Thiết kế bảo đảm an toàn và công thái học, báo cáo tổng hợp nhiều nguồn, ngôn ngữ: tiếng Anh Prepace: Todays feature is that the growing domination of automation and therefore the new production and technological conditions are set before the industry to rework production activities. The dynamic development of latest technologies and also the investment in new machines, devices, tools and equipment sets the requirement to seek out solutions and make conditions which will make sure the humanization OD work. There has always been an urge to arrange and perform employment that may end in less fatigue and energy losses, the protection in working area is additionally considered, during this report, well specialize in the planning for safety and ergonomic.
Class: Design for manufacturing and Assembly Report assignment INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN FOR SAFETY AND ERGONOMIC Lê Dương Khánh Duy Khúc Lâm Đồng PREFACE Today's feature is that the growing domination of automation and therefore the new production and technological conditions are set before the industry to rework production activities The dynamic development of latest technologies and also the investment in new machines, devices, tools and equipment sets the requirement to seek out solutions and make conditions which will make sure the humanization OD work There has always been an urge to arrange and perform employment that may end in less fatigue and energy losses, the protection in working area is additionally considered, during this report, we'll specialize in the planning for safety and ergonomic About Design for safety: Anyone who designs a product or system involving hardware and/or software needs to ask the following questions and seek answers to: • Will my designs be safe for the users of the product or system that I design for them? • Will my designs be safe for people who affected by the users of the product or system that I design for them? • Are there any applications that my designs may be used for that are not safe even though it is not the original intentions of my design? • Can anyone die or be harmed by my designs? Prepace The designers and engineers that fully answer these questions and take action to enhance the protection features of a design are heroes These engineering heroes are usually unsung heroes who don’t receive nor seek any reward or recognition When you consider heroes in engineering, you would possibly say discoverer of Nikola Tesla or Thomas Edison made significant contributions to the advancement of a secure world in terms of developing commercial power to light homes in the dark and prevent fires thanks to lit candles igniting window dressings or draperies We are sure you'll agree that commercial power saves lives, indirectly As results of commercial power, most home fires caused by candles lighting a home at the hours of darkness are prevented, but fires reception will still occur no matter the employment of business power replacing candles In the period of World War, safety consideration appearances also in weapon design One example of a design for feature that was installed on an existing product is that the “safety mechanism” designed for firearms a security catch mechanism or safety switch used for pistol and rifle designs was intended to forestall the accidental discharge of a firearm, helping to make sure safe handling during normal use the protection turn on firearms has two positions: one is “safe” mode and also the other is “fire” mode The two‐position safety toggle was designed on the military grade firearm, M16 automatic In “safe” mode, the trigger cannot be engaged to discharge the projectile within the firing assembly Other sorts of safety mechanisms include manual safety, grip safety, de-cocker mechanism, striker block, hammer block, transfer bar, safety notch, bolt interlock, trigger interlock, trigger disconnect, Prepace magazine disconnect, integrated trigger safety mechanism, loaded chamber indicator, and stiff double‐action trigger pull “Drop safety mechanisms” or “trigger guards” are passive safety features designed to cut back the prospect of an accidental firearm discharge when the firearm is dropped or handled in an exceedingly rough manner During recent decades, there has been growing awareness of human safety in the design process The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on design for human safety (DfHS) in manufacturing systems To this end, a process for systematically reviewing DfHS studies was used The authors focused in particular on the applications of design theories and methodologies (DTM) and design tools and techniques (DTT) to analyses and identify work situations in order to improve human safety in manufacturing system design The authors also tried to identify the design phases in which these DTM and DTT could be applied This research review covered papers published between 1980 and 2015, and combined seven groups of terms: DfHS, design, safety, DTM, DTT, risk and working situation A critical analysis was also performed in view to defining a research agenda and the most prominent key actions capable of pointing out paths for future research About ergonomic: Ergonomic, in short term, is defined as the study of the design of a workplace, equipment, machine, tool, product, environment, and system which takes into consideration human being's physical, physiological, biomechanical, and psychological capabilities and optimizes the effectiveness Prepace and productivity of work systems while assuring the safety, health, and wellbeing of the workers Every day billions of people around the world go to work Work is fundamental to human societies Work partly defines us as individuals, and certain professions can serve as status symbols Many people spend years in education systems training for a work career Losing one’s job can be a significant stressor, as can retirement from work Anything that improves the conditions of work has an enormous impact on the well-being of vast numbers of people Ergonomics is the science of work, and it is a valuable discipline that focuses on improving the ability of people to perform work Ergonomics adopts a systems approach to designing effective work, and that requires consideration of relevant cognitive, physical, and organizational factors Indeed, in the International Ergonomics Association’s description of ergonomics, it describes these three sets of factors Yet there is also a crucial fourth factor, namely, the environment As this book will demonstrate, the ergonomic design of the environment is an essential, yet all too often overlooked, component of the work systems design process All human work, whether physical, mental, or both, occurs somewhere, and the design of the work environment obviously plays a critical role in the ability of a person to perform their work Work performance can suffer if the environmental conditions are suboptimal, such as workplaces that are too cold or too hot, where the lighting is too bright or too dim, where it is too noisy, where the air is polluted, or where the work setting is vibrating or in motion Also, a suboptimal spatial layout of a workplace can detrimentally Prepace affect work postures, which in turn impacts health, wellness, and task performance Although early humans were most likely nomadic, where possible they inhabited places and natural structures such as caves, which offered protection against elements and predators, and which served as congregation places Eventually, some 5000 years ago, developments in agriculture allowed communities to settle in specific locations starting the processes of urbanization and civilization as we now know it At that time, it is likely that a majority of workers did most of their work outdoors, with activities such as hunting and fishing, agriculture, road building, construction, and fighting battles The industrial revolution that began around 1750 marked the acceleration in the movement of work from outdoors in fields to indoors in factories In developed countries today, a majority of workers perform their work inside some kind of designed structure, such as a building or a vehicle How well the designed environment supports their work plays a significant role in factors such as the risks of work-related injuries, accidents, and productivity Although the designed environment plays an obvious role in impacting human behavior, this often gets overlooked, even in the ergonomic analysis of work For example, task analysis methods typically focus on the work content and the physical actions involved in performing work, and cognitive task analysis, workload measurement, and error analysis methods focus on the mental processes involved in completing the tasks, yet such methods typically Prepace neglect the consideration of the physical environment design changes that either positively or negatively impact the work processes We all know from personal experience how critical the design of the environment is to the successful performance of work If you use an iPad, you may have struggled to read the screen in bright sunlight because the ambient lighting overwhelms the luminance of the screen, or, conversely, you may have struggled to read a printed menu in a dimly lit restaurant where the lighting is insufficient for easy legibility of the text You may be an adroit typist, but if you are using a laptop while riding on a bus that is driving along a bumpy highway, you will have experienced how difficult it is to maintain adequate performance and to minimize errors because the environment is not supporting your ability to work You may have experienced feelings of drowsiness when sitting in a crowded meeting in an inadequately ventilated room, and this occurs because of an accumulation of carbon dioxide Your manual dexterity and cognitive abilities are substantially impaired by exposure to very cold conditions, and your energy levels may be set by hot and humid conditions Environmental conditions, such as the thermal environment, the luminous environment, the acoustic environment, and the vibration, all impact our comfort, health, and performance Quite simply, we are animals with biological systems that are adapted to a relatively narrow range of environmental conditions, and if we are to be successful when inside human-designed enclosures, ranging from submarines to spacecraft, from cars to buildings, then we must pay close attention to optimizing these environmental conditions to maximize our ability to perform work efficiently and effectively This report provides an outline of those environmental requirements But just knowing the environmental conditions by itself isn't sufficient to Prepace confirm that our performance is optimized Our capabilities are limited by our chronobiology—there are times of the day once we expect to be able to sleep and other times after we are alert Unfortunately, in our 24/7 societies, there are many roles that need people to figure at those times of the day when our bodies are least prepared for this Additionally, our capabilities also are limited by factors like our size, reach distances, and strength, and then the physical arrangement of tools and other work artifacts is critical if we are to demonstrate maximum performance ability while minimizing the risks of errors, accidents, and injuries For example these issues and other related considerations; this book also presents workplace design considerations for a large type of workplace settings In most of the settings that are described, the ergonomics considerations target physical design issues, and one undeniable fact that remains invariant is that whenever we will position an individual so they'll perform their work while in an exceedingly neutral posture, whether sitting or standing, then we are going to maximize their physical capabilities and their endurance and minimize the chances of developing work-related injuries The application of ergonomic principles in the workplace can result in the following: • Increased productivity, • Improved health and safety of workers; • Lower workers' compensation claims; Prepace • Compliance with government regulations such as Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards; • Improved job satisfaction; Prepace TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of content 4.2.2 Determination of functions and function structure The safety design specification is the basis for the safety design in the determination-of-functions-and-function-structure stage The hazards, the legal requirements as well as the standards and limits of the machine, the users and the environment can be taken into account during the determination of the functions and function structure of the machine This is important because the elimination of the remaining risks is more difficult during the following design phases (Table 2) Page 94 The machine must have the mandatory safety functions described in the machinery safety directive (Directive 98/37/EC) and in the related standards The risks that are not covered by the mandatory safety functions must be removed or reduced as far as possible and the appropriate safety functions must be determined In addition, the determination of functions and function structures may create new hazards and ergonomic problems that are not considered in the task clarification stages These risks must also be analysed and taken into account during the determination of safety functions The remaining risks of the machine are evaluated and safety functions to protect against the risks are selected The iterative process must be continued until the appropriate safety functions for the unacceptable risks are created and added to the safety design specification During the risk evaluation it is also recommended to evaluate the difficulties that the design of the safety functions will cause during the following design phases The allocation of functions between machine and users is made during the determination phase The allocation of functions can be applied during the following design stages in designing the ergonomics of the work tasks and the user interfaces between user and machine (Table 2) Page 95 4.2.3 Search for solution principles The previous design stages describe the safety and ergonomics design problems, legal and standard requirements and the functions and function structures of the machine In this design stage the solution principles for the safety design problems and the principles of safety measures for carrying out the safety functions are sought simultaneously with the other functions and function structures of the machine Page 96 The solution principles for the functions and function structures may have inherent hazards that are typical of them (Table 3) The inherently safe solution principles are the most preferable If the remaining risk after the risk reduction is unacceptable, protection measures against the risk must be taken In addition, the user must be informed about the residual risks and necessary safety measures, about appropriate training and about personal protection equipment (Directive 98/37/EC, Ullman 1997, p 167) Good ergonomic design principles and the limitations of the users and the environment must be taken into account when seeking the solution principles for the work tasks and user interfaces The basic requirements for the design of work tasks are given in legislation and standards (Shaub & Landau 1998, Dickinson 1995, Stewart 1995) and different books provide additional information about the design of work (Kroemer & Grandjean 1997, Sanders & McCormick 1993) Page 97 4.2.4 Division into realisable modules Practical design can be carried out by dividing the solution principles into realisable modules (Table 4) In addition, modular product systematics (Pahl & Beitz 1996, p 434) can be applied to divide machine modules into Page 98 function modules and production modules Function modules are applied to implement technical functions and production modules are designed on the basis of production considerations The systematic hazard-based approach to safety supports the design of function modules A safety measure against a hazards, like an emergency stop, is a basic module and it is applied in all machines A safety measure can also be a special module, like additional lighting, and it is applied only in the case of a special environment Adaptive modules are applied to adapt a system to other systems For example, the adaptive module can integrate the emergency stop of a machine with the control system of a production line Customerspecific functions, like safety fences and walkways, are carried out by nonmodules and they are designed case by case Page 99 The ergonomic design of work can be divided on the basis of the different work tasks that are needed to operate a machine (Table 4) Different kinds of materials handling tasks, control task, and maintenance as well as disturbance- control tasks constitute specific design problems that must be Page 100 solved to ensure good ergonomics In addition to the individual work tasks, the organisational factors related to the operation of a machine must be considered The user interfaces can also be divided into realisable modules (Table 4) The controls, displays and other elements of user interfaces must be designed according to good ergonomic principles In addition, the design of the user instructions is an essential part of the design of the work tasks and user interfaces It must be noted, however, that even if the work tasks and user interfaces are divided into smaller modules, the overall ergonomics and usability must be treated on the basis of the overall system 4.2.5 Development of the layouts of key modules The preliminary design of the safety measures to protect against the most important hazards is carried out during the development stage of the layouts of key modules (Table 5) The design teams determine the dimensions, materials, locations etc of the modules of the machine only as far as is practical to get an idea of the alternative layouts The information in the relevant standards and other specifications concerning the safety measures are applied as far as is practicable The risks related to the alternative layouts are analysed and evaluated and necessary risk-reduction measures are designed (Table 5) The risk analysis and the ergonomics analysis and evaluation together with the evaluation regarding the other design criteria help design teams to compare the alternative solutions and select the optimal layout Page 101 4.2.6 Completing overall layouts The preliminary layout is completed by adding more detailed information about the modules and components (Table 6) The safety measures and the user interfaces are further designed and commercial Page 102 components and equipment are selected The work tasks and related instructions are also designed in more detail The legal requirements and standards together with handbooks are applied to give more detailed information about safety and ergonomics for the design The system analysis and evaluation phase consists of the risks assessment of the details of the alternative components and the ergonomic Page 103 evaluations of the work tasks and the user interfaces (Table 6) The evaluation is followed by decision making in which the detailed layout is confirmed Page 104 4.2.7 Detail design The final production instructions, user instructions and the technical construction file are finished in the detail design stage (Table 7) The technical documentation is prepared according to the requirements of the machinery safety directive Annex (Directive 98/37/EC), including the necessary drawings, calculations and tests as well as the information concerning the risk assessment and risk-reduction measures For serial products the quality measures for maintaining acceptable safety during manufacturing are also described The design of the user information covers the work tasks, the user interfaces and necessary warnings and instructions for the safe operating of the machine Therefore, the instructions and other user information are designed together with the other properties of the machine and the design and production of instructions for the use are started in the tasks clarification stage Page 105 REFERENCE Averboukh, E.A Quality of life and usability engineering In: Karwowski, W (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors Taylor & Francis, London and New York, 2001., pp 1317–1321 Page 106 Nunes, I.L Ergonomics & usability—Key factors in knowledge society Enterprise and Work Innovation Studies 2, 2006, p.87–94 Nunes, I.L and M Simões-Marques SINGRAR usability study In: Marcus, A (ed.), Design, User Experience, and Usability Design Philosophy, Methods, and Tools Second International Conference, DUXU 2013, Held as Part of HCI International 2013, Las Vegas, NV, USA, July 21–26, 2013, Proceedings Part I LNCS 8012, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013, pp 359–368 Simões-Marques, M and I L Nunes Usability of interfaces In: Nunes, I L (ed.), Ergonomics InTech., Rijeka 2012 http://www.intechopen.com/books/ergonomics-a-systemsapproach/usability-of-interfaces Jordan, P An Introduction to Usability Taylor & Francis, London, 1998 Reiss, E Usable Usability: Simple Steps for Making Stuff Better John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, 2012 Gerhardt-Powals, J Cognitive engineering principles for enhancing human– computer performance International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 8(2), 1996, p.189–211 Ajit Kumar Verma, Ajit Srividya, Durga Rao Karanki Reliability and Safety Engineering-Springer-Verlag London England, 2010 Bureau, Development Design for Safety Occupational Safety & Health Council, n.d Page 107 Guide to occupational health and safety management systems Ministry of civil service and administrative reforms, n.d Page 108 ... extremely important Two of those are Luigi Bandini Buti and Isao Hosoe Bandini Buti, the primary and most famous Italian designer to call himself an “ergonomist”, is accountable for design and research... understanding of feedback, analogies between the arrangement of the commands and the parts being commanded, etc.) and because the digital language has become an integral part of everyday products Design? ??s... design theories and methodologies (DTM) and design tools and techniques (DTT) to analyses and identify work situations in order to improve human safety in manufacturing system design The authors