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Summary of Doctoral thesis in Medicine: Anticancer effects of vaccine strain measles virus in combination with nimotuzumab in treatment of laryngeal cancer in vitro and in vivo

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  • INTRODUCTION

  • CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

    • 1.1. Head and neck cancer

      • 1.2. Therapy targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

      • 1.2.2. Nimotuzumab in treatment of Head and neck cancer

    • 1.3. Measles vaccine virus (MeV) in virus-based cancer therapy

      • 1.3.1. Measles virus

      • 1.3.4. The mechanism of cancer cell lysis

        • 1.3.4.1. MeV directly kills tumor cells through syncytial formation

        • 1.3.4.2. Lysis of tumor cells mediated by stimulating specific anti-tumor immunity

    • 1.4. Combination of measles vaccine virus and Nimotuzumab monoclonal antibody in the treatment of cancer

  • There were 2 clinical trials using MeV targeting EGFR to invade and lyze neuroblastoma cells and one trial with HNSCC cells. All three trials showed that MeV has a strong ability to inhibit and kill cancer cells by targeting EGFR both in vitro and in vivo. Nimotuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting EGFR and has been shown to be effective in the treatment of HNSCC. From the above evidence, we conducted a study using MeV in combination with monoclonal antibody Nimotuzumab in order to treat HNSCC in vitro and in vivo in order to improve the anticancer effects.

  • CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS

    • 2.1. Subjects and Materials

    • 2.1.1. Animals: Nude mice BALB/c strain, 6-8 weeks old, weighing 18-22g, eligible for the experiment.

    • 2.1.2. Measles virus Vaccine (MeV): Measles vaccine virus strains Edmonston.

    • 2.1.3. Cell lines: head and head squamous cell carcinoma cells Hep2, monkey kidney cell (Vero cells).

    • 2.1.4. Monoclonal antibody Nimotuzumab: Product CIMAher

      • 2.1.5. Equipment used for the study

        • 2.1.5.1. Equipment: NSK 150mm callipers, electronic scales TE3102S Sartorius, clean room, cell culture room, centrifuges, optical density reader, realtime PCR machine, flow cytometry, pipettes and etc.

        • 2.1.5.2. Consumables: 6 and 96 well plates, tips, culture plates, bacterial filter, falcon tube, Eppendorf and etc....

        • 2.1.5.3. Chemicals and Reagents: M199, EMEM cell culture media, kits for MTT, Annexin V/PI Fluorescein isothiocyanate; RNA, cDNA synthesis kit, primers, master Mix, alcohol 70, 90 and etc....

    • 2.2. Methods: The study was conducted according to the standard experimental, prospective methods, compared and evaluated before, during and after treatment.

      • 2.2.1. Evaluated the ability to inhibit cancer cells and apoptosis of MeV in combination with Nimotuzumab on Hep2 head and neck cancer cell line

        • 2.2.1.1. Evaluation criteria

        • 2.2.1.2. Techniques

      • Enriched Hep2 cells and introduced 6 6-well plates. Use MeV and Nimotuzumab to treat Hep2 cells on 6-well plates. Divided into 4 groups (control, MeV, Nimotuzumab, combination of MeV and Nimotuzumab). Collected cells at 48, 72 hours, RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis and conducting realtime PCR to evaluate STAT3 and ISG15 mRNA expression using GAPDH as a reference gene.

      • 2.2.2. Evaluation of anti-cancer effects of MeV and Nimotuzumab on mouse model carrying head and neck tumors

        • 2.2.2.1. Evaluation criteria

        • Monitored tumor growing

        • Monitored response to treatment in tumors of mice:

        • Comparison of tumor size in groups by treatment time

        • Monitored the mouse survival rate

        • Apoptosis analysis of tumor cells by flow cytometry

        • Analysed histopathological images of tumor cells

        • Analysed cell superstructure

        • 2.2.2.2. Techniques

    • d, Analysed cell apoptosis by flow cytometry: Separated cells from tissues of 4 groups and used Annexin V / PI kit to analyze apoptosis.

    • e, Methods of tumor histopathological analysis: Tumors were separated from mouse thighs, paraffin cast and HE stained and read under a microscope.

    • f, Methods of analysis of cell superstructure

    • Scanned and read the results on the electron microscope transmitted through JEM 1400, JEOL, Japan (Institute 69, Command of the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum).

    • 2.3. Data analyses

  • - Data were analyzed by using SPSS 20.0 and GraphPad Prism 6 software.

  • CHAPTER 3: RESULTS

    • 3.1. Anticancer effect of measles vaccine virus in combination with Nimotuzumab in vitro

      • 3.1.1. Propagation of measles viruses and cell lines

      • Figure 3.1: After 24 hours, the cells adhere to the culture plate, after 24 hours the number of Hep2 cell line was double, the cell grew well and reached about 80-90% of the culture surface after 6-7 days. After 2 weeks of culture, sufficient numbers Hep2 cells were collected for experiments.

      • Figure 3.2. On day 6 after infection, the Vero cells were death and peeled off the plate surface. The cells were harvested, centrifuged to collect the supernatant, filtered the supernatant with a 0.45 µm filter to get the MeV particles.

      • 3.1.2. Virus titration by CCID50

        • Figure 3.3. Results of virus titration CCID50 of MeV

        • = 105+0,5/0.2 ml = 5x105,5/ml

        • Figure 3.4. Infected Hep2 cells forming syncytium

        • 3.1.4.1. Results of cell death (Figures 3.6, 3.8)

          • Figure 3.9. The percentage of viable cells at different timepoints of viral therapy in the MeV group and MeV and Nimotuzumab combination group.

          • Figure 3.15. Flow cytometry results of Hep2 cells at different time points after treated with MeV and Nimotuzumab with 2 MOI

    • 3.2. Results of anti-cancer effects of MeV and Nimotuzumab on mouse model of immune deficiency carrying human head and neck cancer

      • 3.2.2. Results of anticancer effects of MeV and Nimotuzumab

        • 3.2.2.1. Body condition of mice during the experiment

          • Hình 3.29. Mean volume at different time points (mm3)

        • 3.2.2.4. Results of survival time, mortality rate of nude mice after treatment with MeV and Nimotuzumab

        • Figure 3.30. After 60 days of follow-up, the mean survival time of mice in the treated group was longer compared to control group (the combination treatment group was 58.1 ± 4.33 days; the MeV group was 49.1 ± 16, 50 days; Nimotuzumab group was 45.4 ± 18.66 days, and the control group was 38.6 ± 18.76 days). However, this significant difference was only observed when compared between the control and the combination treatment group (p = 0.009).

        • 3.2.2.5. Cumulative survival rates of mice between control and treated groups

          • Hình 3.35. Evaluation of Hep2 structure after treated with MeV and Nimotuzumab under transmission electron microscope (sample KH4, KH5)

  • CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION

    • 4.1. Determinativo of virus concentration by CCID50 titration

    • CCID50 titrations are based on the observations of cellular pathological effects under microscopy, so subjective errors can be encountered such as the misidentification of cell pathological effects in wells in the same concentration of substrates between the wells of different concentrations. In this study, we used MeV titration by CCID50 test using methylene blue as a colorant to evaluate the viral pathological effects of the virus to make an objective and accurate evaluation, and allow simultaneous visualization of pathological effects of cells in wells with the same virus concentration and in virus wells with different concentrations, from which CCID50 is calculated, we obtain the titration result of MeV.

    • 4.2. Lysis Effects of MeV and Nimotuzumab on Hep2 cells in vitro

      • 4.4.1. MeV and Nimotuzumab directly lyzed Hep2 cells by forming syncytium in vitro

      • 4.4.4. MeV and Nimotuzumab are effective in inhibiting cell proliferation through activation of STAT3 and ISG15

    • 4.5. Therapeutic efficacy of MeV in combination with Nimotuzumab in nude mouse model with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

      • 4.5.1. MeV in combination with Nimotuzumab does not cause toxicity in nude mice with head and neck tumors

      • 4.5.3. The combination treatment with MeV and Nimotuzumab prolongs survival time of mice carrying head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

  • CONCLUSION

  • 1. Consider conducting clinical trials using a combination of MeV and Nimotuzumab in treating head and neck cancer in humans

  • 2. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism of anti-cancer effects of MeV and Nimotuzumab on head and neck cancer, especially the mechanism of anti-cancer effects when treating MeV in combination with Nimotuzumab.

Nội dung

To evaluate the anticancer effect of measles vaccine virus in combination with Nimotuzumab in vitro. To evaluate the anticancer effect of measles vaccine virus in combination with Nimotuzumab on nude mouse model with head and neck cancer (in vivo).

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING          MINISTRY OF DEFENSE VIETNAM MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY NGÔ THU HẰNG ANTICANCER EFFECTS OF VACCINE STRAIN  MEASLES VIRUS IN COMBINATION WITH  NIMOTUZUMAB IN TREATMENT OF LARYNGEAL  CANCER IN VITRO AND IN VIVO Major: Biomedical Science Code: 9720101 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN MEDICINE HA NOI ­ 2020 THE THESIS IS COMPLETED AT THE VIETNAM MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVESITY Supervisors: Prof. Dr. NGUYỄN LĨNH TỒN Assoc. Prof. Dr. HỒ ANH SƠN Reviewer 1: Prof. Dr. VĂN ĐÌNH HOA Reviewer 2: Assoc. Prof. Dr. TRỊNH TUẤN DŨNG Reviewer 3: Assoc. Prof. Dr. PHẠM TUẤN CẢNH The thesis is defended in front of the scientific committee at the  Vietnam Military Medical University at             on                 2020 The thesis can be found at: ­ National Library ­ Library of the Vietnam Military Medical University INTRODUCTION Cancer is a major health problem and is increasingly concerned in  all countries of the world. Head and neck cancer (HNS) is a group of  malignant tumors that develop in this part of  the body, and 90% of  HNS has squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Globally, HNS ranks  seventh with 4.8% of all newly diagnosed cancers. Oncolytic virus  (OLV) therapy is based on the main mechanism that OLVs have the  ability to specifically enter and replicate in cancer cells of the tumor  and cause cell lysis, promote cell apoptosis and stimulate immune  response against cancers Nimotuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the epidermal  growth   receptor   (EGFR),   which   is   effective   against   angiogenesis,  inhibits   cell   proliferation,   induces   apoptosis,   and   promotes   cell  sensitivity to radiation and chemotherapy We conducted the project “Anticancer effects of vaccine strain  measles virus in combination with nimotuzumab in the treatment of  laryngeal cancer in vitro and in vivo” with two objectives To evaluate the anticancer effect of measles vaccine virus in   combination with Nimotuzumab in vitro To evaluate the anticancer effect of measles vaccine virus in   combination with Nimotuzumab on nude mouse model with   head and neck cancer (in vivo)  Necessity of the project: Investigation   of   the   anticancer   effect   of   measles   vaccine   virus  (MeV)  in combination  with  Nimotuzumab  both  in  vitro  and  on a  nude mouse model will serve as a basis for further studies on the  mechanism of combined antitumor effect of MeV and Nimotuzumab,  as   well   as   for   clinical   trials   using   a   MeV   and   Nimotuzumab  combination to treat cancer patients in general and HNS in particular.   New contribution of the thesis:  This thesis is the first study to evaluate the anticancer effect of the  combination of MeV and Nimotuzumab against HNS on Hep2 cells  as well as on a nude mouse model with head and neck cancer. This is  the basis for further experimental studies and clinical trials for cancer  treatment  Layout of the thesis:  The   thesis   has   150   pages,   including:   Introduction   (2   pages),  Chapter 1: Literature review (36 pages), Chapter 2: Materials and  Methods   (27   pages),   Chapter   3:   Results   (47   pages),   Chapter   4:  Discussion (35 pages), Conclusion (2 pages), Recommendations (1  page). The thesis has 175 references (171 references in English) CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1. Head and neck cancer Head and neck cancer (HNS) is a group of malignant tumors that  develop   in   this   part   of  the   body   including   mouth,   nose,  throat, larynx, sinuses, or salivary glands, cancer of the oral cavity,  sinuses next to nose and tongue. The incidence of HNS is increasing  both in Vietnam and in some parts of the world  HNS  has a bad  prognosis, is dangerous and has many major complications The   main   risk   factors   for  HNS  include   tobacco,   alcohol  consumption,  HPV infection (for oral  cancer), EBV  infection (for  throat cancer). The oncogenes in HNSCC are associated with four  main   functional   pathways:   cell   proliferation,   squamous  epithelialization, cell survival and invasion/metastasis 1.2. Therapy targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor  1.2.1. Role of EGFR in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma  Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has a molecular weight  of 170 kiloDaltons (kDa). When the epithelial growth factor (EGF)  binds   to   its   receptor   (EGFR),   two   EGFR   molecules   bind   to   each  other   (dimerization),   the   tyrosine   kinase   region   is   then  phosphorylated   This   phosphorylation   leads   to   the   activation   of  specific   tyrosins   and   EGFR   receptor­dependent   intracellular  signaling proteins subsequently leads to the transcription of target  genes that promote cell proliferation, survival (apoptosis), invasion  and metastases.  EGFR is highly important in the pathogenesis of HNSCC and its  expression was found in 92% of the HNSCC tumors. Moreover, the  expression of EGFR is high in tumors in the advanced stage or in  less differentiated tumors 1.2.2. Nimotuzumab in treatment of Head and neck cancer Nimotuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds  to  EGFR  and  blocks   the  activation  of   this   receptor   Nimotuzumab  recognizes the EGFR extracellular domain and competes for the binding  site of EGF, prevents EGF to bind to its receptor, therefore, prevents the  activation   of  EGFR,   inhibits   tyrosine   kinase   activity,  consequently  inhibiting   the   growth   of   tumor   cells.  In  order   to  respond   to   EGFR  blockaded   by   Nimotuzumab,   tumor   cells   reduce  the  secretion   of  vascular proliferation factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor  (VEGF), which leads to reduced formation of vascular and increase the  number of apoptotic cells. Nimotuzumab (Cimaher) has been shown to  be effective in the treatment of advanced HNSCC  and  Nimotuzumab  has been shown to be safe and has less serious complications 1.3. Measles vaccine virus (MeV) in virus­based cancer therapy  1.3.1. Measles virus Measles virus is a single­stranded RNA (­) virus with a diameter  of   100­300   nm,  and  belongs  to   the   genus  Morbillivirus,  family  Paramyxoviruses, surrounded by a helix capsid. The MeV envelope  glycoproteins are the hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins that  mediate viral binding and integration with the  host  cells.  In current  OLV therapy, the use of Edmonston vaccine strains  includes a  lab  strains, which is closely related to a clinical strain isolated from the  throat   of   a   baby   named   David   Edmonston   (1954)  and  was  transplanted  into  different   cells  to  create  a   less  virulent   and  non­ pathogenic MeV strain 1.3.2. Receptors of MeV MeV uses three receptors, CD46, CD150 and nectin­4, to enter  the target cells, the most important receptor is the CD46, which is a  type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein that is common in all cells. The  CD46 receptor is found to be highly expressed in cancer cells. In  normal   cells   with   low   CD46   expression,   MeV   is   likely   to   be  infectious but the syncytial formation is negligible. In cancer cells  with high CD46 expression, MeV infection leads to a strong synaptic  formation: MeV binds to the receptor to enter the cells, replicate and  cause the cells to form the symplasm and consequently kill the cells  through a CD46 mediated mechanism 1.3.3. Safety of attenuated Measles vaccine  MeV meets the standards of an ideal OLV, which must have a  high selection of tumors, non­pathogenicity, genetic stability and no  disease transmission to the community 1.3.4. The mechanism of cancer cell lysis 1.3.4.1. MeV directly kills tumor cells through syncytial formation The  fusion between the infected cells  and  the  adjacent  normal  cells   forms   syncytia   A   virus­infected   cell   can   merge   50­100  neighbouring  cells  to form  a  syncytium.  This  is  a mechanism  for  spreading viruses without releasing viral particles from the host cells.  The process of cell consolidation reduces the exposure of viruses to  neutralizing   antibodies   of   the   host,   that   avoids   the   control   and  neutralization of the immune system.  1.3.4.2. Lysis of tumor cells mediated by stimulating specific anti­ tumor immunity MeV   produces   two   types   of   danger   signals   including  damage­ associated   molecular   pattern   molecules   (DAMP)   and   pathogen­ associated   molecular   patterns   (PAMP),   which   trigger   specific  immune responses that contribute to tumor cell lysis such as IFN,  cytokines,   activation   of   NK   cells,   macrophages,   DCs,   and   T  lymphocytes.  1.4   Combination   of   measles   vaccine   virus   and   Nimotuzumab  monoclonal antibody in the treatment of cancer There were 2 clinical trials using MeV targeting EGFR to invade and  lyze neuroblastoma cells and one trial with HNSCC cells. All  three trials showed that MeV has a strong ability to inhibit and  kill cancer cells by targeting EGFR both  in vitro  and  in vivo.  Nimotuzumab  is   a  monoclonal   antibody   targeting   EGFR   and  has   been   shown   to  be   effective   in  the   treatment   of   HNSCC.  From the above evidence, we conducted a study using MeV in  combination with monoclonal antibody Nimotuzumab in order  to treat HNSCC  in vitro  and  in vivo  in order to improve the  anticancer effects CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Subjects and Materials 2.1.1. Animals: Nude mice BALB/c strain, 6­8 weeks old, weighing  18­22g, eligible for the experiment 2.1.2. Measles virus  Vaccine (MeV):  Measles  vaccine virus strains  Edmonston 2.1.3. Cell lines: head and head squamous cell carcinoma cells Hep2,  monkey kidney cell (Vero cells) 2.1.4. Monoclonal antibody Nimotuzumab: Product CIMAher 2.1.5. Equipment used for the study 2.1.5.1   Equipment:  NSK   150mm   callipers,   electronic   scales  TE3102S   Sartorius,   clean   room,   cell   culture   room,   centrifuges,  optical   density   reader,   realtime   PCR   machine,   flow   cytometry,  pipettes and etc 2.1.5.2   Consumables:  6   and   96   well   plates,   tips,   culture   plates,  bacterial filter, falcon tube, Eppendorf and etc 2.1.5.3. Chemicals and Reagents: M199, EMEM cell culture media,  kits   for   MTT,   Annexin   V/PI   Fluorescein   isothiocyanate;   RNA,  cDNA synthesis kit, primers, master Mix, alcohol 70, 90 and etc 2.2. Methods:  The study was conducted according to  the standard  experimental, prospective methods, compared and evaluated before,  during and after treatment 2.2.1. Evaluated the ability to inhibit cancer cells and apoptosis of   MeV in combination with Nimotuzumab on Hep2 head and neck   cancer cell line 2.2.1.1. Evaluation criteria ­ Determined viral concentration by CCID50 method ­ Evaluated inhibition of Hep2 cells by MTT ­ Evaluated apoptosis and necrosis by flow cytometry method ­ Evaluated apoptosis through the expression of STAT3 and ISG15  genes by realtime PCR technique 2.2.1.2. Techniques a, Cell Culture  Hep2 and Vero cells were taken from freezers (­80 0C), thawed  quickly (

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Hình 3.2 4 .  So sánh s  phiên mã c a STAT3 theo  ủ - Summary of Doctoral thesis in Medicine: Anticancer effects of vaccine strain measles virus in combination with nimotuzumab in treatment of laryngeal cancer in vitro and in vivo
Hình 3.2 4 .  So sánh s  phiên mã c a STAT3 theo  ủ (Trang 18)
Hình 3.29. Mean volume at different time points (mm3) *: p < 0,05;  **:p < 0,01;   ***:p < 0,001 - Summary of Doctoral thesis in Medicine: Anticancer effects of vaccine strain measles virus in combination with nimotuzumab in treatment of laryngeal cancer in vitro and in vivo
Hình 3.29. Mean volume at different time points (mm3) *: p < 0,05;  **:p < 0,01;   ***:p < 0,001 (Trang 19)
Hình 3.32. T  l  apoptosis t  bào Hep2 tách t  mô kh i u các nhóm chu ộ - Summary of Doctoral thesis in Medicine: Anticancer effects of vaccine strain measles virus in combination with nimotuzumab in treatment of laryngeal cancer in vitro and in vivo
Hình 3.32. T  l  apoptosis t  bào Hep2 tách t  mô kh i u các nhóm chu ộ (Trang 20)
Hình 3.35. Evaluation of Hep2 structure after treated with MeV and  Nimotuzumab under transmission electron microscope (sample KH4,  KH5) - Summary of Doctoral thesis in Medicine: Anticancer effects of vaccine strain measles virus in combination with nimotuzumab in treatment of laryngeal cancer in vitro and in vivo
Hình 3.35. Evaluation of Hep2 structure after treated with MeV and  Nimotuzumab under transmission electron microscope (sample KH4,  KH5) (Trang 21)

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