Luận án Tiến sĩ vật lý: Hiệu ứng hạt vô hướng trong mô hình RandallSundrum

Chúng tôi thu được kết quả tiết diện tán xạ của một số quá trình tán xạ sinh ra đơn hạt Higgs, sinh cặp hạt vô hướng radionradion, HiggsHiggs và cặp kết hợp Higgsradion, đồng thời chỉ ra rằng khả năng thu tín hiệu của đơn hạt Higgs từ quá trình là lớn nhất trong các tán xạ mà luận án đã xét vì tương tác cặp hZZ là lớn hơn các tương tác khác. Trong quá trình trạng thái vô hướng cho đóng góp chính vào tiết diện tán xạ ứng với khối lượng radion cỡ 110 GeV.

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC SƯ PHẠM HÀ NỘI BÙI THỊ HÀ GIANG HIỆU ỨNG HẠT VƠ HƯỚNG TRONG MƠ HÌNH RANDALL-SUNDRUM LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ VẬT LÍ Hà Nội – Năm 2020 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC SƯ PHẠM HÀ NỘI BÙI THỊ HÀ GIANG HIỆU ỨNG HẠT VÔ HƯỚNG TRONG MƠ HÌNH RANDALL-SUNDRUM Chun ngành: Vật lí lí thuyết vật lí tốn Mã số: 9440103 LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ VẬT LÍ NGƯỜI HƯỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC: GS TS Đặng Văn Soa PGS TS Đào Thị Lệ Thủy Hà Nội – Năm 2020 ✐ ▲í✐ ❝❛♠ ✤♦❛♥ ❚ỉ✐ ①✐♥ ❝❛♠ r ự t ổ ữợ tr♦♥❣ ♠æ ❧➔ ❝æ♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ r✐➯♥❣ ❝õ❛ tæ✐✳ ❈→❝ sè ❧✐➺✉ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② tr♦♥❣ ❧✉➟♥ →♥ ❧➔ tr✉♥❣ tỹ ữủ ỗ t ữ tø♥❣ ✤÷đ❝ ❝ỉ♥❣ ❜è tr♦♥❣ ❜➜t ❝ù ❝ỉ♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ♥➔♦ ❦❤→❝✳ ❍➔ ◆ë✐✱ ♥❣➔② ✸✵ t❤→♥❣ ✶✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✶✾ ✐✐ ▼Ư❈ ▲Ư❈ ▲í✐ ❝❛♠ ✤♦❛♥ ✐ ▼ư❝ ❧ư❝ ✐✐ ❉❛♥❤ ♠ö❝ ❝→❝ tø ✈✐➳t t➢t ✈ ❉❛♥❤ ♠ö❝ ❝→❝ ❦➼ ❤✐➺✉ ❝ì ❜↔♥ ✈✐ ❉❛♥❤ ♠ư❝ ❝→❝ ❜↔♥❣ ✈✐✐ ❉❛♥❤ ỗ t é ❈❤÷ì♥❣ ✶✲ ❚✃◆● ◗❯❆◆ ❱➋ ▼➷ ❍➐◆❍ ❘❆◆❉❆▲▲✕❙❯◆❉❘❯▼ ❱⑨ ❱❾❚ ▲➑ ❯✲❍❸❚ ✶✳✶ ▼æ ❤➻♥❤ ❘❛♥❞❛❧❧✲❙✉♥❞r✉♠ ✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✶✳✶ ❚→❝ ❞ö♥❣ ❝õ❛ ♠æ ❤➻♥❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✶✳✷ ❑❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ ✈➟t ❧➼ ❝õ❛ tr÷í♥❣ ❍✐❣❣s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✶✳✸ ❈ì ❝❤➳ ●♦❧❞❜❡r❣❡r✕❲✐s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✶✳✹ ❑❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❝õ❛ tr÷í♥❣ ❝❤✉➞♥ ♣❤♦t♦♥✱ ❲✱ ❩ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✶✳✶✳✺ ❙ü trë♥ ❍✐❣❣s✲r❛❞✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✶✳✶✳✻ ữỡ t s r ợ trữớ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✶✳✶✳✼ ▼ët sè ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❣➛♥ ✤➙② ✷✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✐✐✐ ✶✳✷ ❱➟t ❧➼ ❯✲❤↕t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✶✳✷✳✶ ●✐ỵ✐ t❤✐➺✉ ✈➲ ❯✲❤↕t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✶✳✷✳✷ ❍➔♠ tr✉②➲♥ ✈➔ t÷ì♥❣ t→❝ ❤✐➺✉ ❞ư♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❯✲❤↕t ✈ỉ ữợ ởt số ự ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ❑➳t ❧✉➟♥ ❝❤÷ì♥❣ ✶ ❈❤÷ì♥❣ ✷✲ ▼❐❚ ❙➮ ◗❯⑩ ❚❘➐◆❍ ❙■◆❍ ❱⑨ ❘❶ ❍❸❚ ❱➷ ❍×❰◆● ✷✳✶ ◗✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ ✸✸ e+ e− → hZ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❚r÷í♥❣ ❤đ♣ ❝❤ò♠ e− , e+ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❚r÷í♥❣ ❤đ♣ ❝❤ò♠ e− , e+ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ ♣❤↔✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ❦❤æ♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ ✸✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❝ò♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ tr→✐ ❤♦➦❝ ❝ò♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❚r÷í♥❣ ❤đ♣ ❝❤ò♠ e− ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ tr→✐✱ ❝❤ò♠ e+ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ ♣❤↔✐ ✈➔ ♥❣÷đ❝ ❧↕✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✷ ◗✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ γe− → he− ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❚r÷í♥❣ ❤đ♣ ❝❤ò♠ e− ❦❤ỉ♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❚r÷í♥❣ ❤đ♣ ❝❤ò♠ e− ❜❛♥ ✤➛✉✱ ❝❤ò♠ e− ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ e− ❜❛♥ ✤➛✉ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ tr→✐✱ ❝❤ò♠ e+ e− → φφ/φh/hh ✷✳✸✳✶ ❚r÷í♥❣ ❤đ♣ ❝❤ò♠ e− , e+ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❚r÷í♥❣ ❤đ♣ ❝❤ò♠ e− , e+ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ ♣❤↔✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❦❤æ♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ e− ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ tr→✐✱ ❝❤ò♠ e+ ✺✶ ✺✷ ✺✼ ✺✽ γγ → φφ/φh/hh ✻✵ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ ♣❤↔✐ ✈➔ ♥❣÷đ❝ ❧↕✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✹ ◗✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ ✺✵ ❝ò♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ tr→✐ ❤♦➦❝ ❝ò♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✸✳✸ ❚r÷í♥❣ ❤đ♣ ❝❤ò♠ ✺✵ e− t↕♦ t❤➔♥❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ ♣❤↔✐ ✈➔ ♥❣÷đ❝ ❧↕✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✸ ◗✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ ✹✺ t↕♦ t❤➔♥❤ ❝ò♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ tr→✐ ❤♦➦❝ ❝ò♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ ♣❤↔✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❚r÷í♥❣ ❤đ♣ ❝❤ò♠ ✸✾ ✻✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ tr r t ổ ữợ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✐✈ ✷✳✺✳✶ ❇➲ rë♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ r➣ ❝õ❛ ♠ët sè q✉→ tr➻♥❤ r t ổ ữợ t q t ✈➔ t❤↔♦ ❧✉➟♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ❑➳t ❧✉➟♥ ❝❤÷ì♥❣ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ữỡ P ế ì ❚❘❖◆● ▼❐❚ ❙➮ ◗❯⑩ ❚❘➐◆❍ ❚⑩◆ ❳❸ ✸✳✶ ◗✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ e+ e− → hh/φφ ✸✳✷ ◗✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ ✽✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ γγ → hh/φφ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✸✳✸ ◗✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ gg → hh/φφ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✸✳✹ ◗✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ e+ e− → U h/U φ ✸✳✺ ◗✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ γγ → U h/U φ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✸✳✻ ◗✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ gg → U h/U φ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ❑➳t ❧✉➟♥ ❝❤÷ì♥❣ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ❑➌❚ ▲❯❾◆ ✶✶✵ ❉❆◆❍ ▼Ö❈ ❈⑩❈ ❈➷◆● ❚❘➐◆❍ ✣❶ ❈➷◆● ❇➮ ▲■➊◆ ◗❯❆◆ ✣➌◆ ✣➋ ❚⑨■ ▲❯❾◆ ⑩◆ ✶✶✸ ❚⑨■ ▲■➏❯ ❚❍❆▼ ❑❍❷❖ ✶✶✹ P❍Ö ▲Ö❈ ❆ ✶✷✺ P❍Ö ▲Ö❈ ❇ ✶✷✼ P❍Ư ▲Ư❈ ❈ ✶✸✵ ✈ ❉❛♥❤ ♠ư❝ ❝→❝ tø ✈✐➳t t➢t ❱✐➳t t➢t ❚ø ✈✐➳t t➢t ❙▼ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❑❑ ❑❛❧✉③❛✲❑❧❡✐♥ ❘❙ ❘❛♥❞❛❧❧✲❙✉♥❞r✉♠ ■❘ ■♥❢r❛r❡❞ ❯❱ ❆❉❉ ●❲ ❇❩ ❯❧tr❛✈✐♦❧❡t ❆r❦❛♥✐ ❍❛♠❡❞✱ ❉✐♠♦♣♦✉❧♦s✱ ❉✈❛❧✐ ●♦❧❞❜❡r❣❡r✲❲✐s❡ ❇❛♥❦s✲❩❛❦s ▲❊P ▲❛r❣❡ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✕P♦s✐tr♦♥ ❈♦❧❧✐❞❡r ▲❍❈ ▲❛r❣❡ ❍❛❞r♦♥ ❈♦❧❧✐❞❡r ■▲❈ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❈♦❧❧✐❞❡r ▲❙P ▲✐❣❤t❡st ❙✉♣❡rs②♠♠❡tr✐❝ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❈▲■❈ ▼❙❙▼ ❈♦♠♣❛❝t ▲✐♥❡❛r ❈♦❧❧✐❞❡r ▼✐♥✐♠❛❧ ❙✉♣❡rs②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✈✐ ❉❛♥❤ ♠ư❝ ❝→❝ ❦➼ ❤✐➺✉ ❝ì ❜↔♥ ❑➼ ❤✐➺✉ ❚➯♥ ❣å✐ √ s ◆➠♥❣ ❧÷đ♥❣ t→♥ ①↕ mh ❑❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❍✐❣❣s mφ ❑❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❝õ❛ r❛❞✐♦♥ pi ❳✉♥❣ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❤↕t tr↕♥❣ t❤→✐ ✤➛✉ ki ❳✉♥❣ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❤↕t t↕♦ t❤➔♥❤ Λφ ●✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝❤➙♥ ❦❤æ♥❣ ❝õ❛ r❛❞✐♦♥ → − − (→ p 1, k 1) ψ ●â❝ t→♥ ①↕ ❤ñ♣ ❜ð✐ ξ ❚❤æ♥❣ sè trë♥ σ ❚✐➳t ❞✐➺♥ t→♥ ①↕ t♦➔♥ ♣❤➛♥ Γ ❇➲ rë♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ r➣ dU ❚❤ù ♥❣✉②➯♥ t➾ ❧➺ ❝õ❛ t♦→♥ tû ❯✲❤↕t ΛU ❚❤❛♥❣ ♥➠♥❣ ❧÷đ♥❣ L ✣ë tr÷♥❣ ❝õ❛ ♠→② ❣✐❛ tè❝ Pi ❍➺ sè ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ ✈✐✐ ❉❛♥❤ ♠ö❝ ❝→❝ ❜↔♥❣ ✷✳✶ ❚✐➳t ❞✐➺♥ t ự ợ ởt số tr trữớ ❤ñ♣ P1 = P = ð ♠→② ❣✐❛ tè❝ ■▲❈✳ √ s ✈➔ Λφ tr♦♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✷✳✷ ❇➲ rë♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ r➣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❦➯♥❤ r➣ ❍✐❣❣s ❦❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ ✶✷✺ ●❡❱ r❛ γγ, gg ù♥❣ ✈ỵ✐ ♠ët sè ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ ❦❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ r❛❞✐♦♥ t❤ỉ♥❣ sè trë♥ ξ✳ mφ ✈➔ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✷✳✸ ❇➲ rë♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ r➣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❦➯♥❤ r➣ ❍✐❣❣s ❦❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ ✶✷✺ ●❡❱ r❛ e− e+ , µ− µ+ , τ − τ + ù♥❣ ✈ỵ✐ ♠ët sè ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ ❦❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ r❛❞✐♦♥ mφ ✈➔ t❤ỉ♥❣ sè trë♥ ξ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✷✳✹ ❇➲ rë♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ r➣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❦➯♥❤ r➣ ❍✐❣❣s ❦❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ ✶✷✺ ●❡❱ r❛ uu, dd, cc, bb, ss mφ ù♥❣ ✈ỵ✐ ♠ët sè ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ ❦❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ r❛❞✐♦♥ ✈➔ t❤ỉ♥❣ sè trë♥ ξ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✺ ❇➲ rë♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ r➣ ❝õ❛ ❦➯♥❤ r➣ ❍✐❣❣s ❦❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ ✶✷✺ ●❡❱ r❛ ù♥❣ ✈ỵ✐ ♠ët sè ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ ❦❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ r❛❞✐♦♥ trë♥ ξ sè ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ ❦❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ r❛❞✐♦♥ mφ γγ, gg ✈➔ t❤ỉ♥❣ sè ✼✻ ù♥❣ ✈ỵ✐ ♠ët ✈➔ t❤ỉ♥❣ sè trë♥ ✷✳✼ ❇➲ rë♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ r➣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❦➯♥❤ r➣ r❛❞✐♦♥ r❛ ξ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ e− e+ , µ− µ+ , τ − τ + ù♥❣ ✈ỵ✐ ♠ët sè ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ ❦❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ r❛❞✐♦♥ ξ✳ φφ ❂ ✶✴✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✻ ❇➲ rë♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ r➣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❦➯♥❤ r➣ r❛❞✐♦♥ r❛ trë♥ mφ ✼✻ mφ ✈➔ t❤æ♥❣ sè ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✈✐✐✐ ✷✳✽ ❇➲ rë♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ r➣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❦➯♥❤ r➣ r❛❞✐♦♥ r❛ ù♥❣ ✈ỵ✐ ♠ët sè ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ ❦❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ r❛❞✐♦♥ trë♥ ξ✳ uu, dd, cc, bb, ss mφ ✈➔ t❤æ♥❣ sè ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✸✳✶ ❇↔♥❣ ❣✐→ trà t✐➳t ❞✐➺♥ t→♥ ①↕ t♦➔♥ ♣❤➛♥ ❦❤✐ ❝â ✤â♥❣ õ t ổ ữợ tr q tr t e+ e− → hh/φφ tr➯♥ ♠→② ❣✐❛ tè❝ ■▲❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✸✳✷ ❇↔♥❣ ❣✐→ trà t✐➳t ❞✐➺♥ t→♥ ①↕ t♦➔♥ ♣❤➛♥ ❦❤✐ ❝â ✤â♥❣ ❣â♣ ❝õ❛ t ổ ữợ tr q tr t hh/φφ tr➯♥ ♠→② ❣✐❛ tè❝ ❈▲■❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✸✳✸ ❇↔♥❣ ❣✐→ trà t✐➳t ❞✐➺♥ t→♥ ①↕ t♦➔♥ ♣❤➛♥ ❦❤✐ ❝â ✤â♥❣ ❣â♣ ❝õ❛ ❯✲❤↕t ổ ữợ tr q tr t gg hh/ tr➯♥ ♠→② ❣✐❛ tè❝ ❈▲■❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✸✳✹ ❇↔♥❣ ❣✐→ trà t✐➳t ❞✐➺♥ t→♥ ①↕ t♦➔♥ ♣❤➛♥ ❝õ❛ q✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ e+ e− → U h/U φ tr➯♥ ♠→② ❣✐❛ tè❝ ■▲❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✸✳✺ ❇↔♥❣ ❣✐→ trà t✐➳t ❞✐➺♥ t→♥ ①↕ t♦➔♥ ♣❤➛♥ ❝õ❛ q✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ γγ → U h/U φ tr➯♥ ♠→② ❣✐❛ tè❝ ❈▲■❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✸✳✻ ❇↔♥❣ ❣✐→ trà t✐➳t ❞✐➺♥ t→♥ ①↕ t♦➔♥ ♣❤➛♥ ❝õ❛ q✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ gg → U h/U φ tr➯♥ ♠→② ❣✐❛ tè❝ ❈▲■❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✶✶✻ ✷✵✳ ❉✳ ❱✳ ❙♦❛✱ ❚❛❦❡♦ ■♥❛♠✐ ❛♥❞ ❍✳ ◆✳ ▲♦♥❣ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ✧❇✐❧❡♣t♦♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ e− γ ❝♦❧❧✐s✐♦♥s✧✱ ❊✉r✳ P❤②s✳ ❏✳ ❈ ✸✹✱ ✷✽✺✳ ✷✶✳ ❉✳ ❲✳ ❏✉♥❣✱ P✳ ❑♦ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ ✧❍✐❣❣s✲❞✐❧❛t♦♥✭r❛❞✐♦♥✮ s②st❡♠ ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ▲❍❈ ❍✐❣❣s ❞❛t❛✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✼✸✷✱ ✸✻✹✳ ✷✷✳ ❊✳ ❇♦♦s✱ ❙✳ ❑❡✐③❡r♦✈✱ ❊✳ ❘❛❦❤♠❡t♦✈✱ ❑✳ ❙✈✐r✐♥❛ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ ✧❍✐❣❣s ❜♦s♦♥✲ r❛❞✐♦♥ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ✐♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ♦❢❢✲s❤❡❧❧ ❢❡r♠✐♦♥s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✾✵✱ ✵✾✺✵✷✻✳ ✷✸✳ ❊✳ ❇♦♦s✱ ❙✳ ❑❡✐③❡r♦✈✱ ❊✳ ❘❛❦❤♠❡t♦✈✱ ❑✳ ❙✈✐r✐♥❛ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✱ ✧❈♦♠♣❛r✐✲ s♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ❍✐❣❣s ❜♦s♦♥✲r❛❞✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❍✐❣❣s ❜♦s♦♥ ♣❛✐r ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✾✹✱ ✵✷✹✵✹✼✳ ✷✹✳ ❊✳ ❊✳ ❇♦♦s✱ ❱✳ ❊✳ ❇✉♥✐❝❤❡✈✱ ▼✳ ❆✳ P❡r❢✐❧♦✈✱ ▼✳ ◆✳ ❙♠♦❧②❛❦♦✈✱ ■✳ P✳ ❱♦❧♦❜✉❡✈ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✱ ✧❍✐❣❣s✲r❛❞✐♦♥ ♠✐①✐♥❣ ✐♥ st❛❜✐❧✐③❡❞ ❜r❛♥❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ♠♦❞✲ ❡❧s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✾✷✱ ✵✾✺✵✶✵✳ ✷✺✳ ❊✳ ❖✳ ■❧t❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✱ ✧❯♥♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♣❤②s✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❧❡♣t♦♥ ❢❧❛✈♦r ✈✐♦❧❛t✐♥❣ r❛✲ ❞✐♦♥ ❞❡❝❛②s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘❛♥❞❛❧❧✲❙✉♥❞r✉♠ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✧✱ ❊✉r✳P❤②s✳❏✳❈ ✺✻✱ ✶✵✺✳ ✷✻✳ ❋✳ ❆❜✉✲❆❥❛♠✐❡❤ ✭✷✵✶✽✮✱ ✧❚❤❡ ❘❛❞✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ ❉❛r❦ ▼❛tt❡r ❈❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡✧✱ ■♥t✳ ❏✳ ▼♦❞✳ P❤②s✳ ❆ ✸✸✱ ◆♦✳✷✹✱ ✶✽✺✵✶✹✹✳ ✷✼✳ ●✳ ❆❛❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ ✧❙❡❛r❝❤ ❢♦r ❙❝❛❧❛r ❉✐♣❤♦t♦♥ ❘❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ▼❛ss ❘❛♥❣❡ ✻✺✕✻✵✵ ●❡❱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❆❚▲❆❙ ❉❡t❡❝t♦r ✐♥ ❉❛t❛ ❛t √ s ❂ ✽ ❚❡❱✧✱ ❆❚▲❆❙ ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥✱ P❤②s✳ pp ❈♦❧❧✐s✐♦♥ ❘❡✈✳ ▲❡tt ✶✶✸✱ ◆♦ ✶✼✱ ✶✼✶✽✵✶✳ ✷✽✳ ●✳ ❆❛❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ✧❖❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❛r❝❤ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❍✐❣❣s ❜♦s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❆❚▲❆❙ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❛t t❤❡ ▲❍❈✧✱ ❆❚▲❆❙ ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✼✶✻✱ ✶✳ ✶✶✼ ✷✾✳ ●✳ ❈✳ ❈❤♦✱ ❉✳ ◆♦♠✉r❛✱ ❨✳ ❖❤♥♦ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ✧❈♦♥str❛✐♥ts ♦♥ r❛❞✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ✇❛r♣❡❞ ❡①tr❛ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢r♦♠ ❍✐❣❣s ❜♦s♦♥ s❡❛r❝❤❡s ❛t t❤❡ ▲❍❈✧✱ ▼♦❞✳ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❆ ✷✽✱ ✶✸✺✵✶✹✽✳ ✸✵✳ ●✳ ❈✳ ❈❤♦ ❛♥❞ ❨✳ ❖❤♥♦ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ ✧Pr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝❛② ♦❢ r❛❞✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❘❛♥❞❛❧❧✲❙✉♥❞r✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛t ❛ ♣❤♦t♦♥ ❝♦❧❧✐❞❡r✧✱ ▼♦❞✳ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❆ ✷✾✱ ◆♦✳✷✼✱ ✶✹✺✵✶✸✻✳ ✸✶✳ ●✳ ❋✳ ●✐✉❞✐❝❡✱ ❘✳ ❘❛tt❛③③✐ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ❉✳ ❲❡❧❧s ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ✧●r❛✈✐s❝❛❧❛rs ❢r♦♠ ❤✐❣❤❡r✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡tr✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❝✉r✈❛t✉r❡✲❍✐❣❣s ♠✐①✐♥❣✧✱ ◆✉❝❧✳ P❤②s✳ ❇ ✺✾✺✱ ✷✺✵✳ ✸✷✳ ❍✳ ❆❜r❛♠♦✇✐❝③ ❡t✳❛❧ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✱ ✧❍✐❣❣s P❤②s✐❝s ❛t t❤❡ ❈▲■❈ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✲ P♦s✐tr♦♥ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❈♦❧❧✐❞❡r✧✱ ❊✉r✳ P❤②s✳ ❏✳ ❈ ✼✼✱ ✹✼✺✳ ✸✸✳ ❍✳ ❉❛✈♦✉❞✐❛s❧✱ ❏✳ ▲✳ ❍❡✇❡tt ❛♥❞ ❚✳ ●✳ ❘✐③③♦ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ✧P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❘❛♥❞❛❧❧✲❙✉♥❞r✉♠ ●❛✉❣❡ ❍✐❡r❛r❝❤② ▼♦❞❡❧✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ▲❡tt ✽✹✱ ✷✵✽✵✳ ✸✹✳ ❍✳ ❉❛✈♦✉❞✐❛s❧✱ ❏✳ ▲✳ ❍❡✇❡tt ❛♥❞ ❚✳ ●✳ ❘✐③③♦ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ✧❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣r♦❜❡s ♦❢ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❡❞ ❣r❛✈✐t②✿ ❖♥ ❛♥❞ ♦❢❢ t❤❡ ✇❛❧❧✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✻✸✱ ✵✼✺✵✵✹✳ ✸✺✳ ❍✳ ❉❛✈♦✉❞✐❛s❧✱ ❏✳ ▲✳ ❍❡✇❡tt ❛♥❞ ❚✳ ●✳ ❘✐③③♦ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ✧❇✉❧❦ ●❛✉❣❡ ❋✐❡❧❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘❛♥❞❛❧❧✲❙✉♥❞r✉♠ ▼♦❞❡❧✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✹✼✸✱ ✹✸✳ ✸✻✳ ❍✳ ●❡♦r❣✐ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ✧❯♥♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ P❤②s❝✐s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ▲❡tt✳ ✾✽✱ ✷✷✶✻✵✶✳ ✸✼✳ ❍✳ ●❡♦r❣✐ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ✧❆♥♦t❤❡r ❖❞❞ ❚❤✐♥❣ ❆❜♦✉t ❯♥♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ P❤②s✐❝s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✻✺✵✱ ✷✼✺✳ ✸✽✳ ❍✳ ❑✉❜♦t❛✱ ▼✳ ◆♦❥✐r✐ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ ✧Pr♦s♣❡❝t ❢♦r ❙t✉❞② ♦❢ ❘❛♥❞❛❧❧✲❙✉♥❞r✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢r♦♠ ❍✐❣❣s ❞❡❝❛② ❛t ❢✉t✉r❡ ❝♦❧❧✐❞❡rs✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✾✵✱ ✵✸✺✵✵✻✳ ✶✶✽ ✸✾✳ ❍✳ ◆❛❦❛❞❛✱ ❙✳ ❱✳ ❑❡t♦✈ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✱ ✧❘❛♥❞❛❧❧✲❙✉♥❞r✉♠ ❜r❛♥❡✲✇♦r❧❞ ✐♥ ♠♦❞✐❢✐❡❞ ❣r❛✈✐t②✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✾✹✱ ✶✵✸✺✵✸✳ ✹✵✳ ❍✳ ❩❤❛♥❣✱ ❈✳ ❙✳ ▲✐ ❛♥❞ ❩✳ ▲✐ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ✧❯♥♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♣❤②s✐❝s ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✲ s②♠♠❡tr② ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✼✻✱ ✶✶✻✵✵✸✳ ✹✶✳ ■✳ ❋✳ ●✐♥③❜✉r❣✱ ●✳ ▲✳ ❑♦t❦✐♥✱ ❙✳ ▲✳ P❛♥❢✐❧✱ ❱✳ ●✳ ❙❡r❜♦ ❛♥❞ ❱✳ ■✳ ❚❡❧♥♦✈ ✭✶✾✽✹✮✱ ✧❈♦❧❧✐❞✐♥❣ γe ❛♥❞ γγ ❜❡❛♠s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ s✐♥❣❧❡✲♣❛ss e+ e− ❛❝❝❡❧❡r✲ ❛t♦rs ■■✳ P♦❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❡❢❢❡❝ts✱ ♠♦♥♦❝❤r♦♠❛t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t✧ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✳ ❛♥❞ ▼❡t❤✳ ✷✶✾✱ ✺❀ ❱✳ ■✳ ❚❡❧♥♦✈ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ✧❙t❛t✉s ♦❢ ❣❛♠♠❛✲❣❛♠♠❛✱ ❣❛♠♠❛✲❡❧❡❝tr♦♥ ❝♦❧❧✐❞❡rs✧✱ ◆✉❝❧✳ P❤②s✳ Pr♦❝✳ ❙✉♣♣❧✳ ✽✷✱ ✸✺✾✳ ✹✷✳ ❏✳ ❋✳ ●✉♥✐♦♥✱ ▼✳ ❚♦❤❛r✐❛ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ❉✳ ❲❡❧❧s ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ✧Pr❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❡❧❡❝✲ tr♦✇❡❛❦ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠✐①❡❞ ❘❛❞✐♦♥✲❍✐❣❣s s❡❝t♦r ♦❢ ✇❛r♣❡❞ ❡①tr❛ ❞✐✲ ♠❡♥s✐♦♥s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✺✽✺✱ ✷✾✺✳ ✹✸✳ ❏✳ ▼✳ ▼❛❧❞❛❝❡♥❛ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✱ ✧❚❤❡ ▲❛r❣❡ ◆ ▲✐♠✐t ♦❢ ❙✉♣❡r❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❋✐❡❧❞ ❚❤❡♦r✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❙✉♣❡r❣r❛✈✐t②✧✱ ❆❞✈✳ ❚❤❡♦r✳ ▼❛t❤✳ P❤②s✳✷✱ ✷✸✶✳ ✹✹✳ ■✳ ❙❛❤✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❇✳ ❙❛❤✐♥ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✱ ✧❯♥♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ P❤②s✐❝s ✐♥ t❤❡ ▼♦❧❧❡r ❙❝❛t✲ t❡r✐♥❣✧✱ ❊✉r✳ P❤②s✳ ❏✳ ❈ ✺✺✱ ✸✷✺✳ ✹✺✳ ❑✳ ❆❣❛s❤❡✱ ❆✳ ❉❡❧❣❛❞♦✱ ▼✳❏✳ ▼❛② ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❙✉♥❞r✉♠ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ✏❘❙✶✱ ❝✉s✲ t♦❞✐❛❧ ✐s♦s♣✐♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥ t❡sts✑✱ ❏❍❊P ✵✸✵✽✱ ✵✺✵✳ ✹✻✳ ❑✳ ❆❣❛s❤❡✱ ❘✳ ❈♦♥t✐♥♦ ❛♥❞ ❆✳ P♦♠❛r♦❧ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ✏❚❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t❡ ❍✐❣❣s ♠♦❞❡❧✑✱ ◆✉❝❧✳ P❤②s✳ ❇ ✼✶✾✱ ✶✻✺✳ ✹✼✳ ❑✳ ❆❣❛s❤❡ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❈♦♥t✐♥♦ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ✏❚❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t❡ ❍✐❣❣s ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❡❧❡❝tr♦✇❡❛❦ ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥ t❡sts✑✱ ◆✉❝❧✳ P❤②s✳ ❇ ✼✹✷✱ ✺✾✳ ✹✽✳ ❑✳ ❈❤❡✉♥❣ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ✧P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❘❛❞✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❘❛♥❞❛❧❧✲❙✉♥❞r✉♠ ❙❝❡♥❛r✐♦✧✱ P❤②s✳❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✻✸✱ ✵✺✻✵✵✼✳ ✶✶✾ ✹✾✳ ❑✳ ❈❤❡✉♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❚✲❈✳ ❨✉❛♥ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ✧❈♦✉❧❞ t❤❡ ❡①❝❡ss s❡❡♥ ❛t ✶✷✹✲✶✷✻ ●❡❱ ❜❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❘❛♥❞❛❧❧✲❙✉♥❞r✉♠ ❘❛❞✐♦♥❄✧✱ P❤②s✳❘❡✈✳▲❡tt✳ ✶✵✽✱ ✶✹✶✻✵✷✳ ✺✵✳ ❑✳ ❈❤❡✉♥❣✱ ❲✲❨✳ ❑❡✉♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❚✲❈✳ ❨✉❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ✧❈♦❧❧✐❞❡r ❙✐❣♥❛❧s ♦❢ ❯♥♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ P❤②s✐❝s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ✾✾✱ ✵✺✶✽✵✸✳ ✺✶✳ ❑✳ ❈❤❡✉♥❣✱ ❲✲❨✳ ❑❡✉♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❚✲❈✳ ❨✉❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ✧❈♦❧❧✐❞❡r ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧✲ ♦❣② ♦❢ ✉♥♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♣❤②s✐❝s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✼✻✱ ✵✺✺✵✵✸✳ ✺✷✳ ❑✳ ❖❞❛ ❛♥❞ ❆✳ ❲❡✐❧❡r ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ✏❲✐❧s♦♥ ▲✐♥❡s ✐♥ ❲❛r♣❡❞ ❙♣❛❝❡✿ ❉②♥❛♠✲ ✐❝❛❧ ❙②♠♠❡tr② ❇r❡❛❦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❘❡st♦r❛t✐♦♥✑✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✻✵✻✱ ✹✵✽✳ ✺✸✳ ▲✳ ❘❛♥❞❛❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❘✳❙✉♥❞r✉♠ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✱ ✧❆ ▲❛r❣❡ ❍✐❡r❛❝❤② ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❙♠❛❧❧ ❊①tr❛ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ▲❡tt✳ ✽✸✱ ✸✸✼✵✳ ✺✹✳ ▼✳ ❆✳ ❙t❡♣❤❛♥♦✈ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ✧❉❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✉♥♣❛rt✐❝❧❡s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✼✻✱ ✵✸✺✵✵✽✳ ✺✺✳ ▼✳ ❇❛tt❛❣❧✐❛✱ ❙✳ ❉❡ ❈✉rt✐s✱ ❆✳ ❉❡ ❘♦❡❝❦✱ ❉✳ ❉♦♠✐♥✐❝✐ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ❋✳ ●✉♥✐♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ✧❖♥ t❤❡ ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐t② ♦❢ ❍✐❣❣s ❛♥❞ ❘❛❞✐♦♥ ❙❡❛r❝❤❡s ❛t ▲❍❈✧✱ P❤②s✳▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✺✻✽✱ ✾✷✳ ✺✻✳ ▼✳❈✳ ❑✉♠❛r✱ P✳ ▼❛t❤❡✇s✱ ❱✳❘❛✈✐♥❞r❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❆✳❚r✐♣❛t❤✐ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✱ ✧❯♥✲ ♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♣❤②s✐❝s ✐♥ ❞✐♣❤♦t♦♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❈❊❘◆ ▲❍❈✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✼✼✱ ✵✺✺✵✶✸✳ ✺✼✳ ▼✳ ❈❛r❡♥❛✱ ❊✳ P♦♥t♦♥✱ ❏✳ ❙❛♥t✐❛❣♦ ❛♥❞ ❈✳❊✳▼✳ ❲❛❣♥❡r ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ✏❊❧❡❝✲ tr♦✇❡❛❦ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥s ♦♥ ✇❛r♣❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇✐t❤ ❝✉st♦❞✐❛❧ s②♠♠❡tr②✑✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✼✻✱ ✵✸✺✵✵✻✳ ✺✽✳ ▼✳ ❈❤❛✐❝❤✐❛♥✱ ❆✳ ❉❛tt❛✱ ❑✳ ❍✉✐t✉ ❛♥❞ ❩✳ ❤✳ ❨✉ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ✧❘❛❞✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❍✐❣❣s ♠✐①✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ▲❍❈✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✺✷✹✱ ✶✻✶✳ ✶✷✵ ✺✾✳ ▼✳ ❋r❛♥❦✱ ❑✳ ❍✉✐t✉✱ ❯✳ ▼❛✐tr❛✱ ▼✳ P❛tr❛ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✱ ✧Pr♦❜✐♥❣ ❍✐❣❣s✲ r❛❞✐♦♥ ♠✐①✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✇❛r♣❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧s t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② s❡❛r❝❤❡s ❛t t❤❡ ▲❍❈ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ■▲❈✧✱ P❤②s✳❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✾✹✱ ✵✺✺✵✶✻✳ ✻✵✳ ▼✳ ●❡❧❧❡r✱ ❙✳ ❇❛r✲❙❤❛❧♦♠✱ ❆✳ ❙♦♥✐ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ ✧❍✐❣❣s✲r❛❞✐♦♥ ✉♥✐❢✐❝❛t✐♦♥✿ ❘❛❞✐✉s st❛❜✐❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❜② ❛♥ ❙❯✭✷✮ ❜✉❧❦ ❞♦✉❜❧❡t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✶✷✻ ●❡❱ s❝❛❧❛r✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉✱ ✽✾✱ ✵✾✺✵✶✺✳ ✻✶✳ ▼✳ ◗✉✐r♦s ✭✷✵✶✺✮✱ ✧❍✐❣❣s ❜♦s♦♥s ✐♥ ❡①tr❛ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s✧✱ ▼♦❞✳ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt ❆ ✸✵✭✶✺✮✱ ✶✺✹✵✵✶✷✳ ✻✷✳ ▼✳ ❚♦❤❛r✐❛ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ ✧❍✐❣❣s✲❘❛❞✐♦♥ ▼✐①✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❊♥❤❛♥❝❡❞ ❉✐✲P❤♦t♦♥ ❙✐❣♥❛❧✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✼✾✱ ✵✶✺✵✵✾✳ ✻✸✳ ◆✳ ❆r❦❛♥✐✲❍❛♠❡❞✱ ❙✳ ❉✐♠♦♣♦✉❧♦s ❛♥❞ ●✳ ❘✳ ❉✈❛❧✐ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✱ ✧❚❤❡ ❍✐❡r✲ ❛r❝❤② Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ❛♥❞ ◆❡✇ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s ❛t ❛ ▼✐❧❧✐♠❡t❡r✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✹✷✾✱ ✷✻✸✳ ✻✹✳ ◆✳ ❆r❦❛♥✐✲❍❛♠❡❞✱ ❙✳ ❉✐♠♦♣♦✉❧♦s ❛♥❞ ●✳ ❘✳ ❉✈❛❧✐ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✱ ✧P❤❡✲ ♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ❛str♦♣❤②s✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❝♦s♠♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ t❤❡♦r✐❡s ✇✐t❤ s✉❜✲ ▼✐❧❧✐♠❡t❡r ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❱ s❝❛❧❡ q✉❛♥t✉♠ ❣r❛✈✐t②✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✺✾✱ ✵✽✻✵✵✹✳ ✻✺✳ ◆✳ ❉❡s❛✐✱ ❯✳ ▼❛✐tr❛✱ ❇✳ ▼✉❦❤♦♣❛❞❤②❛②❛ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ✧❆♥ ✉♣❞❛t❡❞ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ r❛❞✐♦♥ ✲ ❍✐❣❣s ♠✐①✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♦❢ ▲❍❈ ❞❛t❛✧✱ ❏❍❊P ✷✵✶✸✱ ✵✾✸✳ ✻✻✳ ◆✳ ●r❡✐♥❡r ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ✧❈♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❖♥ ❯♥♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ P❤②s✐❝s ■♥ ❊❧❡❝tr♦✇❡❛❦ ●❛✉❣❡ ❇♦s♦♥ ❙❝❛tt❡r✐♥❣✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✻✺✸✱ ✼✺✳ ✻✼✳ P✳ ▼❛t❤❡✇s ❛♥❞ ❱✳ ❘❛✈✐♥❞r❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ✧❯♥♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♣❤②s✐❝s ❛t ❤❛❞r♦♥ ❝♦❧❧✐❞❡r ✈✐❛ ❞✐❧❡♣t♦♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✻✺✼✱ ✶✾✽✳ ✶✷✶ ✻✽✳ ❘✳ ❇❛r❛t❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ✧▲❊P ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❣r♦✉♣ ❢♦r ❍✐❣❣s ❜♦s♦♥ s❡❛r❝❤❡s ❛♥❞ ❆▲❊P❍ ❛♥❞ ❉❊▲P❍■ ❛♥❞ ▲✸ ❛♥❞ ❖P❆▲ ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✺✻✺✱ ✻✶✳ ✻✾✳ ❘✳ ❈♦♥t✐♥♦✱ ❨✳ ◆♦♠✉r❛ ❛♥❞ ❆✳ P♦♠❛r♦❧ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ✏❍✐❣❣s ❛s ❛ ❤♦❧♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ♣s❡✉❞♦✲●♦❧❞st♦♥❡ ❜♦s♦♥✑✱ ◆✉❝❧✳ P❤②s✳ ❇ ✻✼✶✱ ✶✹✽✳ ✼✵✳ ❙✳ ❇❛❡✱ P✳ ❑♦✱ ❍✳ ❙✳ ▲❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ▲❡❡ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ✧P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛❞✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘❛♥❞❛❧❧✲❙✉♥❞r✉♠ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ❛t ❝♦❧❧✐❞❡rs✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✹✽✼✱ ✷✾✾✳ ✼✶✳ ❙✳ ❇❤❛tt❛❝❤❛r②❛✱ ▼✳ ❋r❛♥❦✱ ❑✳ ❍✉✐t✉✱ ❯✳ ▼❛✐tr❛✱ ❇✳ ▼✉❦❤♦♣❛❞❤②❛②❛✱ ❙✳ ❑✳ ❘❛✐ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✱ ✧Pr♦❜✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧✐❣❤t r❛❞✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❞✐♣❤♦t♦♥s ❛t t❤❡ ▲❛r❣❡ ❍❛❞r♦♥ ❈♦❧❧✐❞❡r✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✾✶✱ ✵✶✻✵✵✽✳ ✼✷✳ ❙✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡✱ ❋✳ ●♦❡rt③✱ ❯✳ ❍❛✐s❝❤✱ ▼✳ ◆❡✉❜❡rt✱ ❚✳ P❢♦❤ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✱ ✧❋❧❛✈♦r P❤②s✐❝s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘❛♥❞❛❧❧✲❙✉♥❞r✉♠ ▼♦❞❡❧✿ ■✳ ❚❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❙❡t✉♣ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝tr♦✇❡❛❦ Pr❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❚❡sts✧✱ ❏❍❊P ✵✽✶✵✱ ✵✾✹✳ ✼✸✳ ❙✳ ❈❤❛tr❝❤②❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ✧❖❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❜♦s♦♥ ❛t ❛ ♠❛ss ♦❢ ✶✷✺ ●❡❱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❈▼❙ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❛t t❤❡ ▲❍❈✧✱ ❈▼❙ ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✼✶✻✱ ✸✵✳ ✼✹✳ ❙✳ ❑❤❛t✐❜✐✱ ▼✳ ▼✳ ◆❛❥❛❢❛❜❛❞✐ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ✧❚♦♣ q✉❛r❦ ❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ❛♥❞ ✉♥♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♣❤②s✐❝s ❛t t❤❡ ❚❡✈❛tr♦♥ ❛♥❞ ▲❍❈✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✽✼✱ ✵✸✼✼✵✶✳ ✼✺✳ ❙✳ ▼❛❥❤✐ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✱ ✧❲✲♣❛✐r ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❯♥♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ P❤②s✐❝s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✻✻✺✱ ✹✹✳ ✼✻✳ ❙✳ ▼❛ts✉③❛❦✐ ❛♥❞ ❑✳ ❨❛♠❛✇❛❦✐ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ✧❚❡❝❤♥✐✲❞✐❧❛t♦♥ ❛t ✶✷✺ ●❡❱✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✽✺✱ ✵✾✺✵✷✵✳ ✼✼✳ ❙✳ ▼❛ts✉③❛❦✐ ❛♥❞ ❑✳ ❨❛♠❛✇❛❦✐ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ✧❉✐s❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ ✶✷✺ ●❡❱ t❡❝❤♥✐✲ ❞✐❧❛t♦♥ ❛t ▲❍❈✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✽✻✱ ✵✸✺✵✷✺✳ ✶✷✷ ✼✽✳ ❙✳ ▼❛ts✉③❛❦✐ ❛♥❞ ❑✳ ❨❛♠❛✇❛❦✐ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ✧❍♦❧♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ t❡❝❤♥✐✲❞✐❧❛t♦♥ ❛t ✶✷✺ ●❡❱✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✽✻✱ ✶✶✺✵✵✹✳ ✼✾✳ ❙✳ ▼❛ts✉③❛❦✐ ❛♥❞ ❑✳ ❨❛♠❛✇❛❦✐ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ✧■s ✶✷✺ ●❡❱ t❡❝❤♥✐✲❞✐❧❛t♦♥ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛t ▲❍❈❄✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✼✶✾✱ ✸✼✽✳ ✽✵✳ ❚✳ ❇❛♥❦s ❛♥❞ ❆✳ ❩❛❦s ✭✶✾✽✷✮✱ ✧❖♥ t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ✈❡❝t♦r✲❧✐❦❡ ❣❛✉❣❡ t❤❡♦r✐❡s ✇✐t❤ ♠❛ss❧❡ss ❢❡r♠✐♦♥s✧✱ ◆✉❝❧✳ P❤②s✳ ❇ ✶✾✻✱ ✶✽✾✳ ✽✶✳ ❚✳ ❉✳ ❘✉❡t❡r✱ ❚✳ ●✳ ❘✐③③♦ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ▲✳ ❍❡✇❡tt ✭✷✵✶✼✮✱ ✧●r❛✈✐t②✲▼❡❞✐❛t❡❞ ❉❛r❦ ▼❛tt❡r ❆♥♥✐❤✐❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘❛♥❞❛❧❧✲❙✉♥❞r✉♠ ▼♦❞❡❧✧✱ ❏❍❊P ✶✵✱ ✵✾✹✳ ✽✷✳ ❚✳ ❑✐❦✉❝❤✐✱ ◆✳ ❖❦❛❞❛ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❚❛❦❡✉❝❤✐ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✱ ✧❯♥♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♣❤②s✐❝s ❛t t❤❡ ♣❤♦t♦♥ ❝♦❧❧✐❞❡r✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✼✼✱ ✵✾✹✵✶✷✳ ✽✸✳ ❚✳ ▼✳ ❆❧✐❡✈✱ ❙✳ ❇✐❧♠✐s✱ ▼✳ ❙♦❧♠❛③ ❛♥❞ ■✳ ❚✉r❛♥ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✱ ✧❙❝❛❧❛r ✉♥♣❛r✲ t✐❝❧❡ s✐❣♥❛❧s ❛t t❤❡ ▲❍❈✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✾✺✱ ✵✾✺✵✵✺✳ ✽✹✳ ❯✳ ▼❛❤❛♥t❛ ❛♥❞ ❆✳ ❉❛tt❛ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ✧❙❡❛r❝❤ ♣r♦s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ ❧✐❣❤t st❛❜✐❧✐③❡❞ r❛❞✐♦♥s ❛t ❚❡✈❛tr♦♥ ❛♥❞ ▲❍❈✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✹✽✸✱ ✶✾✻✳ ✽✺✳ ❱✳ ❇❛r❣❡r✱ ▼✳ ■s❤✐❞❛ ❛♥❞ ❲ ✲❨✳ ❑❡✉♥❣ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ✧❉✐❢❢❡r❡♥t✐❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❍✐❣❣s ❜♦s♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❉✐❧❛t♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❛❞✐♦♥ ❛t ❍❛❞r♦♥ ❈♦❧❧✐❞❡rs✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ▲❡tt✳ ✶✵✽✱ ✶✵✶✽✵✷✳ ✽✻✳ ❱✳ P✳ ●♦♥❝❛❧✈❡s ❛♥❞ ❲✳ ❑✳ ❙❛✉t❡r ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱ ✧❘❛❞✐♦♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❡①✲ ❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❛t ❈❊❘◆ ▲❍❈✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✽✷✱ ✵✺✻✵✵✾✳ ✽✼✳ ❲✳ ❉✳ ●♦❧❞❜❡r❣❡ ❛♥❞ ■✳ ❩✳ ❘♦t❤st❡✐♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ✧❙②st❡♠❛t✐❝s ♦❢ ❝♦✉♣❧✐♥❣ ❢❧♦✇s ✐♥ ❆❞❙ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✻✽✱ ✶✷✺✵✶✷✳ ✽✽✳ ❲✳ ❉✳ ●♦❧❞❜❡r❣❡ ❛♥❞ ■✳ ❩✳ ❘♦t❤st❡✐♥ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ✧◗✉❛♥t✉♠ st❛❜✐❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t✐❢✐❡❞ ❆❞❙✺✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✹✾✶✱ ✸✸✾✳ ✶✷✸ ✽✾✳ ❲✳ ❉✳ ●♦❧❞❜❡r❣❡ ❛♥❞ ■✳ ❩✳ ❘♦t❤st❡✐♥ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ✧❍✐❣❤ ❊♥❡r❣② ❋✐❡❧❞ ❚❤❡✲ ♦r② ✐♥ ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❆❞❙ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ▲❡tt✳ ✽✾✱ ✶✸✶✻✵✶✳ ✾✵✳ ❲✳ ❉✳ ●♦❧❞❜❡r❣❡ ❛♥❞ ■✳ ❩✳ ❘♦t❤st❡✐♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ✧❊❢❢❡❝t✐✈❡ ❢✐❡❧❞ t❤❡♦r② ❛♥❞ ✉♥✐❢✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❆❞❙ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✻✽✱ ✶✷✺✵✶✶✳ ✾✶✳ ❲✳ ❉✳ ●♦❧❞❜❡r❣❡r ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❇✳ ❲✐s❡ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✱ ✧▼♦❞✉❧✉s ❙t❛❜✐❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❇✉❧❦ ❋✐❡❧❞s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ▲❡tt✳✱ ✽✸✱ ✹✾✷✷✳ ✾✷✳ ❲✳ ❉✳ ●♦❧❞❜❡r❣❡ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❇✳ ❲✐s❡ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ✧P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❛ ❙t❛❜✐✲ ❧✐③❡❞ ▼♦❞✉❧✉s✧✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✹✼✺✱ ✷✼✺✳ ✾✸✳ ❨✳ ❍♦s♦t❛♥✐ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ▼❛❜❡ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ✏❍✐❣❣s ❜♦s♦♥ ♠❛ss ❛♥❞ ❡❧❡❝✲ tr♦✇❡❛❦ ❣r❛✈✐t② ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤② ❢r♦♠ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧ ❣❛✉❣❡✲❍✐❣❣s ✉♥✐❢✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❛r♣❡❞ s♣❛❝❡✲t✐♠❡✑✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✻✶✺✱ ✷✺✼✳ ✾✹✳ ❨✳ ❍♦s♦t❛♥✐✱ ❙✳ ◆♦❞❛✱ ❨✳ ❙❛❦❛♠✉r❛ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❙❤✐♠❛s❛❦✐ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ✏●❛✉❣❡✲ ❍✐❣❣s ❯♥✐❢✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ◗✉❛r❦✲▲❡♣t♦♥ P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❲❛r♣❡❞ ❙♣❛❝❡t✐♠❡✑✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✼✸✱ ✵✾✻✵✵✻✳ ✾✺✳ ❨✳ ❍♦s♦t❛♥✐ ❛♥❞ ❨✳ ❙❛❦❛♠✉r❛ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ✏❆♥♦♠❛❧♦✉s ❍✐❣❣s ❝♦✉♣❧✐♥❣s ✐♥ t❤❡ SO(5) × U (1) ❣❛✉❣❡✲❍✐❣❣s ✉♥✐❢✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✇❛r♣❡❞ s♣❛❝❡t✐♠❡✑✱ Pr♦❣✳ ❚❤❡♦r✳ P❤②s✳ ✶✶✽✱ ✾✸✺✳ ✾✻✳ ❨✳ ❙❛❦❛♠✉r❛ ❛♥❞ ❨✳ ❍♦s♦t❛♥✐ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ ✱ ✏❲❲❩✱ ❲❲❍ ❛♥❞ ❩❩❍ ❝♦✉✲ ♣❧✐♥❣s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧ ❣❛✉❣❡✲❍✐❣❣s ✉♥✐❢✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❛r♣❡❞ s♣❛❝❡✲ t✐♠❡✑✱ P❤②s✳ ▲❡tt✳ ❇ ✻✹✺✱ ✹✹✷✳ ✾✼✳ ❨✳ ❙❛❦❛♠✉r❛ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ✏❊❢❢❡❝t✐✈❡ t❤❡♦r✐❡s ♦❢ ❣❛✉❣❡✲❍✐❣❣s ✉♥✐❢✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✐♥ ✇❛r♣❡❞ s♣❛❝❡t✐♠❡✑✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✼✻✱ ✵✻✺✵✵✷ ✳ ✾✽✳ ❩✳ ❈❤❛❝❦♦✱ ❘✳ ❋r❛♥❝❡s❝❤✐♥✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❑✳ ▼✐s❤r❛ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ✧❘❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡ ❛t ✶✷✺ ●❡❱✿ ❍✐❣❣s ♦r ❉✐❧❛t♦♥✴❘❛❞✐♦♥❄✧✱ ❏❍❊P ✶✸✵✹✱ ✵✶✺✳ ✶✷✹ ✾✾✳ ❩✳ ❈❤❛❝❦♦ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❑✳ ▼✐s❤r❛ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ✧❊❢❢❡❝t✐✈❡ ❚❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❛ ▲✐❣❤t ❉✐❧❛✲ t♦♥✧✱ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉ ✽✼✱ ✶✶✺✵✵✻✳ ✶✵✵✳ ❩✳ ❈❤❛❝❦♦✱ ❘✳ ❑✳ ▼✐s❤r❛ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ❙t♦❧❛rs❦✐ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ✧❉②♥❛♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛ st❛❜✐❧✐③❡❞ r❛❞✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✉❛❧✐t②✧✱ ❏❍❊P ✶✸✵✾✱ ✶✷✶✳ ✶✷✺ P❍Ö ▲Ö❈ ❆ ❑❤✐ t➼♥❤ t✐➳t ❞✐➺♥ t→♥ ①↕ ❦❤æ♥❣ q✉❛♥ t➙♠ ✤➳♥ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝✱ t❛ ❧➜② tê♥❣ − − uα (→ p , s)u(→ p , s)β = (p/ + m)βα , ✭✸✳✼✵❛✮ − − υα (→ p , s)υ(→ p , s)β = (p/ − m)βα ✭✸✳✼✵❜✮ s s ❑❤✐ t➼♥❤ t✐➳t ❞✐➺♥ t→♥ ①↕ ❝â q✉❛♥ t➙♠ ✤➳♥ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝✱ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✭✸✳✼✵✮ ❝â ❞↕♥❣ s s − − uα (→ p , s)u(→ p , s)β = (p/ + m) (1 ± γ ) − − υα (→ p , s)υ(→ p , s)β = (p/ − m) (1 ∓ γ ) β , ✭✸✳✼✶❛✮ ✭✸✳✼✶❜✮ α β α ❈ỉ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❧➜② tê♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ✈❡❝tì ♣❤➙♥ ỹ ố ợ trữớ ữ t ε∗µ (k, λ)εν (k, λ) = −ηµν ✭✸✳✼✷✮ λ=1,2 ❈ỉ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❧➜② tê♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ✈❡❝tì ♣❤➙♥ ❝ü❝ ✤è✐ ợ trữớ ổ õ ố ữủ ữ W (k, ) (k, ) = −ηµν + λ=1 kµ kν m2 ❳➨t q✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ tr♦♥❣ ❤➺ ❦❤è✐ t➙♠✱ t❛ ❝â → − → − → − k = k = − k 2✱ ❣â❝ t→♥ ①↕ ✭✸✳✼✸✮ → − − − p = → p = −→ p 2✱ → − − ψ = (→ p , k )✱ s = (p1 + p2 )2 ✳ ❈→❝ ❜✐➳♥ sè ✤ë♥❣ ❧ü❝ tr♦♥❣ ❤➺ ❦❤è✐ t➙♠ − − p1µ = (E1 , → p ), p2µ = (E2 , −→ p ), → − → − k1µ = (E3 , k ), k2µ = (E4 , − k ) ❙û ❞ư♥❣ ❝→❝ ❝ỉ♥❣ t❤ù❝ s❛✉ s = (E1 +E2 )2 = (E3 +E4 )2 , ✭✸✳✼✹✮ ✶✷✻ − m21 = E12 − |→ p |2 , − m2 = E − |→ p |2 , ✭✸✳✼✺✮ ✭✸✳✼✻✮ → − m23 = E32 − | k |2 , → − m24 = E42 − | k |2 , ð ✤➙② Ei , mi ✭✸✳✼✼✮ ✭✸✳✼✽✮ ❧➛♥ ❧÷đt ❧➔ ♥➠♥❣ ❧÷đ♥❣ ✈➔ ❦❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❤↕t✱ s ữủ ũ t tợ t t ữủ tự t ổ ữợ ✭p1 p2 , p1 k1 , k1 k2 ✱ ✳✳✳✮ ♣❤ư t❤✉ë❝ ✈➔♦ ♥➠♥❣ ❧÷đ♥❣ √ s✱ ❣â❝ t→♥ ①↕ ❚✐➳t ❞✐➺♥ t→♥ ①↕ ✈✐ ♣❤➙♥ tr♦♥❣ ❤➺ ❦❤è✐ t➙♠ ❝õ❛ q✉→ tr➻♥❤ k1 + k2 ❝â ❞↕♥❣ tr♦♥❣ ✤â |Mf i |2 → − dσ k = |Mf i |2 , → − dcosψ 32πs | p | ψ ✱✳✳✳ p1 + p2 → ✭✸✳✼✾✮ t❛ ✤➣ ❧➜② tê♥❣ t❤❡♦ ❝→❝ tr↕♥❣ t❤→✐ s♣✐♥ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❤↕t ð tr↕♥❣ t❤→✐ ❝✉è✐ ✈➔ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝ë♥❣ t❤❡♦ tr↕♥❣ t❤→✐ s♣✐♥ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❤↕t ð tr↕♥❣ t❤→✐ ✤➛✉✳ ✶✷✼ P❍Ö ệ ỗ ổ t q tr t tr ỗ ♠æ t↔ q✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ e+ e− → hZ ữủt ự ợ s t ỗ ổ t↔ q✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ γe− → he− ✳ ❍➻♥❤ ữủt ự ợ s t ỗ ổ t q tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ e+ e− → hh/φφ ✈ỵ✐ ❤➔♠ tr✉②➲♥ φ, h, U ✳ ❍➻♥❤ ✭❛✮✱ ✭❜✮✱ ✭❝✮ ❧➛♥ ❧÷đt t❤❡♦ ❝→❝ ❦➯♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ s✱ ✉✱ t✳ ✶✷✽ ❍➻♥❤ ỗ ổ t q tr t γγ → hh/φφ ✈ỵ✐ ❤➔♠ tr✉②➲♥ φ, h, U ✳ ❍➻♥❤ ✭❛✮✱ ✭❜✮✱ ✭❝✮ ❧➛♥ ❧÷đt ❧➔ ❝→❝ ❦➯♥❤ t→♥ s t ỗ ổ t↔ q✉→ tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ gg → hh/φφ ✈ỵ✐ ❤➔♠ tr✉②➲♥ φ, h, U ✳ ❍➻♥❤ ✭❛✮✱ ✭❜✮✱ ✭❝✮ ❧➛♥ ❧÷đt ♠ỉ t↔ ❝→❝ ❦➯♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ s✱ ✉✱ t✳ ỗ ổ t q tr t ①↕ e+ e− → U h/U φ✳ ❍➻♥❤ ✭❛✮✱ ✭❜✮✱ ✭❝✮ ❧➛♥ ❧÷đt ♠ỉ t↔ ❦➯♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ s✱ ✉✱ t ỗ ổ t q tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ γγ → U h/U φ✳ ❍➻♥❤ ✭❛✮✱ ✭❜✮✱ ✭❝✮ ❧➛♥ ❧÷đt ♠ỉ t↔ ❦➯♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ s✱ t ỗ ổ t q tr➻♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ gg → U h/U φ✳ ❍➻♥❤ ✭❛✮✱ ✭❜✮✱ ✭❝✮ ❧➛♥ ❧÷đt ♠ỉ t↔ ❦➯♥❤ t→♥ ①↕ s✱ ✉✱ t✳ ✶✸✵ P❍Ö ▲Ö❈ ❈ ✣✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ✈➔ ❦❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❝õ❛ ♠ët sè ❤↕t ❝ì ❜↔♥ tr♦♥❣ ♠ỉ ❤➻♥❤ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❍↕t ❝ì ❜↔♥ ❑➼ ❤✐➺✉ ✣✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❑❤è✐ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥ e− ✲✶ ✵✳✺✶✶ ✭M eV /c ✮ ♥❡✉tr✐♥♦ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥ νe ✵ ❁ ✶✳✵ ✭eV /c ✮ ♠✉♦♥ µ− ✲✶ ✶✵✺✳✻✻ ✭M eV /c ✮ ♥❡✉tr✐♥♦ ♠✉♦♥ νµ ✵ ❁ ✵✳✶✼ ✭M eV /c ✮ t❛✉ τ− ✲✶ ✶✳✼✼ ✭GeV /c ✮ ♥❡✉tr✐♥♦ t❛✉ ντ ✵ ❁ ✶✽✳✷ ✭M eV /c ✮ q✉❛r❦ ✉♣ ✉ ✷✴✸ ✷✳✷ ✭M eV /c ✮ q✉❛r❦ ❞♦✇♥ ❞ ✲✶✴✸ ✹✳✼ ✭M eV /c ✮ q✉❛r❦ ❝❤❛r♠ ❝ ✷✴✸ ✶✳✷✽ ✭GeV /c ✮ q✉❛r❦ str❛♥❣❡ s ✲✶✴✸ ✾✻ ✭M eV /c ✮ q✉❛r❦ t♦♣ t ✷✴✸ ✶✼✸✳✶ ✭GeV /c ✮ q✉❛r❦ ❜♦tt♦♠ ❜ ✲✶✴✸ ✹✳✶✽ ✭GeV /c ✮ ♣❤♦t♦♥ γ ✵ ✵ ❣❧✉♦♥ g ✵ ✵ ❜♦s♦♥ ❩ Z ✵ ✾✶✳✶✾ ✭GeV /c ✮ W± ±1 ✽✵✳✸✾ ✭GeV /c ✮ ❜♦s♦♥ W± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ... PHẠM HÀ NỘI BÙI THỊ HÀ GIANG HIỆU ỨNG HẠT VƠ HƯỚNG TRONG MƠ HÌNH RANDALL-SUNDRUM Chun ngành: Vật lí lí thuyết vật lí tốn Mã số: 9440103 LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ VẬT LÍ NGƯỜI HƯỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC: GS TS Đặng