sách bao gồm những từ ngữ, bài học cơ bản về Khoa học cho trẻ em. Sách giúp người học là các bạn nhỏ, với vốn từ và kiến thức chưa nhiều dễ dàng tiếp cận với môn học mới mẻ đầy hứng thú này. Sách bao gồm tranh ảnh, từ và cách lý giải đơn giản giúp các bạn nhỏ dễ hiểu, đồng thời rất thú vị tạo ra sự tò mò muốn tìm tòi, khám phá.
www.ebook3000.com First Science Encyclopedia www.ebook3000.com REVISED EDITION Project editor Suneha Dutta Art editor Nehal Verma Senior editor Shatarupa Chaudhuri DTP designer Bimlesh Tiwary Managing editors Laura Gilbert, Alka Thakur Hazarika Managing art editors Diane Peyton Jones, Romi Chakraborty CTS manager Balwant Singh Producer, pre-production Francesca Wardell Producer Nicole Landau Jacket editor Ishani Nandi Jacket designer Dheeraj Arora Publisher Sarah Larter Publishing director Sophie Mitchell Publishing art director Stuart Jackman Consultant Jack Challoner ORIGINAL EDITION Design team Gemma Fletcher, Hedi Gutt, Laura Roberts-Jensen, Mary Sandberg, Poppy Joslin Editorial team Lorrie Mack, Alexander Cox, Wendy Horobin, Joe Harris Senior editors Carrie Love, Caroline Stamps, Ben Morgan Senior art editor Rachael Smith Publishing manager Bridget Giles Art director Rachael Foster Category publisher Mary Ling Production editor Clare Mclean Production controller Pip Tinsley Consultants Donald R Franceschetti, John Farndon First published in Great Britain in 2009 This edition first published in Great Britain in 2017 by Dorling Kindersley Limited 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL Copyright © 2009, © 2017 Dorling Kindersley Limited A Penguin Random House Company 10 001–280449–Jun/2017 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the copyright owner A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-2411-8875-0 Printed and bound in Hong Kong Contents What is science? 4–5 6–9 10–11 12–13 What is science? Advances in science Being a scientist Science and everyday life Life science 14–15 16–17 18–19 20–21 22–23 24–25 26–27 28–29 30–31 32–33 34–35 36–37 38–39 40–41 The living world Micro life Fungi What is a plant? How plants work Plant reproduction What is an animal? Types of animal Animal reproduction Inheritance Bones and muscles Blood and breathing The digestion ride Health A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW There is a question at the bottom of each page 42–43 44–45 46–47 48–49 50–51 Food chains Ecosystems Staying alive The Earth’s cycles Carbon cycle 108–109 110–111 112–113 114–115 116–117 118–119 120–121 Materials science 52–53 54–55 56–57 58–59 60–61 62–63 64–65 66–67 68–69 70–71 What’s the matter? Properties of matter Changing states Amazing atoms Molecules Elements Properties of elements Mixtures Reactions and changes Irreversible changes Reference section 122–123 124–125 126–127 128–129 130–131 132–135 136 What is energy? Energy changes Electricity Magnetism Energy waves Light Sound Heat Forces Forces and motion Machines The Picture Detective will get you searching through each section for the answers Turn and Learn tells you where to look for more information on a subject Every page is colourcoded to show you which section it is in Earth and space science The Universe Starry skies Our solar system The Moon The Earth’s structure Rocks and minerals Shaping the land ird or what? we These buttons give extra weird and wonderful facts check here for answer 94–95 96–97 98–99 100–101 102–103 104–105 106–107 True or false? Quiz Who or what am I? Where in the world? Glossary Index Picture credits About this book The pages of this book have special features that will show you how to get your hands on as much information as possible! Look out for these: Physical science 72–73 74–75 76–77 78–79 80–81 82–83 84–85 86–87 88–89 90–91 92–93 Soil Resources in the ground Fresh and salt water The water cycle The atmosphere Weather The energy crisis www.ebook3000.com What is science? What is science? Science is the search for truth and knowledge Scientists suggest explanations of why things are as they are, and then they test those explanations, using experiments Some of what science discovers can be applied to our everyday lives From atoms to space Scientists study a huge variety of things – from the tiniest atoms that make up everything around us to the mysteries of space Everything you see is made up of minuscule atoms Physical science Life science How living things survive and grow, where they live, what they eat, and how their bodies work? Life science seeks to answer such questions about the living world, from microscopic bacteria to plants and animals – including you! The scientific study of plants is called botany This science looks at energy and forces There are different types of energy, including light, heat, and sound Forces are the things that hold everything in place in our world Without the force of gravity, for example, you would fly off into space! The study of electricity is part of physical science The Earth Life science studies the living world around us What is the study of animals called? What is science? This is NASA’s Atlantis orbiter – part of its Space Shuttle programme, which ended in 2011 Earth and space science The Earth is a dot in a vast Universe filled with planets and moons, stars and galaxies As far as we know, the Earth is special because it is the only place that supports life Earth and space science is the study of the structure of our planet – and everything that exists beyond it Volcanology is the scientific study of volcanoes Materials science All about change People always want to make life better, and that’s what puts us on the road to scientific discovery Whether it’s finding cures or sending rockets into space, science drives us onwards, changing the world we live in Pictures of the Earth from space help scientists understand the Earth better Zoology One branch of science studies how materials can change Our Universe is filled with atoms and molecules, which make up elements, compounds, and mixtures Materials science is the study of these things, how they behave, how we use them, and how they react with one another www.ebook3000.com What is science? Advances in science Great scientists are thinkers who understand the world around us, provide solutions to problems, and create new things This has led to many great inventions and discoveries A falling apple probably inspired Newton to think about gravity Johannes Gutenberg (c.1398–1468) Gutenberg played a key role in printing Experts believe he invented metal-type printing in Europe Gutenberg’s press was quick, accurate, and hard-wearing, compared to earlier woodblock printing Gutenberg’s first printed book was the Bible in 1455 1400 In a rainbow, white light breaks up into seven colours Isaac Newton (1642–1727) Newton investigated forces and light He realized there must be a force that keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun This force is known as gravity Newton also discovered that white light is a mixture of lots of different colours 1500 1600 Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) Wooden replica of da Vinci’s Ornithopter Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) Da Vinci was a painter and inventor He drew plans for helicopters, aeroplanes, and parachutes Unfortunately, the technology of the time was not good enough to build a working model for any of these Galileo proved that the Earth moves around the Sun by looking at the solar system through a telescope A few wise thinkers had always suspected the truth, but most people at the time believed that our Earth was the centre of everything Who invented the bifocal lens? Replica of a 17th-century telescope Advances in science did A kite helped Benjamin Franklin learn about lightning and electricity Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) you know? More than 2,000 years ago, Greek thinker Aristotle recommended that people study nature, and carry out experiments to test the accuracy of ideas American scientist Benjamin Franklin experimented with lightning and electricity His work in the 1700s laid the foundations for today’s electrical world Franklin risked his life flying a kite – he could have been struck by lightning Super inventions! Inventions and discoveries have changed the course of our history The first known wheel was used in Mesopotamia around 3500 BCE Paper was invented in China around 105 CE, but kept secret for many years Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) The magnetic compass was first used by the Chinese It was invented around 247 BCE Pasteur is known for discovering pasteurization – a process that uses heat to destroy bacteria in food, particularly milk He also discovered that some diseases were caused by germs and encouraged hospitals to be very clean to stop germs spreading 1700 Herschel is well known for his work in astronomy (he was the first to identify the planet Uranus) He also discovered infrared radiation – this technology is used today for wireless communications, night vision, weather forecasting, and astronomy The steam engine was invented in 1804 The earliest successful model reached 48 kph (30 mph) The colour photo was first produced by physicist James Maxwell in 1861 1800 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845–1923) Röntgen discovered electromagnetic rays – today known as X-rays – on November 1895 This important discovery earned him the first Nobel Prize for Physics in 1901 X-rays allow doctors to look inside the human body Benjamin Franklin William Herschel (1738–1822) The parachute was first tested in 1617 by Faust Vrancic, centuries after da Vinci made his drawings www.ebook3000.com What is science? Movie projectors developed quickly after Edison’s early work Orange juice is a good source of vitamin C Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943) Austrian-born physiologist Landsteiner discovered that human blood can be divided into four main groups – A, B, AB, and O This laid the foundation of modern blood groupings Early movie projector The Hungarian scientist Albert Szent-Györgyi is best known for discovering vitamin C He also pioneered research into how muscles move and work In 1937, he won the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine Thomas Edison (1847–1931) Thomas Alva Edison produced more than 1,000 inventions, including longlasting light bulbs, batteries, and movie projectors Blood transfusions play an important part in modern medicine 1800 You inherit your blood type from your parents Red blood cells 1850 Earthquakes destroy homes and office buildings Albert Einstein (1879–1955) German-born physicist Albert Einstein’s famous equation E=mc2 explained how energy and mass are related It helped scientists understand how the Universe works Albert Szent-Györgyi (1893–1986) Charles Richter (1900–1985) Richter developed a way to measure the power of earthquakes He worked on his scale with fellow physicist Beno Gutenberg Einstein’s equation A “great” earthquake (8–9.9 on the Richter scale) strikes on average once a year Who was the father of the frozen food industry? Epicentre (an earthquake’s point of origin) tch me n Reference section ew as bu ilt by tw o The microsco p m n s Ju ore than as m 60 to is used chips silicon ke the ma h ti er a Mic oo p Can you work out which of these facts are real, and which ones are completely made up? Du True or false? lators in calcu N uc pow the Sun er stati ons harness energy from 5: False – they are called palaeontologists 6: True 7: True 8: True False – they eat for about 16 hours a day 122 lea r True or false? a an d ch ee se a by re made their Fr skin gh rou h t n y ge x o orb n abs a c s og milk g tin ar Crea m sep ntis Scie ts who gists lled ecolo a c e r a sils y fos d u t s Ele s eat for more than 20 ant hour s ph a day s made with sa Glass i n ground limestone, and d, soda ash Answers 1: True 2: True 3: False – quartz is used 4: False – they harness energy by splitting atoms www.ebook3000.com 123 Reference section Quiz What makes objects float? Test your knowledge of science with these quiz questions 124 What is the name of the chemical reaction that makes silver slowly turn grey and dull? A: Gravity B: Centrifugal force C: Buoyancy D: Insulation Leaves have a green pigment called… A: Rusting B Tarnishing A: Pollen B Chlorophyll C Photosynthesis D Rotting C Hyphae D Xylem Which kind of energy wave is used in hospitals to kill cancer cells? When rain seeps underground and eats away at soft rock, it forms… A: Gamma rays B: X-rays A: Sea arches B: Sea stacks C: Infrared waves D: Ultraviolet light C: Caves D: Stalactites Which one of these minerals can be found in nail polish? Which year was Teflon invented in? A Mica B Sulphur A 1941 B 1948 C Graphite D Illite C 1938 D 1950 Quiz 13 What is the innermost layer of the Earth called? What is the wide part of a river where it nears the sea called? A: Wetland B: Estuary C: Reservoir D: Bay A pit viper has heat sensors on its… A Tongue B Skin C Head D Tail B Mercury C Cobalt D Chlorine B: Plate C: Core D: Crust 14 What is the fastest thing in the Universe? 10 Which one of these elements is a halogen? A Silicon A: Mantle A: Sound B: Heat C: Wind D: Light 15 Butterflies taste with their… 11 How many stars are there in the Milky Way? A: 200–400 billion B: 500–600 million A Feet B Antennae C: 50–100 billion D: 900 million C Tongue D Wings 12 When a pulley has more than one wheel, the pulling force is… 16 What is the process of the atmosphere trapping the Sun’s rays called? A Increased B Decreased A Echolocation B Greenhouse effect C Divided D The same C Radiation D Carbon cycle Answers 1:B 2:A 3:A 4:C 5:B 6:C 7:C 8:B 9:C 10:D 11:A 12:A 13:C 14:D 15:A 16:B www.ebook3000.com 125 Reference section Who or what am I? Can you work out who or what is being talked about from the clue? 2: I am the brightest and hottest planet in the solar system Saturn Rock Venus Plant Monkey 1: Botanists study me and learn about my world Ostrich Insect Crocodile Pottery 126 Who or what am I? Mars Fireworks Road-drill 3: I can be as loud as 140 decibels Jet engine Drums Mercury Diamond Gold Quartz 5: I am the hardest of all minerals Tortoise 4: I lay the largest egg in the animal kingdom Python Topaz Answers 1: Plant 2: Venus 3: Jet engine 4: Ostrich 5: Diamond www.ebook3000.com 127 Reference section 4: This medicine, discovered by the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming, kills bacteria 1: Located in Hawaii, this is the most active volcano on the Earth 2: The Grand Canyon was formed due to years of erosion caused by this body of water Where in the world? 3: This NASA orbiter was part of the Space Shuttle programme that ended in 2011 5: This was first tested in 1617 by Faust Vrancic, in Italy 6: This animal lives in the African grasslands and uses its body colour as camouflage Match the description of each of these objects or animals with the pictures, and discover what part of the world each belongs to 128 Mount Kilauea Sputnik Parachute Dead Sea Emperor penguin 7: Blood 8: Dead Sea 9: Mount Everest 10: Sputnik 11: Paper 12: Emperor penguin Blood Where in the world? 7: Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner discovered that this substance can be divided into four groups 10: Launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, this was the first satellite in space 9: Part of the Himalayas, this is the tallest mountain peak in the world 11: This was created in China in 105 BCE, but was kept a secret for many years 8: This body of water in Asia is so salty that you can easily float in it 12: This Antarctic animal has a heat-trapping layer on its body The Atlantis Lion Colorado River Penicillin Paper Mount Everest Answers 1: Mount Kilauea 2: Colorado River 3: The Atlantis 4: Penicillin 5: Parachute 6: Lion www.ebook3000.com 129 Reference section Glossary atmosphere Mass of air that surrounds the Earth attraction Force that pulls things together The opposite ends (poles) of two magnets attract each other bacteria Tiny one-celled creatures found all around us Some bacteria are good, but others cause disease carbohydrate Along with fats and proteins, energy-rich carbohydrates, such as sugar and starch, are one of the three major food groups carnivore Animal that eats only meat Lions, wolves, sharks, and crocodiles are carnivores carrion Remains of dead animals that other animals eat chlorophyll Pigment in plants that traps the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis and gives them their green colour electromagnet Powerful magnet created by a flow of electricity through a coil endorphins Chemicals released by the brain that make you feel happy and reduce pain erosion Wearing down of rock by water or the weather estuary Wide part of a river where it meets the sea fertilization Process in which the male and female parts of an animal or plant join together to reproduce force Push or a pull Gravity is the force that keeps you on the ground fossil fuels Fuels that come from the earth and are the remains of living things Coal, oil, and natural gas are all fossil fuels genes Chemical instructions in your cells, holding the information that makes you who you are global warming Slow rise in average temperatures around the world, believed to be caused by the greenhouse effect greenhouse effect When the atmosphere traps in heat, the Earth becomes warm enough for life to thrive habitat Area where a particular species of plant, fungus, or animal lives herbivore Animal that eats only plants Cows, koalas, and elephants are herbivores invertebrates Animals that don’t have a backbone laboratory Place where scientists carry out their experiments circuit Loop that an electric current travels around compound Chemical made when two or more elements are joined by a chemical reaction continent One of the Earth’s huge landmasses, like Asia There are seven continents 130 When was the word “scientist” first used? Glossary limestone Rock made from the skeletal remains of marine animals, built up in layers over thousands of years migration Movement of animals, particularly birds, from one place to another to find food or warmth mineral Solid chemical substance usually found as crystals in rock mixture Two or more substances combined together, but not joined chemically nerves Threads of tissue that carry high-speed signals around the body nutrients Foods or chemicals that a plant or animal needs in order to live and grow omnivore Animal that eats both meat and plants Pigs, bears, and humans are omnivores orbit Path taken by an object in space as it moves around another object ores Minerals that are important sources of metals organ Group of tissues that form a body part designed for a specific job The heart is an organ organic matter Remains of dead plants and animals Organic matter is an important part of soil because it contains lots of nutrients organism Living thing that has a number of parts working together as a whole parasite Organism that lives on or inside another plant or animal, often harming it particle Very, very small bit of matter, such as an atom or a molecule repulsion Force that pushes objects apart The same ends (poles) of two magnets repel each other reservoir Place where water is collected and stored satellite Natural or man-made object that moves around another object The Moon is the Earth’s natural satellite Man-made satellites circle the Earth and send back information on things such as weather species Type of living thing that can breed with others of the same type spore Special cell made by organisms such as fungi Spores can grow into new organisms temperature Measure of how hot or cold things are tissue Group of cells that look and act the same Muscle is a type of tissue transpiration Evaporation of water from a plant into the atmosphere vacuum Place where there is nothing, not even air vertebrae Bones that link together to form an animal’s backbone or spine vertebrates Animals that have a backbone It was used in 1833, at The British Association for the Advancement of Science www.ebook3000.com 131 Reference section Index A air 53, 87, 108, 109 114, 116, 117 alloy 66 aluminium 63, 65, 111 amphibians 28, 29 animals 14, 26–27, 28–29, 30–31, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 72, 82, 108, 112, 116 communication 27 food 26, 47, 48 movement 26 reproduction 27, 30–31 arteries 36 astronauts 101 atmosphere 52, 99, 102, 116–117, 120 atoms 58–59, 60–61, 62, 63, 73 C carbohydrates 39, 41, 50 carbon dioxide 37, 48, 49, 50, 116 carbon 48, 49, 50, 51 61, 62, 63 D 132 Dead Sea 66, 113 deserts 23, 45, 107 diamonds 61 digestion 38–39, 40 dinosaurs 51 diseases 13, 17, 18 distillation 67 DNA 32 drought 115 E B backbone 14, 34 bacteria 16, 48, 70 Big Bang 94 birds 28, 29, 31, 87 black holes 97 blood 36, 112 bones 34, 84 breathing 37, 49, 116 butterflies 31 coal 76, 110 colour blindness 33 comets 98, 99 compounds 66, 67 concrete 71, 111 condensation 56, 61 conductors 54, 62, 77, 87 constellations 97 continents 103 convection 87 copper 63, 111 crystals 60, 105 carbon cycle 50–51 carnivores 26, 43 catkins 24 caves 106 cells 14, 16, 17, 32 chlorine 63, 65 chlorophyll 22 chromosomes 32 climate 44, 45 clouds 73, 118, 119 Earth 52, 88, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102–103, 104, 106, 112, 114, 116, 117 crust 102, 103, 104 magnetic field 78 structure 102–103 earthquakes 103 earthworms 42, 49, 109 echoes 85 eclipses 101 ecosystems 44–45 electricity 12, 73, 76–77, 119 electric circuits 77 static electricity 77, 89 electromagnets 79 elements 62–63, 64–65, 66 elephants 30, 31, 47 Index elephants 30, 31, 47 energy 72–73, 74–75, 76, 80–81 chemical energy 72, 74 electrical energy 73, 74, 75 energy changes 74–75 energy waves 80–81 heat energy 72, 74, 75, 86–87 light energy 72, 74, 82–83 movement (kinetic) energy 73, 74, 75 nuclear energy 59, 73, 120 saving energy 75 sound energy 74, 84–85 stored energy 72 estuaries 113 evaporation 57, 61, 67 exercise 40, 41 F fats 39, 40 fault lines 103 ferns 21 filtration 67 fish 28, 29, 31, 113 Fleming, Sir Alexander 19 floods 106, 107 food 39, 40, 48, 121 food chains 42–43 forces 78, 88–89, 90–91, 92, 93 fossil fuels 51, 72, 120 fossils 104 freezing 57, 60 fruit 25, 40 fungi 15, 18–19, 42 G galaxies 94, 95 gamma rays 81 gases 52, 53, 56, 61, 84, 110, 111, 116 gears 92 genes 32, 33 glaciers 106, 112 glass 111 global warming 120 gold 63, 64, 111 graphite 61, 105 grasslands 45, 46 gravity 88, 91, 98 greenhouse effect 116 greenhouse gases 120 groundwater 115 JK L joints 35 Jupiter 98, 99 kidneys 39 lakes 44, 112 lead 65 levers 92 light 81, 82–83 lightning 73, 77, 119 limestone 104, 106 liquids 52, 54, 56, 60, 84 liver 38 lungs 36, 37 H habitats 44, 47 hail 118, 119 halite 105 halogens 63, 65 health 13, 40–41 hearing 84, 85 heart 36 heat 86–87 helium 63 herbivores 26, 42 humus 108 hunting 46 hydrogen 97 hydrosphere 112 hygiene 42 I ice 56, 57, 106, 112, 119 infrared waves 80, 86 inheritance 32–33 insects 29 insulators 54, 77 intestines 38, 39 invertebrates 14, 28, 29 iron 56, 63, 67, 102, 111 133 www.ebook3000.com Reference section M machines 92–93 Maglev trains 79 magma 103, 104 magnetism 78–79 mammals 28, 30, 31, 112 Mars 98, 99 materials 70–71 matter 52–53, 54–55, 56–57 medicine 19 melting 57, 60 Mercury 99 mercury 56, 63 metals 56, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 111 meteors 99 microscopes 11, 16 microwaves 80 migration 47 minerals 39, 104–105, 108, 111 mixtures 66, 67 Mohs, Friedrich 55 molecules 58, 59, 60–61 Moon 88, 100–101 moss 21 motion 90–91 moulds 15, 18, 19 mountains 45, 103, 106, 114 mouth 38 muscles 26, 34, 35 mushrooms 15, 18 N nebulae 96 neon 65 Neptune 98, 99 nerves 26, 84 Newton, Sir Isaac 90 nickel 64, 102 nitrogen 48, 49, 116 nitrogen cycle 48 nutrients 18, 38, 42, 109 nylon 70 O oceans 44, 112, 113, 114 oesophagus 38 oil 50, 76, 110, 120 omnivores 26 organisms 14, 45, 47 oxygen 36, 37, 48, 49, 50, 116, 117 oxygen cycle 49 ozone layer 116 134 P penguins 31, 87 penicillin 19 Periodic Table 62–63 pewter 66 photosynthesis 22, 49 planes 93 planets 98–99 plants 15, 17, 20–21, 22–23, 24–25, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 108, 109, 116 food 22, 23, 48 reproduction 24–25 plasma 36, 52 plastic 12 polar regions 44, 112 pollen 24 proteins 39 pulleys 93 R radiation 86 radio waves 80 rain 106, 114, 115, 118, 119 rainforests 21 reactions 68–69 chemical reactions 66, 68–69, 70, 71 reading 41 reflections 83 reproduction 24–25, 30–31, 32 reptiles 28, 31 reservoirs 112, 115 resources 110–111 ribcage 34 rivers 44, 106, 112, 114 rocks 104–105, Index 106, 107 igneous rock 104 metamorphic rock 104 rock cycle 104 sedimentary rock 104 rust 71 S salts 66, 113 sand dunes 107 satellites 13, 118 Saturn 99 scavengers 43 screws 93 seashores 45 seaweed 20 separation 67 shadows 82 sight 83 silver 62, 64 skeleton 34 skull 34 sleep 41 snow 118 sodium 64 soil 42, 45, 51, 108–109 soil erosion 109 solar system 94, 95, 98–99, 102 solids 52, 56, 57, 84 sound 84–85 speed 91 stars 96–97, 98 stomach 38 storms 73, 119 sulphur 63 Sun 22, 42, 72, 78, 86, 88, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 116, 117, 118, 120 supernovae 96 suspension 66 T taste 39 Teflon 12 thunder 73, 119 tides 100 tin 65 titanium 63, 64 toadstools 15, 18 tornadoes 119 transpiration 23 transport 13, 76 truffles 19 tundra 44 twins 33 U V ultraviolet rays 81 Universe 94–95 Uranus 98, 99 vaccinations 17 vegetables 40 veins 36 velocity 91 Venus 99 vertebrates 14, 28 viruses 17 vitamins 39 volcanoes 55, 103, 106, 107 W water 40, 48, 49, 52, 58, 72, 87, 89, 108, 109, 110, 112–113 saving water 115 sea water 66 water cycle 114–115 water vapour 56, 57 waves 106 weather 118–119 wetlands 115 wheels 92 wind, 72, 107, 118, 119, 120 XYZ X-rays 81 yeasts 19 zinc 62 135 www.ebook3000.com Reference section Picture credits The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs: (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Alamy Images: 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Mucibabic 67br; Nikada 53br, 71br; nspimages 82br; Jurga R 74cla; Jan Rysavy 52b; Stephen Strathdee 21tr; Sylvanworks 69cl; Courtesy of Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company, Palmdale: 80bl, 85tr; NASA: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory / Carnegie Institution of Washington 127cl, The Hubble Heritage Team 126tc, JPL 117cra, 125bl, 126cra; 87bl, 96bl, 97tl, 101cl; GSFC 94br, 96c; JPL 94bc, 95cl, 95tc, 96tr, 97bl, 100c; JPL–Caltech/S Stolovy/Spitzer Space Telescope 95bl; MSFC 94tr; Skylab 98l; NHPA/ Photoshot: Stephen Dalton 90br; Photolibrary: 115c; BananaStock 62bl; Brand X 33cla; Corbis 33tr; Paul Kay/OSF 20tr; Photodisc 56bc, 119bl; Harold Taylor 43br; PunchStock: Paul Souders / Photodisc 128br; Digital Vision 31t; Science Photo Library: 18cr, 80br, 80-81, 116-117c; Samuel Ashfield 16c; BSIP, Chassenet 83tc, 83tl; Dr Jeremy Burgess 11tl; John Durham 19tr; Bernhard Edmaier 103tl; Vaughan Fleming 95cr, 105bl; Simon Fraser 79cl; Mark Garlick 96-97ca, 97tr; Gordon Garradd 96bc; Adam Gault 17cl; Steve Gschmeissner 22tr; Health Protection Agency 81br; Gary Hincks 116bl; Edward Kinsman 69br; Ted Kinsman 7bl; Mehau Kulyk 32cr; G Brad Lewis 55br; Dr Kari Lounatmaa 49cr; David Mack 16bl; Chris Madeley 78cr; Dr P Marazzi 38tl; Andrew J Martinez 100bc, 100br; Tony McConnell 73cr, 86cr; Astrid & HannsFrieder Michler 14c; Mark Miller 17fcl, 17tc, 17tl; Cordelia Molloy 78bl; NASA 95br, 117c; National Cancer Institute 36l; NREL/US Department of Energy 54br; Philippe Psaila 9bc; Rosenfeld Images Ltd 67tl; Francoise Sauze 82bl; Karsten Schneider 116br; Science Source 19tl; SPL 38bl; Andrew Syred 32c; Sheila Terry 109cl; US Geological Survey 8br; Geoff Williams 75cr; Dr Mark J Winter 53cra, 59cr; Shutterstock: 2happy 64br; Adisa 121c; Alfgar 79br; alle 24cb, 28tl; Andresi 7cr; Apollofoto 115bl; Matt Apps 106clb; Andrey Armyagov 9cra, 58bl; Orkhan Aslanov 13tl; Lara Barrett 26bl; Diego Barucco 101tr; Giovanni Benintende 5t, 96-97c; Claudio Bertoloni 7br, 81tr; Mircea Bezergheanu 118-119tl; Murat Boylu 58cb, 64crb; T Bradford 66tr; Melissa Brandes 104c; Karel Brož 14br; Buquet 37cl; Vladyslav Byelov 66bl; Michael Byrne 12b; Cheryl Casey 32cb; William Casey 4cr; cbpix 113c; Andraž Cerar 63cl; Bonita R Cheshier 60tr; Stephen Coburn 112-113cb; dani 92026 1; digitalife 4-5, 25cla, 122-123; Pichugin Dmitry 4bl, 26-27cb, 54clb, 107cr, 112-113ca; Denis Dryashkin 19cr; Neo Edmund 29crb; Alan Egginton 86c; Stasys Eidiejus 88tl; ELEN 56-57; Christopher Ewing 9cr; ExaMedia Photography 120tr; Martin Fischer 119cra; Flashon Studio 68bl; martiin fluidworkshop 82tl; Mark Gabrenya 2-3b, 22-23cb; Joe Gough 48l; Gravicapa 67tr; Julien Grondin 5c; Adam Gryko 48r, 49l; Péter Gudella 83clb; Bartosz Hadynlak 75cl; Jubal Harshaw 22br; Rose Hayes 47tc; Johann Hayman 42tr; Hannah Mariah/Barbara Helgason 71tc; Home Studio 60br, 61bl, 127b; Chris Howey 86, 120tl; Sebastian Kaulitzki 8cr, 38c, 38cb, 39bl; Eric Isselée 28br; Tomo Jesenicnik 64clb; Jhaz Photography 73bl; Ng Soo Jiun 21bl; Gail Johnson 43tr; Kameel4u 77cb; Nancy Kennedy 27tr; Stephan Kerkhofs 44c; Tan Kian Khoon 37bl; Kmitu 40bl; Dmitry Kosterev 101cr; Tamara Kulikova 62cb, 100bl, 119bc; Liga Lauzuma 42-43; Le Loft 1911 67bl; Chris LeBoutillier 73br, 92tr; Francisco Amaral Leitão 111br; Larisa Lofitskaya 25cr; luchschen 8bl; Robyn Mackenzie 69tl; Blazej Maksym 9tc; Hougaard Malan 22-23 (background); Rob Marmion 33br; Patricia Marroquin 5clb; mashe 14cr; Marek Mnich 69tc; Juriah Mosin 41tc; Brett Mulcahy 73tl; Ted Nad 76tr; Karl Naundorf 72cr; Cees Nooij 60bl; Thomas Nord 13br; Aron Ingi Ólason 44br; oorka 120cr; Orientaly 81tl; Orla 15tr; pandapaw 28cl; Anita Patterson Peppers 73tr, 82tr; Losevsky Pavel 80t; pcross 82cb; PhotoCreate 11cl; Jelena Popic 53tr, 55tl; Glenda M Powers 30tr; Lee Prince 77cr; Nikita Rogul 54bl; rpixs 92-93c; Sandra Rugina 115crb; sahua d 88bl; Izaokas Sapiro 78br; Kirill Savellev 106bl; Elena Schweitzer 12c; Serp 21cr, 71tr; Elisei Shafer 113br; Kanwarjit Singh Boparai7 90bl; Igor Smichkov 114cl; Carolina K Smith, M D 58cl; ultimathule 59tl; Snowleopard1 15br; Elena Solodovnikova 21br, 21cra; steamroller_blues 63br; James Steidl 8tl; teekaygee 26tl, 52-53, 87tl; Igor Terekhov 12cra; Leah-Anne Thompson 39tl; Mr TopGear 86bl; Tramper 108cb; Triff 87tr; Robert Paul van Beets 8bc; Specta 29bl; vnlit 14tr; Li Wa 8c; Linda Webb 6cra; R T Wohlstadter 117cr; Grzegorz Wolczyk 63cr; Feng Yu 86cra; Jurgen Ziewe 6br, 95crb, 98-99, 112br; SuperStock: age fotostock 10bl All other images © Dorling Kindersley For further information see: www.dkimages.com ... and bound in Hong Kong Contents What is science? 4–5 6–9 10–11 12–13 What is science? Advances in science Being a scientist Science and everyday life Life science 14–15 16–17 18–19 20–21 22–23... 11 What is science? Science and everyday life Science is not just used by experts working in laboratories It is part of all our lives From brushing your teeth to setting your alarm, science is... The water cycle The atmosphere Weather The energy crisis www.ebook3000.com What is science? What is science? Science is the search for truth and knowledge Scientists suggest explanations of why