Thermodynamics in nuclear power plant systems ( TQL )

Bahman Zohuri · Patrick McDaniel Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant Systems Second Edition Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant Systems Bahman Zohuri • Patrick McDaniel Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant Systems Second Edition Bahman Zohuri University of New Mexico Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Galaxy Advanced Engineering, Inc Albuquerque, NM, USA Patrick McDaniel Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA A solution manual for this book is available on Springer.com ISBN 978-3-319-93918-6 ISBN 978-3-319-93919-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93919-3 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2018949907 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2015, 2019 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland This book is dedicated to my parents Marzieh and Akbar Zohuri Bahman Zohuri This book is dedicated to Ben Pollared Patrick McDaniel Preface This book covers the fundamentals of thermodynamics required to understand electrical power generation systems It also covers the application of these principles to nuclear reactor power systems It is not a general thermodynamics text, but is a thermodynamics text aimed at explaining the fundamentals and applying them to the challenges facing actual nuclear power systems It is written at an undergraduate level but should also be useful to practicing engineers This book starts with the fundamental definitions of thermodynamic variables such as temperature, pressure, and specific volume It defines the zeroth law of thermodynamics It then explains open and closed systems The ideal gas law is introduced, along with some of its limitations for real gases Gas kinetic theory is then introduced to provide a background for the ideal gas law and a foundation for understanding for the theory of specific heats Then it moves on to the first law of thermodynamics and its realization in the internal energy and enthalpy potentials After addressing several applications, it moves on to the second law of thermodynamics and the concept of entropy It then approaches entropy from the statistical mechanics viewpoint to validate that it truly is a measurable physical quantity It concludes the fundamental theory portion of this book by discussing irreversibility, availability, and the Maxwell relations, touching slightly on the third law of thermodynamics The second portion of this book is devoted to specific applications of the fundamentals to Brayton and Rankine cycles for power generation Brayton cycle compressors, turbines, and recuperators are covered, along with the fundamentals of heat exchanger design Rankine steam generators, turbines, condensers, and pumps are discussed Reheaters and feed water heaters are also covered Ultimate heat rejections by circulating water systems are also discussed vii viii Preface The third part of this book covers current and projected reactor systems and how the thermodynamic principles are applied to their design, operation, and safety analyses Detailed appendices cover metric and English system units and conversions, detailed steam and gas tables, heat transfer properties, and nuclear reactor system descriptions Albuquerque, NM, USA Bahman Zohuri Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge all the individuals for their help, encouragement, and support We have decided not to name them all since some of them may not be around to see the end result of their encouragement, but we hope they can at least read this acknowledgment wherever they may be Last but not least, special thanks to our parents, wives, children, and friends for providing constant encouragement, without which this book could not have been written We especially appreciate their patience with our frequent absence from home and long hours in front of the computer during the preparation of this book ix Disclaimer This document is protected under the copyright laws of the United States and/or other countries as an unpublished work This document contains information that is proprietary and confidential to Galaxy Advanced Engineering (GAE) and Applied Energy Consultants, LLC and/or affiliates or its technical alliance partners, which shall not be duplicated, used, or disclosed in whole or in part for any purpose other than to evaluate Galaxy Advanced Engineering, Inc and Applied Energy Consultants, LLC and/or its affiliate(s) Any use or disclosure in whole or in part of this information without the written permission of Galaxy Advanced Engineering, Inc and Applied Energy Consultants, LLC and/or its affiliate(s) is prohibited © 2006–1014 Galaxy Advanced Engineering, Inc and Applied Energy Consultants, LLC and/or its affiliates(s) (Unpublished) All rights reserved The Proven Course methodology is component of Galaxy Advanced Engineering’s and Applied Energy Consultants, LLC ‘s Proven Course delivery framework and contains process, template, and techniques used to deliver Galaxy Advanced Engineering, Inc and Applied Energy Consultants, LLC services Proven CoursegSM, Galaxy Advanced Engineering ™, and GAE™ and AEC ™ Business Empowered is trademarks or service marks of Galaxy Advanced Engineering, Inc Applied Energy Consultants, LLC and/or its affiliates xi 4.6711 1100 4.64786 s,kJ/kg/K P= 0.0500 MPa T(K)1081.6 4.1553 1200 4387.47 4.11076 h,kJ/kg s,kJ/kg/K P= 0.1000 MPa T(K)1153.1 7.3656 4029.30 u,kJ/kg 4027.46 4403.21 3.89173 u,kJ/kg h,kJ/kg s,kJ/kg/K 1200 P= 0.1013 MPa T(K)1154.6 3.70836 3.89575 s,kJ/kg/K v,m**3/kg 3.9956 4402.87 h,kJ/kg 3.9887 4516.16 4115.61 3.9531 4519.07 4118.13 4027.47 u,kJ/kg 4.0095 3.75411 v,m**3/kg 4435.77 4067.50 7.16339 v,m**3/kg 4380.48 4358.54 h,kJ/kg 4053.95 34.9420 4036.59 34.44834 950 u,kJ/kg v,m**3/kg P= 0.0093 MPa T(K) 941.1 4.0736 4618.74 4193.14 4.2086 1250 4.0790 4620.66 4194.78 4.2583 1250 4.2536 4545.94 4152.25 7.8738 1150 4.7751 4481.67 4131.43 37.4751 1000 4.1403 4704.29 4255.49 4.4293 1300 4.1462 4706.08 4257.01 4.4909 1300 4.3291 4634.47 4217.57 8.3370 1200 4.8509 4559.26 4187.49 39.7787 1050 A.16.3 Superheated Sodium Table (SI Units) 4.1967 4778.88 4308.11 4.6460 1350 4.2023 4780.30 4309.31 4.7099 1350 4.3902 4709.21 4270.57 8.7728 1250 4.9111 4623.98 4231.91 41.9451 1100 4.2453 4845.62 4353.79 4.8546 1400 4.2507 4846.74 4354.73 4.9198 1400 4.4418 4774.96 4315.56 9.1880 1300 4.9622 4681.33 4269.71 44.0527 1150 4.2883 4906.79 4394.57 5.0551 1450 4.2936 4907.72 4395.35 5.1238 1450 4.4870 4834.71 4355.23 9.5898 1350 5.0072 4734.23 4303.53 46.0856 1200 4.3271 4963.99 4431.88 5.2515 1500 4.3322 4964.76 4432.52 5.3224 1500 4.5275 4890.36 4391.29 9.9813 1400 5.0481 4784.41 4334.91 48.0955 1250 4.3627 5018.31 4466.67 5.4449 1550 4.3678 5018.94 4467.19 5.5175 1550 4.5645 4943.17 4424.85 10.3661 1450 5.0861 4832.83 4364.73 50.0854 1300 4.3958 5070.48 4499.59 5.6342 1600 4.4009 5071.02 4500.04 5.7113 1600 4.5990 4993.95 4456.64 10.7461 1500 5.1218 4880.08 4393.52 52.0603 1350 4.4564 5170.40 4561.62 6.0083 1700 4.4614 5170.79 4561.93 6.0886 1700 4.6313 5043.27 4487.15 11.1220 1550 5.1555 4926.55 4421.62 54.0195 1400 4.5114 5266.51 4620.37 6.3769 1800 4.5162 5266.81 4620.60 6.4619 1800 4.6619 5091.51 4516.73 11.4955 1600 5.1878 4972.47 4449.24 55.9839 1450 Appendix A: Table and Graph Compilations 697 3.7197 1300 4425.26 3.68816 h,kJ/kg s,kJ/kg/K P= 0.3000 MPa T(K)1289.0 4044.92 4461.08 3.49055 u,kJ/kg h,kJ/kg s,kJ/kg/K 1350 P= 0.4000 MPa T(K)1330.2 1.04040 3.57121 s,kJ/kg/K v,m**3/kg 3.5931 4444.04 h,kJ/kg 3.5271 4506.88 4079.76 1.0678 4471.01 4057.97 4037.18 u,kJ/kg 1.3768 1.35620 v,m**3/kg 4463.26 4060.32 4030.70 u,kJ/kg 1250 2.0149 1.97278 v,m**3/kg P= 0.2000 MPa T(K)1235.2 1300 3.6100 4615.92 4161.92 1.1349 1400 3.6823 4585.23 4145.04 1.4673 1350 3.8120 4578.76 4148.92 2.1492 1350 3.6806 4713.95 4234.45 1.1987 1450 3.7568 4685.67 4219.93 1.5524 1400 3.8874 4677.48 4222.58 2.2746 1400 3.7410 4801.77 4298.05 1.2593 1500 3.8197 4774.27 4284.39 1.6330 1450 3.9501 4763.15 4284.70 2.3923 1450 3.7935 4881.10 4354.22 1.3172 1550 3.8736 4853.41 4340.57 1.7094 1500 4.0036 4839.12 4338.27 2.5043 1500 3.8398 4953.64 4404.49 1.3729 1600 3.9210 4925.30 4390.39 1.7830 1550 4.0503 4907.90 4385.53 2.6118 1550 3.9190 5083.78 4492.10 1.4792 1700 3.9632 4991.58 4435.34 1.8541 1600 4.0920 4971.33 4428.13 2.7161 1600 3.9858 5200.44 4568.10 1.5807 1800 4.0364 5112.20 4514.89 1.9910 1700 4.1297 5030.76 4467.23 2.8176 1700 4.0994 5222.25 4585.34 2.1230 1800 4.1968 5141.23 4538.19 3.0153 1800 4.2557 5244.38 4602.85 3.2077 698 Appendix A: Table and Graph Compilations 0.84736 4053.23 4476.92 3.42932 0.71675 4061.83 4491.87 3.38018 0.62230 4070.56 4506.11 3.33927 v,m**3/kg u,kJ/kg h,kJ/kg s,kJ/kg/K 0.55049 4079.29 4519.68 3.30409 P= 0.8000 MPa T(K)1441.8 v,m**3/kg u,kJ/kg h,kJ/kg s,kJ/kg/K P= 0.7000 MPa T(K)1418.8 v,m**3/kg u,kJ/kg h,kJ/kg s,kJ/kg/K P= 0.6000 MPa T(K)1393.2 v,m**3/kg u,kJ/kg h,kJ/kg s,kJ/kg/K P= 0.5000 MPa T(K)1364.1 0.5561 4090.60 4535.45 3.3172 1450 0.6464 4116.64 4569.10 3.3893 1450 0.7229 4072.44 4506.21 3.3918 1400 0.8867 4112.29 4555.62 3.4912 1400 0.5895 4161.22 4632.88 3.3922 1500 0.6843 4189.55 4668.54 3.4624 1500 0.7679 4149.78 4610.55 3.4718 1450 0.9396 4189.33 4659.12 3.5674 1450 0.6221 4230.19 4727.89 3.4592 1550 0.7208 4257.59 4762.13 3.5268 1550 0.8113 4222.09 4708.87 3.5419 1500 0.9901 4258.40 4753.43 3.6332 1500 0.6535 4294.39 4817.18 3.5184 1600 0.7558 4319.61 4848.67 3.5833 1600 0.8529 4287.59 4799.27 3.6030 1550 1.0382 4319.85 4838.98 3.6903 1550 0.7128 4407.05 4977.26 3.6178 1700 0.8220 4427.27 5002.68 3.6782 1700 0.8926 4346.48 4882.03 3.6564 1600 1.0845 4374.83 4917.08 3.7404 1600 0.7683 4502.25 5116.91 3.6984 1800 0.8842 4518.19 5137.18 3.7556 1800 0.9679 4448.24 5028.97 3.7464 1700 1.1723 4469.86 5056.02 3.8252 1700 1.0390 4534.51 5157.89 3.8205 1800 1.2557 4551.15 5178.99 3.8957 1800 Appendix A: Table and Graph Compilations 699 0.49413 4088.04 4532.75 3.27341 0.44859 4096.75 4545.34 3.24613 v,m**3/kg u,kJ/kg h,kJ/kg s,kJ/kg/K 0.23636 4181.14 4653.85 3.06745 P= 2.0000 MPa T(K)1623.0 v,m**3/kg u,kJ/kg h,kJ/kg s,kJ/kg/K P= 1.0000 MPa T(K)1481.9 v,m**3/kg u,kJ/kg h,kJ/kg s,kJ/kg/K P= 0.9000 MPa T(K)1462.7 1500 0.2574 4241.43 4756.31 3.1640 1700 0.4583 4118.89 4577.20 3.2730 1500 0.5164 4137.55 4602.32 3.3295 1550 0.2834 4347.27 4914.13 3.2716 1800 0.4849 4184.13 4669.06 3.3433 1550 0.5458 4205.62 4696.79 3.3985 1600 0.5109 4249.42 4760.28 3.4066 1600 0.5741 4270.94 4787.66 3.4599 1700 0.5601 4368.93 4929.03 3.5136 1700 0.6280 4387.58 4952.69 3.5633 1800 0.6062 4471.50 5077.67 3.6002 1800 0.6782 4486.67 5097.06 3.6470 700 Appendix A: Table and Graph Compilations 0.1 0.3 0.6 1.4 2.9 5.5 9.8 16.4 26.2 40.1 59.2 84.7 117.8 211.7 350.7 P(psi) 1440.0 1500.0 1600.0 1700.0 1800.0 1900.0 2000.0 2100.0 2200.0 2300.0 2400.0 2500.0 2600.0 2800.0 3000.0 T(R) vf vfg vg 0.01944 4784.0732 4784.0928 0.01963 2683.4402 2683.4597 0.01996 1131.0094 1131.0293 0.02029 527.3803 527.4006 0.02065 270.5976 270.6182 0.02101 148.8262 148.8472 0.02139 87.1279 87.1493 0.02178 53.8157 53.8375 0.02218 34.8169 34.8391 0.02260 23.4509 23.4735 0.02304 16.3607 16.3838 0.02349 11.7652 11.7887 0.02396 8.6896 8.7136 0.02495 5.0603 5.0853 0.02602 3.1440 3.1700 Volume (ft**3/lbm) uf -0.1 91.3 245.7 436.5 559.9 717.8 876.3 1035.4 1195.4 1357.7 1523.8 1698.8 1882.8 2298.4 2819.0 ufg 8412.9 8326.1 8174.2 7979.5 7851.7 7687.2 7523.6 7363.3 7207.8 7057.5 6912.6 6768.5 6626.0 6326.7 5971.7 ug 8412.8 8417.4 8419.9 8416.0 8411.6 8405.0 8400.0 8398.6 8403.2 8415.3 8436.4 8467.3 8508.8 8625.1 8790.7 Energy (Btu/lbm) A.16.4 Sodium Temperature Saturation Table (English Units) hf -0.1 91.3 245.7 436.6 559.9 717.9 876.5 1035.7 1195.9 1358.6 1525.0 1700.6 1885.3 2303.1 2827.1 hfg 8999.3 8933.5 8815.3 8652.6 8555.6 8420.5 8285.3 8152.4 8023.8 7899.8 7780.7 7661.5 7543.0 7286.1 6959.5 hg 8999.2 9024.8 9061.0 9089.1 9115.5 9138.5 9161.8 9188.1 9219.7 9258.4 9305.7 9362.1 9428.3 9589.2 9786.6 Enthalpy (Btu/lbm) sf 2.77752 2.70908 2.61041 2.53727 2.45895 2.40120 2.35325 2.31376 2.28164 2.25603 2.23610 2.22161 2.21143 2.20253 2.20581 sfg 3.47195 3.30871 3.06085 2.82764 2.64062 2.46215 2.30148 2.15673 2.02621 1.90818 1.80108 1.70256 1.61176 1.44566 1.28880 sg 6.24947 6.01779 5.67126 5.36491 5.09957 4.86335 4.65473 4.47049 4.30784 4.16421 4.03717 3.92417 3.82319 3.64818 3.49461 Entropy (Btu/lbm) Appendix A: Table and Graph Compilations 701 T(R) 1694.0 1778.1 1884.3 1952.7 2004.5 2046.6 2078.3 2082.4 2113.6 2141.5 2189.8 2231.0 2328.6 2403.4 2464.9 2549.2 2779.2 2935.0 P(psi) 1.4 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 14.7 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 45.0 60.0 75.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 Volume vf 0.02027 0.02057 0.02095 0.02121 0.02140 0.02157 0.02169 0.02171 0.02183 0.02194 0.02214 0.02231 0.02272 0.02305 0.02333 0.02372 0.02485 0.02567 (ft**3/lbm) vfg vg 552.9115 552.9318 311.3963 311.4169 162.7399 162.7609 111.4133 111.4345 85.1776 85.1990 69.1843 69.2059 59.5053 59.5270 58.3823 58.4040 50.5836 50.6055 44.6815 44.7034 36.3213 36.3435 30.6741 30.6964 21.0823 21.1050 16.1681 16.1911 13.1648 13.1881 10.1038 10.1275 5.3337 5.3586 3.6502 3.6758 Energy (Btu/lbm) uf ufg ug 392.7 8024.8 8417.5 525.6 7887.4 8412.9 693.0 7713.0 8406.0 801.4 7600.7 8402.0 883.8 7516.0 8399.8 950.6 7448.2 8398.7 1001.2 7397.3 8398.5 1007.5 7391.0 8398.5 1057.4 7341.4 8398.9 1101.8 7297.9 8399.7 1179.6 7222.8 8402.4 1246.1 7160.0 8406.0 1405.9 7014.4 8420.3 1531.9 6905.3 8437.2 1638.8 6816.4 8455.2 1790.1 6696.3 8486.4 2256.0 6354.9 8610.9 2640.2 6090.6 8730.7 A.16.5 Sodium Pressure Saturation Table (English Units) Enthalpy (Btu/lbm) hf hfg hg 392.7 8696.2 9088.9 525.6 8584.7 9110.3 693.0 8441.9 9134.9 801.4 8349.2 9150.6 883.8 8279.1 9162.9 950.6 8223.0 9173.6 1001.2 8180.9 9182.1 1007.5 8175.6 9183.2 1057.4 8134.7 9192.1 1101.8 8098.7 9200.5 1179.6 8036.6 9216.2 1246.1 7984.8 9230.9 1405.9 7865.1 9271.0 1531.9 7775.5 9307.4 1638.8 7702.3 9341.2 1790.1 7603.4 9393.5 2256.0 7314.8 9570.8 2640.2 7078.3 9718.5 Entropy (Btu/lbm) sf sfg sg 0.25091 5.13362 5.38454 0.32730 4.82810 5.15540 0.41842 4.48007 4.89849 0.47446 4.27565 4.75011 0.51564 4.13034 4.64598 0.54812 4.01794 4.56606 0.57219 3.93639 4.50858 0.57520 3.92615 4.50135 0.59845 3.84866 4.44711 0.61875 3.78177 4.40052 0.65350 3.66995 4.32345 0.68238 3.57897 4.26135 0.74868 3.37755 4.12623 0.79783 3.23519 4.03302 0.83749 3.12481 3.96230 0.89046 2.98265 3.87311 1.03310 2.63194 3.66503 1.13168 2.41166 3.54334 702 Appendix A: Table and Graph Compilations 1.4 psi T(R)1694.0 v,ft**3/lbm 552.9318 u,Btu/lbm 8417.5 h,Btu/lbm 9088.9 s,Btu/lbm/R 5.3845 2.5 psi T(R)1778.1 v,ft**3/lbm 311.4169 u,Btu/lbm 8412.9 h,Btu/lbm 9110.3 s,Btu/lbm/R 5.1554 5.0 psi T(R)1884.3 v,ft**3/lbm 162.7609 u,Btu/lbm 8406.0 h,Btu/lbm 9134.9 s,Btu/lbm/R 4.8985 7.5 psi T(R)1952.7 v,ft**3/lbm 111.4345 u,Btu/lbm 8402.0 h,Btu/lbm 9150.6 s,Btu/lbm/R 4.7501 P= P= P= P= 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 115.8719 124.4683 132.3047 139.6526 146.6837 153.5009 160.1333 166.7368 173.2347 179.6686 186.0625 8513.1 8698.8 8840.1 8954.4 9051.8 9138.2 9217.4 9291.7 9362.6 9431.1 9497.8 9291.4 9534.9 9728.9 9892.6 10037.2 10169.4 10293.4 10411.8 10526.3 10638.1 10747.8 4.8217 4.9410 5.0314 5.1043 5.1658 5.2198 5.2684 5.3132 5.3548 5.3940 5.4312 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 164.9819 178.0859 189.8740 200.8626 211.3520 221.5073 231.4522 241.2410 250.9281 260.5435 270.0991 8444.5 8644.1 8790.5 8905.9 9002.9 9088.3 9166.3 9239.4 9309.2 9376.8 9442.7 9183.3 9441.7 9640.8 9805.5 9949.4 10080.3 10202.8 10319.8 10433.0 10543.6 10652.3 4.9242 5.0571 5.1545 5.2312 5.2952 5.3509 5.4009 5.4468 5.4895 5.5298 5.5679 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 317.4174 342.4559 365.0533 386.2528 406.6337 426.4664 446.0121 465.3169 484.4529 503.5057 522.4739 8464.1 8647.7 8780.0 8884.3 8972.8 9051.9 9125.1 9194.5 9261.5 9326.9 9391.0 9174.9 9414.5 9597.4 9749.3 9883.4 10006.9 10123.8 10236.5 10346.3 10454.3 10561.0 5.1916 5.3214 5.4153 5.4895 5.5519 5.6068 5.6566 5.7026 5.7457 5.7864 5.8252 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 555.9260 601.5211 642.4615 680.8981 717.9449 754.1944 789.7718 825.1837 860.1784 895.1399 929.9736 8431.5 8615.3 8743.4 8843.3 8927.9 9003.8 9074.5 9142.0 9207.5 9271.7 9334.9 9106.5 9345.6 9523.5 9670.0 9799.6 9919.4 10033.4 10143.8 10252.0 10358.5 10464.1 5.3949 5.5319 5.6282 5.7034 5.7667 5.8224 5.8731 5.9201 5.9642 6.0060 6.0459 A.16.6 Superheated Sodium Table (English Units) Appendix A: Table and Graph Compilations 703 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 91.8104 98.0478 103.8186 109.2796 114.5324 119.6472 124.6441 129.5703 134.5207 139.2899 8609.7 8775.6 8906.7 9015.7 9110.4 9195.6 9274.3 9348.5 9419.5 9488.2 9432.0 9653.8 9836.6 9994.5 10136.3 10267.2 10390.7 10509.1 10623.8 10735.8 4.7781 4.8816 4.9630 5.0303 5.0882 5.1396 5.1862 5.2293 5.2697 5.3075 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 72.2589 77.5131 82.3293 86.8434 91.1549 95.3236 99.3923 103.3869 107.3276 111.2298 8523.8 8712.5 8859.6 8980.0 9082.8 9173.9 9257.0 9334.5 9408.0 9478.6 9332.9 9580.3 9781.4 9952.3 10103.4 10241.2 10369.8 10492.0 10609.6 10723.9 4.6436 4.7594 4.8491 4.9220 4.9837 5.0378 5.0863 5.1308 5.1721 5.2108 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 60.6072 65.2546 69.4941 73.4376 77.1835 80.7923 84.2977 87.7346 91.1159 94.4552 8451.6 8658.4 8819.0 8949.0 9058.8 9155.0 9241.8 9322.2 9397.9 9470.2 9249.3 9517.4 9733.7 9915.7 10074.8 10218.4 10351.5 10477.0 10597.2 10713.5 4.5412 4.6670 4.7637 4.8413 4.9063 4.9627 5.0129 5.0586 5.1008 5.1402 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 59.2735 63.8431 68.0124 71.8927 75.5716 79.1147 82.5565 85.9165 89.2437 92.5195 8441.9 8651.0 8813.4 8944.8 9055.5 9152.4 9239.7 9320.5 9396.5 9469.0 9238.1 9508.8 9727.2 9910.7 10070.9 10215.3 10348.9 10474.9 10595.5 10712.1 4.5280 4.6551 4.7526 4.8309 4.8964 4.9531 5.0036 5.0494 5.0917 5.1312 P= 10.0 psi T(R)2004.5 v,ft**3/lbm 85.1990 u,Btu/lbm 8399.8 h,Btu/lbm 9162.9 s,Btu/lbm/R 4.6460 P= 12.5 psi T(R)2046.6 v,ft**3/lbm 69.2059 u,Btu/lbm 8398.7 h,Btu/lbm 9173.6 s,Btu/lbm/R 4.5661 P= 14.7 psi T(R)2078.3 v,ft**3/lbm 59.5270 u,Btu/lbm 8398.5 h,Btu/lbm 9182.1 s,Btu/lbm/R 4.5086 P= 15.0 psi T(R)2082.4 v,ft**3/lbm 58.4040 u,Btu/lbm 8398.5 h,Btu/lbm 9183.2 s,Btu/lbm/R 4.5013 704 Appendix A: Table and Graph Compilations 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 46.8068 50.1409 53.2172 56.1055 58.8591 61.5165 64.1042 66.6435 69.1359 8534.1 8723.8 8875.8 9001.7 9109.8 9205.6 9292.7 9373.6 9450.0 9372.6 9622.1 9829.1 10006.7 10164.2 10307.6 10441.0 10567.4 10688.5 4.4811 4.5931 4.6817 4.7544 4.8162 4.8704 4.9190 4.9633 5.0044 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 36.6427 39.4482 42.0280 44.4280 46.7121 48.8968 51.0140 53.0731 55.1066 8426.7 8638.6 8808.9 8949.0 9067.9 9171.9 9265.2 9350.9 9431.1 9247.2 9521.9 9750.0 9944.0 10113.9 10266.8 10407.5 10539.5 10665.0 4.3379 4.4623 4.5603 4.6398 4.7067 4.7645 4.8157 4.8620 4.9046 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 32.3466 34.5823 36.6599 38.6280 40.4872 42.2885 44.0402 45.7548 8558.4 8744.6 8897.8 9026.9 9138.6 9238.0 9328.4 9412.3 9427.6 9673.9 9882.9 10064.6 10226.5 10374.3 10511.8 10641.7 4.3505 4.4569 4.5429 4.6146 4.6758 4.7296 4.7779 4.8220 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 22.2378 23.7421 25.1384 26.4846 27.7569 28.9821 30.1735 8570.1 8753.6 8908.8 9042.1 9158.4 9262.3 9356.8 9466.5 9710.6 9922.5 10109.5 10277.2 10430.4 10572.9 4.2126 4.3147 4.3988 4.4701 4.5313 4.5852 4.6336 P= 20.0 psi T(R)2141.5 v,ft**3/lbm 44.7034 u,Btu/lbm 8399.7 h,Btu/lbm 9200.5 s,Btu/lbm/R 4.4005 P= 25.0 psi T(R)2189.8 v,ft**3/lbm 36.3435 u,Btu/lbm 8402.4 h,Btu/lbm 9216.2 s,Btu/lbm/R 4.3235 P= 30.0 psi T(R)2231.0 v,ft**3/lbm 30.6964 u,Btu/lbm 8406.0 h,Btu/lbm 9230.9 s,Btu/lbm/R 4.2614 P= 45.0 psi T(R)2328.6 v,ft**3/lbm 21.1050 u,Btu/lbm 8420.3 h,Btu/lbm 9271.0 s,Btu/lbm/R 4.1262 Appendix A: Table and Graph Compilations 705 8703.9 9674.2 4.1034 8866.7 9009.9 9136.7 9250.3 9896.0 10095.3 10275.6 10440.6 4.1899 4.2637 4.3277 4.3840 2800 5.4301 8633.3 9606.2 3.6835 3000 3.8323 8776.9 9806.6 3.5974 P= 300.0 psi T(R)2935.0 v,ft**3/lbm 3.6758 u,Btu/lbm 8730.7 h,Btu/lbm 9718.5 s,Btu/lbm/R 3.5433 2900 5.7768 8760.4 9795.2 3.7690 3000 6.1134 8898.8 9994.0 3.8462 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 10.4854 11.1702 11.8280 12.4567 13.0588 8573.8 8743.2 8899.6 9040.4 9166.8 9512.9 9743.8 9959.1 10156.1 10336.5 3.9260 4.0204 4.1022 4.1732 4.2353 8520.2 9428.0 3.9992 P= 200.0 psi T(R)2779.2 v,ft**3/lbm 5.3586 u,Btu/lbm 8610.9 h,Btu/lbm 9570.8 s,Btu/lbm/R 3.6650 P= 100.0 psi T(R)2549.2 v,ft**3/lbm 10.1275 u,Btu/lbm 8486.4 h,Btu/lbm 9393.5 s,Btu/lbm/R 3.8731 8455.2 9341.2 3.9623 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 13.4599 14.4440 15.3240 16.1567 16.9534 17.7190 P= 75.0 psi T(R)2464.9 v,ft**3/lbm 13.1881 u,Btu/lbm h,Btu/lbm s,Btu/lbm/R 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 17.3290 18.4446 19.4989 20.5009 21.4601 22.3860 8627.0 8800.6 8951.1 9082.2 9198.3 9302.7 9558.3 9791.9 9999.0 10184.0 10351.6 10505.8 4.1415 4.2360 4.3155 4.3834 4.4426 4.4951 P= 60.0 psi T(R)2403.4 v,ft**3/lbm 16.1911 u,Btu/lbm 8437.2 h,Btu/lbm 9307.4 s,Btu/lbm/R 4.0330 706 Appendix A: Table and Graph Compilations Appendix A: Table and Graph Compilations 707 Index A Absolute pressure, 12 Absolute zero, 16, 93, 204, 217 Acentric factor, 42 Adiabatic cooling, 138 Adiabatic Flame Temperature, 259 Adiabatic heating, 138 Advanced Gas cooled Reactor (AGR), 494 Alternating Current (AC), 458 Amagat's law, 58 Argentina, 505 Atkinson Cycle, 397 Avogadro's Number, 55 B Back End Fuel Cycle, 541 Beattie-Bridgemen equation of state, 38 Benedict-Webb-Rubin (BWR) equation of state, 38 Boiling, 298, 301 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), 485, 492, 493 Brayton Cycle, 357, 361 Brazil, 505 C Canadian CANDU reactor, 488 Carnot Cycle, 415 Carnot engine, 172, 174, 175, 188, 372, 374, 375 CAT scan, 595 Chemical fuels, 248 Chernobyl, 486, 597, 598 Circuit Breakers, 466 Classical thermodynamics, 7, 8, 56, 69, 149, 233 Closed systems, Coefficient of Performance (COP), 170 Coefficient of viscosity, 163, 166 Combustion, 249 Conduction, 92, 266 Contamination, 594 Control Centers, 468 Control cost, 574 Control volume, Convection, 92, 93, 266, 275 Convention on the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 568 Cooling towers, 326, 484 Cost, 569 Counter Flow, 340 Critical Heat Flux (CHF), 298 Critical Point, 28, 46 Cross Flow, 319, 341 Cycle, 73, 74 D Dalton’s Law, 57 Dead state, 194, 196 Degenerate, 219 Density, 10 Department of Energy, 482 Diesel Cycle, 381 Direct Current (DC), 458 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 B Zohuri, P McDaniel, Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant Systems, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93919-3 709 710 E Eastern Interconnects, 472 Effects of Atomic Radiation, 595 Electrical Grid System, 455 Energy interactions, 65 Energy transfer, 65 English (E) system, Enriched fuel, 485 Enrico Fermi, 479 Enthalpy, 100, 127, 129, 132, 133, 181, 201, 234, 235, 244, 255, 256, 258, 259 Entropy, 100, 176, 178, 179, 181, 185, 186, 196, 201, 217, 218, 225, 226, 229, 235, 236, 239, 358, 413, 415, 428 Equation of state, 27, 30, 32–38, 40, 42, 69, 73, 76, 122, 126, 131, 132, 136, 140, 237 Equivalent Air Cycle, 371 Ericsson Cycle, 392, 395 Euratom, 505 European Nuclear Energy Forum (ENEF), 534 European Pressurized-water Reactor (EPR), 531 European Sustainable Nuclear Industrial Initiative, 534 Europe (EU), 503 Evaluation Methodology Group, 529, 530 Exact or Perfect Differentials, 75 Exergy, 194 Extensive security measures, 592 External flows, 275 F Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR), 483, 495, 496 Fast Neutron Reactors (FNR), 495 Fault Detectors, 474 Film boiling region, 304 First Law of Thermodynamics, 16, 65, 99, 100, 102, 103, 121, 169 First-of-a-Kind (FOAK), 506 Fission, 478, 483 Fluoride salt-cooled High-temperature Reactors (FHR), 514 France, 505 Front End Fuel Cycle, 541 Fuel costs, 567, 569, 579 Fuel Cycle Crosscut Group (FCCG), 530 Fuel management scenario, 594 Fukushima, 591, 596, 597 G Gage pressure, 12 Gas Cooled Reactor (GCR), 493, 494, 519 Index Gas Law, 154 Gas Mixtures, 55 Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR), 494 Gen IV, 482, 503 Generation II, 503 Generation III, 503 Generation IV, 482, 503, 505, 508, 529, 562 Generation IV International Forum (GIF), 505 Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP), 508 Gibbs Free Energy, 234 Gibbs Potential, 234 Graphite Moderated Reactor(GMR), 486 Grid Systems, 472 H Hanford, 480 Heat Capacities of Ideal Gas, 135–137 Heat exchangers, 317, 320, 325 Heat of Combustion, 259 Heat of Fusion, 27, 129 Heat of Vaporization, 27 Heat Pump, 170 Heavy water (D2O), 483 Heavy Water Reactors (HWR), 485–487 Helmholtz Free Energy, 228, 234 Helmholtz Potential, 234, 235 Heterogeneous mixture, 26 Higher Heating Value, 259 High Level Waste (HLW), 546, 549–552, 554, 555, 557–560 High Pressure Compressor (HPC), 402 High Temperature Gas cooled Reactor (HTGR), 494 High-Temperature Reactors (HTR), 508 Homogeneous mixture, 26 Hydraulic diameter, 281 Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells, 535 I Ideal Gas, 27, 30–33, 36, 40, 41, 44, 55, 57, 59–61, 131, 132, 136, 137, 140, 152, 154, 156, 157, 172, 177–180, 224, 226, 228, 238, 240, 242, 245, 379 Ideal Gas Mixtures, 55, 59 Inexact or Imperfect Differential, 74 Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO), 504 Integrated management approach, 592 Intensive variables, 10 Intermediate Level Waste (ILW), 549 Internal energy, 90, 100 Index Irreversibility, 192 Isentropic efficiency, 418 J Japan, 505 Joule-Thompson, 245 K Kay's rule, 59 Kelvins degree, 14 L Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 595 Laws of Thermodynamics, 15 Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE), 521 Lead-cooled Fast Reactor (LFR), 521 Lenoir Cycle, 398 Leo Szilard, 479 Light water (H2O), 483 Light Water Reactors (LWR), 486 Linear-No-Threshold (LNT), 595 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), 567 Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBR), 499 Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD), 332 Los Alamos, 481 Low Level Waste (LLW), 549 M Macroscopic systems, Manhattan Project, 480 Maxwell Boltzmann, 230 Mean Efficiency Pressure (MEP), 379 Mean Free Path, 161 Medical diagnosis, 592 Million Tons of Uranium (MtU), 507 Minimum Fluid Capacity Rate, 339 Mixed Oxide fuel (MOX), 545, 546, 552, 561, 576 Mixture in equilibrium, 45 Mixtures of pure substances, 10, 55 Molten Salt Reactor (MSR), 513 Monthly Fuel Cost, 568 N National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST), 599 Natural gas, 478 711 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM), 549 Nernst Postulate, 218 New Generation of Power Plant, 482 New Mexico, 481 Newtonian mechanics, Non-equilibrium states, 68, 160 Nuclear criticality, 481 Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI), 565 Nuclear Fuel Cycle, 497, 541, 545, 546, 549, 550, 557, 562 Nuclear Power Plants, 329, 439, 441, 443, 451, 477, 484, 485, 503, 504, 508, 531, 543, 550, 560, 565, 567, 569, 571, 579, 582, 584, 591, 592, 595, 596 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 509 Nucleate boiling (DNB), 298 Number of Transfer Unit (NTU), 339 Nusselt number, 281, 283, 284, 288, 289 O Oak Ridge, 480 Open systems, Otto Cycle, 376 P Parallel Flow, 340 Path function, 74, 75 Pellets, 543, 558 Peng-Robinson coefficients, 44 Peng-Robinson equation of state, 37 People’s Republic of China, 505 Pinch Point, 427 Plank’s constant, 205 Plant-Life Management technologies and Plant License Extension practices (PLIM/PLEX), 505 Prandtl number, 280–282, 299 President Franklin Roosevelt, 480 Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR), 490 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), 1, 485, 490, 492 Pure substances, 10, 25, 29, 36, 55, 56, 181 Q Quasi-equilibrium process, Quasi-static, 69, 70, 72–76, 84, 88, 108, 171 712 R Radiation, 93, 267–269 Rankine Cycle, 413, 414, 423, 437 Rankine degree, 14 Recuperated Cycle, 401 Redlich-Kwong equation of state, 36, 59 Reversible process, 88 Reversible work, 191 Reynolds number, 277, 278, 280–282, 287, 288, 294, 309, 338, 348 Risk of radioactive release, 591 Roadmap Integration Team (RIT), 529 Rohsenow, 299 Russian Federation, 505 S Schrodinger's wave equation, 226 Second Law of Thermodynamics, 16, 169, 183 Severe Accident Management (SAM), 596 Severe Accident Mitigation Guidelines (SAMG), 597 Smart Grid, 473, 474 Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR), 515 Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR), 532 South Africa, 505 Specific volume, 11, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 45 Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF), 557 Standard Cycle, 367 Stanton number, 281, 282 State emergency response, 592 State functions, 75 Stirling Cycle, 392 Stoichiometric Air, 250 Substation System, 461 Supercritical water reactors (SCWR), 516, 548 Switzerland, 505 System Costs, 586 System International (SI), System Steering Committee (SSC), 505 T Taps Ssystem, 462 Technical Working Group (TWG), 530 Temperature, 13 Tennessee, 480 Terminal Temperature Difference (TTD), 433 Index Theoretical Air, 250 Thermal energy, 2, 3, 6, 8, 16, 25, 65, 90, 93, 103, 114, 128, 156, 169, 172, 353, 368, 401, 402, 441, 442, 484 Thermal reactor, 484, 486, 498, 499 Third Law of Thermodynamics, 16, 218 Three Phase Power, 459 Transport used nuclear fuel, 593 True Heat Engine, 170 Turbulent flow, 277 U Unified System for Information Exchange (USIE), 596 United Kingdom, 505 United States, 1, 477, 480, 485, 505 United States Power Grid, 471 University of Chicago, 479, 481, 486, 573 Uranium Ore, 579 Used Nuclear Fuel, 553 V Vacuum pressure, 12 Van der Waals equation, 35 Vapor dome, 29, 36, 47, 155, 240, 415, 425, 427, 428, 437 Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR), 508, 511, 512 Very Low Level Waste (VLLW), 549 Virial equation of state, 40 Voltage sensors, 474 W Washington, 480 Western Interconnects, 472 West Valley, NY, 555 World Nuclear Association (WNA), 565 Y Yucca Mountain, 557, 558, 594 Z Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, 16, 112 ... Boiling point of neon Triple point of oxygen Boiling point of oxygen Triple point of water Boiling point of water Freezing point of zinc Freezing point of silver Freezing point of gold 13.81 K 17.042.. .Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant Systems Bahman Zohuri • Patrick McDaniel Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant Systems Second Edition Bahman Zohuri... The temperature of a system drops by 30  F during a cooling process Express this drop in temperature in Kelvin ( K), Rankine (oR), and Celsius ( C) Problems 21 Fig 1.15 Sketch for Problem 1.15