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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE & RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAMESE ACADEMY OF FOREST SCIENCES ================== PHUNG VAN KHANG STUDY ON BREEDING, PLANTING AND EXPLOITING TECHNIQUES OF Sterculia foetida L IN NINH THUAN AND BINH THUAN PROVINCE Specialized: Silviculture Code: 9.62.02.05 SUMMARY OF THESIS PROGRESSION FORESTRY Hanoi - 2020 This work has been completed at the Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences Full name of supervisors: A/Prof Dr Phạm Xuan Hoan A/Prof Dr Nguyen Van Them TS Phí Hồng Hải Chairman: Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The thesis is defended in front of the Institute's thesis-judging council meeting at the Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences at the hour minute day month year 2020 The dissertation can be found at: National Library and Vietnam Library of Forestry Science PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS Phung Van Khang, Phung Van Khen, 2017 Study propagation of Sterculia foetida L by cutting and grafting method Special Issue of Journal of Forestry Science in 2017, page 3-8 Phung Van Khen, Phung Van Khang, Nguyen Trong Nanm, 2018 Breeding Sterculia foetida L for gum purposes in dry land of South Central Viet Nam Journal of Forestry Science number in 2017, page 1-7 Phung Van Khang, Ngo Van Ngoc, Phung Van Khen, Vo Trung Kien, Phung Van Tinh, Nguyen Trong Nam, 2019 Economic efficiency assessment from some Trom(Sterculia foetida L.) plantation experiment models in the dry zone at South of Central Viet Nam Journal of Forestry Science number in 2019, page 111-118 INTRODUCTION NECESSITY OF THESIS Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan are two of the provinces in the South Central Coast region with the unique ecology, drought due to low rainfall and high evaporation Therefore, the study of plants which adapt to the natural conditions of the region in order to promote the role of environment protection and ensure economic life of the community is an issue needs to be addressed Sterculia foetida L is one of the few species distributed in the South Central region and owns superior ecological properties than some other forest species due to its ability to withstand rigorous climates, hot weather, and low rainfall Sterculia foetida L is also a multi-purpose plant, especially gum collected from Sterculia foetida L with high economic value However, the people's cultivation is still spontaneous, the quality of trees as well as the gum yield is low There is an urgent need to have researches on breeding, planting and exploiting techniques of gum from Sterculia foetida L… in order to provide scientific basis in afforestation and gum exploitation in intensive farming From these facts, the thesis "Study on breeding, planting and exploiting techniques of Sterculia foetida L in Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan provinces" is given Research objectives General objectives Identifying scientific bases to planting Sterculia foetida L for for high gum yield in Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan provinces Specific objectives Sterculia foetida L breeding for high gum yield Development of propagation, growing and nurturing techniques of Sterculia foetida L forest for high gum yield Determination of appropriate exploitation techniques to improve the Sterculia foetida L yield Research subject and scope Research subject: The research subject is Sterculia foetida L in four ecological regions (South Central, Central Highlands, Southeast and Southwest) and Sterculia foetida L forest planted in Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan provices Research scope: This thesis studies Sterculia foetida L seed for high gum yield, Sterculia foetida L propagation and cultivation and gum exploitation techniques Sterculia foetida L breeding and cultivation were carried out from 2014 to 2018 Gum exploitation techniques are carried out in - year old Sterculia foetida L forest Gum exploitation time was at the end of the dry season, from May to August 2017 Meaning of the thesis Scientifically: The thesis provides some scientific bases and information on breeding, cultivation and gum exploitation techniques in Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan Practically: The research results of the thesis are the basis for recommendations on cultivation, gum exploitation techniques and Sterculia foetida L forest sustainable development in Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan New contributions of the thesis The thesis has selected 13 Sterculia foetida L families (BT01; BT02; BT03; BT04; BT05; BT07; NT08; NT18; NT24; NT26; DN01; DN03; KH06) of origins (Binh Thuan, Ninh Thuan, Dong Nai and Khanh Hoa) for high gum yield The thesis has identified a number of techniques for propagation, cultivation and gum exploitation Structure of the thesis The thesis had 123 pages, 21 pictures and 53 tables Introduction (4 pages) Chapter Research Overview (24 pages) Chapter Content and Research Method (20 pages) Chapter Research findings and Discussion (65 pages) Conclusion, Incomplete and Recommendation (2 pages) The thesis consulted 73 document, therein: 45 document by Vietnamese language and 28 document by foreign language Chapter RESEARCH OVERVIEW The thesis gives an overview of breeding, propagation methods, planting and exploiting techniques for gum in general and Sterculia foetida L in particular Here are the general discussions (1) Seed improvement can be carried out by taking advantage of the variation through selection of dominant trees The dominant trees were selected from plantation forests, scattered trees and natural forests Using the different methods of dominant tree selection and different evaluation criteria will give different results In this thesis, it starts with selecting dominant trees in each ecological region or origin Next, the progeny of the dominant trees in the four ecological regions are compared and the dominant ones with gum yield exceeding 10% compared to the average of the population are selected (2) Sterculia foetida L is grown with the main purpose of gum harvesting However, there is currently a lack of information on Sterculia foetida L cultivation for gum In this research, the thesis focuses on the techniques of planting and nurturing Sterculia foetida L forests These techniques are solved by empirical methods (3) Sterculia foetida L is the main product in the harvesting process, on the other hand, it is also the source of life for the tree Improper exploitation technique will greatly affect the quality, quantity of gum and vitality of the tree Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on the Sterculia foetida L exploitation techniques to ensure that it can both improve productivity but also sustainability to be able to exploit Sterculia foetida L with stable and long-term yield (4) The content of the thesis is part of the topic "Study on breeding, planting and exploiting techniques of Sterculia foetida L in arid areas of South Central region” conducted from 2013-2017 by PhD Phung Van Khen In addition to the summarized data, the thesis continues to monitor and collect data in 2018 Propagation experiments by seed germination method, determination of the gum extraction position on stems and impacts of stimulants on extracted gum will be added later The thesis also uses other calculation and processing methods to accurately reflect the Research results Chapter CONTENTS AND RESEARCH METHODS 2.1 Research contents (1) Summary and evaluation of the existing Sterculia foetida L planting models; (2) Sterculia foetida L Breeding; (3) Sterculia foetida L propagation techniques; (4) Sterculia foetida L cultivation techniques; (5) Sterculia foetida L exploitation techniques; 2.2 Research methods 2.2.1 Methodology This research is based on two basic arguments The first is that forest growth depends not only on seed sources, but also on propagation techniques, site processing techniques, and planting and nurturing techniques The second is that gum yield depends on forest age, gum exploitation time in the year and gum exploitation techniques From the above arguments, the solution of this topic starts with the selection of Sterculia foetida L origins which not only has the ability to grow fast and withstand drought environment, but also gives high yield and quality gum Then, through experimental methods, propagation, planting and nurturing techniques of intensive Sterculia foetida L forest is determined 2.3.2 Methods of experimental arrangement and data processing 2.3.2.1 Summary and evaluation of the existing Sterculia foetida L planting models Information collected from existing Sterculia foetida L forest models includes cultivation, exploitation and processing techniques of gum The RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal method is used to collect the above information There are 30 people interviewed in each province, including 10 managers and technicians, 20 people from 20 households To evaluate the economic efficiency of the Sterculia foetida L planting model, the thesis selected popular models in Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan provinces Each model is studied with typical standard plots The size of each standard plot is 500m2 (25*20m) Data on stump diameter (D0, cm), overall height (H, m), canopy diameter (DT, m) and survival rate (SR%) are collected In addition, data on planting and nurturing techniques, investment costs and product consumption; costs of equipment procurement and laborers for harvesting are also acquired; Information about the annual average amount of harvested gum (L M, kg/ha), product selling price 2.2.2.2 Sterculia foetida L breeding Dominant trees are those selected from plantation forests, scattered trees which determine the excess in gum Mother trees are those selected from natural forests, scattered trees which determine the excess in gum The dominant trees/mother trees are selected according to the industry standard (04 TC 147 147-2006, MARD, 2006) and the methodology of Le Dinh Kha and Duong Mong Hung (2003) After selecting the dominant trees/mother trees, collecting the seeds of these trees Next, the progeny of 50 families in ecological regions (South Central, Central Highlands, Southeast and Southwest) with 11 origins are tested During data processing, good Sterculia foetida L seeds were selected according to fastgrowing standards and the yield of harvested gum exceeded 10% compared to the average of the population 2.2.2.3 Determination of Sterculia foetida L propagation techniques (a) Sterculia foetida L propagation by seed treatment It analyzes the effect of shade, potting mix, sand ratio and potting size on Sterculia foetida L growth These effects are assessed according to survival rate (SR%), growth in diameter (D, cm) and height (H, cm) after and months of testing In the data processing section, the difference of each criterion between the treatments is analyzed by the Analysis of variances (ANOVA) The optimal level of shading (XOpt) is determined by Max (SR, D0 and H) (b) Propagation by cutting method It determines the appropriate age to take the cuttings, the appropriate time to collect cuttings, the type of stimulant and the appropriate content The cuttings are collected from mother trees at ages of 1, 3, and The 1-year cuttings are taken from the seedlings kept in the nursery for up to year The cuttings at ages of 3, and are collected from extensive Sterculia foetida L forest Experimental results are evaluated through rooting rates (R%), number of roots/cuttings (N), average root length (L, mm) In the data processing section, the difference of R%, N and L between the treatments is analyzed by the Analysis of variances (ANOVA) Stimulants and appropriate content are selected according to the Max standard (R%, N, L, I); where R% is the preferred standard (c) Propagation by grafting The method of grafting is done by approach grafting and side grafting The experiment is carried out in two periods: dry season (March) and rainy season (October) Experimental results are evaluated through survival rate (SR%) of scion after 30 days of grafting and height of shoots after 1, and months after grafting In the data processing section, the difference of R%, N and L between the treatments is analyzed by the Analysis of variances (ANOVA) Stimulants and appropriate content are selected according to the Max standard (R%, N, L, I); where R% is the preferred standard 2.2.2.4 Determination of Sterculia foetida L cultivation techniques It determines the effects of soil type, planting density, fertilizing techniques and watering regimes on growth and gum yield of Sterculia foetida L forest This experiment is conducted on common soil types in Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan provinces (semi-arid gray brown soil (Xk); yellowish red-gray soil on clay and metamorphic rocks (Fs); gray soil (Cg); Alluvial gray soil (Pb); Red-yellow red-gray soil (Fl) changed by rice cultivation The planting density is 833 trees/ha The effects of the Sterculia foetida L planting density are studied with density: 550; 833; 952; 1,100 and 1,660 The effects of fertilizing techniques are studied with treatments: (F1) Control (no fertilization); (F2) microbial organic fertilizer (1 kg) + 0.2 kg NPK; (F3) kg of decomposed cow dung + 0.2 kg of NPK and straw; (F4) kg of manure (cow) + 0.5 kg of microbial organic fertilizer and straw The effects of watering regime are studied with treatments: (N1) Control (no watering); (N2) Watering in the first months of drought in the first year (November of the previous year to May of the following year); the amount of water is 33m 3/ha (40 liters of water/stump, once a week); (N3) Watering in the first months of drought in the first year (November of the previous year to May of the following year); the amount of water is 66 m3/ha (40 liters of water/stump, every weeks) The effects of experimental factors are evaluated through SR, growth (D 0, H, DT), LM and vitalit of trees in the 3rd and 4th year In the data processing section, differences on SR, growth and L M of Sterculia foetida L forest in different treatments are compared by analysis of variances (ANOVA) Appropriate soil type, planting density, fertilizer and watering regime are determined according to the Max standard (SR, D0, H, DT, LM); where LM is the preferred standard 2.2.2.5 Determination of Sterculia foetida L gum exploitation techniques It identifies the proper position on the stem to collect gum; the age of Sterculia foetida L to be harvested, the age range for normal gum yield and the highest gum yield, lowest gum yield or low economic efficiency; role of gum stimulants In order to solve the problems raised, these experiments are carried out in extensive Sterculia foetida L forest during the period of gum harvesting from 2-7 years This is the Sterculia foetida L forest planted by households in Vinh Hao commune, Tuy Phong district, Binh Thuan province, the Sterculia foetida L plating models used in the experiment have similarities with seeds, topographical conditions, nurturing regimes The initial planting density is 2,500 trees/ha Adephone 48SL consists of concentrations: (1) T1 = control (no stimulants); T2 = 1% Adephone 48SL; T3 = 5% Adephone 48SL; T4 = 10% Adephone 48SL; T5 = 20% Adephone 48SL In addition, the thesis also compares the difference between the yield of gum harvested by using suitable content of Adephone 48 SL and Ethephone 48SL 1% in combination with Methyl Jasmonate 1% During data collection, the density of gum tubes (gum tube/cm2) on the stem, LMunder class D, H and forest age is determined by regression and correlation method The LMmax is then obtained from the optimal concentration of Adephone 48Sl and L M from the Adephone 48Sl + 1% Methyl Jasmonate From that, the difference in the effectiveness of Adephone 48Sl and Adephone 48Sl + 1% Methyl Jasmonate stimulant for LMis identified 2.3.3 Data processing tool Data processing tools are Excel spreadsheets, Statgraphics Centurion 15.0 and SPSS 22.0 statistical software Excel software is used to gather data, draw graphs and charts Statgraphics Centurion 15.0 and SPSS 22.0 families tested was 49.2g/tree; the lowest is VT01 (11.3g/tree) and the highest is BT01 (168.5g/tree) The amount of gum varies greatly between families (CV = 62.2%) There are 13 families with the amount of gum from 16.5% (DN01) to 242.5% (BT01) Thus, compared to the purpose of selecting families with 10% of gum over the average population, 13 families (BT01; BT02; NT26; BT05; BT04; NT18; BT03; BT07; NT24; DN03; NT08; KH06; DN01) meet the set requirements The average amount of gum in these 13 families (94.5g/tree) exceeds 98.4% compared to the average amount of gum in the population (49.2g/tree) Upon comparison of excess of selected families with their origin, though there are differences, all of the selected families show good growth in all origins 14 trees in the progeny clonal test provide times of amount of gum (ranging from 316% to 368%) compared to the average amount of gum in the population, when comparing these trees with their origin and families, potential trees are selected 3.3 Sterculia foetida L propagation techniques 3.3.1 Sterculia foetida L propagation by seeds The findings (Table 3.1) show that the growth of Sterculia foetida L seedlings in the period of 2-4 years under - 75% shading level (SL) has high SR, ranging from 87 to 94% Table 3.1 Impact of shading level on the growth of Sterculia foetida L seedlings from to months old in nursery stage SL (%) N (seedling) (1) 25 50 75 (2) 10 108 108 108 P-value 2-month-old seedling SR D0 H (%) (mm) (cm) (3) (4) (5) c 87 6.2 20a 95 5.5b 27b 93 5.0a 34d 94 4.9a 30c
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