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FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS -*** ECONOMETRICS REPORT FACTORS THAT AFFECT EATING QUALITY OF FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY’S STUDENT INTAKE 57 Group 22: Nguyễn Hoàng Linh - 1815520192 Hoàng Thị Hồng Ngọc - 1815520209 Hoàng Việt Hà - 1815520162 Lecturer: Assoc.Prof Từ Thuý Anh Hanoi 2019 TABLE OF CONTENT I Introduction Basic concepts Why we choose this topic? II Literature review III Theoretical background Overview of the study Research model & research hypothesis 2.1 Research model 2.2 Research hypothesis IV Descriptive statistic of data Graphs Summary statistics 11 Correlation matrix 11 V Econometric model 12 VI Robustness check 13 Multicollinearity 13 Normality 14 Heteroscedasticity 16 Testing an individual regression coefficient 18 Testing the overall significance 20 VII Findings & discussion 21 VIII Conclusion 23 Abstract The goal of this study is to evaluate the extent to which eating time, food quality, stress, weight, snacks and gender are associated with the eating quality of Foreign Trade University students Intake 57 Methods: Research 100 FTU’s students intake 57 by a survey to get data Data was entered and analyzed by using Gretl Testing an individual regression coefficient (t-test) was applied to determine the relationship between eating patterns and factors affecting eating quality Results: Majority of the participants (79%) reported good eating quality Weight, junk food, high price of healthy foods and gender not really affect students’ eating quality Conclusion: Students with good eating quality are not much different from students with poor eating quality (among FTU students Intake 57) Behavioral habits such as consumption of junk foods, stress feelings and time constraint use are associated with increased odds of poor eating quality Keywords: FTU students Intake 57; Eating quality I Introduction: Basic concepts: Diet greatly affects the health of people Eating is the most essential human need, plays an important role in human life, especially university students They are people who face a lot of pressure to study, work as well as extracurricular activities, making them sometimes neglect to eat their own meals Many high school students who start college encounter many surprises because of the change in circumstances, living conditions and lifestyle that make them sometimes stressed because of that As a result, they forget that they have to eat at the right time and eat enough food to be healthy enough to continue their work Impaired health leads to all activities not being performed at maximum efficiency, affecting the students' study and work Therefore, we need to present studies as well as solutions for factors affecting the eating quality of students today Why we choose this topic? Diet affects a lot of health, so we have to find out the factors that affect the eating quality, how these variables affect, what are the most important factors We want to find out exactly how many factors affect meal quality through about 100 observations and use a number of research models and research hypotheses to analyze these variables affecting diets eating and drinking of 57 students in FTU This topic is important for analysis to find ways to improve students’ eating quality There have been many reports analyzing this topic: factors affecting eating quality but no reports with target observations, Intake 57 FTU students so this topic is new and necessary to learn more II Literature review: Regarding to eating quality of students, in the past there are a number of research and articles which refers to the diet of university students According to the literature “Changes in weight and health behaviors from freshman through senior year of college” (Racette SB, Deusinger SS, Strube MJ, Highstein GR, Deusinger RH) in 2008 Jan-Feb, university is a critical period for young adults regarding food choices and their relationship with weight gain Some studies have even shown that college students tend to gain more weight than those who not attend university In order to design and support healthy nutrition campaigns (e.g., less meat options) across campuses, it is critical to improve knowledge of dietary behaviors in the university-age population According to a study from EBSCOhost in 2012, It is crucial to meet daily nutritional requirements for one’s body to function properly and to maintain one’s health to the optimal level Most nutritional values such as protein, energy, carbohydrates, fats and most minerals can be obtained by food sources However, some individuals take dietary supplements on a daily basis to ensure their nutrition level The current college-aged group should have had education on nutrition back in elementary school via the Food Pyramid Also, since 2011, people have had access to MyPlate, which is a visual representation of nutrition requirements Each nutrient plays an important role in establishing health, metabolism, and proper function of the body In a research about Determinants of eating behaviour in university students, after the transition from secondary school to university, when independency increases, students are continuously challenged to make healthful food choices Students reported to be influenced by individual factors (e.g taste preferences, self-discipline, time and convenience), their social networks (e.g (lack of) parental control, friends and peers), physical environment (e.g availability and accessibility, appeal and prices of food products), and macro environment (e.g media and advertising) Furthermore, the relationships between determinants and university students’ eating behaviour seemed to be moderated by university characteristics, such as residency, student societies, university lifestyle and exams III Theoretical background: Overview of the study of factors affecting eating quality of FTU student: Eating can be best defined by two components: quantity and quality Eating quantity refers to the amount of foods one gets per meal Eating quality is the nutritional content of meals A very common piece of nutrition advice around the world is to ‘eat a balanced diet.’ This seems like quite an easy idea today, where words like ‘carbohydrates’, ‘fibre’, ‘fructose’ and ‘omega-3 fatty acids’ are now making their way into everyday conversation In recent decades, scientific research has rapidly expanded the understanding of human nutrition, but this may make a healthy diet seem much more complicated than it used to be A balanced meal is a snapshot of a diet that covers the three core food groups As seen on this portion plate, the balance is a quarter proteins, a quarter carbohydrates and half vegetables A balance diet helps us prevent certain diseases that are very difficult to be treated by supplying our bodies necessary nutritions, especially for students For instance, calcium, contained mainly in seafood, milk, can harden our bones and as a result, will last longer despite age Besides, it allows us to work and learn effectively by providing energy Many cereals such as rice, wheat, oat give us lots of energy with glucose they have Having a quality meal will help students get the best state to study and work Only when students are satisfied with the needs of food, can they have enough energy needed for a day of study and work Based on some studies of HMU (Hanoi Medical University), there are many factors that affect the diet of students such as weight, feeling, stress, high price of healthy foods, eating junk foods, drinks, eat at night, The relationship of these variables to the eating quality of students is completely stable In general, all of these factors affect the eating quality and they have reversely proportional relationship It can be seen that the factors affecting the diet of students are extremely diverse and complex On the basis of previous studies that have the same topic, we would like to propose research model and research hypothesis of this topic: “Factors affecting eating quality of FTU students Intake 57” Research model and research hypothesis: 2.1 Research model: Research model of this topic: EQ = F(FEMALE, OVERW, FEEL, HIGHP, JUNK, TIMCON) The definition of variables in this model: a Dependent variable (EQ) EQ is the value that shows students’ levels of eating quality The higher the eating quality index, the better the eating quality of the student b Explanatory variables Variable FEMALE Meaning Number of female (Unit: person) (0-Male; 1-Female) OVERW Number of students be overweight (Unit: person) (0-No; 1-Yes) FEEL Number of students feel stress (Unit: person) (1-Extremely stressfull; 2-A little stressfull; 3-Normal) TIMCON Total time that students eat in a day (Unit: hour) (1-2 hours) HIGHP Price of healthy food is cheap or expensive (1-Cheap; 2-Normal; 3-Expensive) JUNK Total times that students eat junk food in a week (Unit: time) 2.2 Research hypothesis ● Hypothesis 1: The reality of students more and more feel stress, the students’ eating quality is worse ● Hypothesis 2: The reality of students being overweight is becoming more and more, eating quality is better ● Hypothesis 3: The reality of students have less and less time to eat, eating quality decrease with total time eating ● Hypothesis 4: The reality of students think price of healthy foods is high more and more, eating quality of that students decrease ● Hypothesis 5: The reality of students eat junk foods more and more, eating quality of that students decrease IV Descriptive statistic of data: Graphs: 10 p-value = 0,04544 < 0,05 (n=100, anpha =0,05) => Reject H => The data is not normally distributed, but our number of observations is big, it does not affect the estimated result of our study Heteroscedasticity In statistics, a collection of random variables is heteroscedastic, if there are sub-populations that have different variabilities from others Here "variability" could be quantified by the variance or any other measure of statistical dispersion Thus heteroscedasticity is the absence of homoscedasticity 19 The existence of heteroscedasticity is a major concern in the application of regression analysis, including the analysis of variance, as it can invalidate statistical tests of significance that assume that the modelling errors are uncorrelated and uniform—hence that their variances not vary with the effects being modeled For instance, while the ordinary least squares estimator is still unbiased in the presence of heteroscedasticity, it is inefficient because the true variance and covariance are underestimated Similarly, in testing for differences between sub-populations using a location test, some standard tests assume that variances within groups are equal Detection: White test H : Var(ui) = σ2 for all 20 p-value = 0,002694 < 0,05 => Do not reject H => Heteroscedasticity problem has been solved Testing an individual regression coefficient 21 Our data has : The number of observations : n = 100 The number of variables : k = Degree of freedom = n - k = 94 Level of significance : / = 0.025 Does HIGH PRICE OF HEALTHY FOODS affect EQ ? Model: EQ = 1+2FEMALE+3OVERW+4FEEL+5HIGHP+6JUNK+7TIMCON+u Null hypothesis: H : 5= 0 Alternative hypothesis: H : t = (5- 0):SE(5) = - 0,116957 : 0,0745230 = -1,569 s t 0,025 => - t 0,025 94 = 1.96 Do not reject H => HIGHPRICE does not really affect EQ 22 We test similarly with the rest of the regressors: ● FEMALE t-ratio = -1.073 => - t 0,025 FEMALE does not really affect EQ ● OVERW t-ratio = - 0.9391 => - t 0,025 OVERW does not really affect EQ ● FEEL t-ratio = 3.161 => - t 0,025 94 t < - t s 0,025 94 p-value = 0.1577 > 0,05 => JUNK does not really affects EQ ● TIMCON t-ratio = 7.315 => - t 0,025 Reject H => The model is suitable VII Findings and discussion: Results indicated that gender does not affect the eating quality of students Although the findings not indicate any significant relationship between gender and eating quality, findings may be misleading due to a low number of participants and their age limit There are some previous research reported that women tend to be more invested in food-related issues, have better knowledge of food and nutrition, are more prone to go on a diet, and are more likely to perceive themselves as needing to lose weight For example, Uccula and Nuvoli (2017) showed that women, more than men, tend to overestimate their weight and thus to decrease their meal More generally, women are reported to have higher intakes of fruit and vegetables, higher intakes of dietary fiber and lower intakes of fat and salt, conferring greater importance to healthy eating The quality of eating is also affected by age, but the subject of our study is university students so it can be clearly seen that gender does not affect eating quality significantly Results indicated that there was no significant relationship between weight and eating quality of students There are many overweight people who care about their diet, but there are many overweight people who feel that the quality of their 24 diet is not necessary to care and they just want to eat very little to reduce fat This is probably due to the psychology of every person, only those who really care about their health rather than losing weight to try to improve the quality of their meals Results also indicated that the feeling of one person in a week affects his/ her eating quality Findings indicated that with an increase in their stress level, there is a decrease in the eating quality level There is a term called emotional eating - the tendency of its sufferers to respond to stressful, difficult feelings by eating, even when not experiencing physical hunger According to a previous research, about 40% of people tend to eat more when stressed, while about 40% eat less and 20% experience no change in the amount of food they eat when exposed to stress But eating more does not mean that the eating quality increases, but it also reduces the quality of eating Many students are stressed or will skip meals or not care what they eat but just want to eat a lot to reduce stress The results has shown that high price of healthy foods does not really affect the eating quality This may be due to the fact that the cost of healthy food is no longer so different from other food in the market and also suitable for everyone's income, including university students The results are quite surprising to show that junk food does not affect the quality of eating In fact, there are many students who eat a lot of junk food and skip meals That affects the diet of every person, even junk food is not good for health if eaten in excess The results are not accurate, probably because the number of surveys is small and does not reflect the majority of current students Finally, results indicated that time constraint affects the eating quality According to study “Influence of time constraints on diet quality” by Stephanie Rogus in 2011, perceptions of being time-constrained influence the healthfulness of purchased foods while the objective time contraint does not This relationship holds only for higher-income households, suggesting that they are better able to substitute money for time and likely eat out more often than timeconstrained, low-income households As indicated by the results, students who 25 have less time to eat often have lower level of eating quality than the one had more time However, there is a solution to reduce the affect of time constraint in eating quality that students must have enough knowledge about balance eating, so that although there is little time to eat, they can eat enough nutrients From this results, psychologists and other counselors should strive to gain an understanding of the quality and quantity of eating their college student client may be receiving With this results, it can clearly be seen that it is important to educate college students about the importance of a quality meal, as well as how to improve the quality of eating In addition, higher education should also mention the factors that directly affect the quality of eating is stress and time constraints, thereby offering solutions for university students to improve quality of eating VIII Conclusion: Overall conclusion: Overall, there has been a consistent trend in prevalence statistics supporting that college students have poor eating quality With our observations with the target is students – Intake 57 Foreign Trade university indicating that college students are consistently reporting difficult obtaining the recommended quality of eating and the quality of eating is affected by many factors like stress feeling or time constraint by researching 100 FTU’s students intake 57 by a survey to get data and using Gretl, testing an individual regression coefficient (ttest) Going into detail, the results of our study indicated that the stressful feeling and time constraint was significantly related to the quality of eating The results have shown that with an increase in stress, there is a decrease in level of eating quality of students Also with decrease in time to eat, the level of eating quality decreases 26 The results also show that there was no significant relationship between weight, gender, price of healthy food, junk foods and eating quality, but if students also can improve eating quality by eating less junk food After study, we have found that students with good eating quality are not much different from students with poor eating quality (among FTU students Intake 57) and the students should consider about using less negative factors to have good quality of eating and a healthy life The limitation of the study: From this study, the results show that students are consistently experiencing difficulty in regards to achieving quality of eating Although it is just the observations of 100 students intake 57 but results still provide some important information about students in FTU in general and other universities in particular However, this study still has some limitations The numbers of the observations is small so that it can not estimate the influence of all the factors on the quality of eating of all students intake 57 in Foreign Trade University This study just focus on factors we think they affected eating quality, but there are many other factors that also affected quality of eating So the advice our study bring to students is objective and the quality of eating of students must be improved by the improvement of their lifestyle Appendix FEMALE OVERW FEEL HIGHP JUNK TIMCON EQ 3 3 3 27 1 0 4 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 0 2 1 3 3 2 3 0 3 0 2 1 0 2 0 2 2 3 0 3 1 2 3 1 0 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 1 28 0 7 3 0 1 3 0 3 0 0 0 1 3 4 4 0 3 0 1 1 0 3 0 5 0 2 0 29 0 2 0 0 2 1 1 3 1 3 2 4 1 1 2 2 3 0 3 3 1 0 0 1 6 0 3 3 2 2 3 0 2 30 0 1 2 1 0 3 0 5 0 2 3 3 1 0 2 3 0 2 2 3 0 2 1 31 Reference: James H.Stock, Mark W.Watson 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Introduction to Econometrics - Brief edition Racette SB, Deusinger SS, Strube MJ, Highstein GR, Deusinger RH, 2008 JanFeb, “Changes in weight and health behaviors from freshman through senior year of college” EBSCOhost in 2012 Stephanie Rogus 2011, “Influence of time constraints on diet quality” https://www.mla.com.au/Research-and-development/Feeding-finishingnutrition/Eating-quality Jody Braverman, Factors that Affect the Quality of Food https://www.leaf.tv/articles/what-makes-fruits-vegetables-rot/ Anderson AS, et al (1998) Take Five, a nutrition education intervention to increase fruit and vegetable intakes: impact on attitudes towards dietary change Clarke JE (1998) Taste and flavour: their importance in food choice and acceptance 32 Cox DN, et al (1998a) Take Five, a nutrition education intervention to increase fruit and vegetable intakes: impact on consumer choice and nutrient intakes 33 ... gender not really affect students’ eating quality Conclusion: Students with good eating quality are not much different from students with poor eating quality (among FTU students Intake 57) Behavioral... limitations The numbers of the observations is small so that it can not estimate the influence of all the factors on the quality of eating of all students intake 57 in Foreign Trade University This... on factors we think they affected eating quality, but there are many other factors that also affected quality of eating So the advice our study bring to students is objective and the quality of
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