch c lãnh đ o c a Hyundai, Yang Woong-Chul, cho hay Hyundai's Woong-Chul Yang said …  Slight change in meaning Ba tu n tr tiên c a Kia  c, nhà thi t k ng i c đ c b nhi m làm ch t ch ng in c đ u Three weeks ago, the German was named Kia's leading foreign president Significant change in meaning Ông Schreyer, ng ho t đ ng thi t k i tr c t ng làm vi c cho hãng Audi Volkswagen, s s p x p Schreyer, who previously worked for Audi and Volkswagen from 2002 to 2008, will change the design operation  Distortion in meaning giúp nâng cao giá tr th ng hi u to help maintain their brand value “Creative translation” error  …đ c b nhi m làm tân lãnh đ o thi t k cho t p đoàn Hyundai Motor … as the new chief designer for the well-known Hyundai Motor Group Ông Schreyer, ng i tr c t ng làm vi c cho hãng Audi Volkswagen, … Schreyer, who previously worked for Audi and Volkswagen from 2002 to 2008, Task 6: Using House’s TQA model, appraise the quality of the following translation Hãng hãng không giá r Easyjet thông báo r ng Ch t ch hãng này, Mike Rake, s t ch c vào mùa hè ng thái di n sau m t cu c chi n kéo dài gi a Easyjet ng Stelios Haji-Ioannou, xung quanh vi c m r ng quy mô c a hãng i sáng l p c a nó, u tu n này, Stelios gi m c ph n c a ông Easyjet đe d a s bán c ph n mà ông n m gi , n u công ty đ t hàng thêm máy bay 125 Low-price airline Easyjet has announced that its chairman, Mr Mike Rake, will quit his job this summer The move follows a long battle between the company and one of its founder, Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou, over the airline's expansion in Asia Earlier this week, Stelios sold his stake in Easyjet and threatened to sell more of his shares if the firm placed an order for more jet planes (Source: BBC Ti ng Vi t) Source text profile: - Field: Subject matter: short article Target text profile: - Field: Social action: Specialized - - Tenor: Writer's Provenance and Stance Subject matter: short article Social action: Specialized - Tenor: Translator's Provenance and Stance Social Role Relationship: Symmetrical Social Role Relationship: Symmetrical Social Attitude: formal Social Attitude: formal Mode: Medium: Simple - Mode: Medium: Simple Participation: Complex Participation: Complex Social Attitude: Neutral and Formal Social Attitude: Neutral and Formal - Genre: journalistic article - Genre: journalistic article - Function: Ideational - Function: Ideational  A covertly erroneous discerned here is the mismatch between the Writer's Provenance and Stance and the Translator's Provenance and Stance Certain examples of overt errors are: “Not translated” error type  ng thái di n sau m t cu c chi n kéo dài …  The move follows a long battle … Slight change in meaning Hãng hãng không giá r Easyjet thông báo r ng Ch t ch hãng này, Mike Rake, s t ch c vào mùa hè Low-price airline Easyjet has announced that its chairman, Mr Mike Rake, will quit his job this summer  Significant change in meaning u tu n này, Stelios gi m c ph n c a ông Easyjet Earlier this week, Stelios sold his stake in Easyjet …  “Creative translation” error ng thái di n sau m t cu c chi n kéo dài gi a Easyjet ng Haji-Ioannou, xung quanh vi c m r ng quy mô c a hãng i sáng l p c a nó, Stelios The move follows a long battle between the company and one of its founder, Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou, over the airline's expansion in Asia 126 ... C Semantic translation D Intersemiotic translation E Communicative translation F Covert translation G Documentary translation H Instrumental translation I Overt translation It is the transference... ………… is the translation within the same language A Interlingual translation C Intralingual translation B Intersemiotic translation D Transmutation Translation from one language to another is termed... and journals on translation in many languages Longer-standing international translation studies journals such as Babel (the Netherlands) and Meta (Canada), The Translator (UK) in 1995, etc can