Sự tình phát ngôn trong tiếng anh, đối chiếu với tiếng việt tiếng anh

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NGUYEN THANH MINH VERBAL PROCESS IN ENGLISH, COMPARED WITH VIETNAMESE Major: Comparative Linguistics Code: 9.22.20.24 SUMMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS HANOI - 2020 The thesis has been completed at: GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Supervisors: Dr Prof Nguyen Van Hiep Assoc Prof Hoang Tuyet Minh Examiner 1: Assoc Prof Lam Quang Dong Examiner 2: Assoc Prof Le Van Thanh Examiner 3: Assoc Prof Vu Thi Thanh Huong This doctoral thesis will be defended before the Panel of Examiners, at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences At … on … 2020 This doctoral thesis can be found at: Library of Graduate Academy of Scocial Siences National Library of Vietnam INTRODUCTION Rationale: 1.1 The study of processes in English, in general, has been studied by some functional grammar authors, such as S Dik (1997), W.L Chafe (1981), M.A.K Halliday (1985, 1994), M.A.K Halliday and M.I.M Matthiessen (2004), C Cobuild (1990), G Thompson (1996, 2004) Previous studies have shown a common model of verbal process in general, such as the number of elements, the position of the elements in the verbal process However, verbal process has not yet been paid attention to in-depth research, so many new issues have been raised but have not yet been deeply addressed, such as the issues of predicator in the verbal process, participants and circumstance of the verbal process, the similarities and the differences between the verbal process in English and that in Vietnamese In Vietnam, the study of the verbal process in Vietnamese was discussed by many authors such as Cao Xuan Hao (1991), Nguyen Thi Quy (1995), Diep Quang Ban (2012), Hoang Van Van (2005) In addition, the verbal process in Vietnamese is also the subject of several theses, typically Le Thi Thom (2012) In this thesis, the author has provided a general overview of verbal process in Vietnamese from a semantic - grammatical - pragmatic perspective Thus, there has not been any research on verbal process in English, compared with Vietnamese, in the perspective of functional grammar so as to find out the similarities and differences of in these two languages 1.2 Verbal process has an important role and appears much in communication as well as in some types of documents, verbal process in English needs to be paid more attention to research, especially in the trend of globalization In using and teaching English in schools, teachers and students still have difficulties in identifying the predicators, semantic structure of the participants in verbal process Therefore, the study in English, compared with Vietnamese is necessary in the procedure of teaching and learning foreign languages in Vietnam, including the study of processes from a comparative perspective For the above reasons, we choose the tittle "Verbal process in English, compared with Vietnamese" from the functional grammar perspective as the research object of the thesis Purposes and Research Tasks The purpose of the thesis is to clarify the characteristics of verbal process in English and Vietnamese to find out the similarities and differences of the predicators and participants in the verbal process in English and in Vietnamese in the systematic functional grammar perspective In order to achieve the above goals, the thesis sets out the following tasks: Surveying the theory of systematic functional grammar from the linguists’ viewpoints in the world and in Vietnam from which to establish a theoretical framework for the study; Surveying, reckoning, classifying and describing the features of predicators, the participants of verbal process in English and in Vietnamese from the systematic functional grammar perspective; Comparing to find out the similarities and differences of predicators, the participants of verbal process in English and in Vietnamese from the systematic functional grammar perspective Object and Scope of the thesis The object of the research is the predicator, the participants and the circumstances in the verbal process in English and in Vietnamese The scope of the research is the grammatical, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of the predicator, the participants and the circumstances in the verbal process in English, compared with Vietnamese The material of the thesis is collected from 2411 sentences containing English verbal process from 08 English - American literary works, including: The thorn birds (Colleen Mccullough); Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (J K Rowling); Harry Potter Chamber of and the Secrets (J K Rowling); Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (J K Rowling); Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (J K Rowling); Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (J K Rowling); Gone with the wind (Margaret Mitchell) and If Tomorrow Comes (Sidney Sheldon) (1985) The Vietnamese translation of The thorn birds, which we have chosen, is the translation of "Tiếng chim hót bụi mận gai” by Pham Manh Hung In the Harry Potter collection, we selected the translations by Ly Lan The novel Gone with the wind, we choose the translation by Duong Tuong The novel If Tomorrow Comes, we chose Nguyen Ba Long's translation The Vietnamese materials are collected from several works: Cho xin vé tuổi thơ, Cô gái đến từ hôm qua (Nguyễn Nhật Ánh); Tuyển tập Nam Cao; Tuyển tập truyện ngắn Nguyễn Công Hoan; Tuyển tập truyện ngắn Chu Lai; Tuyển tập truyện ngắn Vũ Trọng Phụng; Truyện ngắn nữ đặc sắc Việt Nam từ 1986 đến and Ăn mày dĩ vãng (Chu Lai) The Thesis’s Research Methodology - Descriptive method: This method is used when describing the grammatical, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of the predicators, the participants and the circumstances in verbal process in English and in Vietnamese - Comparative method: This method is used to compare and find out the similarities and differences between the verbal process in English and in Vietnamese and thereby show the typical features of verbal process in these two languages Besides, the thesis also uses the following tactics: - The tactics of analyzing the components of meaning: This method is used to analyze the components of meaning in verbal process in English and the participants, especially analyzing the characteristics of speaking verbs with the role of predicator in verbal process in English, compared with Vietnamese - The tactics of statistics, classification: This method is used to reckon types of predicators, participants and classify these types in the verbal process in English and in Vietnamese New Scientific Contributions of the Thesis The thesis has pointed out the grammatical, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of the predicators, the participants and the circumstances in verbal process in English, in contrast with Vietnamese These research results can contribute to teaching English in schools and learning more about British culture in communication Theoretical and Practical Meaning of the Thesis Theoriotical meaning: The thesis clarifies the characteristics of verbal process in English and in Vietnamese in terms of grammar, semantics and pragmatics On that basis, it clarifies the similarities and differences in verbal process in English and in Vietnamese in the abovementioned aspects Practical meaning: The thesis’s research results can be applied in teaching verbal process in English and in Vietnamese, help teachers with a basis to teach the grammatical structure and expressive meaning structure characteristics of the English utterances and their equivalents in Vietnamese Organisation of the thesis In addition to the Introduction and Conclusion, appendices and references, the thesis consists of chapters: Chapter 1: Literature review and theoretical grounds of verbal process; Chapter 2: Characteristics of predicator in verbal process in English, compared with Vietnamese; Chapter 3: Characteristics of the participants in verbal process in English, compared with Vietnamese CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL GROUNDS OF VERBAL PROCESS 1.1 Research situation of verbal process: 1.1.1 Research situation of verbal process in the world Functional grammar (FG) is a new approach of linguistics in the late twentieth century FG has studied the rules governing language activities on form and content aspects in functional relationships through observation of language usage Processes, in general, are one of FG's research focuses Typical authors are: M.A.K Halliday (1985, 1994); S.C Dik, Simon (1989, 1997, 2005); A Siewierska (1991); Alice Caffarel (2006), T Givón (1984, 1990), J.R Martin & et al (1985, 1997), S.C Dik (1997, 2005) In the perspective of systematic functional grammar, MAK Halliday (1985), (1994), (2004) divided the world processes into three main domains: the material world, the spiritual world and the world of abstract relationship Corresponding to them are six types of processes: material process, behavoiral process, mental process, relational process, existential process and verbal process 1.1.2 Domestic research situation of verbal process In Vietnamese linguistics, functional grammar was studied in the works by authors Cao Xuan Hao (1991, 2004); Nguyen Thi Quy (1995); Diep Quang Ban (2012), Hoang Van Van (2005) More specifically, the study of verbal process in Vietnamese can include a number of theses, dissertations, typically, Verbal Process in Vietnamese (Le Thi Thom (2012)) The thesis has provided a general picture of verbal process in Vietnamese from the semantic - grammartical - pragmatic perspective This is the basis for us to compare with verbal process in English However, there has not been a comprehensive study in terms of functional grammar about verbal process in English, as well as a comparison of verbal process between English and Vietnamese to find out similarities and differences of verbal proccess in two languages This is the main task that we propose in this thesis 1.2 Theoretical ground related to the thesis In this section, we present some theoretical bases related to the thesis: 1/ Functional grammar with the issues of three aspects of sentences; 2/ Overview of verbal process; 3/ Overview of comparative linguistics In term of FG, three aspects of a sentence are considered as semantics, grammar and pragmatics Although they are clearly separated from each other, they have a dialectical and interactive relationship with each other Therefore, from the functional grammar viewpoint, linguistic phenomena must be studied in these three aspects The thesis identifies that verbal process in English consists of predicators and four participants: Sayer, Receiver, Target and Verbiage These elements can incorporate and appear fully in one statement, can also be omitted in specific contexts In the structure of meaning, predicator is the element that creates the feature of verbal proccess, expresses the content in communication Participants in verbal proccess may or may not appear Sayer is an entity that is capable of speaking, usually a human being Receiver is the participant receiving the speech Target is the one that is affected by the action Verbiage is the content of the statement The predicator in the verbal process is able to combine words of speaking mode, especially words that refer to sounds, noise CHAPTER CHARACTERISTICS OF PREDICATORS IN ENGLISH VERBAL PROCESS, COMPARED WITH VIETNAMESE 2.1 An overview of predicators in English verbal process 2.1.1 Characteristics of English predicators Speaking verbs have the following characteristics: Firstly, speaking verbs can combine easily with words of speaking mode Secondly, English speaking verbs often come with Sayer and Receiver/ Target; It is distinguished by Verbiage, with a comma (,) and enclosed in quotation marks ("") or with a colon (:) Thirdly, English speaking verb is one of the components in the structure of verbal process Fourthly, depending on the conditions of use, speaking verbs can be used in two functions: description and speech 2.1.2 Classification of predicator in English verbal process The first group: The predicators of verbal process is denoted by official speaking verbs In this group, we divide official speaking verbs into groups: predicator in English verbal process represented by speaking verbs of representatives; predicator in verbal process represented by speaking verbs of directives; predicator in verbal process represented by speaking verbs of commissives; predicator in verbal process represented by speaking verbs of declarations; predicator in verbal process represented by speaking verbs of expressives The second group: The predicator of verbal process is denoted by unofficial speaking verbs In this group, we surveyed specific subgroups: predicator of English verbal process denoted by words indicating the speaking mode; predicator of English verbal process denoted by physical, psychological – action verbs with words; predicator of English verbal process denoted by animal’s sound 2.2 Characteristics of predicator in Verbal process in English Table 2.1: Classification of predicator in English verbal process Predicators in verbal process The predicators of verbal process denoted by official speaking Official speaking verbs of representatives Official speaking verbs of directives Official speaking Speaking verb representatives Occurences Percentage (%) 1296 53.7 450 18.6 66 2.7 inform, tell, remind, report, say … Order; command; Implore, command; direct, order; Request say… Swear, assure, assert, pledge, verbs of commissives Official speaking verbs of declarations Official speaking verbs of exxpressives verbs The predicators of verbal process denoted by unofficial speaking verbs The predicators of verbal process denoted by words of speaking mode The predicators of verbal process denoted by verbs of physical, psychological – action with words The predicators of verbal process denoted by verbs of animal’s sound promise, refuse, say … pronounce, accuse, announce say … proclaim, console, argue, criticize, mock, abuse, nag, shout, scold, scream, sound, praise, squeak, complain, reprimand, extol, say … Whisper, grumble, soft, mutter, incessant, drawl … Think, sigh, laugh, shrug, stare, beam, stroke, hesitate, clap, surmise, nod, eye… Bark, bleat, cackle, chirp, cluck, coo, growl, hiss, purr, roar, snarl … Total 25 1.0 152 6.3 232 9.6 108 4.4 82 3.7 2411 100.0 2.2.1 Predicator in English verbal process 2.2.1.1 Predicator in English verbal process denoted by official speaking verbs 1/ Predicator in English verbal process represented by speaking verbs of representatives As shown in Table 2.1, through the survey, we have noted 1296/2411 times that the predicator in English verbal process is represented by speaking verbs of representatives, accounting for 53.7% In English, with the characteristics of performatives, speaking verbs must include the following words: say, told, inform, tell, remind, report, (verbs with repetitive content/ property) These are verbs that are themselves more inclined to representieves In terms of grammatical characteristics, it can be seen that speaking verbs of representatives in general, speaking verbs in verbal process in particular, have the following characteristics: In terms of position: The most common position of the predicator is after Sayer and before Receiver /Target In many cases, speaking verbs in representatives remain at the end of the sentence The Receiver/ Targer is often missing in this case Functionally: In terms of syntax, the predicate is the main element in a sentence, so it specifies the syntax position and syntax function of the other elements in the sentence The element that is most closely related to the predicate (which is done by speaking verbs) is the subject (usually by the Sayer) The element governed by predicate is complement (usually by Receiver/ Target and Verbiage) In addition, there may also appear other components due to the provisions of the context of the situation which is the object and the adverb (usually by the circumstance) In terms of the semantic characteristics: One of the characteristics that distinguishes verbal process from other processes is the nature of different relationships in the verbal process Verbal process as said above, includes Sayer, Verbiage, Receiver, Target and the predicator The participants in the verbal process are related to each other For the speaking verbs in representavies, in terms of the meaning structure, the predicators in verbal process with the representative meaning usually have the following structures: 1/ Sayer thinks that the verbiage that he/she knows is true 2/ Sayer thinks that Receiver/ Target did not know / did not know enough about the verbiage 3/ Sayer thinks that the verbiage is beneficial 4/ Sayer thinks that TNT / ĐNT wants to know the content of NT 5/ Sayer says the verbiage to Receiver/ Target One of the important characteristics of verbal process in general, and English verbal process in particular, is the feature of closely co-locating between verbal process and circumstance I'll tell him about the baby (If Tomorrow Comes, p.61) I tell him about the baby Sayer Process: vebal Receiver Circumstance In the above example, the verbiage about the baby is also the circumstance Thus, the circumstance is related to verbal process, which is the equivalent component of Sayer In English, the circumstances are usually expressed by prepositions such as about, concerning, with reference to … An important feature of verbal process that is different from other processes, is its projection potentiality Like mental process, announce, In terms of grammatical characteristics, speaking verbs of declarations in English have the following characteristics: In terms of position: speaking verbs of declarations in English can stand at the following positions: at the end of the sentence; between sentences; after Sayer and before Receiver/ Target The position after Sayer and before Receiver/ Target is the most common position for a predicator in the verbal process In terms of semantic characteristics: in the speaking verb of declarations, about the meaning structure, the predicator in verbal process usually have the following meaning structures: 1/ Sayer thinks that Receiver/ Target wants Sayer to say a Verbiage 2/ Sayer tells Receiver/ Target about Verbiage 3/ Sayer wants Receiver/ Target to think about Verbiage 4/ Sayer says that after the Verbiage is told, the content of Verbiage is done 5/ Predicator in verbal process represented by speaking verbs of expressives As shown in Table 2.1, through the survey, we have a statistics of 152/2411 times English predicator in verbal process is represented by the speaking verbs of expressives, accounting for 6.3% In English, the speaking verbs of expressives are console, argue, criticize, mock, abuse, nag, shout, scold, scream, sound, praise, squeak, complain, reprimand, extol In terms of grammatical characteristics, it can be seen that speaking verbs of expressives have the following characteristics: In terms of position: Unlike verbs from other groups, speaking verbs of expressives not need Receiver/ Target Therefore, speaking verbs of expressives only need to stand before or after Sayer In terms of function: The predicator makes the predicate in the sentence The predicate is capable of defining the syntax function and syntactic function of the other elements in the sentence Therefore, the predicate has a close relationship with the subject and is related to other components such as complements and adverbs In terms of semantic characteristics: speaking verbs of expressives, about the meaning structure, usually have the following structures: 1/ Sayer has feelings about Verbiage 11 2/ Sayer wants to express their feelings 3/ Sayer expresses the feeling to Receiver/ Target 2.2.1.2 English predicator in verbal process represented by unofficial speaking verbs 1/ English predicator in verbal process denoted by words of speaking mode As shown in Table 2.1, through the survey, we have a statistics of 232/2411 occurrences English predicator in verbal process is denoted by words of speaking mode, accounting for 9.6% 2/ English predicator in verbal process denoted by the verb of physical, psychological action with words As shown in Table 2.1, through the survey, we have a statistics of 108/2411 times that English predicator in verbal process is denoted by the verb of physical, psychological action with words, accounting for 4.4% Verbs of physical, psychological action with words are words of human activity But not all verbs of physical, psychological action are also capable of being used as the predicator in verbal process To become the predicator in verbal process, physical or psychological verbs have conditions, properties and characteristics close to speaking verbs Basically, verbs of physical, psychological action have the following characteristics: In our opinion, the group of physical action verbs can be divided into the following sub-groups: 1/ The verbs describing the action leading to physical changes; 2/ The verbs of the body movement coming with words: sigh, laugh, stroke, beam , urmise / English predicator in verbal process denoted by verbs of animal’s sound As shown in Table 2.1, through the survey, we have recorded 82/2411 occurrences that English predicator in verbal process is denoted by verbs of animal’s sound, accounting for 3.7% In fact, verbs of animal’s sound can be categorized into four subtypes: verbs describing insect sound, bird sound, animal sound, and fish sound In these four categories, the sounds of birds and animals can be used to convey the speech of people In terms of transliteration mechanism, the sound of birds in reality is usually high, light, with rhym and melody These positive traits are used to describe the small, upbeat, expressive speech of Sayer The sound of birds in English has words such as coo, gurg Unlike the sound of birds that is usually soft and frank; the sounds that animals from the zoo's family can produce are heavier, stronger and more 12 intense Therefore, if the sound of a bird is often used to express a positive human affection, the sound of an animal expresses the negative sentiment of humans, primarily of Sayer Therefore, these typical speaking actions often show negative politeness, and Sayer is not respected 2.2.2 Predicator in verbal process in Vietnamese We, in this part, would like to present the properties of the predicator of the verbal process in Vietnamese which is expressed by official speaking verbs (predicator of the verbal process in Vietnamese expressed by speaking verbs of representatives; predicator of the verbal process in Vietnamese expressed by speaking verbs of directives; predicator of the verbal process in Vietnamese expressed by speaking verbs of commissives; predicator of the verbal process in Vietnamese expressed by speaking verbs of declarations; predicator of the verbal process in Vietnamese expressed by speaking verbs of expressives) and predicator of the verbal process in Vietnamese which is expressed by unofficial speaking verbs (predicator of the verbal process; predicator in the verbal process in Vietnamese expressed by physical and psychological action with words; predicator in the verbal process in Vietnamese expressed by animals’ sound) 2.2.3 Comparing the predicator in verbal process in English and in Vietnamese 2.2.3.1 Similarities There are many things in common between the predicator of verbal process in English and in Vietnamese Basically, the quantity and names of groups and sub-groups of speaking verbs in English are similar to those in Vietnamese English and Vietnamese both have five official speaking verb groups and the sub-groups are also alike According to a survey, the position of speaking verbs in verbal process is normally after Sayer and before Receiver/target However, speaking verbs of expressives and commissives often not go along with Receiver Therefore, the position of speaking verbs in this case is at the end of the sentence or after Sayer One of the important characteristic of verbal process in general is closely co-locating between verbal process and circumstance This characteristic appears in both verbal process in English and in Vietnamese Another indispensable characteristics that used to distinguish verbal process from other processes is the projection potential A statement can include a 13 projection of the verbal process and the projection that may belong to any processes Projection in verbal process may be of extraction or notification Regarding to survey, there are verbs that can be projected both above kinds, and there are verbs that can be projected one of the above kinds In terms of position, speaking verbs are often followed by sayer and preceded by Receiver/Target, or after Sayer and before that in English and in Vietnamese In terms of function, predicator in both English and Vietnamese play the role of predicate which has close relationship with subject and complement In terms of meaning, verbal process in English and in Vietnamese includes of sayer, verbiage, Receiver/target and predicator Participants in verbal process are in a relationship 2.2.3.2 Differences Verbal process with predicator which are official speaking verbs in English accounts for less percentage than that in Vietnamese (82.3% in English, 83.6% in Vietnamese) On the contrary, the percentage of verbal process with predicator which are unofficial speech act verbs in English (17.7%) is higher than that in Vietnamese (16.4%) This shows that English people use a wider variety of unofficial lexis than Vietnamese people At the same time, Vietnamese people has tendency to use more official speech act verbs than English people Regarding to grammar, both English and Vietnamese speaking verbs can combine with elements preceding and following them Nevertheless, Vietnamese speaking verbs can combine with elements before and after them to form a verb phrase, while English speaking verbs can only combine with elements following them to form a verb phrase In combination with Sayer, predicator in Vietnamese can only be preceded by Sayer, never followed by Sayer However, predicator in English can go before or after Sayer Predicator in English can be followed by Sayer, especially in case of having no accompanied Recepient/Target (said Harry, said Hermione, said Ron, etc.) When verbs as predicators are accompanied by words to particularize verbs, they can go after or before sayer (Hagrid called back happily; said Ron quietly, etc.) Besides, predicators in English can go after Sayer (Uncle Vernon said hoarsely; she said; Sirius said, etc.) or stand between sayer and Recepient/target (We've 14 asked Charles; he told Tracy; the policeman told her, etc.) Predicators in Vietnamese can only be preceded by Sayer in case of with or without Receiver (Tơi nói, tơi nói với cô ấy, etc.) There is no way that predicators in Vietnamese go after Sayer Regarding to expression form, verbiage in English is distinguished from predicator by a comma While in Vietnamese, verbiage is differentiated from other elements by colon Therefore, the position of speaking verbs in English can be right after verbiage while this case does not appear in Vietnamese 2.3 Sub-conclusion Through research, surveys of verbal process in English, we draw some following conclusions: For predicator in verbal process denoted by official speaking verbs, the highest proportion is the official speaking verbs of representatives For each verbal group, there is a different basic content, so it is also necessary to use different speaking verb The basic content that speaking verbs of representatives must perform is to inform insights about things that have been, or will happen in reality Verbs of this covenant group have the same meaning as a commitment to the promised things, affirm that they will something according to the agreed and committed contents The speaking verbs of declarations is usually performed in a formal ceremony In addition to verbal process with official speaking verbs, there are predicators which are unofficial speaking verb Although they are not official speaking verbs in verbal process but they are used with the meaning of speaking, words of speaking mode, physical action, and verbs of animal’s sound Official speaking verbs and unofficial speaking verbs surveyed are typical, only to be surveyed in a limited range of literary works, because it is difficult to fully list and describe fully, in fact, all of these speaking verbs, especially unofficial speaking verbs The study of unofficial speaking verbs also shows that Vietnamese and English are very delicate, productive and flexible in communication Depending on the context and mood, they choose suitable verbal verbs 15 CHAPTER CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPANTS IN ENGLISH VERBAL PROCESS, COMPARED WITH VIETNAMESE 3.1 Overview of participants in the structure of English verbal process In the full form, sentences with English verbal process are structured: Sayer - Predicator - Receiver (Target) - Verbiage or Verbiage Sayer - Predicator - Target However, there may be the following shortened forms: Sayer + Predicator; Verbiage + Predicator + Receiver/ Target; Sayer + Predicator + Verbiage; Predicator +/- Receiver/ Target +/- Verbiage 3.2 Characteristics of participants in English and Vietnamese verbal processes 3.2.1 Characteristics of participants in English verbal process Obligatory participants: Firstly, in terms of meaning, verbiage in verbal process may belong to all different processes in experience world The basic feature of English verbal process is the verbiage which covers all different verbal process The content of verbiage in verbal process may mention all process kinds in experience world Other processes may be mentioned and expressed in verbal process as verbiage Basically, verbal process is a double process including verbal process and somewhat X process (of verbiage) It is only verbal process that has this feature Secondly, in terms of grammar: regarding to word form, verbiage in English verbal process may be expressed by words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs Regarding to the role of grammar in sentences, speeches always have “thing that is spoken” which is call verbiage Verbiage always goes along with speech content which is predicator, “thing that predicator wants to express” Therefore, in terms of grammar, verbiage adds meaning to predicator and plays the role of complement in a sentence Thirdly, in terms of pragmatics (regarding to the function of 16 expressing speech act), verbiage may express these following speech acts: expressives, declarations, requests, promises, vows, etc Fourthly, in terms of position, the normal position of verbiage in English is before sayer or at the beginning of a sentence Sayer: Regarding to meaning, sayer in verbal process can be divided into two main groups: 1) Words used to name directly/indirectly and to address; 2) Words used as metaphorical conversion meaning Regarding to structure, verbiage can be words or phrases In terms of position, verbiage can stand at the beginning, in the middle or at the end in structure process In terms of grammar, verbiage often plays the role of the subject in a sentence or clause Regarding to category, verbiage is people Receiver and Target: In terms of meaning, Receiver and target are usually human In terms of quantity, sayer is mainly a person while Receiver and target are various in quantity Receiver/Target can be not only a person but also many people In terms of position, Receiver and target appear flexibly in process structure This is different from other participants which have independent and obvious positions in verbal process 3.2.2 Characteristics of participants in Vietnamese verbal process We, in this part, would like to present the characteristics of verbiage, sayer, Receiver/target in Vietnamese verbal process 3.3 Comparing participants of English verbal process and Vietnamese verbal process 3.3.1 Similarities Verbal processes in English and in Vietnamese both have participants that are sayer, Receiver/ target, verbiage Additionally, both verbal processes have other extended participants Verbiage in English and Vietnamese verbal process may belong to all different process in experience world, which means the content of verbiage in verbal process may mention all process in the experience world Verbal process in English and in Vietnamese are double process including verbal process and X process This X process belongs to verbiage expressed in verbal process As a result, verbiage may be 17 material, relative, mental or verbal process Verbiage may be expressed by words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs; may express many different speech acts like expressives, declarations, requests, promises, vows, etc In terms of position, verbiage in both verbal process may stand at many different positions in a sentence: at the beginning, in the middle or at the end Sayers in both English and Vietnamese verbal process are structured as words or phrases In terms of word form, sayer in these two verbal processes is often a pronoun or a noun Besides, sayer may stand at many positions in the sentence expressing verbal process, and play the role of the subject in that sentence In terms of meaning, sayer in English and Vietnamese verbal process may be words used to name directly/indirectly and to address or words used as metaphorical conversion meaning Receiver and target appear flexibly in English and Vietnamese verbal process; can be absent or present in verbal process; can be expressed by words or phrases In English and Vietnamese verbal process, Receiver and target are various in quantity It can be a person or many people In terms of function, circumstances in English and Vietnamese verbal process are the same They both show time, place, reason, method, etc The position of circumstance in English and Vietnamese can be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence Basically, English and Vietnamese have similarities and differences in the relationship between the structure predicator – participant and subject – predicate In English and Vietnamese, sayer in verbal process is equal to the subject Predicator of the process in verbal process is equal to the predicate in a sentence Complement is equal to Receiver, target or verbiage 3.3.2 Differences Depending on communicative purpose, target and verbiage in English and Vietnamese can stand at any positions in a sentence, at the beginning, in the middle or at the end However, verbiage in Vietnamese often stands at the end of a sentence while verbiage in 18 English often stands at the beginning of a sentence Verbiage in English verbal process is distinguished from other elements in the sentence by comma or that Meanwhile, verbiage in Vietnamese verbal process is differentiated from other elements in the sentence by colon or rằng/là Receiver/target in English and Vietnamese are normally the same However, in English, passive voice structure used Receiver as subject and dummy subject are utilized popularly, while Vietnamese rarely has this equivalent phenomenon, especially in speaking verbs Verbs in English has a tight rule of functions of monovalent predicate framework Therefore, monovalent structures such as “he told ” are not considered as being standard In Vietnamese, participants appear flexibly depending on the context However, in English verbal process, sayer and predicator in the verbal process can exchange their positions and stand after verbiage This is not the case of Vietnamese verbal process It means that in Vietnamese verbal process, sayer and predicator of the verbal process cannot exchange their positions and usually stand before verbiage It can be seen that the position of elements in English verbal process are more flexible than those in Vietnamese Especially, sayer and predicator of verbal process in English have flexible exchanging as mentioned above Circumstances in verbal process in Vietnamese are adverbial clauses while circumstances in English are additional background information which may be preposition phrases, adverbs, structures Ving or to + verb, and adverbial clauses, complements, supplements 3.4 Sub-conclusion Through surveys, the research on participants in English verbal process, compared with Vietnamese, we can see: Along with the sayer, there are also participants in verbal process These include verbiage, receiver, target and sayer Sayer is an indispensable component in verbal process The other participants may coexist or be absent in the English verbal process Belonging to obligatory participants, the verbiage is the content of the speech and can also be the name of the speech Verbiage is an 19 additional element in the sentence, adding meaning to the predicator In terms of semantics, verbiage belongs to all the processes in the material life such as material, mental, relative, behavior In terms of pragmatics, verbiage can express many different actions Sayer in verbal process can be human as well as non-human Regarding the position in verbal process, sayer can have a diverse position, may have the first position, may be after the verbiage, or stand between the verbiages Receiver and target in verbal process are the receivers of the speech Receiver, target can stand after the predicator, before the verbiage, can also stand before the sayer Unlike the obligatory participants, the circumstance in verbal process is the optional element and not subject to the predicator Circumstances can be of time, position, cause, condition, etc Circumstance can also be prepositional phrase, adverb and other types Like other types of circumstance, the position of the circumstance is various, possibly before sayer, possibly before predicator, or after receiver/ target or after verbiage The research on English verbal process also shows that the elements in the meaning structure of the verbal process have the corresponding grammatical components in the sentence Sayer and receiver in speech can correspond to the subject in the sentence or correspond to the object in the sentence The predicator in speech can correspond to the predicate of the sentence The verbiage corresponds to the object of the sentence The target in verbal process corresponds to the object that the speech towards Circumstances in verbal process corresponds to the adverb or preposition in the sentence 20 CONCLUSIONS The research and survey of verbal process in English, compared with Vietnamese, draw out the following conclusions: The three aspects of sentences are the semantics, grammar and pragmatics of sentences that have a dialectical relationship, interact with each other and have a clear distinction with each other Therefore, in functional grammar perspective, when studying linguistic phenomena, it is necessary to consider all three aspects of the sentence The theory of functional grammar has shown the superiority when it is used in research of verbal process in English, compared with Vietnamese Hence, verbal process in English is studied on the overall aspects of both grammar, semantic, pragmatic and grammatical aspects The results of the study have shown that the position of speaking verbs in verbal process is very flexible, maybe after Sayer and before Receiver/ Target; can stand before verbiage or at the end of the sentence An important feature of verbal process in general, verbal process in English and in Vietnamese in particular, is the feature of closely co-locating between verbal process and the circumstance In addition, the unique feature of verbal process is its projection potentiality Projection in a verbal process may belong to one of the two forms: excerpts and notification However, while there are speaking verbs that can project both forms, the others can project in one of the two forms The study has also shown that verbal process is a special process because verbal process has the ability to include other processes in its verbiage The content of verbiage can contain all the other processes such as material, relative, existential and potentially include verbal process inside Therefore, the verbal process, in terms of structure, is formed as one process and one with another process English verbal process usually has components: predicator, Sayer, Recepient, Target and verbiage These components can be combined and appear fully in a statement, or incompletely in specific contexts However, the predicator and Sayer are the two components that appear in most of the verbal process in English, especially the 21 verbal process cannot dispense with verbiage In the structure of meaning, predicator of the verbal process is a component that makes features of verbal process If Sayer is an entity that is capable of making a speech, usually a conscious participant, the Recepient is a participant that receives the speech, the receiver of a speech The verbiage is the content of the statement Overall, verbiage is obligatory component in a verbal process Sayer and Recepient/ Target may or may not be available Predicator of Vietnamese verbal process includes groups: predicator of the verbal process denoted by official speaking verbs and predicator of the verbal process is denoted by unofficial speaking verbs Unofficial speaking verbs often appear only in daily life, in arts and literature, and rarely in scientific and administrative documents Official speaking verbs can appear in many different types and styles However, the group of speaking verbs expressing the official ones also appear only in daily situations, art and literature, but not in administrative documents and scientific documents For each speaking verb group, there is a different basic content The basic content that speaking verbs of representatives must perform is to announce their understanding of what has happened or will happen in the reality Speaking verbs of commissives have the same meaning as a commitment to exactly what it has promised, confirm that it will something according to the agreed content Speak verbs are usually made in a formal ceremony In English, speaking verbs of commissives is used to express the feelings of Sayer to Recepients/ Target In addition to verbal process with official speaking verbs, there are some verbal processes whose predicators are the unofficial speaking verbs Those are words that are not unofficial speaking verbs but they are are used with speaking meaning English predicator in verbal process denoted by official speaking verbs accounts for a larger proportion than that denoted by unofficial speaking verbs Among English predicator in verbal process 22 denoted by official speaking verbs, the highest proportion is speaking verbs of representatives The next is official speaking verbs of expressive, then speaking verbs of commissives, and then speaking verbs of declarations, finally, the official speaking verbs of directives Among English predicators in verbal process denoted by unofficial speaking verbs, the unofficial speaking verbs of speaking mode accounts for the highest proportion of speech; next is English speaking verbs presented by the animal's sound; Finally, English speaking verbs denoted by physical and psychological action with words Thus, in addition to the speaking verbs used as the predicator in verbal process, there are words from other groups used with the meaning of the speaking This confirms once more again the flexibility in using the English and Vietnamese language Participants in verbal process includes verbiage, Sayer, Receiver and Target Verbiage is the subject of what is said It is possible that the content of the statement may also be the name of the statement Sayer can be a person as well as an object which emit verbiage Receiver/ Target in the verbal process are speech receivers In terms of structure, verbiage can be words, phrases, paragraphs, sentences, additional components in a sentence, adding the meaning to predicator of the verbal process Sayer, Receiver/ Target can be a word, a phrase, a proper noun, or personal pronoun or noun phrase Verbiage is the special component in verbal process because the content of the verbiage can cover all the issues, it means that it can contain other processes In terms of position, obligatory participants have various positions Sayer can stand at the first position, may be after the verbiage or between the verbiages Receiver/ Target can stand after predicator and before verbiage, also can be before Sayer The participants in verbal process are closely related Depending on the communication position, Sayers will select appropriate predicators in the verbiage content for Receiver/ Target In addition, verbiage not only matches with reality, 23 but also must be compatible with Sayer and Receiver/ Target Circumstances in the verbal process are optional components and cannot be affected by the predicator, including the circumstance of time, place, cause, condition, … The research has also shown a correlation between verbal process and sentence Basically, Sayer in verbal process often undertakes the role of the subject in the sentence Predicator in the verbal process undertakes the functions as a predicate in a sentence Receiver/ Target in verbal process usually undertakes the function as complementation in the sentence Circumstance in verbal process usually undertakes the function as an adverb in sentences The research also shows that although verbal process in English and verbal process in Vietnam have many similarities, there are a lot of differences First, there is a difference in the position of the participants in verbal process In English, the structure is usually in the linguistic order: verbiage, sayer, predicator, receiver/ target In Vietnamese, the structure usually follows the pattern: sayer, predicator, receiver/ target, verbiage In English, verbiage and other components are usually separated by a comma, but in Vietnamese it is a colon In addition, the order of appearance between Sayer and predicator in verbal process in English can be flexibly changed, but in Vietnamese there is not any such flexible changes like that 24 THESIS RELATED PUBLICATION Nguyễn Thanh Minh (2015), An introduction to perfomative verbs and English verbal processes, Lexicography & Encyclopedia, Vol page 31 - 37 Nguyễn Thanh Minh (2015), Verbal process and its characteristics, Language and Life, Vol 12, pages 96 - 101 Nguyễn Thanh Minh (2019), Characteristics of verbiage and sayer in English verbal process, compared with Vietnamese, Lexicography & Encyclopedia, Vol 5, pages 31 – 37 Nguyễn Thanh Minh (2019), Characteristics of predicator denoted by speaking verbs in English verbal Journal of Science - Hanoi Open University, Vol 62 – December, pages 70 - 75 25 ... Tuyet Minh Examiner 1: Assoc Prof Lam Quang Dong Examiner 2: Assoc Prof Le Van Thanh Examiner 3: Assoc Prof Vu Thi Thanh Huong This doctoral thesis will be defended before the Panel of Examiners,... translation of The thorn birds, which we have chosen, is the translation of "Tiếng chim hót bụi mận gai” by Pham Manh Hung In the Harry Potter collection, we selected the translations by Ly Lan... RELATED PUBLICATION Nguyễn Thanh Minh (2015), An introduction to perfomative verbs and English verbal processes, Lexicography & Encyclopedia, Vol page 31 - 37 Nguyễn Thanh Minh (2015), Verbal process