tiểu luận kinh tế lượng THE DETERMINANTS IMPACTING ON THE WEIGHT OF k57 VJCC STUDENTS

FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS ………… o0o………… ECONOMETRICS FINAL EXAM TOPIC: THE DETERMINANTS IMPACTING ON THE WEIGHT OF K57 VJCC STUDENTS Class : 57 JIB Lecturer : Dr Tu Thuy Anh Dr Chu Thi Mai Phuong Group : Đặng Thu Trang - 1815520227 Chu Bình Minh - 1815520203 Ngô Phương Linh - 1810520190 Ha Noi - 2019 Contents Abstract……………………………………………………… ………………… Introduction………………………………………………………………………… Literature review…………………………………………… ……………….3 Theoretical background………………………………………………………6 2.1 Calorie…………………………………………………………………….6 2.2 Exercising……………………………………………………………… 2.3 Gender…………………………………………………………………….6 2.4 Sleeping hours…………………………………………………………….6 2.5 Meal frequency………………………………………………………… Descriptive statistic of data………………………………………………… Econometric model………………………………………………………… 10 Robust check…………………………………………………………………12 5.1 Multicollinearity……………………………………………………… 12 5.2 Normality……………………………………………………………… 13 5.3 Heteroscedasticity……………………………………………………… 15 5.4 F test of the overall significance of model……………………………….14 5.5 t test of the hypothesis relating to a regression coefficient………… 16 5.6 Adjusted regression model……………………………………………….20 Finding and Discussion………………………………………………………21 6.1 Finding and supplement………………………………………………….21 6.1.1 Follow mentalhelp.net……………………………………………… 21 6.1.2 Follow medbroadcast.com………………………………………… 22 6.2 Discussion……………………………………………………………… 22 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………24 Reference…………………………………………………………………… 26 Appendix…………………………………………………………………… 28 Abstract This analysis was performed to assess the effect of exercising, sleeping hours, gender, meal frequency and calories on body weight of students at university in general and of VJCC institute in particular We collected information about these factors from K57 VJCC students and use the Excel and Gretl software to calculate and analyze them Our results reveals that: the weight will increase by 0,0115 kilogram whenever a VJCC student has calorie more in his or her meal; with each meal more, a K57 student will increase their weight by 2,08948 kilogram; and being a K57 boy will have 4.28871 kilograms more than from a K57 girl From the healthy perspective, it suggests that K57 students should take into account the impacts of calories taken in everyday and their number of meals per day, besides, have suitable sleeping time each day and hours of exercising per week to get the appropriate number of weight Introduction The most important issues that people always pay attention to is their health In particular, weight is one of the main factors showing human health Rarely does anyone care about their weight, choose a salad over a cake or run for hours on a treadmill instead of lying on a warm bed Most research has shown a consistent association between weight gain and health problems Moreover, overweight and obesity may increase the risk of many health problems, including diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers For health problems, we always want a very effective drug that can solve the problem right away Unfortunately, no immediate dose can help you lose weight, as weight is influenced by many factors Who are they? How they affect weight? These questions have been answered in many studies In this article, we will rely on the knowledge gained to conduct a more in-depth analysis of the weight and factors affecting weight data collected from 40 K57 VJCC students to get a specific look on the impact of those factors on their weight Literature review In this article, we have selected only a few common factors that affect weight to a search for related studies The factors are: exercising, sleeping hours, gender, meal frequency and calories Regarding the exercising factor, studies searched have shown that exercising has a direct effect on weight Ballor DL and Kessey RE (1991) had performed a metaanalysis to assess the effects of type, duration and frequency of exercise training on changes in body mass (BM), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and percent body fat (percent fat) both for adult males and females They found that in females, weeks of training and duration of exercise per session were significant predictors that account for most of the variance associated with changes in BM, FM and percent fat associated with aerobic-type exercise training, beside energy expended during exercise and initial body fat levels (or body mass) in both males and females These findings confirm earlier research in males concerning exercise training effects on body mass and body composition and extend them both to females and to a broader range of exercise types Both weight training exercise and aerobic exercise facilitate body fat loss, and also preserve or increase fat-free mass In other research, J S Garrow and C D Summerbell (1995) had performed a meta – analysis to determine if physical training converses fat – free mass (FFM) in overweight men or women during weight loss The relation between loss of weight and loss of FFM was examined by linear regression analysis among exercising and non – exercising groups of men or women Through 28 publications reported results on 226 sedentary men in 13 groups, 233 exercising men in 14 groups, 199 sedentary women in 23 groups, and 258 exercising women in 28 groups, they concluded that aerobic exercise causes a modest loss in weight without dieting and exercise provides some conservation of FFM during weight loss by dieting, probably in part by maintaining glycogen and water The second factor that plays an important role in maintaining weight is sleeping hours Francesco P Cappuccio, MD, FRCP, Frances M Taggart, PhD, NgiangaBakwin Kandala, PhD, Andrew Currie, MB ChB, Ed Peile, FRCP,Saverio Stranges, MD, PhD, Michelle A Miller, PhD (2008) had performed a meta – analysis to assess whether the evidence supports the presence of a relationship between short sleep duration and obesity at different ages, and to obtain an estimate of the risk Through many searches of publications, they concluded that cross-sectional studies from around the world show a consistent increased risk of obesity among short sleepers in children and adults and causal inference is difficult due to lack of control for important confounders and inconsistent evidence of temporal sequence in prospective studies Thus, sleep enough everyday can help people maintain their weight In addition, one factor that affect weight is meal frequency Brad Jon Schoenfeld, Alan Albert Aragon, James W Krieger (2015) had performed a meta – analysis based on a hypothesis that eating small, frequent meals enhances fat loss and helps to achieve better weight maintenance A number of observational studies lend support to this hypothesis, with an inverse relationship noted between the frequency of eating and adiposity Through 15 studies that was identified, they realized that feeding frequency was positively associated with reductions in fat mass and body fat percentage as well as an increase in fat – free mass And although the initial results of this meta – analysis suggest a potential benefit of increased feeding frequencies for enhancing body composition, these findings need to be interpreted with circumspection Plus, the harmony between meal frequency and energy balance is also very important France Bellisle, Regina McDevitt and Andrew M Prentice (1997) concluded that there was robust evidence from several independent laboratories to refute the hypothesis that feeding frequency is a significant determinant of energetic efficiency in human subject when assessed over 24 hours or longer They argued that feeding frequency has no significant impact on the rate of weight loss during energy restriction and any putative effects on regulation of body weight must be mediated through effects on the intake side of the energy balance equation All of these studies had shown the important of exercising, sleeping hours, gender, meal frequency and calories in weight maintaining, but none of them had aggregated statistics about the effect of all these factors on weight of university student Our report below will perform this task: The effect of exercising, sleeping hours, gender, meal frequency and calories on weight of students of JIB K57 VJCC Theoretical background 2.1 Calorie A calorie is a measure of energy expenditure and stored energy In general thought, taking less than the amount of calories burned will help to lose weight, taking more than the amount of calories burned will help to gain weight and taking the same amount of calories will help to maintaining weight It also depends on many other factors such as: gender, age… Your body uses the calories you get from food to fuel your basal metabolic rate (BMR), digestion, and physical activity 2.2 Exercising More physical activity increases the number of calories your body uses for energy or “burns off.” The burning of calories through physical activity, combined with reducing the number of calories you eat, creates a “calorie deficit” that results in weight loss Exercising plays an important role in losing, maintaining, even raising weight Therefore, university students who not have the exercise habits in comparison with the ones who practice physical exercise everyday might have a higher number of weight or body fat 2.3 Gender The findings revealed that a greater proportion of men were overweight and obese compared to women Both genders show equally unhealthy dietary habits, marked by low mean HES scores Gender-specific dietary patterns were noted, with more men reporting eating >6 oz (168 g) of animal protein per day as compared to women A higher proportion of female students reported regular consumption of potato chips and fatty salty snacks and that they ate sweets more than twice a day 2.4 Sleeping hours Not getting enough sleep on a regular basis won’t just make you tired—it will also likely cause your weight to rise In fact, people who sleep for less than five hours a night are almost a third likelier to gain weight than those who get seven hours of shuteye a night When your body doesn't respond properly to insulin, your body has trouble processing fats from your bloodstream, so it ends up storing them as fat So it’s not so much that if you sleep, you’ll lose weight, but that too little sleep hampers your metabolism and contributes to weight gain 2.5 Meal frequency Preliminary research shows that high eating frequency (8x/day) results in more hunger and desire to eat, and less fullness than low eating frequency (3x/day) On the other hand, eating only once or twice per day is supposed not only not able to lose weight but also affect to the health due to the shortage of nutrition University students usually tend to have the number of meal below the recommended one result from many causes like the losing weight in the wrong way, or just simply that they are too lazy to eat enough meals Descriptive statistic of data From the correlation matrix above, we can make some thoughts about if it has the correlation relationship among variables or not, but we could not give out the conclusion Description: ● Y weight Mean: The average weight of 40 surveyed VJCC K57 students is 54,788 kilograms ● Y weight Minimum: The minimum weight among 40 surveyed VJCC K57 students is 44 kilograms ● Y weight Median: fitted value of dependent variable Y weight 53.5 kilograms ● Y weight Maximum: The maximum weight among 41 surveyed VJCC K57 students is 75 kilograms ● Std Dev (Standard Deviation): is a measure of how spread the numbers are, equals to the square root of sample variance The Std Dev of Y weight here is 7,7789 ● C.V (Coefficient of Variation): is simply the standard deviation divided by the sample mean Large values of the C.V indicate that the mean is not very precisely measured The C.V of Y weight here is 0,14198 ➢ From the summary statistic chart, we can see that it might be the representative sample for Weight depends on the five variables Econometric model From Kurtosis and Skewness data above, we see that it might not be normal distribution as when looking with the naked eyes However, by the Jarque-Bera test, we can identify whether the assumption of normal distribution is right or not : ui follows normal distribution : ui does not follow normal distribution 14 It can be seen from the figures that p-value = 0,56734 >> = 0,05 ● With the common = 5% for the 2-tail test, we are able to give the conclusion not to reject the assumption ● Therefore, we accept the assumption that follows the normal distribution 5.3 Heteroscedasticity: White test : Ho : var ( ) = σ2 for all i The data table above shows that p-value = 0,362666 > = 0,05 ➢ For the common = 5% for the 2-tail test, we are able to give the conclusion not to reject hypothesis Ho : var ( ) = σ2 for all i 15 F test of the overall significance of model Hypothesis : : = : not suitable model : > : suitable model We can check F test by looking at the P-value ( F) from the chart above P-value (F) = 1.10e-14 2.04 p-value = 5.97e-06 < 0.05 = ● Moreover ,*** means that the statistical significance of equals to 1% ➢ At 1% level of significance, we have enough evidence to reject , that a linear relationship is recorded between and Y Testing : : =0 – no linear relationship between and Y 17 : ≠ – a linear relationship is recorded between and Y ● From the chart above, t-ratio of =-0.06104 ( -2.00;2.00 ) p-value = 0.3565 > 0.05 = ● Moreover, no * means that does not have the statistical significance ➢ At 5% level of significance, we have enough evidence not to reject , that no linear relationship is recorded between and Y Testing ::=0 – no linear relationship between and Y : ≠ – a linear relationship is recorded between and Y ● From the chart above, t-ratio of = -0,06536 ( -2,00;2,00 ) p-value = 0.9517 > 0.05 = ● Moreover ,no * means that does not have the statistical significance ➢ At 5% level of significance, we have enough evidence not to reject , that no linear relationship is recorded between and Y Testing : : =0 – no linear relationship between and Y : ≠ – a linear relationship is recorded between and Y ● From the chart above, t-ratio of = 3,451 > 2,4 p-value = 0.0015 < 0.05 = ● However ,*** means that the statistical significance of equals to 1% ➢ At 1% level of significance, we have enough evidence to reject , that a linear relationship is recorded between and Y Testing : :=0 – no linear relationship between and Y : ≠ – a linear relationship is recorded between and Y ● From the chart above, t-ratio of = 3.439 > 2.04 p-value = 0.0016 < 0.05 = ➢ At 1% level of significance, we have enough evidence to reject , that a linear relationship is recorded between and Y ➔ According to the results above, the variables , , have the statistical significance in the model Therefore, Weight of VJCC K57 students is affected by the following factors : the number of Calories taken per day, the number of Meal 18 per day and Gender 5.6 Adjusted regression model Our research uses data on gender, meal number, amount of calories, time to sleep, time to exercise, and weight from 40 VJCC K57 students We reject (hours to exercise per day) and (the number of hours of sleep per day), keep (amount of calories taken in per day), (number of meals per day) and (gender), we have the adjusted OLS regression: The estimated OLS regression is: = 22,7204 + 0,0115 C + 2,08948 M+ 4,28871 G For the purpose of the research, let: C = Amount of calories one takes in day M = Number of meals per day one has G = Gender ( if female, if male) ➢ It can be shown from the chart that: ● The OLS estimate of the intercept is 22.7204 19 ● The OLS estimate of the coefficient on the amount of calories one takes in a day is 0,0115 The number let us know the weight will increase by 0,0115 kilogram when a VJCC K57 student has calory more in his or her meal ● The OLS estimate of the coefficient on the number of meals per day one has is 2.08948 Through this, we can see with each meal more, a VJCC K57 student will increase their weight by 2.08948 kilograms ● The OLS estimate of the coefficient on the gender is 4.28871 This is the biggest factor that influences the weight of VJCC K57 student Being a VJCC K57 boy will capture 4.28871 kilograms more than from a VJCC K57 girl ● = 0.876686 : It means that the three regressors explain 87.66% of the variance of Weight ● SER = 2.843184 : It estimates standard deviation of error A relative low spread of scatter plot means that prediction of Weight base on these variables might be reliable Finding and Discussion 6.1 Finding and supplement 6.1.1 Follow Harvard Heath Publishing : People's weights are determined by multiple factors including personal factors, community factors, societal influences, social norms, ● Personal factors: Your age, gender, race or ethnicity, as well as how you react emotionally to other people and stress affect your diet & exercise 20 ● Community factors: Refer to the various physical location you inhabit - home, school, and workplace - as well as where you receive medical care, exercise, and obtain food ● Societal influences: Include government, public health, agriculture, marketing, community design and a range of industries food, beverage, physical activity, and entertainment ● Social norms: Such as culture definition of an “ideal” body, or family pressure to clean your plate, overarching layer of influence 6.1.2 Follow medbroadcast.com There are some ways to improve the weight without too much long-term effort : ● Medical intervention: Medications may be part of a weight management program.Medications aren't "magic cures" leading to permanent weight loss They're generally used in combination with a proper diet and exercise program They are only for people who are classified as obese (i.e., those with a BMI over 30), or people with a BMI of 27 and extra heart disease risk factors such as high cholesterol or diabetes Some medications are approved for short-term use only One example of a weight-loss medication available in Canada is orlistat*, which blocks the absorption of fat from the bowel ● Surgery is only considered when other weight management options have not been successful There are many forms of obesity surgery, but often surgery reduces the size of the stomach so that only a small amount of food can be eaten comfortably Some of the terms used to describe the surgeries used to treat obesity include: gastric surgery, gastric bypass surgery, laparoscopic band surgery, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, stomach "stapling" 6.2 Discussions For sleeping, research suggests that there’s a link between how much time people sleep and how much they weigh In general, children and adults who get too little sleep tend to weigh more than those who get enough sleep 21 For example, in the Nurses’ Health Study, researchers followed roughly 60,000 women for 16 years At the start of the study, all of the women were healthy, and none were obese; 16 years later, women who slept hours or less per night had a 15 percent higher risk of becoming obese, compared to women who slept hours per night Short sleepers also had 30 percent higher risk of gaining 30 pounds over the course of the study, compared to women who got hours of sleep per night There are several possible ways that sleep deprivation could increase the chances of becoming obese Sleep-deprived people may be too tired to exercise, decreasing the “calories burned” side of the weight-change equation People who don’t get enough sleep may take in more calories than those who do, simply because they are awake longer and have more opportunities to eat Lack of sleep also disrupts the balance of key hormones that control appetite, so sleep-deprived people may be hungrier than those who get enough rest each night Regular physical activity is an important part of weight management In addition to managing weight, exercise also improves overall health and can help reduce the risk of diseases such as certain cancers, heart disease, and osteoporosis Regular physical activity doesn't mean you have to join the nearest gym It can be as simple as climbing the stairs instead of taking the elevator, walking or cycling to work and leaving the car at home (if at all possible), or going for a walk at lunchtime with coworkers What's important is to add exercise to your daily routine, and to work towards a higher activity level Choose activities and exercises you enjoy Although how much time one spends on doing exercises per week or how many hours one sleeps per day seems not to have an effect on VJCC K57 students’ weight, it could be that these factors became their habits and their body has formed self-adaptive mechanism so their weight might not be affected by these factors But in fact having a suitable period of time for them have an important effect on not only weight but also health followed by some above researches 22 Conclusion After doing survey about effects on weight of K57 VJCC and using Gretl to solve data given, we have drawn to some conclusions below: ● Gender has an effect on a VJCC K57 student’s weight As we know, each gender has different body composition Therefore, overall, the weight of male is different (higher) from female’s ● The weight of VJCC K57 students is also affected by the number of meals per day.The different number of meals one has per day influences differently to his or her weight A limited research suggests that eating three or more structured meals per day compared with fewer than three meals per day can help control appetite and lead to feelings of fullness (According to www.health.harvard.edu) 23 ● Last but not least, changing the amount of calories taken in is definitely the effective way of influencing weight of VJCC K57 Because a person on average needs about 2000 calories per day to maintain energy for normal activities If one would like to gain or lose weight, he or she can increase or decrease the amount of calories taken in (suitable for each body’s condition and status) Recommendations: ● It is recommended that VJCC K57 Students should take those below factors into consideration: Amount of calories they consume per day and the number of meals they have per day On the other hand, although other factors like physical exercise or sleeping hours per day not have the statistic significance in that data but K57 students of VJCC should sleep enough at least 6-7 hours per day and take to physical activities to have a fit body as well as healthy lifestyle ● For the overweight ones, harsh diet not have the same meaning with your weight loss, instead, try to take in the as low as possible number of calories to lose kilograms They could think about an enough-nutrition diet with not too low energy, as long as calo-in less than calo-out, some physical exercise to increase metabolic ability, drink enough water and sleep enough everyday ● For the too thin ones, they should consider to add healthy calories to gain weight but not to drastically change the diet You can consider increasing calories by adding nut or seed toppings, cheese, and healthy side dishes Try almonds, sunflower seeds, fruit, or whole-grain, wheat toast Include high calorie fruits in your diet like ripe mangoes and bananas to gain weight Avoid the unhealthy high-calorie food which only increase the number of calories without good digestion, leading to an unhealthy body and obesity 24 Reference Ballor DL, Kessey RE (1991) A meta-analysis of the factors affecting exerciseinduced changes in body mass, fat mass and fat-free mass in males and females International Journal of Obesity, 15(11), 717 – 726 https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/1838100? fbclid=IwAR2n_Pxc_gSbHXg6zN6pAot5MlQ8NMGcJc_zpjHV3tjrFbPoBm-2Et3MHQ J S Garrow, C D Summerbell (1995) Meta-analysis: Effect of exercise, with or without dieting, on the body composition of overweight subjects European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 49, – 10 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15486230_Metaanalysis_Effect_of_exercise_with_or_without_dieting_on_the_body_composi tion_of_overweight_subjects Francesco P Cappuccio, MD, FRCP, Frances M Taggart, PhD, Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala, PhD, Andrew Currie, MB ChB, Ed Peile, FRCP,Saverio Stranges, MD, PhD, Michelle A Miller, PhD (2008) Meta-analysis of Short Sleep Duration and Obesity in Children and Adults Sleep, 31(5), 619 – 626 25 https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/31/5/619/2454190? fbclid=IwAR164TLp0q00aNe8F7YzJbfUnUod7fg-XzAIYAdy1aMHtmcZuyIKFSFwgc Brad Jon Schoenfeld, Alan Albert Aragon, James W Krieger (2015) Effects of meal frequency on weight loss and body composition: a meta-analysis Nutrition Reviews, 73, 69 – 82 https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/73/2/69/1820875 France Bellisle, Regina McDevitt and Andrew M Prentice (1997) Meal frequency and energy balance British Journal of Nutrition, 77, 57 – 70 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-ofnutrition/article/meal-frequency-and-energybalance/478F4065A5C5BC1B6E15A8482F8DC239? fbclid=IwAR01lCwtGABVajeXop_ELMCUEjUHNq3mvClxpj6CRfeQgvWv Kotldun_73I Kathleen M Zelman, MPH, RD, LD (2008) Estimated calories requirements Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005, Department of Health and Human Services https://www.webmd.com/diet/features/estimated-calorie-requirement Max Gaitan (2017) What You Never Knew About Meal Frequency https://inbodyusa.com/blogs/inbodyblog/what-you-never-knew-about-mealfrequency/ Harry Mills, PH.D Factors Determining Weight https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/factors-determining-weight/? fbclid=IwAR3Jqxh20F9qewdJ3pgy0QYF7e05CrtsQXg-FBXHOK6DrmJJXe0onrJ2bw Obesity http://www.medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/Obesity? _ga=2.176857185.554317349.1546570874-2036489160.1546570873 Sleep Deprivation and Obesity https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/sleep/? 26 fbclid=IwAR0ndeQlKUTfXy8BSI1ZiPr6N4_zjlGWV9wO8jn7E4_FKZkfHWo3kw5D2A Appendix Y X1 (calories) X2 (exercise) (weight) X3 (sleeping hours) X4 (meal numbers) x5 (gender) 51.50 2050.00 3.00 7.00 3.00 0.00 47.00 1500.00 1.00 6.00 2.00 0.00 44.00 1300.00 0.00 5.00 2.00 0.00 53.00 1800.00 5.00 6.00 3.00 0.00 47.00 1500.00 2.00 6.00 3.00 0.00 54.00 2200.00 2.00 8.00 3.00 1.00 46.00 1600.00 1.00 5.00 2.00 0.00 56.00 2300.00 0.00 8.00 4.00 0.00 50.00 2000.00 5.00 7.00 3.00 0.00 10 50.00 2000.00 4.00 8.00 3.00 0.00 11 67.00 2500.00 3.00 10.00 4.00 1.00 12 51.00 2100.00 4.00 7.00 2.00 0.00 27 13 56.00 2200.00 3.00 7.00 3.00 1.00 14 66.00 2400.00 2.00 9.00 3.00 1.00 15 70.00 2700.00 1.00 5.00 4.00 1.00 16 50.00 2000.00 4.00 7.00 3.00 0.00 17 63.00 2200.00 2.50 6.50 3.00 1.00 18 55.00 2100.00 5.00 9.00 3.00 1.00 19 75.00 2600.00 0.00 9.00 5.00 1.00 20 49.00 1500.00 5.00 4.50 3.00 0.00 21 53.00 2100.00 4.00 6.00 2.00 0.00 22 45.00 1500.00 3.00 5.00 3.00 0.00 23 58.00 2100.00 10.00 8.00 4.00 1.00 24 56.00 2050.00 0.50 8.00 3.00 1.00 25 48.00 1700.00 0.50 7.00 3.00 0.00 26 65.00 2300.00 0.50 9.00 5.00 1.00 27 54.00 2100.00 3.00 7.00 3.00 0.00 28 59.00 2200.00 0.50 6.50 2.00 1.00 29 70.00 2600.00 1.00 8.00 6.00 1.00 30 63.00 2400.00 1.00 7.00 4.00 1.00 31 50.50 2000.00 3.00 8.00 3.00 0.00 32 51.00 2100.00 2.50 4.00 3.00 0.00 33 48.00 1800.00 4.00 6.00 2.00 0.00 34 50.00 2000.00 0.00 5.50 2.00 1.00 35 45.50 1500.00 0.00 6.00 2.00 0.00 36 64.00 2500.00 2.00 7.50 6.00 1.00 37 55.00 2300.00 0.00 8.00 3.00 0.00 38 46.00 1600.00 0.50 4.00 2.00 0.00 39 55.00 2300.00 2.00 7.00 3.00 1.00 40 55.00 2300.00 1.00 8.00 3.00 0.00 28 ... composition Therefore, overall, the weight of male is different (higher) from female’s ● The weight of VJCC K57 students is also affected by the number of meals per day .The different number of meals one... that VJCC K57 Students should take those below factors into consideration: Amount of calories they consume per day and the number of meals they have per day On the other hand, although other... VJCC K57 student will increase their weight by 2.08948 kilograms ● The OLS estimate of the coefficient on the gender is 4.28871 This is the biggest factor that influences the weight of VJCC K57